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Fan X, Wang X, Ye Y, Ye Y, Su Y, Zhang Y, Wang C. Printing 3D Metallic Structures in Porous Matrix. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2312071. [PMID: 38446075 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202312071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of metallic micro/nanostructures has great potential for advancing optoelectronic microdevices. Over the past decade, femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW) technology has played a crucial role in driving progress in this field. In this study, silica gel glass is used as a supporting medium, and FsLDW is employed to reduce gold and palladium ions using 7-Diethylamino-3-thenoylcoumarin (DETC) as a two-photon sensitizer, enabling the printing of conductive multilayered and 3D metallic structures. How the pore size of the silica gel glass affects the electrical conductivity of printed metal wires is systematically examined. This 3D printing method is versatile and offers expanded opportunities for applying metallic micro/nanostructures in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuanxiang Ye
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ying Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuming Su
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yusheng Zhang
- Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Suzhou, 215127, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen, 361005, China
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Mauri A, Kiefer P, Neidinger P, Messer T, Bojanowski NM, Yang L, Walden S, Unterreiner AN, Barner-Kowollik C, Wegener M, Wenzel W, Kozlowska M. Two- and three-photon processes during photopolymerization in 3D laser printing. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc03527e. [PMID: 39129779 PMCID: PMC11309088 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03527e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The performance of a photoinitiator is key to control efficiency and resolution in 3D laser nanoprinting. Upon light absorption, a cascade of competing photophysical processes leads to photochemical reactions toward radical formation that initiates free radical polymerization (FRP). Here, we investigate 7-diethylamino-3-thenoylcoumarin (DETC), belonging to an efficient and frequently used class of photoinitiators in 3D laser printing, and explain the molecular bases of FRP initiation upon DETC photoactivation. Depending on the presence of a co-initiator, DETC causes radical generation either upon two-photon- or three-photon excitation, but the mechanism for these processes is not well understood so far. Here, we show that the unique three-photon based radical formation by DETC, in the absence of a co-initiator, results from its excitation to highly excited triplet states. They allow a hydrogen-atom transfer reaction from the pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) monomer to DETC, enabling the formation of the reactive PETA alkyl radical, which initiates FRP. The formation of active DETC radicals is demonstrated to be less spontaneous. In contrast, photoinitiation in the presence of an onium salt co-initiator proceeds via intermolecular electron transfer after the photosensitization of the photoinitiator to the lowest triplet excited state. Our quantum mechanical calculations demonstrate photophysical processes upon the multiphoton activation of DETC and explain different reactions for the radical formation upon DETC photoactivation. This investigation for the first time describes possible pathways of FRP initiation in 3D laser nanoprinting and permits further rational design of efficient photoinitiators to increase the speed and sensitivity of 3D laser nanoprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mauri
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Pascal Kiefer
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Philipp Neidinger
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Tobias Messer
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - N Maximilian Bojanowski
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Sarah Walden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Andreas-Neil Unterreiner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics (APH), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Kaiserstraße 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Sahoo R, Pramanik B, Mondal S, Das MC. A Highly Chemically Robust 3D Interpenetrated MOF Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Hantzsch 1,4-Dihydropyridines and Drug Molecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309281. [PMID: 38191986 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted immense attention as efficient heterogeneous catalysts over other solid catalysts, however, their chemical environment instability often limits their catalytic potential. Herein, utilizing a flexible unexplored tetra-acid ligand and employing the mixed ligand approach, a 3D interpenetrated robust framework is strategically developed, IITKGP-51 (IITKGP stands for Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur), which retained its crystallinity over a wide range of pH solution (4-12). Having ample open metal sites (OMSs), IITKGP-51 is explored as a heterogeneous catalyst in one-pot Hantzsch condensation reaction, with low catalyst loading for a broad range of substrates. The synthesis of drug molecules remains one of the most significant and emergent areas of organic and medicinal chemistry. Considering such practical utility, biologically important Nemadipine B and Nifedipine drug molecules (calcium channel protein inhibitor) are synthesized for the first time by using this catalyst and fully characterized via SC-XRD and other spectroscopic methods. This report inaugurates the usage of a MOF material as a catalyst for the synthesis of drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Bikram Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Supriya Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Madhab C Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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Zhou S, Zhao Y, Xun Y, Wei Z, Yang Y, Yan W, Ding J. Programmable and Modularized Gas Sensor Integrated by 3D Printing. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3608-3643. [PMID: 38498933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The rapid advancement of intelligent manufacturing technology has enabled electronic equipment to achieve synergistic design and programmable optimization through computer-aided engineering. Three-dimensional (3D) printing, with the unique characteristics of near-net-shape forming and mold-free fabrication, serves as an effective medium for the materialization of digital designs into usable devices. This methodology is particularly applicable to gas sensors, where performance can be collaboratively optimized by the tailored design of each internal module including composition, microstructure, and architecture. Meanwhile, diverse 3D printing technologies can realize modularized fabrication according to the application requirements. The integration of artificial intelligence software systems further facilitates the output of precise and dependable signals. Simultaneously, the self-learning capabilities of the system also promote programmable optimization for the hardware, fostering continuous improvement of gas sensors for dynamic environments. This review investigates the latest studies on 3D-printed gas sensor devices and relevant components, elucidating the technical features and advantages of different 3D printing processes. A general testing framework for the performance evaluation of customized gas sensors is proposed. Additionally, it highlights the superiority and challenges of programmable and modularized gas sensors, providing a comprehensive reference for material adjustments, structure design, and process modifications for advanced gas sensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiang Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yanran Xun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Zhicheng Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Yong Yang
