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Bell TN, Kusi-Appiah AE, Tocci V, Lyu P, Zhu L, Zhu F, Van Winkle D, Cao H, Singh MS, Lenhert S. Scalable lipid droplet microarray fabrication, validation, and screening. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304736. [PMID: 38968248 PMCID: PMC11226032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
High throughput screening of small molecules and natural products is costly, requiring significant amounts of time, reagents, and operating space. Although microarrays have proven effective in the miniaturization of screening for certain biochemical assays, such as nucleic acid hybridization or antibody binding, they are not widely used for drug discovery in cell culture due to the need for cells to internalize lipophilic drug candidates. Lipid droplet microarrays are a promising solution to this problem as they are capable of delivering lipophilic drugs to cells at dosages comparable to solution delivery. However, the scalablility of the array fabrication, assay validation, and screening steps has limited the utility of this approach. Here we take several new steps to scale up the process for lipid droplet array fabrication, assay validation in cell culture, and drug screening. A nanointaglio printing process has been adapted for use with a printing press. The arrays are stabilized for immersion into aqueous solution using a vapor coating process. In addition to delivery of lipophilic compounds, we found that we are also able to encapsulate and deliver a water-soluble compound in this way. The arrays can be functionalized by extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen prior to cell culture as the mechanism for uptake is based on direct contact with the lipid delivery vehicles rather than diffusion of the drug out of the microarray spots. We demonstrate this method for delivery to 3 different cell types and the screening of 92 natural product extracts on a microarray covering an area of less than 0.1 cm2. The arrays are suitable for miniaturized screening, for instance in high biosafety level facilities where space is limited and for applications where cell numbers are limited, such as in functional precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey N. Bell
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Aubrey E. Kusi-Appiah
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Vincent Tocci
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Pengfei Lyu
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - David Van Winkle
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hongyuan Cao
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mandip S. Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative NanoScience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
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2
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Lowry TW, Kusi-Appiah AE, Fadool DA, Lenhert S. Odor Discrimination by Lipid Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:151. [PMID: 36837654 PMCID: PMC9962961 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Odor detection and discrimination in mammals is known to be initiated by membrane-bound G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The role that the lipid membrane may play in odor discrimination, however, is less well understood. Here, we used model membrane systems to test the hypothesis that phospholipid bilayer membranes may be capable of odor discrimination. The effect of S-carvone, R-carvone, and racemic lilial on the model membrane systems was investigated. The odorants were found to affect the fluidity of supported lipid bilayers as measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The effect of odorants on surface-supported lipid multilayer microarrays of different dimensions was also investigated. The lipid multilayer micro- and nanostructure was highly sensitive to exposure to these odorants. Fluorescently-labeled lipid multilayer droplets of 5-micron diameter were more responsive to these odorants than ethanol controls. Arrays of lipid multilayer diffraction gratings distinguished S-carvone from R-carvone in an artificial nose assay. Our results suggest that lipid bilayer membranes may play a role in odorant discrimination and molecular recognition in general.
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3
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Zhang G, Sun J. Lipid in Chips: A Brief Review of Liposomes Formation by Microfluidics. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7391-7416. [PMID: 34764647 PMCID: PMC8575451 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s331639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are ubiquitous tools in biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, membrane science and artificial cell. Micro- and nanofabrication techniques have revolutionized the preparation of liposomes on the microscale. State-of-the-art liposomal formation on microfluidic chips and its associated applications are introduced in this review. We attempt to provide a reference for liposomal researchers by comparing various microfluidic techniques for liposomes formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Savenko M, Rivel T, Yesylevskyy S, Ramseyer C. Influence of Substrate Hydrophilicity on Structural Properties of Supported Lipid Systems on Graphene, Graphene Oxides, and Silica. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8060-8074. [PMID: 34284579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pristine graphene, a range of graphene oxides, and silica substrates were used to investigate the effect of surface hydrophilicity on supported lipid bilayers by means of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Supported 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine lipid bilayers were found in close-contact conformations with hydrophilic substrates with as low as 5% oxidation level, while self-assembled monolayers occur on pure hydrophobic graphene only. Lipids and water at the surface undergo large redistribution to maintain the stability of the supported bilayers. Deposition of bicelles on increasingly hydrophilic substrates shows the continuous process of reshaping of the supported system and makes intermediate stages between self-assembled monolayers and supported bilayers. The bilayer thickness changes with hydrophilicity in a complex manner, while the number of water molecules per lipid in the hydration layer increases together with hydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Savenko
