Strong Coupling of MoS2 Nanosheets and Nitrogen-Doped Graphene for High-Performance Pseudocapacitance Lithium Storage

Multiscale Structural Design of 2D Nanomaterials-based Flexible Electrodes for Wearable Energy Storage Applications

2D nanomaterials play a critical role in realizing high-performance flexible electrodes for wearable energy storge devices, owing to their merits of large surface area, high conductivity and high strength. The electrode is a complex system and the performance is determined by multiple and interrelated factors including the intrinsic properties of materials and the structures at different scales from macroscale to atomic scale. Multiscale design strategies have been developed to engineer the structures to exploit full potential and mitigate drawbacks of 2D materials. Analyzing the design strategies and understanding the working mechanisms are essential to facilitate the integration and harvest the synergistic effects. This review summarizes the multiscale design strategies from macroscale down to micro/nano-scale structures and atomic-scale structures for developing 2D nanomaterials-based flexible electrodes. It starts with brief introduction of 2D nanomaterials, followed by analysis of structural design strategies at different scales focusing on the elucidation of structure-property relationship, and ends with the presentation of challenges and future prospects. This review highlights the importance of integrating multiscale design strategies. Finding from this review may deepen the understanding of electrode performance and provide valuable guidelines for designing 2D nanomaterials-based flexible electrodes.

Interfacial engineering of transition metal dichalcogenide/carbon heterostructures for electrochemical energy applications

To support the global goal of carbon neutrality, numerous efforts have been devoted to the advancement of electrochemical energy conversion (EEC) and electrochemical energy storage (EES) technologies. For these technologies, transition metal dichalcogenide/carbon (TMDC/C) heterostructures have emerged as promising candidates for both electrode materials and electrocatalysts over the past decade, due to their complementary advantages. It is worth noting that interfacial properties play a crucial role in establishing the overall electrochemical characteristics of TMDC/C heterostructures. However, despite the significant scientific contribution in this area, a systematic understanding of TMDC/C heterostructures' interfacial engineering is currently lacking. This literature review aims to focus on three types of interfacial engineering, namely interfacial orientation engineering, interfacial stacking engineering, and interfacial doping engineering, of TMDC/C heterostructures for their potential applications in EES and EEC devices. To accomplish this goal, a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches was used to allow the analysis and summary of the fundamental electrochemical properties and preparation strategies of TMDC/C heterostructures. Moreover, this review highlights the design and utilization of the interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures for specific EES and EEC devices. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of using interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures in practical EES and EEC devices are outlined. We expect that this review will effectively guide readers in their understanding, design, and application of interfacial engineering of TMDC/C heterostructures.

Well-distributed 1T/2H MoS2 nanocrystals in the N-doped nanoporous carbon framework by direct pyrolysis

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) has been a promising anode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity and large interlayer spacing. However, its intrinsic poor electrical conductivity and large volume changes during the lithiation/delithiation reactions limit its practical application. An efficient synthesis strategy was developed to prepare the MoS₂ nanocrystals well-anchored into the N-doped nanoporous carbon framework to deal with these challenges by a confined reaction space in an acrylonitrile-based porous polymer during the carbonization process. The prepared hybrid material comprises small 1T/2H-MoS₂ nanoparticles surrounded by a nanoporous carbon matrix. In addition to the highly crystalline nature of the synthesized MoS₂, the low I_D/I_G of the Raman spectrum demonstrated the development of graphitic domains in the carbon support during low-temperature pyrolysis (700 °C). This novel three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical composite shows superior advantages, such as decreased diffusion lengths of lithium ions, preventing the agglomeration of MoS₂ nanocrystals, and maintaining the whole structural stability. The prepared C/MoS₂ hybrid demonstrated fast rate performance and satisfactory cycling stability as an anode material for LIBs.

