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Nisar S, Dastgeer G, Shazad ZM, Zulfiqar MW, Rasheed A, Iqbal MZ, Hussain K, Rabani I, Kim D, Irfan A, Chaudhry AR. 2D Materials in Advanced Electronic Biosensors for Point-of-Care Devices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401386. [PMID: 38894575 PMCID: PMC11336981 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Since two-dimensionalal (2D) materials have distinct chemical and physical properties, they are widely used in various sectors of modern technologies. In the domain of diagnostic biodevices, particularly for point-of-care (PoC) biomedical diagnostics, 2D-based field-effect transistor biosensors (bio-FETs) demonstrate substantial potential. Here, in this review article, the operational mechanisms and detection capabilities of biosensing devices utilizing graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), black phosphorus, and other 2D materials are addressed in detail. The incorporation of these materials into FET-based biosensors offers significant advantages, including low detection limits (LOD), real-time monitoring, label-free diagnosis, and exceptional selectivity. The review also highlights the diverse applications of these biosensors, ranging from conventional to wearable devices, underscoring the versatility of 2D material-based FET devices. Additionally, the review provides a comprehensive assessment of the limitations and challenges faced by these devices, along with insights into future prospects and advancements. Notably, a detailed comparison of FET-based biosensors is tabulated along with various other biosensing platforms and their working mechanisms. Ultimately, this review aims to stimulate further research and innovation in this field while educating the scientific community about the latest advancements in 2D materials-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobia Nisar
- Department of Electrical EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent DroneSejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
| | - Ghulam Dastgeer
- Department of Physics & AstronomySejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
| | - Zafar Muhammad Shazad
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT)Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwon16419Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Polymer and Composite EngineeringUniversity of Engineering & TechnologyFaisalabad CampusLahore38000Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wajid Zulfiqar
- Department of Electrical EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
- Department of Semiconductor EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
| | - Amir Rasheed
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringAnhui UniversityHefeiAnhui230601China
| | - Muhammad Zahir Iqbal
- Renewable Energy Research LaboratoryFaculty of Engineering SciencesGhulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and TechnologyTopiKhyber Pakhtunkhwa23640Pakistan
| | - Kashif Hussain
- THz Technical Research Center; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro‐Nano Photonic Information Technology; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, College of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhenGuangdong Province518060China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringCAPTPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
| | - Iqra Rabani
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
| | - Deok‐kee Kim
- Department of Electrical EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Engineering for Intelligent DroneSejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
- Department of Semiconductor EngineeringSejong UniversitySeoul05006Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityP. O. Box 9004Abha61413Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijaz Rasool Chaudhry
- Department of PhysicsCollege of ScienceUniversity of BishaP.O. Box 551Bisha61922Saudi Arabia
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Ono T, Okuda S, Ushiba S, Kanai Y, Matsumoto K. Challenges for Field-Effect-Transistor-Based Graphene Biosensors. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:333. [PMID: 38255502 PMCID: PMC10817696 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its outstanding physical properties, graphene has attracted attention as a promising biosensor material. Field-effect-transistor (FET)-based biosensors are particularly promising because of their high sensitivity that is achieved through the high carrier mobility of graphene. However, graphene-FET biosensors have not yet reached widespread practical applications owing to several problems. In this review, the authors focus on graphene-FET biosensors and discuss their advantages, the challenges to their development, and the solutions to the challenges. The problem of Debye screening, in which the surface charges of the detection target are shielded and undetectable, can be solved by using small-molecule receptors and their deformations and by using enzyme reaction products. To address the complexity of sample components and the detection mechanisms of graphene-FET biosensors, the authors outline measures against nonspecific adsorption and the remaining problems related to the detection mechanism itself. The authors also introduce a solution with which the molecular species that can reach the sensor surfaces are limited. Finally, the authors present multifaceted approaches to the sensor surfaces that provide much information to corroborate the results of electrical measurements. The measures and solutions introduced bring us closer to the practical realization of stable biosensors utilizing the superior characteristics of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ono
- SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okuda
- High Frequency & Optical Device Works, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, 4-1 Mizuhara, Itami, Sendai 664-8641, Japan
| | - Shota Ushiba
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd., 1-10-1 Higashikotari, Kyoto 617-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kanai
