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Avgan N, Sutherland HG, Lea RA, Haupt LM, Shum DHK, Griffiths LR. Association Study of a Comprehensive Panel of Neuropeptide-Related Polymorphisms Suggest Potential Roles in Verbal Learning and Memory. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:30. [PMID: 38254919 PMCID: PMC10815468 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are mostly expressed in regions of the brain responsible for learning and memory and are centrally involved in cognitive pathways. The majority of neuropeptide research has been performed in animal models; with acknowledged differences between species, more research into the role of neuropeptides in humans is necessary to understand their contribution to higher cognitive function. In this study, we investigated the influence of genetic polymorphisms in neuropeptide genes on verbal learning and memory. Variants in genes encoding neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors were tested for association with learning and memory measures using the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) in a healthy cohort of individuals (n = 597). The HVLT-R is a widely used task for verbal learning and memory assessment and provides five sub-scores: recall, delay, learning, retention, and discrimination. To determine the effect of candidate variants on learning and memory performance, genetic association analyses were performed for each HVLT-R sub-score with over 1300 genetic variants from 124 neuropeptide and neuropeptide receptor genes, genotyped on Illumina OmniExpress BeadChip arrays. This targeted analysis revealed numerous suggestive associations between HVLT-R test scores and neuropeptide and neuropeptide receptor gene variants; candidates include the SCG5, IGFR1, GALR1, OXTR, CCK, and VIPR1 genes. Further characterization of these genes and their variants will improve our understanding of the genetic contribution to learning and memory and provide insight into the importance of the neuropeptide network in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesli Avgan
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (N.A.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Heidi G. Sutherland
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (N.A.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Rod A. Lea
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (N.A.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Larisa M. Haupt
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Group, Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
- Max Planck Queensland Centre for the Materials Science of Extracellular Matrices, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - David H. K. Shum
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Lyn R. Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 60 Musk Ave., Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia; (N.A.); (H.G.S.); (R.A.L.)
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Makrygianni EA, Chrousos GP. Neural Progenitor Cells and the Hypothalamus. Cells 2023; 12:1822. [PMID: 37508487 PMCID: PMC10378393 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs) capable of self-renewing and differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. In the postnatal/adult brain, NPCs are primarily located in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). There is evidence that NPCs are also present in the postnatal/adult hypothalamus, a highly conserved brain region involved in the regulation of core homeostatic processes, such as feeding, metabolism, reproduction, neuroendocrine integration and autonomic output. In the rodent postnatal/adult hypothalamus, NPCs mainly comprise different subtypes of tanycytes lining the wall of the 3rd ventricle. In the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, the neurogenic niche is constituted by tanycytes at the floor of the 3rd ventricle, ependymal cells and ribbon cells (showing a gap-and-ribbon organization similar to that in the SVZ), as well as suprachiasmatic cells. We speculate that in the postnatal/adult human hypothalamus, neurogenesis occurs in a highly complex, exquisitely sophisticated neurogenic niche consisting of at least four subniches; this structure has a key role in the regulation of extrahypothalamic neurogenesis, and hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic neural circuits, partly through the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia A Makrygianni
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Ribeiro FF, Ferreira F, Rodrigues RS, Soares R, Pedro DM, Duarte-Samartinho M, Aroeira RI, Ferreiro E, Valero J, Solá S, Mira H, Sebastião AM, Xapelli S. Regulation of hippocampal postnatal and adult neurogenesis by adenosine A 2A receptor: Interaction with brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Stem Cells 2021; 39:1362-1381. [PMID: 34043863 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor (A2A R) activation modulates several brain processes, ranging from neuronal maturation to synaptic plasticity. Most of these actions occur through the modulation of the actions of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In this work, we studied the role of A2A Rs in regulating postnatal and adult neurogenesis in the rat hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Here, we show that A2A R activation with CGS 21680 promoted neural stem cell self-renewal, protected committed neuronal cells from cell death and contributed to a higher density of immature and mature neuronal cells, particularly glutamatergic neurons. Moreover, A2A R endogenous activation was found to be essential for BDNF-mediated increase in cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Our findings contribute to further understand the role of adenosinergic signaling in the brain and may have an impact in the development of strategies for brain repair under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa F Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Soares
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo M Pedro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Duarte-Samartinho
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita I Aroeira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Ferreiro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Valero
- Laboratory of Glial Cell Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
- University of the Basque Country EHU/UPV, Leioa, Spain
| | - Susana Solá
- iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Mira
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Xapelli