- Temasek Laboratories, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Wentao Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
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Jiang R, Li Y, Chao S, Chen Y, Shao H, Guo Y, Wang X, Tang C. Direct Write Printing of Ultraviolet-Curable Bulk Superhydrophobic Ink Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37879068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Although superhydrophobic surfaces have various promising applications, their fabrication methods are often limited to 2D plane surfaces that are vulnerable to abrasion and have limited adhesion to the substrate. Herein, an ultraviolet (UV) curable ink with bulk superhydrophobicity, consisting of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) resins, hydrophobic silica, and solvent (porogen), was successfully developed for UV-assisted direct write printing processing. After UV curing of the ink followed by solvent evaporation, the generated porous structure cooperates with silica particles to form a self-similar and hierarchical structure throughout the bulk material, which can keep its original morphology even after cyclic abrasion (over 1000 times) and thus exhibits durable superhydrophobicity. With this unique ink, UV-assisted direct write printing can not only create 2D superhydrophobic surfaces on various substrates (e.g., paper and wire mesh) but also fabricate self-supporting 3D superhydrophobic objects for various applications such as waterproofing and oil-water separation. The printed objects exhibited a stable superhydrophobicity against liquid corrosion and mechanical damage. In addition, the 3D printing approach can be used to optimize the oil-water separation performance of the superhydrophobic porous materials by tuning the pore size, thus presenting promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Jiang
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Shengmao Chao
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Yongqian Chen
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Hong Shao
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Yakun Guo
- Science and Technology on Surface Physics and Chemistry Laboratory, Mianyang 621907, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Changyu Tang
- Chengdu Development Center of Science and Technology, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
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Cao Q, Chen W, Zhong Y, Ma X, Wang B. Biomedical Applications of Deformable Hydrogel Microrobots. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1824. [PMID: 37893261 PMCID: PMC10609176 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel, a material with outstanding biocompatibility and shape deformation ability, has recently become a hot topic for researchers studying innovative functional materials due to the growth of new biomedicine. Due to their stimulus responsiveness to external environments, hydrogels have progressively evolved into "smart" responsive (such as to pH, light, electricity, magnetism, temperature, and humidity) materials in recent years. The physical and chemical properties of hydrogels have been used to construct hydrogel micro-nano robots which have demonstrated significant promise for biomedical applications. The different responsive deformation mechanisms in hydrogels are initially discussed in this study; after which, a number of preparation techniques and a variety of structural designs are introduced. This study also highlights the most recent developments in hydrogel micro-nano robots' biological applications, such as drug delivery, stem cell treatment, and cargo manipulation. On the basis of the hydrogel micro-nano robots' current state of development, current difficulties and potential future growth paths are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Cao
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China;
| | - Wenjun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.Z.); (X.M.)
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.Z.); (X.M.)
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China; (Y.Z.); (X.M.)
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China;
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Fei J, Rong Y, Zhu L, Li H, Zhang X, Lu Y, An J, Bao Q, Huang X. Progress in Photocurable 3D Printing of Photosensitive Polyurethane: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300211. [PMID: 37294875 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, as a class of advanced additive manufacturing (AM) technology, photocurable 3D printing has gained increasing attention. Based on its outstanding printing efficiency and molding accuracy, it is employed in various fields, such as industrial manufacturing, biomedical, soft robotics, electronic sensors. Photocurable 3D printing is a molding technology based on the principle of area-selective curing of photopolymerization reaction. At present, the main printing material suitable for this technology is the photosensitive resin, a composite mixture consisting of a photosensitive prepolymer, reactive monomer, photoinitiator, and other additives. As the technique research deepens and its application gets more developed, the design of printing materials suitable for different applications is becoming the hotspot. Specifically, these materials not only can be photocured but also have excellent properties, such as elasticity, tear resistance, fatigue resistance. Photosensitive polyurethanes can endow photocured resin with desirable performance due to their unique molecular structure including the inherent alternating soft and hard segments, and microphase separation. For this reason, this review summarizes and comments on the research and application progress of photocurable 3D printing of photosensitive polyurethanes, analyzing the advantages and shortcomings of this technology, also offering an outlook on this rapid development direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Fei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Youjie Rong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Lisheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Huijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Taiyuan, 030032, P. R. China
| | - Jian An
- Shanxi Coal Center Hospital, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Qingbo Bao
- Shanxi Coal Center Hospital, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Metal Materials of Shanxi Province, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
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Abstract
Laser interference patterning on top of a thin film and inside a crystal is a powerful tool today to create the desired patterns for optical data processing. Here, we demonstrate reversible and irreversible laser interference patterning on a metal-organic framework (MOF) thin film through the water desorption and thermal decomposition processes, respectively. The irreversible interference pattern with a period of the strips of up to 5 µm has been realized, and its morphology has been characterized using confocal Raman and reflection spectroscopy as well as atomic force microscopy. We revealed that reducing the distance between the interference maxima from 10.5 to a record of 5 µm for MOFs yields a 10-fold increase in the surface roughness of the irreversible pattern; on the other hand, the reversible laser pattern provides a completely non-destructive effect of variable optical contrast. The experimental results obtained open up prospects for the use of MOF crystals as photosensitive materials in the template drawing of the desired patterns for different application scopes.
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