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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Sabra DM, Krin A, Romeral AB, Frieß JL, Jeremias G. Anthrax revisited: how assessing the unpredictable can improve biosecurity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1215773. [PMID: 37795173 PMCID: PMC10546327 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1215773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B. anthracis is one of the most often weaponized pathogens. States had it in their bioweapons programs and criminals and terrorists have used or attempted to use it. This study is motivated by the narrative that emerging and developing technologies today contribute to the amplification of danger through greater easiness, accessibility and affordability of steps in the making of an anthrax weapon. As states would have way better preconditions if they would decide for an offensive bioweapons program, we focus on bioterrorism. This paper analyzes and assesses the possible bioterrorism threat arising from advances in synthetic biology, genome editing, information availability, and other emerging, and converging sciences and enabling technologies. Methodologically we apply foresight methods to encourage the analysis of contemporary technological advances. We have developed a conceptual six-step foresight science framework approach. It represents a synthesis of various foresight methodologies including literature review, elements of horizon scanning, trend impact analysis, red team exercise, and free flow open-ended discussions. Our results show a significant shift in the threat landscape. Increasing affordability, widespread distribution, efficiency, as well as ease of use of DNA synthesis, and rapid advances in genome-editing and synthetic genomic technologies lead to an ever-growing number and types of actors who could potentially weaponize B. anthracis. Understanding the current and future capabilities of these technologies and their potential for misuse critically shapes the current and future threat landscape and underlines the necessary adaptation of biosecurity measures in the spheres of multi-level political decision making and in the science community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Manal Sabra
- Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker-Centre for Science and Peace Research (ZNF), University of Hamburg, Bogenallee, Hamburg, Germany
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Wang J, Chen D, Huang W, Yang N, Yuan Q, Yang Y. Aptamer-functionalized field-effect transistor biosensors for disease diagnosis and environmental monitoring. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20210027. [PMID: 37933385 PMCID: PMC10624392 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20210027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Nano-biosensors that are composed of recognition molecules and nanomaterials have been extensively utilized in disease diagnosis, health management, and environmental monitoring. As a type of nano-biosensors, molecular specificity field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors with signal amplification capability exhibit prominent advantages including fast response speed, ease of miniaturization, and integration, promising their high sensitivity for molecules detection and identification. With intrinsic characteristics of high stability and structural tunability, aptamer has become one of the most commonly applied biological recognition units in the FET sensing fields. This review summarizes the recent progress of FET biosensors based on aptamer functionalized nanomaterials in medical diagnosis and environmental monitoring. The structure, sensing principles, preparation methods, and functionalization strategies of aptamer modified FET biosensors were comprehensively summarized. The relationship between structure and sensing performance of FET biosensors was reviewed. Furthermore, the challenges and future perspectives of FET biosensors were also discussed, so as to provide support for the future development of efficient healthcare management and environmental monitoring devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfeng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular MedicineRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Duo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular MedicineRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wanting Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular MedicineRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Nianjun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Insititute of Materials ResearchHasselt UniversityHasseltBelgium
| | - Quan Yuan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yanbing Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Institute of Molecular MedicineRenmin Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Microelectronics, Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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Macchia E, De Caro L, Torricelli F, Franco CD, Mangiatordi GF, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Why a Diffusing Single-Molecule can be Detected in Few Minutes by a Large Capturing Bioelectronic Interface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104381. [PMID: 35522000 PMCID: PMC9284160 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule detection at a nanometric interface in a femtomolar solution, can take weeks as the encounter rate between the diffusing molecule to be detected and the transducing nanodevice is negligibly small. On the other hand, several experiments prove that macroscopic label-free sensors based on field-effect-transistors, engaging micrometric or millimetric detecting interfaces are capable to assay a single-molecule in a large volume within few minutes. The present work demonstrates why at least a single molecule out of a few diffusing in a 100 µL volume has a high probability to hit a large capturing and detecting electronic interface. To this end, sensing data, measured with an electrolyte-gated FET whose gate is functionalized with 1012 capturing anti-immunoglobulin G, are here provided along with a Brownian diffusion-based modeling. The EG-FET assays solutions down to some tens of zM in concentrations with volumes ranging from 25 µL to 1 mL in which the functionalized gates are incubated for times ranging from 30 s to 20 min. The high level of accordance between the experimental data and a model based on the Einstein's diffusion-theory proves how the single-molecule detection process at large-capturing interfaces is controlled by Brownian diffusion and yet is highly probable and fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringÅbo Akademi UniversityTurku20500Finland
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