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes (iMM, JLB), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ved R, Sharouf F, Harari B, Muzaffar M, Manivannan S, Ormonde C, Gray WP, Zaben M. Disulfide HMGB1 acts via TLR2/4 receptors to reduce the numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after traumatic injury in vitro. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6181. [PMID: 33731757 PMCID: PMC7971069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with poor clinical outcomes; autopsy studies of TBI victims demonstrate significant oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) death post TBI; an observation, which may explain the lack of meaningful repair of injured axons. Whilst high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and its key receptors TLR2/4 are identified as key initiators of neuroinflammation post-TBI, they have been identified as attractive targets for development of novel therapeutic approaches to improve post-TBI clinical outcomes. In this report we establish unequivocal evidence that HMGB1 released in vitro impairs OPC response to mechanical injury; an effect that is pharmacologically reversible. We show that needle scratch injury hyper-acutely induced microglial HMGB1 nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation and subsequent release into culture medium. Application of injury-conditioned media resulted in significant decreases in OPC number through anti-proliferative effects. This effect was reversed by co-treatment with the TLR2/4 receptor antagonist BoxA. Furthermore, whilst injury conditioned medium drove OPCs towards an activated reactive morphology, this was also abolished after BoxA co-treatment. We conclude that HMGB1, through TLR2/4 dependant mechanisms, may be detrimental to OPC proliferation following injury in vitro, negatively affecting the potential for restoring a mature oligodendrocyte population, and subsequent axonal remyelination. Further study is required to assess how HMGB1-TLR signalling influences OPC maturation and myelination capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ved
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - F Sharouf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - B Harari
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - M Muzaffar
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - S Manivannan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - C Ormonde
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - W P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (DPMCN), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - M Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Haydn Ellis Building, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences (DPMCN), School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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5
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Cunha-Reis D, Caulino-Rocha A, Correia-de-Sá P. VIPergic neuroprotection in epileptogenesis: challenges and opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2021; 164:105356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ballaz SJ, Bourin M. Cholecystokinin-Mediated Neuromodulation of Anxiety and Schizophrenia: A "Dimmer-Switch" Hypothesis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:925-938. [PMID: 33185164 PMCID: PMC8686311 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666201113145143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK), the most abundant brain neuropeptide, is involved in relevant behavioral functions like memory, cognition, and reward through its interactions with the opioid and dopaminergic systems in the limbic system. CCK excites neurons by binding two receptors, CCK1 and CCK2, expressed at low and high levels in the brain, respectively. Historically, CCK2 receptors have been related to the induction of panic attacks in humans. Disturbances in brain CCK expression also underlie the physiopathology of schizophrenia, which is attributed to the modulation by CCK1 receptors of the dopamine flux in the basal striatum. Despite this evidence, neither CCK2 receptor antagonists ameliorate human anxiety nor CCK agonists have consistently shown neuroleptic effects in clinical trials. A neglected aspect of the function of brain CCK is its neuromodulatory role in mental disorders. Interestingly, CCK is expressed in pivotal inhibitory interneurons that sculpt cortical dynamics and the flux of nerve impulses across corticolimbic areas and the excitatory projections to mesolimbic pathways. At the basal striatum, CCK modulates the excitability of glutamate, the release of inhibitory GABA, and the discharge of dopamine. Here we focus on how CCK may reduce rather than trigger anxiety by regulating its cognitive component. Adequate levels of CCK release in the basal striatum may control the interplay between cognition and reward circuitry, which is critical in schizophrenia. Hence, it is proposed that disturbances in the excitatory/ inhibitory interplay modulated by CCK may contribute to the imbalanced interaction between corticolimbic and mesolimbic neural activity found in anxiety and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J. Ballaz
- Address correspondence to this author at the School of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ecuador; Tel: 593 (06) 299 9100, ext. 2626; E-mail:
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7
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Albrecht A, Redavide E, Regev-Tsur S, Stork O, Richter-Levin G. Hippocampal GABAergic interneurons and their co-localized neuropeptides in stress vulnerability and resilience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:229-244. [PMID: 33188820 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans and rodents suggest a critical role for the hippocampal formation in cognition and emotion, but also in the adaptation to stressful events. Successful stress adaptation promotes resilience, while its failure may lead to stress-induced psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety disorders. Hippocampal architecture and physiology is shaped by its strong control of activity via diverse classes of inhibitory interneurons that express typical calcium binding proteins and neuropeptides. Celltype-specific opto- and chemogenetic intervention strategies that take advantage of these biochemical markers have bolstered our understanding of the distinct role of different interneurons in anxiety, fear and stress adaptation. Moreover, some of the signature proteins of GABAergic interneurons have a potent impact on emotion and cognition on their own, making them attractive targets for interventions. In particular, neuropeptide Y is a promising endogenous agent for mediating resilience against severe stress. In this review, we evaluate the role of the major types of interneurons across hippocampal subregions in the adaptation to chronic and acute stress and to emotional memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Albrecht
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Elisa Redavide
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Stav Regev-Tsur
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel.