Recent advances in hierarchical MoS2/graphene-based materials for supercapacitor applications

Hierarchical MoS₂/graphene (MoS₂/G) has been widely researched in energy storage via supercapacitors. The combination of MoS₂ with graphene not only provides high conductivity but also enhances the structural stability, which are critical factors determining the electrochemical performance for energy storage. In this review, the recent development of various hierarchical MoS₂/G nanostructures in supercapacitor applications is summarized by classifying the materials into MoS₂/G nanospheres, MoS₂/G nanosheets, and MoS₂/G-based ternary composite. The description of the structural characteristics and electrochemical performance gives a clear and profound understanding of hierarchical MoS₂/G nanostructures as a supercapacitor material. In addition, further research prospects of hierarchical MoS₂/G are suggested.

K-Functionalized Carbon Quantum Dots-Induced Interface Assembly of Carbon Nanocages for Ultrastable Potassium Storage Performance

Carbon nanocages (CNCs), with unique merits of morphology and structure, have attracted increasing attention for energy storage and conversion. However, the synthesis of CNCs reported so far suffers from relatively harsh conditions and expensive raw materials. Herein, porous CNCs are intelligently designed using low-cost glucose as the carbon precursor via a facile K-functionalized carbon quantum dots (K-CQDs)-induced assembly route under hydrothermal process. The resulting CNCs have a unique cage-like structure, large surface area, and rich carboxyl groups. With these elegant structural merits, the as-made CNCs anode shows a high reversible capacity of 270 mAh g^-1 at 100 mA g^-1 after 200 cycles and a long-term cycling stability of 206 mAh g^-1 at 2000 mA g^-1 after 4000 cycles. An intercalation reaction mechanism with the K⁺ intercalation compound is further identified through an in-situ Raman technique. Density functional theory simulations reveal that abundant carboxyl groups inherited from K-CQDs can significantly promote the potassium storage capacities of the CNCs electrode.

Atomically Thin Materials for Next-Generation Rechargeable Batteries

Atomically thin materials (ATMs) with thicknesses in the atomic scale (typically <5 nm) offer inherent advantages of large specific surface areas, proper crystal lattice distortion, abundant surface dangling bonds, and strong in-plane chemical bonds, making them ideal 2D platforms to construct high-performance electrode materials for rechargeable metal-ion batteries, metal-sulfur batteries, and metal-air batteries. This work reviews the synthesis and electronic property tuning of state-of-the-art ATMs, including graphene and graphene derivatives (GE/GO/rGO), graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), phosphorene, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (MXenes), transition metal oxides (TMOs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for constructing next-generation high-energy-density and high-power-density rechargeable batteries to meet the needs of the rapid developments in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and smart electricity grids. We also present our viewpoints on future challenges and opportunities of constructing efficient ATMs for next-generation rechargeable batteries.

Construction of 1T@2H MoS2 heterostructures in situ from natural molybdenite with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries

Natural molybdenite, an inexpensive and naturally abundant material, can be directly used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, how to release the intrinsic capacity of natural molybdenite to achieve high rate performance and high capacity is still a challenge. Herein, we introduce an innovative, effective, and one-step approach to preparing a type of heterostructure material containing 1T@2H MoS2 crafted from insertion and expansion of natural molybdenite. The metallic 1T phase formed in situ can significantly improve the electronic conductivity of MoS2. At the same time, 1T@2H MoS2 heterostructures can provide an internal electric field (E-field) to accelerate the migration rate of electrons and ions, promote the charge transfer behaviour, and ensure the reaction reversibility and lithium storage kinetics. Such worm-like 1T@2H MoS2 heterostructures also have a large specific surface area and a large number of defects, which will help shorten the lithium-ion transmission distance and provide more ion transmission channels. As a result, it exhibits a discharge capacity of 788 mA h g-1 remarkably at 100 mA g-1 after 485 cycles and stable cycling performance. It also shows excellent magnification performance of 727 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1, compared to molybdenite concentrate. Briefly, this work's heterostructure architectures open up a new avenue for applying natural molybdenite in lithium-ion batteries, which has the potential to achieve large-scale commercial applications.