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Timothée Rivel
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.,CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.,National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Semen Yesylevskyy
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France.,Department of Physics of Biological Systems, Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prospect Nauky 46, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Christophe Ramseyer
- Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR CNRS 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
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Prommapan P, Brljak N, Lowry TW, Van Winkle D, Lenhert S. Aptamer Functionalized Lipid Multilayer Gratings for Label-Free Analyte Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:nano10122433. [PMID: 33291389 PMCID: PMC7762078 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid multilayer gratings are promising optical biosensor elements that are capable of transducing analyte binding events into changes in an optical signal. Unlike solid state transducers, reagents related to molecular recognition and signal amplification can be incorporated into the lipid grating ink volume prior to fabrication. Here we describe a strategy for functionalizing lipid multilayer gratings with a DNA aptamer for the protein thrombin that allows label-free analyte detection. A double cholesterol-tagged, double-stranded DNA linker was used to attach the aptamer to the lipid gratings. This approach was found to be sufficient for binding fluorescently labeled thrombin to lipid multilayers with micrometer-scale thickness. In order to achieve label-free detection with the sub-100 nm-thick lipid multilayer grating lines, the binding affinity was improved by varying the lipid composition. A colorimetric image analysis of the light diffracted from the gratings using a color camera was then used to identify the grating nanostructures that lead to an optimal signal. Lipid composition and multilayer thickness were found to be critical parameters for the signal transduction from the aptamer functionalized lipid multilayer gratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plengchart Prommapan
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.P.); (T.W.L.); (D.V.W.)
| | - Nermina Brljak
- Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Troy W. Lowry
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.P.); (T.W.L.); (D.V.W.)
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - David Van Winkle
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA; (P.P.); (T.W.L.); (D.V.W.)
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
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Arrabito G, Ferrara V, Bonasera A, Pignataro B. Artificial Biosystems by Printing Biology. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907691. [PMID: 32511894 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The continuous progress of printing technologies over the past 20 years has fueled the development of a plethora of applications in materials sciences, flexible electronics, and biotechnologies. More recently, printing methodologies have started up to explore the world of Artificial Biology, offering new paradigms in the direct assembly of Artificial Biosystems (small condensates, compartments, networks, tissues, and organs) by mimicking the result of the evolution of living systems and also by redesigning natural biological systems, taking inspiration from them. This recent progress is reported in terms of a new field here defined as Printing Biology, resulting from the intersection between the field of printing and the bottom up Synthetic Biology. Printing Biology explores new approaches for the reconfigurable assembly of designed life-like or life-inspired structures. This work presents this emerging field, highlighting its main features, i.e., printing methodologies (from 2D to 3D), molecular ink properties, deposition mechanisms, and finally the applications and future challenges. Printing Biology is expected to show a growing impact on the development of biotechnology and life-inspired fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Arrabito
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Vittorio Ferrara
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria, 6, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Aurelio Bonasera
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry - Emilio Segrè, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building 17, Palermo, 90128, Italy
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7
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Fan T, Wang Q, Hu N, Liao Y, Chen X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Yang J, Qian S. Preparation of giant lipid vesicles with controllable sizes by a modified hydrophilic polydimethylsiloxane microarray chip. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 536:53-61. [PMID: 30347293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an accessible method to prepare giant lipid vesicles (GLVs) with controllable sizes based on the quick formation of patterned lipid films. Lipid solutions naturally penetrate into arrayed micro-apertures on a modified hydrophilic Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip, and excess lipid films on the surface are removed by a glass slide. Three main factors, the depth and diameter of the micro-apertures and concentration of the lipid solution, were investigated to obtain an optimal preparation condition. Based on this condition, the formed GLVs have a controllable size and narrow size distribution (the standard deviation < 5 μm). By controlling the diameter of the micro-aperture and concentration of the lipid solution, GLVs with various sizes (23, 48, 66 and 82 μm) can be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ning Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology (Chongqing University), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Yanjian Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology (Chongqing University), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhong Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Medical Electronics Technology (Chongqing University), Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Shizhi Qian