| | - Oliver Stork
- Center for Behavioral Brain Science, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Genetics & Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Gal Richter-Levin
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBR), University of Haifa, 199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel; Psychology Department, University of Haifa199 Aba-Hushi Avenue, 3498838 Haifa, Israel.
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8
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Glycyrrhizin Blocks the Detrimental Effects of HMGB1 on Cortical Neurogenesis After Traumatic Neuronal Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100760. [PMID: 33096930 PMCID: PMC7593920 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite medical advances, neurological recovery after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains poor. Elevated levels of high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB1) are associated with poor outcomes; likely via interaction with receptors for advanced-glycation-end-products (RAGE). We examined the hypothesis that HMGB1 post-TBI is anti-neurogenic and whether this is pharmacologically reversible. Post-natal rat cortical mixed neuro-glial cell cultures were subjected to needle-scratch injury and examined for HMGB1-activation/neuroinflammation. HMGB1-related genes/networks were examined using genome-wide RNA-seq studies in cortical perilesional tissue samples from adult mice. Post-natal rat cortical neural stem/progenitor cell cultures were generated to quantify effects of injury-condition medium (ICM) on neurogenesis with/without RAGE antagonist glycyrrhizin. Needle-injury upregulated TNF-α/NOS-2 mRNA-expressions at 6 h, increased proportions of activated microglia, and caused neuronal loss at 24 h. Transcriptome analysis revealed activation of HMGB1 pathway genes/canonical pathways in vivo at 24 h. A 50% increase in HMGB1 protein expression, and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1 in neurons and microglia at 24 h post-injury was demonstrated in vitro. ICM reduced total numbers/proportions of neuronal cells, but reversed by 0.5 μM glycyrrhizin. HMGB1 is activated following in vivo post mechanical injury, and glycyrrhizin alleviates detrimental effects of ICM on cortical neurogenesis. Our findings highlight glycyrrhizin as a potential therapeutic agent post-TBI.