| | - Liberato De Caro
- Institute of CrystallographyNational Research Councilvia Amendola 122/OBari70126Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'InformazioneUniversità degli Studi di Bresciavia Branze 38Brescia25123Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”Bari70125Italy
- CNRIstituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieSede di BariBari70125Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
- CNRIstituto di Fotonica e NanotecnologieSede di BariBari70125Italy
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica “M. Merlin,”Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”Bari70125Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science)Bari70125Italy
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”Bari70125Italy
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Sarcina L, Viola F, Modena F, Picca RA, Bollella P, Di Franco C, Cioffi N, Caironi M, Österbacka R, Esposito I, Scamarcio G, Torsi L, Torricelli F, Macchia E. A large-area organic transistor with 3D-printed sensing gate for noninvasive single-molecule detection of pancreatic mucinous cyst markers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5657-5669. [PMID: 35410389 PMCID: PMC9242948 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis in a premalignant (or pre-invasive) state represents the only chance for cure in neoplastic diseases such as pancreatic-biliary cancer, which are otherwise detected at later stages and can only be treated using palliative approaches, with no hope for a cure. Screening methods for the purpose of secondary prevention are not yet available for these cancers. Current diagnostic methods mostly rely on imaging techniques and conventional cytopathology, but they do not display adequate sensitivity to allow valid early diagnosis. Next-generation sequencing can be used to detect DNA markers down to the physical limit; however, this assay requires labeling and is time-consuming. The additional determination of a protein marker that is a predictor of aggressive behavior is a promising innovative approach, which holds the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the possibility to detect biomarkers in blood serum offers the advantage of a noninvasive diagnosis. In this study, both the DNA and protein markers of pancreatic mucinous cysts were analyzed in human blood serum down to the single-molecule limit using the SiMoT (single-molecule assay with a large transistor) platform. The SiMoT device proposed herein, which exploits an inkjet-printed organic semiconductor on plastic foil, comprises an innovative 3D-printed sensing gate module, consisting of a truncated cone that protrudes from a plastic substrate and is compatible with standard ELISA wells. This 3D gate concept adds tremendous control over the biosensing system stability, along with minimal consumption of the capturing molecules and body fluid samples. The 3D sensing gate modules were extensively characterized from both a material and electrical perspective, successfully proving their suitability as detection interfaces for biosensing applications. KRAS and MUC1 target molecules were successfully analyzed in diluted human blood serum with the 3D sensing gate functionalized with b-KRAS and anti-MUC1, achieving a limit of detection of 10 zM and 40 zM, respectively. These limits of detection correspond to (1 ± 1) KRAS and (2 ± 1) MUC1 molecules in the 100 μL serum sample volume. This study provides a promising application of the 3D SiMoT platform, potentially facilitating the timely, noninvasive, and reliable identification of pancreatic cancer precursor cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Viola
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Modena
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Infomazione e Bioingegneria; Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Picca
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Caironi
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Irene Esposito
- Institute of Pathology, Heinrich-Heine University and University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- CSGI (Centre for Colloid and Surface Science), Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
- The Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthaninkatu 3, FI-20500, Turku, Finland.
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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Park JA, Seo Y, Sohn H, Park C, Min J, Lee T. Recent Trends in Biosensors Based on Electrochemical and Optical Techniques for Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin Detection. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Macchia E, Torricelli F, Bollella P, Sarcina L, Tricase A, Di Franco C, Österbacka R, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Large-Area Interfaces for Single-Molecule Label-free Bioelectronic Detection. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4636-4699. [PMID: 35077645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic transducing surfaces that are nanometric in size have been the main route to detect single molecules. Though enabling the study of rarer events, such methodologies are not suited to assay at concentrations below the nanomolar level. Bioelectronic field-effect-transistors with a wide (μm2-mm2) transducing interface are also assumed to be not suited, because the molecule to be detected is orders of magnitude smaller than the transducing surface. Indeed, it is like seeing changes on the surface of a one-kilometer-wide pond when a droplet of water falls on it. However, it is a fact that a number of large-area transistors have been shown to detect at a limit of detection lower than femtomolar; they are also fast and hence innately suitable for point-of-care applications. This review critically discusses key elements, such as sensing materials, FET-structures, and target molecules that can be selectively assayed. The amplification effects enabling extremely sensitive large-area bioelectronic sensing are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Bacillus anthracis, present in two forms of vegetative cells and spores, is a pathogen that infects humans through contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products and is also maliciously used in terrorist acts. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive test for B. anthracis is necessary but challenging. The challenge comes from the following aspects: an accurate distinction of B. anthracis from other Bacillus species due to their high genomic similarity and the horizontal gene transfer between Bacillus members; direct detection of the B. anthracis spores without damaging them for component extraction to avoid the risk of spore atomization; and the rapid detections of B. anthracis in complex samples, such as soil and suspicious powders, without sample pretreatments and expensive large-scale equipment. Although culturing B. anthracis from samples is the conventional method for the detection of B. anthracis, it is time-consuming and the detection results would not be easy to interpret because many Bacillus species share similar phenotypic features such as a lack of motility and hemolysis, resistance to gamma phages, and so on. Intensive and extensive effort has been expended to develop reliable detection technologies, among which biosensors exhibit comprehensive advantages in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and portability. Here, we briefly review the research progress, providing highlights of the latest achievements and our own practice and experience. The contents can be summarized in three aspects: the discovery of detection targets, including genes, toxins, and other components; the creation of molecular recognition elements, such as monoclonal antibodies, single-chain antibody fragments, specific peptides, and aptamers; and the design and construction of biosensing systems by the integration of appropriate molecular recognition elements and transducer devices. These sensor devices have their own characteristics and different principles. For example, the surface plasmon resonance biosensor and quartz crystal microbalance biosensor are very sensitive, while the multiplex PCR-on-a-chip can detect multitargets. Biosensors for direct spore detection are highly recommended because they are not only fast but also avoid contamination from aerosol-containing spores. The introduction of nanotechnology has significantly improved the performance of biosensors. Superparamagnetic nanoparticles and phage-displayed gold nanoparticle ligand peptides have made the results of spore detection visible to the naked eye. Because of space constraints, many advanced biosensors for B. anthracis are not described in detail but are cited as references. Although biosensors provide a variety of options for various application scenarios, the challenges have not been fully addressed, which leaves room for the development of more advanced and practical B. anthracis detection means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Bing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng-Meng Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Min Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zhang X, Jing Q, Ao S, Schneider GF, Kireev D, Zhang Z, Fu W. Ultrasensitive Field-Effect Biosensors Enabled by the Unique Electronic Properties of Graphene. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1902820. [PMID: 31592577 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review provides a critical overview of current developments on nanoelectronic biochemical sensors based on graphene. Composed of a single layer of conjugated carbon atoms, graphene has outstanding high carrier mobility and low intrinsic electrical noise, but a chemically inert surface. Surface functionalization is therefore crucial to unravel graphene sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of targeted analytes. To achieve optimal performance of graphene transistors for biochemical sensing, the tuning of the graphene surface properties via surface functionalization and passivation is highlighted, as well as the tuning of its electrical operation by utilizing multifrequency ambipolar configuration and a high frequency measurement scheme to overcome the Debye screening to achieve low noise and highly sensitive detection. Potential applications and prospectives of ultrasensitive graphene electronic biochemical sensors ranging from environmental monitoring and food safety, healthcare and medical diagnosis, to life science research, are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qiushi Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shen Ao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Grégory F Schneider
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78757, USA
| | - Zhengjun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Shaw Technical Science Building, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wangyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Lee SC, Park HH, Kim SH, Koh SH, Han SH, Yoon MY. Ultrasensitive Fluorescence Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Polyvalent Directed Peptide Polymer Coupled to a Nanoporous ZnO Nanoplatform. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5573-5581. [PMID: 30938150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42), the key biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD), aggregates to form neurotoxic amyloid plaques. In this work, we modified two fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled Aβ42-targeting peptides and designed an Aβ42-specific ultrasensitive polyvalent-directed peptide polymer (PDPP) to enhance AD diagnosis sensitivity. The dissociation constant of Aβ42 by PDPP was 103-fold higher than the single-site-directed peptide. The improved binding was due to the ability of PDPP to detect multiple receptors on the target. The power of the PDPP diagnostic probe was verified in its application to detect Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which showed a lower limit of detection (LOD) in the fg mL-1 range that is more sensitive than detection by antibodies or single peptides. In addition, we present a novel ultrasensitive diagnostic system using an array of nanoporous ZnO nanoparticles, which play a role in fluorescence signal amplification, to further improve AD diagnosis sensitivity. We enhanced the signal on the basis of the properties of nanoporous ZnO nanoparticles and measured and quantified an ultralow concentration (ag mL-1 range) of Aβ42. This PDPP coupled to the nanoporous ZnO-based system is a novel approach to AD diagnosis that might also be useful for the detection of other target biomarkers and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Choon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry , Georgia State University , Atlanta , Georgia 30303 , United States