Carbon Dots Evoked Li Ion Dynamics for Solid State Battery

Solid composite electrolyte-based Li battery is viewed as one of the most competitive system for the next generation batteries; however, it is still restricted by sluggish ion diffusion. Fast ion transport is a characteristic of the polyethylene oxide (PEO) amorphous phase, and the mobility of Li⁺ is restrained by the coordination interaction within PEO and Li⁺ . Herein, the design of applying functionalized carbon dots (CDs) with abundant surface features as fillers is proposed. High ionic conductivity is achieved in the CD-based composite electrolytes resulting from enhanced ion migration ability of polymer segments and mobility of Li⁺ . Specially, the optimum effect with nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon dots (NS-CD) is a consequence of strong interaction between edge-nitrogen/sulfur in NS-CD and Li⁺ . Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance results confirm that more mobile Li⁺ is generated. Moreover, it is observed that lithium dendrite is suppressed compared to PEO electrolyte associated with reinforced mechanical properties and high transference number. The corresponding all-solid-state batteries, with the cathode of LiFePO₄ or high voltage NCM523, exhibit long cycling life and excellent rate performances. It is a novel strategy to achieve high ionic conductivity composite electrolyte with uniform lithium deposition and provides a new direction to the mechanism of fast Li⁺ movement.

Carbon nanotubes coupled with layered graphite to support SnTe nanodots as high-rate and ultra-stable lithium-ion battery anodes

SnTe exhibits a layered crystal structure, which enables fast Li-ion diffusion and easy storage, and is considered to be a promising candidate for an advanced anode material. However, its applications are hindered by the large volume variation caused by intercalation/deintercalation during the electrochemical reaction processes. Herein, topological insulator SnTe and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supported on a graphite (G) carbon framework (SnTe-CNT-G) were prepared as a new, active and robust anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries by a scalable ball-milling method. Remarkably, the SnTe-CNT-G composite used as a lithium-ion battery anode offered an excellent reversible capacity of 840 mA h g-1 at 200 mA g-1 after 100 cycles and high initial coulombic efficiencies of 76.0%, and achieved a long-term cycling stability of 669 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1 after 1400 cycles. The superior electrochemical performance of SnTe-CNT-G is attributed to the stable design of its electrode structure and interesting topological transition of SnTe, combined with multistep conversion and alloying processes. Furthermore, in situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to study the reaction mechanism. The results presented here provide new insights to design and reveal the reaction mechanisms of transition metal telluride materials in various energy-storage materials.

Layered silicon carbide: a novel anode material for lithium ion batteries

The structural stability of carbon and the high theoretical capacity of silicon was the motivation for investigating the prospects of layered silicon carbide (SiC).

Strongly Coupled MoS2 Nanocrystal/Ti3 C2 Nanosheet Hybrids Enable High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Storage

Smart integration of transition-metal sulfides/oxides/nitrides with the conductive MXene to form hybrid materials is very promising in the development of high-performance anodes for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their advantages of high specific capacity, favorable Li⁺ intercalation structure, and superior conductivity. Herein, a facile route was proposed to prepare strongly coupled MoS₂ nanocrystal/Ti₃ C₂ nanosheet hybrids through freeze-drying combined with a subsequent thermal process. The Ti₃ C₂ host could enhance the reaction kinetics and buffer the volume change of MoS₂ at a low content (8.87 wt %). Thus, the MoS₂ /Ti₃ C₂ hybrids could deliver high rate performance and excellent cycling durability. As such, high reversible capacities of 835.1 and 706.0 mAh g^-1 could be maintained after 110 cycles at 0.5 A g^-1 and 1390 cycles at 5 A g^-1 , respectively, as well as an outstanding rate capability with a capacity retention over 65.8 % at 5 A g^-1 . This synthetic strategy could be easily extended to synthesize other high-performance MXene-supported hybrid electrode materials.

Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

The rapid development of electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems requires novel electrode materials with high performance. A typical 2D nanomaterial, layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are regarded as promising materials used for EES systems due to their large specific surface areas and layer structures benefiting fast ion transport. The typical methods for the preparation of TMDs and TMD-based nanohybrids are first summarized. Then, in order to improve the electrochemical performance of various kinds of rechargeable batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and other types of emerging batteries, the strategies for the design and fabrication of layered TMD-based electrode materials are discussed. Furthermore, the applications of layered TMD-based nanomaterials in supercapacitors, especially in untraditional supercapacitors, are presented. Finally, the existing challenges and promising future research directions in this field are proposed.

MoS2/carbon composites prepared by ball-milling and pyrolysis for the high-rate and stable anode of lithium ion capacitors

Lithium ion capacitors (LICs), bridging the advantages of batteries and electrochemical capacitors, are regarded as one of the most promising energy storage devices. Nevertheless, it is always limited by the anodes that accompany with low capacity and poor rate performance. Here, we develop a versatile and scalable method including ball-milling and pyrolysis to synthesize exfoliated MoS₂ supported by N-doped carbon matrix derived from chitosan, which is encapsulated by pitch-derived carbon shells (MoS₂/CP). Because the carbon matrix with high nitrogen content can improve the electron conductivity, the robust carbon shells can suppress the volume expansion during cycles, and the sufficient exfoliation of lamellar MoS₂ can reduce the ions transfer paths, the MoS₂/CP electrode delivers high specific capacity (530 mA h g^-1 at 100 mA g^-1), remarkable rate capability (230 mA h g^-1 at 10 A g^-1) and superior cycle performance (73% retention after 250 cycles). Thereby, the LICs, composed of MoS₂/CP as the anode and commercial activated carbon (21 KS) as the cathode, exhibit high power density of 35.81 kW kg^-1 at 19.86 W h kg^-1 and high energy density of 87.74 W h kg^-1 at 0.253 kW kg^-1.

NiMoS4 nanocrystals anchored on N-doped carbon nanosheets as anode for high performance lithium ion batteries

Owing to the excellent electrical conductivity and high theoretical capacity, binary transition metal sulfides have attracted extensive attention as promising anodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, the relatively poor electrical conductivity and serious capacity fading originated from large volume change still hinder their practical applications. Herein, binary NiMoS₄ nanoparticles are deposited on N doped carbon nanosheets (NC@NiMoS₄) through a facile hydrothermal method. The N doped carbon nanosheets and the strong chemical bonding between NC and NiMoS₄ can accommodate the volume change, keep the structural integrity and promote the ion/electron transfer during electrochemical reaction. The extra voids between NiMoS₄ nanoparticles enlarge the contact area and reduce the lithium migration barriers. As anode for LIBs, the NC@NiMoS₄ exhibits the excellent cycle stability with 834 mAh g^-1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 100 mA g^-1. Even at high rate of 2000 mA g^-1, the specific capacity of 544 mAh g^-1 can be achieved after 500 cycles.

Solvent-Exchange Strategy toward Aqueous Dispersible MoS2 Nanosheets and Their Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Sphere Nanocomposites for Efficient Lithium/Sodium Ion Storage

Major challenges in developing 2D transition-metal disulfides (TMDs) as anode materials for lithium/sodium ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs) lie in rational design and targeted synthesis of TMD-based nanocomposite structures with precisely controlled ion and electron transport. Herein, a general and scalable solvent-exchange strategy is presented for uniform dispersion of few-layer MoS₂ (f-MoS₂ ) from high-boiling-point solvents (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N-dimethyl formaldehyde (DMF), etc.) into low-boiling-point solvents (water, ethanol, etc.). The solvent-exchange strategy dramatically simplifies high-yield production of dispersible MoS₂ nanosheets as well as facilitates subsequent decoration of MoS₂ for various applications. As a demonstration, MoS₂ -decorated nitrogen-rich carbon spheres (MoS₂ -NCS) are prepared via in situ growth of polypyrrole and subsequent pyrolysis. Benefiting from its ultrathin feature, largely exposed active surface, highly conductive framework and excellent structural integrity, the 2D core-shell architecture of MoS₂ -NCS exhibits an outstanding reversible capacity and excellent cycling performance, achieving high initial discharge capacity of 1087.5 and 508.6 mA h g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 , capacity retentions of 95.6% and 94.2% after 500 and 250 charge/discharge cycles at 1 A g^-1 , for lithium/sodium ion storages, respectively.