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
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8
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Kang M, Tuteja M, Centrone A, Topgaard D, Leal C. Nanostructured Lipid-based Films for Substrate Mediated Applications in Biotechnology. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:10.1002/adfm.201704356. [PMID: 31080383 PMCID: PMC6508631 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201704356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic in nature, lipids spontaneously self-assemble into a range of nanostructures in the presence of water. Among lipid self-assembled structures, liposomes and supported lipid bilayers have long held scientific interest for their main applications in drug delivery and plasma membrane models, respectively. In contrast, lipid-based multi-layered membranes on solid supports only recently begun drawing scientists' attention. New studies on lipid films show that the stacking of multiple bilayers on a solid support yields interestingly complex features to these systems. Namely, multiple layers exhibit cooperative structural and dynamic behavior. In addition, the materials enable compartmentalization, templating, and enhanced release of several molecules of interest. Importantly, supported lipid phases exhibit long-range periodic nano-scale order and orientation that is tunable in response to a changing environment. Herein, we summarize current and pertinent understanding of lipid-based film research focusing on how unique structural characteristics enable the emergence of new applications in biotechnology including label-free biosensors, macroscale drug delivery, and substrate-mediated gene delivery. Our very recent contributions to lipid-based films, focusing on the structural characterization at the meso, nano, and molecular-scale, using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering, Atomic Force Microscopy, Photothermal Induced Resonance, and Solid-State NMR will be also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjee Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mohit Tuteja
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Daniel Topgaard
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Leal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Willems N, Urtizberea A, Verre AF, Iliut M, Lelimousin M, Hirtz M, Vijayaraghavan A, Sansom MSP. Biomimetic Phospholipid Membrane Organization on Graphene and Graphene Oxide Surfaces: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1613-1625. [PMID: 28165704 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b07352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Supported phospholipid membrane patches stabilized on graphene surfaces have shown potential in sensor device functionalization, including biosensors and biocatalysis. Lipid dip-pen nanolithography (L-DPN) is a method useful in generating supported membrane structures that maintain lipid functionality, such as exhibiting specific interactions with protein molecules. Here, we have integrated L-DPN, atomic force microscopy, and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation methods to characterize the molecular properties of supported lipid membranes (SLMs) on graphene and graphene oxide supports. We observed substantial differences in the topologies of the stabilized lipid structures depending on the nature of the surface (polar graphene oxide vs nonpolar graphene). Furthermore, the addition of water to SLM systems resulted in large-scale reorganization of the lipid structures, with measurable effects on lipid lateral mobility within the supported membranes. We also observed reduced lipid ordering within the supported structures relative to free-standing lipid bilayers, attributed to the strong hydrophobic interactions between the lipids and support. Together, our results provide insight into the molecular effects of graphene and graphene oxide surfaces on lipid bilayer membranes. This will be important in the design of these surfaces for applications such as biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Ainhoa Urtizberea
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea F Verre
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Iliut
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mickael Lelimousin
- CERMAV, CNRS and Université Grenoble Alpes , BP 53, Grenoble 38041 Cedex 9, France
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Aravind Vijayaraghavan
- School of Materials and National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford , South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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10
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Faysal KMR, Park JS, Nguyen J, Garcia L, Subramaniam AB. Lipid Bilayers Are Long-Lived on Solvent Cleaned Plasma-Oxidized poly(dimethyl)siloxane (ox-PDMS). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169487. [PMID: 28052115 PMCID: PMC5214066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that phospholipids self-assemble on hydrophilic plasma-oxidized PMDS surfaces (ox-PDMS) to form cell membrane mimetic bilayers, the temporal stability of phospholipid membranes on these surfaces is unknown. Here we report that phospholipid bilayers remain stable on solvent-cleaned ox-PDMS for at least 132 hours after preparation. Absent solvent cleaning, the bilayers were stable for only 36 hours. We characterized the phospholipid bilayers, i) through quantitative comparative analysis of the fluorescence intensity of phospholipid bilayers on ox-PDMS and phospholipid monolayers on native PDMS and, ii) through measurements of the diffusive mobility of the lipids through fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The fluorescence intensity of the phospholipid layer remained consistent with that of a bilayer for 132 hours. The evolution of the diffusive mobility of the phospholipids in the bilayer on ox-PDMS over time was similar to lipids in control bilayers prepared on glass surfaces. Solvent cleaning was essential for the long-term stability of the bilayers on ox-PDMS. Without cleaning in acetone and isopropanol, phospholipid bilayers prepared on ox-PDMS surfaces peeled off in large patches within 36 hours. Importantly, we find that phospholipid bilayers supported on solvent-cleaned ox-PDMS were indistinguishable from phospholipid bilayers supported on glass for at least 36 hours after preparation. Our results provide a link between the two common surfaces used to prepare in vitro biomimetic phospholipid membranes-i) glass surfaces used predominantly in fundamental biophysical experiments, for which there is abundant physicochemical information, with ii) ox-PDMS, the dominant material used in practical, applications-oriented systems to build micro-devices, topographically-patterned surfaces, and biosensors where there is a dearth of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. M. Rifat Faysal