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Solés-Tarrés I, Cabezas-Llobet N, Vaudry D, Xifró X. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Against Cognitive Decline in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:221. [PMID: 32765225 PMCID: PMC7380167 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the major symptoms in most neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson (PD), and Huntington diseases (HD), affecting millions of people worldwide. Unfortunately, there is no treatment to cure or prevent the progression of those diseases. Cognitive impairment has been related to neuronal cell death and/or synaptic plasticity alteration in important brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex, substantia nigra, striatum, and hippocampus. Therefore, compounds that can act to protect the neuronal loss and/or to reestablish the synaptic activity are needed to prevent cognitive decline in neurodegenerative diseases. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two highly related multifunctional neuropeptides widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS). PACAP and VIP exert their action through two common receptors, VPAC1 and VPAC2, while PACAP has an additional specific receptor, PAC1. In this review article, we first presented evidence showing the therapeutic potential of PACAP and VIP to fight the cognitive decline observed in models of AD, PD, and HD. We also reviewed the main transduction pathways activated by PACAP and VIP receptors to reduce cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, we identified the therapeutic targets of PACAP and VIP, and finally, we evaluated different novel synthetic PACAP and VIP analogs as promising pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Solés-Tarrés
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Núria Cabezas-Llobet
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - David Vaudry
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation, Neuropeptides, Neuronal Death and Cell Plasticity Team, Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Inserm, Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Xifró
- New Therapeutic Targets Group (TargetsLab), Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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Andreotti JP, Silva WN, Costa AC, Picoli CC, Bitencourt FCO, Coimbra-Campos LMC, Resende RR, Magno LAV, Romano-Silva MA, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Neural stem cell niche heterogeneity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:42-53. [PMID: 30639325 PMCID: PMC6710163 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, new neurons can be generated from neural stem cells in specific regions of the adult brain. Neural stem cells are characterized by their abilities to differentiate into all neural lineages and to self-renew. The specific microenvironments regulating neural stem cells, commonly referred to as neurogenic niches, comprise multiple cell populations whose precise contributions are under active current exploration. Understanding the cross-talk between neural stem cells and their niche components is essential for the development of therapies against neurological disorders in which neural stem cells function is altered. In this review, we describe and discuss recent studies that identified novel components in the neural stem cell niche. These discoveries bring new concepts to the field. Here, we evaluate these recent advances that change our understanding of the neural stem cell niche heterogeneity and its influence on neural stem cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Andreotti
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walison N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia C O Bitencourt
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz A V Magno
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco A Romano-Silva
- Department of Mental Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Korkmaz OT, Ay H, Aytan N, Carreras I, Kowall NW, Dedeoglu A, Tuncel N. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Decreases β-Amyloid Accumulation and Prevents Brain Atrophy in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:389-396. [PMID: 30498985 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1226-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular deposits of fibrillary β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brain that initiate an inflammatory process resulting in neurodegeneration. The neuronal loss associated with AD results in gross atrophy of affected regions causing a progressive loss of cognitive ability and memory function, ultimately leading to dementia. Growing evidence suggests that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) could be beneficial for various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. The study investigated the effects of VIP on 5xFAD, a transgenic mouse model of AD. Toward this aim, we used 20 5xFAD mice in two groups (n = 10 each), VIP-treated (25 ng/kg i.p. injection, three times per week) and saline-treated (the drug's vehicle) following the same administration regimen. Treatment started at 1 month of age and ended 2 months later. After 2 months of treatment, the mice were euthanized, their brains dissected out, and immunohistochemically stained for Aβ40 and Aβ42 on serial sections. Then, plaque analysis and stereological morphometric analysis were performed in different brain regions. Chronic VIP administration in 5xFAD mice significantly decreased the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 plaques in the subiculum compared to the saline treated 5xFAD mice. VIP treatment also significantly decreased Aβ40 and Aβ42 plaques in cortical areas and significantly increased the hippocampus/cerebrum and corpus callosum/cerebrum ratio but not the cerebral cortex/cerebrum ratio. In summary, we found that chronic administration of VIP significantly decreased Aβ plaques and preserved against atrophy for related brain regions in 5xFAD AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Tansel Korkmaz
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey. .,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Odunpazari, 26040, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Ay
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26040, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Nurgul Aytan
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Isabel Carreras
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Alpaslan Dedeoglu