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology , Hanyang University College of Medicine , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology , Hanyang University College of Medicine , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Han
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Young Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
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12
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Hao Z, Zhu Y, Wang X, Rotti PG, DiMarco C, Tyler SR, Zhao X, Engelhardt JF, Hone J, Lin Q. Real-Time Monitoring of Insulin Using a Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Aptameric Nanosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27504-27511. [PMID: 28770993 PMCID: PMC7875320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an approach to the real-time, label-free, specific, and sensitive monitoring of insulin using a graphene aptameric nanosensor. The nanosensor is configured as a field-effect transistor, whose graphene-based conducting channel is functionalized with a guanine-rich IGA3 aptamer. The negatively charged aptamer folds into a compact and stable antiparallel or parallel G-quadruplex conformation upon binding with insulin, resulting in a change in the carrier density, and hence the electrical conductance, of the graphene. The change in the electrical conductance is then measured to enable the real-time monitoring of insulin levels. Testing has shown that the nanosensor offers an estimated limit of detection down to 35 pM and is functional in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer, a standard pancreatic islet perfusion medium. These results demonstrate the potential utility of this approach in label-free monitoring of insulin and in timely prediction of accurate insulin dosage in clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yibo Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Pavana G. Rotti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Christopher DiMarco
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Scott R. Tyler
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Xuezeng Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - John F. Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Qiao Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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13
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Graphene Field Effect Transistors for Biomedical Applications: Current Status and Future Prospects. Diagnostics (Basel) 2017; 7:diagnostics7030045. [PMID: 28933752 PMCID: PMC5617945 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics7030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the two-dimensional (2D) carbon material, graphene, just over a decade ago, the development of graphene-based field effect transistors (G-FETs) has become a widely researched area, particularly for use in point-of-care biomedical applications. G-FETs are particularly attractive as next generation bioelectronics due to their mass-scalability and low cost of the technology’s manufacture. Furthermore, G-FETs offer the potential to complete label-free, rapid, and highly sensitive analysis coupled with a high sample throughput. These properties, coupled with the potential for integration into portable instrumentation, contribute to G-FETs’ suitability for point-of-care diagnostics. This review focuses on elucidating the recent developments in the field of G-FET sensors that act on a bioaffinity basis, whereby a binding event between a bioreceptor and the target analyte is transduced into an electrical signal at the G-FET surface. Recognizing and quantifying these target analytes accurately and reliably is essential in diagnosing many diseases, therefore it is vital to design the G-FET with care. Taking into account some limitations of the sensor platform, such as Debye–Hükel screening and device surface area, is fundamental in developing improved bioelectronics for applications in the clinical setting. This review highlights some efforts undertaken in facing these limitations in order to bring G-FET development for biomedical applications forward.
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14
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Biondi E, Lane JD, Das D, Dasgupta S, Piccirilli JA, Hoshika S, Bradley KM, Krantz BA, Benner SA. Laboratory evolution of artificially expanded DNA gives redesignable aptamers that target the toxic form of anthrax protective antigen. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9565-9577. [PMID: 27701076 PMCID: PMC5175368 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported here is a laboratory in vitro evolution (LIVE) experiment based on an artificially expanded genetic information system (AEGIS). This experiment delivers the first example of an AEGIS aptamer that binds to an isolated protein target, the first whose structural contact with its target has been outlined and the first to inhibit biologically important activities of its target, the protective antigen from Bacillus anthracis. We show how rational design based on secondary structure predictions can also direct the use of AEGIS to improve the stability and binding of the aptamer to its target. The final aptamer has a dissociation constant of ∼35 nM. These results illustrate the value of AEGIS-LIVE for those seeking to obtain receptors and ligands without the complexities of medicinal chemistry, and also challenge the biophysical community to develop new tools to analyze the spectroscopic signatures of new DNA folds that will emerge in synthetic genetic systems replacing standard DNA and RNA as platforms for LIVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Biondi
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Joshua D Lane
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Debasis Das
- School of Dentistry, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Saurja Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Joseph A Piccirilli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shuichi Hoshika
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Kevin M Bradley
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
| | - Bryan A Krantz
- School of Dentistry, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Steven A Benner
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL 32615, USA .,Firebird Biomolecular Sciences LLC, Alachua, FL 32615, USA
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15