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - June S. Park
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonny Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Luis Garcia
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
| | - Anand Bala Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, United States of America
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Ghazanfari L, Lenhert S. Screening of Lipid Composition for Scalable Fabrication of Solvent-Free Lipid Microarrays. FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS 2016; 3:55. [PMID: 29333429 PMCID: PMC5761732 DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2016.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Liquid microdroplet arrays on surfaces are a promising approach to the miniaturization of laboratory processes such as high-throughput screening. The fluid nature of these droplets poses unique challenges and opportunities in their fabrication and application, particularly for the scalable integration of multiple materials over large areas and immersion into cell culture solution. Here, we use pin spotting and nanointaglio printing to screen a library of lipids and their mixtures for their compatibility with these fabrication processes, as well as stability upon immersion into aqueous solution. More than 200 combinations of natural and synthetic oils composed of fatty acids, triglycerides, and hydrocarbons were tested for their pin-spotting and nanointaglio print quality and their ability to contain the fluorescent compound tetramethylrhodamine B isothiocyanate (TRITC) upon immersion in water. A combination of castor oil and hexanoic acid at the ratio of 1:1 (w/w) was found optimal for producing reproducible patterns that are stable upon immersion into water. This method is capable of large-scale nanomaterials integration.
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12
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Sironi B, Snow T, Redeker C, Slastanova A, Bikondoa O, Arnold T, Klein J, Briscoe WH. Structure of lipid multilayers via drop casting of aqueous liposome dispersions. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:3877-3887. [PMID: 27009376 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure of solid supported lipid multilayers is crucial to their application as a platform for novel materials. Conventionally, they are prepared from drop casting or spin coating of lipids dissolved in organic solvents, and lipid multilayers prepared from aqueous media and their structural characterisation have not been reported previously, due to their extremely low lipid solubility (i.e.∼10(-9) M) in water. Herein, using X-ray reflectivity (XRR) facilitated by a "bending mica" method, we have studied the structural characteristics of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) multilayers prepared via drop casting aqueous small unilamellar and multilamellar vesicle or liposome (i.e. SUV and MLV) dispersions on different surfaces, including mica, positively charged polyethylenimine (PEI) coated mica, and stearic trimethylammonium iodide (STAI) coated mica which exposes a monolayer of hydrocarbon tails. We suggest that DOPC liposomes served both as a delivery matrix where an appreciable lipid concentration in water (∼25 mg mL(-1) or 14 mM) was feasible, and as a structural precursor where the lamellar structure was readily retained on the rupture of the vesicles at the solid surface upon solvent evaporation to facilitate rapid multilayer formation. We find that multilayers on mica from MLVs exhibited polymorphism, whereas the SUV multilayers were well ordered and showed stronger stability against water. The influence of substrate chemistry (i.e. polymer coating, charge and hydrophobicity) on the multilayer structure is discussed in terms of lipid-substrate molecular interactions determining the bilayer packing proximal to the solid-liquid interface, which then had a templating effect on the structure of the bilayers distal from the interface, resulting in the overall different multilayer structural characteristics on different substrates. Such a fundamental understanding of the correlation between the physical parameters that characterise liposomes and substrate chemistry, and the structure of lipid multilayers underpins the potential development of a simple method via an aqueous liposome dispersion route for the inclusion of hydrophilic functional additives (e.g. drugs or nanoparticles) into lipid multilayer based hybrid materials, where tailored structural characteristics are an important consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Sironi
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