- Research and Development, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, 02130, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,Department of Radiology, MGH and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Nese Tuncel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, 26480, Eskisehir, Turkey
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12
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Shtaya A, Sadek AR, Zaben M, Seifert G, Pringle A, Steinhäuser C, Gray WP. AMPA receptors and seizures mediate hippocampal radial glia-like stem cell proliferation. Glia 2018; 66:2397-2413. [PMID: 30357924 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is sustained throughout life in the mammalian brain, supporting hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Its permanent alteration by status epilepticus (SE) is associated with learning and cognitive impairments. The mechanisms underlying the initiation of altered neurogenesis after SE are not understood. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive radial glia (RG)-like cells proliferate early after SE, but their proliferation dynamics and signaling are largely unclear. We have previously reported a polarized distribution of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) on RG-like cells in vivo and postulated that these may signal their proliferation. Here, we examined the acute effects of kainate on hippocampal precursor cells in vitro and in kainate-induced SE on proliferating and quiescent clones of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine prelabeled hippocampal precursors in vivo. In vitro, we found that 5 μM kainate shortened the cell cycle time of RG-like cells via AMPAR activation and accelerated cell cycle re-entry of their progeny. It also shifted their fate choice expanding the population of RG-like cells and reducing the population of downstream amplifying neural progenitors. Kainate enhanced the survival of all precursor cell subtypes. Pharmacologically, kainate's proliferative and survival effects were abolished by AMPAR blockade. Functional AMPAR expression was confirmed on RG-like cells in vitro. In agreement with these observations, kainate/seizures enhanced the proliferation and expansion predominantly of constitutively cycling RG-like cell clones in vivo. Our results identify AMPARs as key potential players in initiating the proliferation of dentate RG-like cells and unravel a possible receptor target for modifying the radial glia-like cell response to SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan Shtaya
- Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom.,University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Malik Zaben
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,B.R.A.I.N. Biomedical Research Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley Pringle
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - William Peter Gray
- University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,B.R.A.I.N. Biomedical Research Unit, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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13
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Neural mechanisms underlying GABAergic regulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:33-46. [PMID: 28948349 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Within the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus is the subgranular zone, which contains a neurogenic niche for radial-glia like cells, the most primitive neural stem cells in the adult brain. The quiescence of neural stem cells is maintained by tonic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) released from local interneurons. Once these cells differentiate into neural progenitor cells, GABA continues to regulate their development into mature granule cells, the principal cell type of the dentate gyrus. Here, we review the role of GABA circuits, signaling, and receptors in regulating development of adult-born cells, as well as the molecular players that modulate GABA signaling. Furthermore, we review recent findings linking dysregulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis to the altered GABAergic circuitry and signaling under various pathological conditions.
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14
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Khan D, Khan M, Runesson J, Zaben M, Gray WP. GalR3 mediates galanin proliferative effects on postnatal hippocampal precursors. Neuropeptides 2017; 63:14-17. [PMID: 28431685 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Galanin, a neuropeptide co-released from noradrenergic and serotonergic projection neurons to the dentate gyrus, has recently emerged as an important mediator for signaling neuronal activity to the subgranular neurogenic stem cell niche supporting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Galanin and its receptors appear to play key roles in depression-like behavior, and effects on hippocampal neurogenesis are relevant to pharmacological strategies for treating depression, which in part appear to rely on restoring altered neurogenesis. We previously demonstrated that the GalR2/3 receptor agonist Gal 2-11 is proliferative and proneurogenic for postnatal hippocampal progenitor cells; however, the specific receptor mediation remained to be identified. With the recent availability of M1145 (a specific GalR2 agonist), and SNAP 37889 (GalR3 specific antagonist), we extend our previous studies and show that while M1145 has no proliferative effect, the co-treatment of postnatal rat hippocampal progenitors with Gal 2-11 and SNAP 37889 completely abolished the Gal 2-11 proliferative effects. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that GalR3 and not GalR2 is the specific receptor subtype that mediates the proliferative effects of galanin on hippocampal progenitor cells. These results implicate GALR3 in the mediation of galanin neurogenic effects and, potentially, its neurogenic anti-depressant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Khan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - M Khan
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Runesson
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - M Zaben
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - W P Gray
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Neurosciences and Mental Health Research Institute NMHRI, Room 3.33, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
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15