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Vieira NCS, Borme J, Machado G, Cerqueira F, Freitas PP, Zucolotto V, Peres NMR, Alpuim P. Graphene field-effect transistor array with integrated electrolytic gates scaled to 200 mm. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:085302. [PMID: 26830656 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/8/085302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ten years have passed since the beginning of graphene research. In this period we have witnessed breakthroughs both in fundamental and applied research. However, the development of graphene devices for mass production has not yet reached the same level of progress. The architecture of graphene field-effect transistors (FET) has not significantly changed, and the integration of devices at the wafer scale has generally not been sought. Currently, whenever an electrolyte-gated FET (EGFET) is used, an external, cumbersome, out-of-plane gate electrode is required. Here, an alternative architecture for graphene EGFET is presented. In this architecture, source, drain, and gate are in the same plane, eliminating the need for an external gate electrode and the use of an additional reservoir to confine the electrolyte inside the transistor active zone. This planar structure with an integrated gate allows for wafer-scale fabrication of high-performance graphene EGFETs, with carrier mobility up to 1800 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). As a proof-of principle, a chemical sensor was achieved. It is shown that the sensor can discriminate between saline solutions of different concentrations. The proposed architecture will facilitate the mass production of graphene sensors, materializing the potential of previous achievements in fundamental and applied graphene research.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C S Vieira
- INL-International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal. IFSC-São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos-SP, Brazil
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16
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Yin PT, Shah S, Chhowalla M, Lee KB. Design, synthesis, and characterization of graphene-nanoparticle hybrid materials for bioapplications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2483-531. [PMID: 25692385 PMCID: PMC5808865 DOI: 10.1021/cr500537t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Perry T. Yin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shreyas Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Manish Chhowalla
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Devices, and Nanotechnology (IAMDN), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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17
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Pineda S, Han ZJ, Ostrikov K. Plasma-Enabled Carbon Nanostructures for Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 7:4896-4929. [PMID: 28788112 PMCID: PMC5455823 DOI: 10.3390/ma7074896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanostructures (CNs) are amongst the most promising biorecognition nanomaterials due to their unprecedented optical, electrical and structural properties. As such, CNs may be harnessed to tackle the detrimental public health and socio-economic adversities associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In particular, CNs may be tailored for a specific determination of biomarkers indicative of NDs. However, the realization of such a biosensor represents a significant technological challenge in the uniform fabrication of CNs with outstanding qualities in order to facilitate a highly-sensitive detection of biomarkers suspended in complex biological environments. Notably, the versatility of plasma-based techniques for the synthesis and surface modification of CNs may be embraced to optimize the biorecognition performance and capabilities. This review surveys the recent advances in CN-based biosensors, and highlights the benefits of plasma-processing techniques to enable, enhance, and tailor the performance and optimize the fabrication of CNs, towards the construction of biosensors with unparalleled performance for the early diagnosis of NDs, via a plethora of energy-efficient, environmentally-benign, and inexpensive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafique Pineda
- Plasma Nanoscience Centre Australia (PNCA), CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
- Plasma Nanoscience@Complex Systems, School of Physics, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Zhao Jun Han
- Plasma Nanoscience Centre Australia (PNCA), CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- Plasma Nanoscience Centre Australia (PNCA), CSIRO Materials Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia.
- Plasma Nanoscience@Complex Systems, School of Physics, the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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18
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Farrow B, Hong SA, Romero EC, Lai B, Coppock MB, Deyle KM, Finch AS, Stratis-Cullum DN, Agnew HD, Yang S, Heath JR. A chemically synthesized capture agent enables the selective, sensitive, and robust electrochemical detection of anthrax protective antigen. ACS NANO 2013; 7:9452-9460. [PMID: 24063758 DOI: 10.1021/nn404296k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a robust and sensitive approach for detecting protective antigen (PA) exotoxin from Bacillus anthracis in complex media. A peptide-based capture agent against PA was developed by improving a bacteria display-developed peptide into a highly selective biligand through in situ click screening against a large, chemically synthesized peptide library. This biligand was coupled with an electrochemical enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay utilizing nanostructured gold electrodes. The resultant assay yielded a limit of detection of PA of 170 pg/mL (2.1 pM) in buffer, with minimal sensitivity reduction in 1% serum. The powdered capture agent could be stably stored for several days at 65 °C, and the full electrochemical biosensor showed no loss of performance after extended storage at 40 °C. The engineered stability and specificity of this assay should be extendable to other cases in which biomolecular detection in demanding environments is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Farrow
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, and ‡Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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