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Lowry TW, Hariri H, Prommapan P, Kusi-Appiah A, Vafai N, Bienkiewicz EA, Van Winkle DH, Stagg SM, Lenhert S. Quantification of Protein-Induced Membrane Remodeling Kinetics In Vitro with Lipid Multilayer Gratings. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:506-15. [PMID: 26649649 PMCID: PMC4843995 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic self-organization of lipids in biological systems is a highly regulated process that enables the compartmentalization of living systems at micro- and nanoscopic scales. Consequently, quantitative methods for assaying the kinetics of supramolecular remodeling such as vesicle formation from planar lipid bilayers or multilayers are needed to understand cellular self-organization. Here, a new nanotechnology-based method for quantitative measurements of lipid-protein interactions is presented and its suitability for quantifying the membrane binding, inflation, and budding activity of the membrane-remodeling protein Sar1 is demonstrated. Lipid multilayer gratings are printed onto surfaces using nanointaglio and exposed to Sar1, resulting in the inflation of lipid multilayers into unilamellar structures, which can be observed in a label-free manner by monitoring the diffracted light. Local variations in lipid multilayer volume on the surface is used to vary substrate availability in a microarray format. A quantitative model is developed that allows quantification of binding affinity (K D ) and kinetics (kon and koff ). Importantly, this assay is uniquely capable of quantifying membrane remodeling. Upon Sar1-induced inflation of single bilayers from surface supported multilayers, the semicylindrical grating lines are observed to remodel into semispherical buds when a critical radius of curvature is reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy W. Lowry
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4350, USA
| | - Hanaa Hariri
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Plengchart Prommapan
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4350, USA
| | - Aubrey Kusi-Appiah
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370, USA
| | - Nicholas Vafai
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370, USA
| | - Ewa A. Bienkiewicz
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
| | - David H. Van Winkle
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4350, USA
| | - Scott M. Stagg
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4380, USA
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370, USA
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14
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Zhu Y, Negmi A, Moran-Mirabal J. Multi-Stacked Supported Lipid Bilayer Micropatterning through Polymer Stencil Lift-Off. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:385-98. [PMID: 26343733 PMCID: PMC4584287 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex multi-lamellar structures play a critical role in biological systems, where they are present as lamellar bodies, and as part of biological assemblies that control energy transduction processes. Multi-lamellar lipid layers not only provide interesting systems for fundamental research on membrane structure and bilayer-associated polypeptides, but can also serve as components in bioinspired materials or devices. Although the ability to pattern stacked lipid bilayers at the micron scale is of importance for these purposes, limited work has been done in developing such patterning techniques. Here, we present a simple and direct approach to pattern stacked supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) using polymer stencil lift-off and the electrostatic interactions between cationic and anionic lipids. Both homogeneous and phase-segregated stacked SLB patterns were produced, demonstrating that the stacked lipid bilayers retain lateral diffusivity. We demonstrate patterned SLB stacks of up to four bilayers, where fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and quenching was used to probe the interactions between lipid bilayers. Furthermore, the study of lipid phase behaviour showed that gel phase domains align between adjacent layers. The proposed stacked SLB pattern platform provides a robust model for studying lipid behaviour with a controlled number of bilayers, and an attractive means towards building functional bioinspired materials or devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster Univerisity, 1280 Main Street West,Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M8, Canada
| | - Ahmed Negmi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster Univerisity, 1280 Main Street West,Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M8, Canada
| | - Jose Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster Univerisity, 1280 Main Street West,Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M8, Canada.
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Kusi-Appiah AE, Lowry TW, Darrow EM, Wilson KA, Chadwick BP, Davidson MW, Lenhert S. Quantitative dose-response curves from subcellular lipid multilayer microarrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3397-404. [PMID: 26167949 PMCID: PMC4532382 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00478k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The dose-dependent bioactivity of small molecules on cells is a crucial factor in drug discovery and personalized medicine. Although small-molecule microarrays are a promising platform for miniaturized screening, it has been a challenge to use them to obtain quantitative dose-response curves in vitro, especially for lipophilic compounds. Here we establish a small-molecule microarray assay capable of controlling the dosage of small lipophilic molecules delivered to cells by varying the sub-cellular volumes of surface supported lipid micro- and nanostructure arrays fabricated with nanointaglio. Features with sub-cellular lateral dimensions were found necessary to obtain normal cell adhesion with HeLa cells. The volumes of the lipophilic drug-containing nanostructures were determined using a fluorescence microscope calibrated by atomic-force microscopy. We used the surface supported lipid volume information to obtain EC-50 values for the response of HeLa cells to three FDA-approved lipophilic anticancer drugs, docetaxel, imiquimod and triethylenemelamine, which were found to be significantly different from neat lipid controls. No significant toxicity was observed on the control cells surrounding the drug/lipid patterns, indicating lack of interference or leakage from the arrays. Comparison of the microarray data to dose-response curves for the same drugs delivered liposomally from solution revealed quantitative differences in the efficacy values, which we explain in terms of cell-adhesion playing a more important role in the surface-based assay. The assay should be scalable to a density of at least 10,000 dose response curves on the area of a standard microtiter plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Kusi-Appiah
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4370, USA.