Ultrafine Co3 O4 Nanoparticles within Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Matrix Derived from Metal-Organic Complex for Boosting Lithium Storage and Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Transition metal oxides have recently received great attention for application in advanced lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, the ethylenediaminetetraacetic cobalt complex as a precursor to synthesize ultrafine Co₃ O₄ nanoparticles encapsulated into a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (NC) composites is presented. The as-prepared Co₃ O₄ /NC-350 obtained by pyrolysis at 350 °C demonstrates superior rate performance (372 mAh g^-1 at 5.0 A g^-1 ) and high cycling stability (92% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 1.0 A g^-1 ) as anode for LIBs. When evaluated as an electrocatalyst for OER, the Co₃ O₄ /NC-350 achieves an overpotential of 298 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^-2 . The NC-encapsualted porous hierarchical structure assures fast and continuous electron transportation, high activity sites, and strong structural integrity. This works offers novel complex precursors for synthesizing transition metal-based electrodes for boosting electrochemical energy conversion and storage.

MoS2 nanoflowers encapsulated into carbon nanofibers containing amorphous SnO2 as an anode for lithium-ion batteries

SnO₂ with high abundance, large theoretical capacity, and nontoxicity is considered to be a promising candidate for use as advanced electrodes. However, the poor electronic conductivity and large volume variations hinder the practical applications of SnO₂-based electrodes for use in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, the MoS₂-SnO₂ heterostructures were encapsulated into carbon nanofibers (CNFs) via facile solvothermal and electrospinning methods. Remarkably, when the binder-free and robust MoS₂-SnO₂@CNF is employed as the anode for LIBs, such a clever structure yields a discharge capacity of 983 mA h g^-1 at a current density of 200 mA g^-1 after 100 cycles and a capacity of 710 mA h g^-1 after 800 cycles at a current density of 2000 mA g^-1. Moreover, full cells and flexible full cells were constructed, which exhibited high flexibility and delivered a high reversible capacity of 463 mA h g^-1 after 100 cycles at 500 mA g^-1. The exceptional performance of MoS₂-SnO₂@CNF could be attributed to the rational design of the electrode structure. On one hand, the robust structure of the amorphous SnO₂ and MoS₂ nanoflowers in the conductive carbon network not only provides direct current pathways, but also enhances electron transfer. On the other hand, the abundance of p-n heterogeneous interfaces considerably reduces the charge transfer resistance and enhances the surface reaction kinetics. This work proposes a feasible strategy to enhance the capacity and stability of SnO₂-based electrodes and opens up a new avenue for the potential applications of SnO₂ anode materials.

Sulfur in Mesoporous Tungsten Nitride Foam Blocks: A Rational Lithium Polysulfide Confinement Experimental Design Strategy Augmented by Theoretical Predictions

To enhance the utilization of sulfur in lithium-sulfur batteries, three-dimensional tungsten nitride (WN) mesoporous foam blocks are designed to spatially localize the soluble Li₂S₆ and Li₂S₄ within the pore spaces. Meanwhile, the chemisorption behaviors of polysulfides and the capability of WN as an effective confiner are systematically investigated through density functional theory calculations and experimental studies. The theoretical calculations reveal a decrease in chemisorption strength between WN and the soluble polysulfides (Li₂S₈ > Li₂S₆ > Li₂S₄), while the interactions between WN and the insoluble Li₂S₂/Li₂S show a high chemisorption strength of ca. 3 eV. Validating theoretical insights through electrochemical measurements further manifest that the assembled battery configurations with sulfur cathode confined in the thickest WN blocks exhibit the best rate capabilities (1090 and 510 mAh g^-1 at 0.5C and 5C, respectively) with the highest initial Coulombic efficiency of 90.5%. Moreover, a reversible capacity of 358 mAh g^-1 is maintained with a high Coulombic efficiency approaching to 100%, even after 500 cycles at 2C. As guided by in silico design, this work not only provides an effective strategy to improve the retentivity of polysulfides but also underpins that properly architectured WN can be effective retainers of polysulfides.

Synthesis of hollow Mo2C/carbon spheres, and their application to simultaneous electrochemical detection of hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol

Hollow molybdenum-dopamine spheres were synthesized and thermally annealed to form hollow Mo₂C/C spheres. The morphology, composition and electrochemical behavior of spheres were characterized. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with the spheres and then used for simultaneous detection of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC), and resorcinol (RS). Distinct oxidation peaks can be observed for HQ, CC and RS at potentials of -0.004 V, 0.10 V and 0.44 V (vs. SCE). The responses to HQ, CC and RS are linear in the concentration ranges of 0.3~1000 μM, 2~2000 μM and 3~600 μM, respectively. The corresponding detection limits are 0.12, 0.19 and 1.1 μM (at S/N = 3). The sensor was then applied to quantify HQ, CC, and RS in tap water, river water and vegetable juice. Recoveries ranged from 93.5% to 106.5%. The modified GCE is repeatable, reproducible, stable and selective for HQ, CC and RS. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of a novel electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with  hollow Mo₂C/ carbon spheres for determination of hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcinol.

Synergistical Coupling Interconnected ZnS/SnS2 Nanoboxes with Polypyrrole-Derived N/S Dual-Doped Carbon for Boosting High-Performance Sodium Storage

Metal sulfides possess tremendous potentials owing to their high specific capacity for sodium storage. However, the huge volume expansion, accompanied with structural collapse and unsatisfied electric conductivity upon continuous cycling, always lead to inferior rate capability and severe cycling fading. In this work, binary metal sulfide (ZnS/SnS₂ ) nanoboxes confined in N/S dual-doped carbon shell (ZSS@NSC) are fabricated through a facile co-precipitation method involving the wrapping of polypyrrole, and subsequent in situ sulfidation process. Such a well-designed heterogeneity between ZnS and SnS₂ provides rapid Na⁺ insertion and enhanced charge transport by creating an electric field at the heterointerface. More significantly, the formation of polypyrrole-derived N/S dual-doped carbon is synergistically coupled with the ZnS/SnS₂ to create a unique and robust architecture, further strengthening the interconnect function at the heterointerface, which improves electric/ion transfer and mitigates the volume variation during the long-term cycling process. Herein, this as-prepared ZSS@NSC exhibits satisfied specific capacity, excellent rate property, and superior cyclic stability (a reversible capacity of 456.2 mAh g^-1 with excellent capacity retention of 97.2% after 700 stable cycles at ultrahigh rate of 5 A g^-1 ). The boosted Na-storage properties demonstrate that the optimized strategy of structure-engineering has a broad prospect to promote energy storage applications.

Micrometer-Sized Porous Fe2 N/C Bulk for High-Areal-Capacity and Stable Lithium Storage

High-capacity anodes of lithium-ion batteries generally suffer from poor electrical conductivity, large volume variation, and low tap density caused by prepared nanostructures, which make it an obstacle to achieve both high-areal capacity and stable cycling performance for practical applications. Herein, micrometer-sized porous Fe₂ N/C bulk is prepared to tackle the aforementioned issues, and thus realize both high-areal capacity and stable cycling performance at high mass loading. The porous structure in Fe₂ N/C bulk is beneficial to alleviate the volumetric change. In addition, the N-doped carbon conducting networks with high electrical conductivity provide a fast charge transfer pathway. Meanwhile, the micrometer-sized Fe₂ N/C bulk exhibits a higher tap density than that of commercial graphite powder (1.03 g cm^-3 ), which facilitates the preparation of thinner electrode at high mass loadings. As a result, a high-areal capacity of above 4.2 mA h cm^-2 at 0.45 mA cm^-2 is obtained at a high mass loading of 7.0 mg cm^-2 for LIBs, which still maintains at 2.59 mA h cm^-2 after 200 cycles with a capacity retention of 98.8% at 0.89 mA cm^-2 .