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16
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Lowry TW, Prommapan P, Rainer Q, Van Winkle D, Lenhert S. Lipid Multilayer Grating Arrays Integrated by Nanointaglio for Vapor Sensing by an Optical Nose. SENSORS 2015; 15:20863-72. [PMID: 26308001 PMCID: PMC4570451 DOI: 10.3390/s150820863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipid multilayer gratings are recently invented nanomechanical sensor elements that are capable of transducing molecular binding to fluid lipid multilayers into optical signals in a label free manner due to shape changes in the lipid nanostructures. Here, we show that nanointaglio is suitable for the integration of chemically different lipid multilayer gratings into a sensor array capable of distinguishing vapors by means of an optical nose. Sensor arrays composed of six different lipid formulations are integrated onto a surface and their optical response to three different vapors (water, ethanol and acetone) in air as well as pH under water is monitored as a function of time. Principal component analysis of the array response results in distinct clustering indicating the suitability of the arrays for distinguishing these analytes. Importantly, the nanointaglio process used here is capable of producing lipid gratings out of different materials with sufficiently uniform heights for the fabrication of an optical nose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy W Lowry
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, 89 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
| | - Plengchart Prommapan
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
| | - Quinn Rainer
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, 89 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
| | - David Van Winkle
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, 77 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Department of Biological Science and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, 89 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
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17
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Vafai N, Lowry TW, Wilson KA, Davidson MW, Lenhert S. Evaporative edge lithography of a liposomal drug microarray for cell migration assays. NANOFABRICATION 2015; 2:34-42. [PMID: 27617264 PMCID: PMC5015892 DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid multilayer microarrays are a promising approach to miniaturize laboratory procedures by taking advantage of the microscopic compartmentalization capabilities of lipids. Here, we demonstrate a new method to pattern lipid multilayers on surfaces based on solvent evaporation along the edge where a stencil contacts a surface called evaporative edge lithography (EEL). As an example of an application of this process, we use EEL to make microarrays suitable for a cell-based migration assay. Currently existing cell migration assays require a separate compartment for each drug which is dissolved at a single concentration in solution. An advantage of the lipid multilayer microarray assay is that multiple compounds can be tested on the same surface. We demonstrate this by testing the effect of two different lipophilic drugs, Taxol and Brefeldin A, on collective cell migration into an unpopulated area. This particular assay should be scalable to test of 2000 different lipophilic compounds or dosages on a standard microtiter plate area, or if adapted for individual cell migration, it would allow for high-throughput screening of more than 50,000 compounds per plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Vafai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
| | - Troy W. Lowry
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4350, USA
| | - Korey A. Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
| | - Michael W. Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310-3706, USA
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4370, USA
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Biswas S, Brinkmann F, Hirtz M, Fuchs H. Patterning of Quantum Dots by Dip-Pen and Polymer Pen Nanolithography. NANOFABRICATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/nanofab-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractWe present a direct way of patterning CdSe/ ZnS quantum dots by dip-pen nanolithography and polymer pen lithography. Mixtures of cholesterol and phospholipid 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3 phosphocholine serve as biocompatible carrier inks to facilitate the transfer of quantum dots from the tips to the surface during lithography. While dip-pen nanolithography of quantum dots can be used to achieve higher resolution and smaller pattern features (approximately 1 μm), polymer pen lithography is able to address intermediate pattern scales in the low micrometre range. This allows us to combine the advantages of micro contact printing in large area and massive parallel patterning, with the added flexibility in pattern design inherent in the DPN technique.
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Lowry TW, Kusi-Appiah A, Guan J, Van Winkle DH, Davidson MW, Lenhert S. Materials Integration by Nanointaglio. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2014; 1:10.1002/admi.201300127. [PMID: 25485228 PMCID: PMC4255286 DOI: 10.1002/admi.201300127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Troy W. Lowry
- Department of Biological Sciences and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370, USA; Department of Physics Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4350, USA
| | - Aubrey Kusi-Appiah
- Department of Biological Sciences and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370, USA
| | - Jingjiao Guan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-6046, USA
| | - David H. Van Winkle
- Department of Physics Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-4350, USA
| | - Michael W. Davidson
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-3706, USA
| | - Steven Lenhert
- Department of Biological Sciences and Integrative Nanoscience Institute, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4370, USA
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Kang YJ, Wostein HS, Majd S. A simple and versatile method for the formation of arrays of giant vesicles with controlled size and composition. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:6834-8. [PMID: 24133042 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A simple and versatile method for the Formation of Arrays of Giant Vesicles with Controlled Size and Composition. The ability of this technique to generate arrays of giant liposomes from a wide range of membrane lipids and protein compositions is demonstrated. The resulting vesicles are utilized for studying protein activity, lipid-protein interactions, and protein-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jung Kang
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University Hallowell Building, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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21
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Han L, Wu J, Ren T, Mao Z, Guo Y, Gao C. Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Patterns Created by Capillary Force and Their Impact on Cell Migration. CHINESE J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201300704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Real-Time Monitoring of Dextransucrase-Based Enzymatic Reaction Through Surface-Enhanced Ellipsometric Contrast (SEEC) Microscopy in Liquid Environment. BIONANOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-013-0113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Brinkmann F, Hirtz M, Greiner AM, Weschenfelder M, Waterkotte B, Bastmeyer M, Fuchs H. Interdigitated multicolored bioink micropatterns by multiplexed polymer pen lithography. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3266-3275. [PMID: 23554307 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201203183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiplexing, i.e., the application and integration of more than one ink in an interdigitated microscale pattern, is still a challenge for microcontact printing (μCP) and similar techniques. On the other hand there is a strong demand for interdigitated patterns of more than one protein on subcellular to cellular length scales in the lower micrometer range in biological experiments. Here, a new integrative approach is presented for the fabrication of bioactive microarrays and complex multi-ink patterns by polymer pen lithography (PPL). By taking advantage of the strength of microcontact printing (μCP) combined with the spatial control and capability of precise repetition of PPL in an innovative way, a new inking and writing strategy is introduced for PPL that enables true multiplexing within each repetitive subpattern. Furthermore, a specific ink/substrate platform is demonstrated that can be used to immobilize functional proteins and other bioactive compounds over a biotin-streptavidin approach. This patterning strategy aims specifically at application by cell biologists and biochemists addressing a wide range of relevant pattern sizes, easy pattern generation and adjustment, the use of only biofriendly, nontoxic chemicals, and mild processing conditions during the patterning steps. The retained bioactivity of the fabricated cm(2) area filling multiprotein patterns is demonstrated by showing the interaction of fibroblasts and neurons with multiplexed structures of fibronectin and laminin or laminin and ephrin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Brinkmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe, Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany; Physical Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Germany
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Mashaghi S, Jadidi T, Koenderink G, Mashaghi A. Lipid nanotechnology. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4242-82. [PMID: 23429269 PMCID: PMC3588097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14024242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that covers a vast and diverse array of devices and machines derived from engineering, physics, materials science, chemistry and biology. These devices have found applications in biomedical sciences, such as targeted drug delivery, bio-imaging, sensing and diagnosis of pathologies at early stages. In these applications, nano-devices typically interface with the plasma membrane of cells. On the other hand, naturally occurring nanostructures in biology have been a source of inspiration for new nanotechnological designs and hybrid nanostructures made of biological and non-biological, organic and inorganic building blocks. Lipids, with their amphiphilicity, diversity of head and tail chemistry, and antifouling properties that block nonspecific binding to lipid-coated surfaces, provide a powerful toolbox for nanotechnology. This review discusses the progress in the emerging field of lipid nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Mashaghi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Centre for Synthetic Biology, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Tayebeh Jadidi
- Department of Physics, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Gijsje Koenderink
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Alireza Mashaghi
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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