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Maduna T, Lelievre V. Neuropeptides shaping the central nervous system development: Spatiotemporal actions of VIP and PACAP through complementary signaling pathways. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1472-1487. [PMID: 27717098 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides with wide, complementary, and overlapping distributions in the central and peripheral nervous systems, where they exert important regulatory roles in many physiological processes. VIP and PACAP display a large range of biological cellular targets and functions in the adult nervous system including regulation of neurotransmission and neuroendocrine secretion and neuroprotective and neuroimmune responses. As the main focus of the present review, VIP and PACAP also have been long implicated in nervous system development and maturation through their interaction with the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptors, PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2, initiating multiple signaling pathways. Compared with PAC1, which solely binds PACAP with very high affinity, VPACs exhibit high affinities for both VIP and PACAP but differ from each other because of their pharmacological profile for both natural accessory peptides and synthetic or chimeric molecules, with agonistic and antagonistic properties. Complementary to initial pharmacological studies, transgenic animals lacking these neuropeptides or their receptors have been used to further characterize the neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral roles of PACAP and VIP in the developing central nervous system. In this review, we recapitulate the critical steps and processes guiding/driving neurodevelopment in vertebrates and superimposing the potential contribution of PACAP and VIP receptors on the given timeline. We also describe how alterations in VIP/PACAP signaling may contribute to both (neuro)developmental and adult pathologies and suggest that tuning of VIP/PACAP signaling in a spatiotemporal manner may represent a novel avenue for preventive therapies of neurological and psychiatric disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tando Maduna
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vincent Lelievre
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR3212, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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16
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Pascente R, Frigerio F, Rizzi M, Porcu L, Boido M, Davids J, Zaben M, Tolomeo D, Filibian M, Gray WP, Vezzani A, Ravizza T. Cognitive deficits and brain myo-Inositol are early biomarkers of epileptogenesis in a rat model of epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:146-55. [PMID: 27173096 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One major unmet clinical need in epilepsy is the identification of therapies to prevent or arrest epilepsy development in patients exposed to a potential epileptogenic insult. The development of such treatments has been hampered by the lack of non-invasive biomarkers that could be used to identify the patients at-risk, thereby allowing to design affordable clinical studies. Our goal was to test the predictive value of cognitive deficits and brain astrocyte activation for the development of epilepsy following a potential epileptogenic injury. We used a model of epilepsy induced by pilocarpine-evoked status epilepticus (SE) in 21-day old rats where 60-70% of animals develop spontaneous seizures after around 70days, although SE is similar in all rats. Learning was evaluated in the Morris water-maze at days 15 and 65 post-SE, each time followed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for measuring hippocampal myo-Inositol levels, a marker of astrocyte activation. Rats were video-EEG monitored for two weeks at seven months post-SE to detect spontaneous seizures, then brain histology was done. Behavioral and imaging data were retrospectively analysed in epileptic rats and compared with non-epileptic and control animals. Rats displayed spatial learning deficits within three weeks from SE. However, only epilepsy-prone rats showed accelerated forgetting and reduced learning rate compared to both rats not developing epilepsy and controls. These deficits were associated with reduced hippocampal neurogenesis. myo-Inositol levels increased transiently in the hippocampus of SE-rats not developing epilepsy while this increase persisted until spontaneous seizures onset in epilepsy-prone rats, being associated with a local increase in S100β-positive astrocytes. Neuronal cell loss was similar in all SE-rats. Our data show that behavioral deficits, together with a non-invasive marker of astrocyte activation, predict which rats develop epilepsy after an acute injury. These measures have potential clinical relevance for identifying individuals at-risk for developing epilepsy following exposure to epileptogenic insults, and consequently, for designing adequately powered antiepileptogenesis trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Pascente
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Frigerio
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Rizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Porcu
- Department of Oncology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Marina Boido
- Neuroscience Institute "Cavalieri Ottolenghi", Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Joe Davids
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Malik Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniele Tolomeo
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Filibian
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy
| | - Teresa Ravizza
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milano, Italy.
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17
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Bolijn S, Lucassen PJ. How the Body Talks to the Brain; Peripheral Mediators of Physical Activity-Induced Proliferation in the Adult Hippocampus. Brain Plast 2015; 1:5-27. [PMID: 29765833 PMCID: PMC5939189 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampal dentate gyrus, stem cells maintain the capacity to produce new neurons into adulthood. These adult-generated neurons become fully functional and are incorporated into the existing hippocampal circuit. The process of adult neurogenesis contributes to hippocampal functioning and is influenced by various environmental, hormonal and disease-related factors. One of the most potent stimuli of neurogenesis is physical activity (PA). While the bodily and peripheral changes of PA are well known, e.g. in relation to diet or cardiovascular conditions, little is known about which of these also exert central effects on the brain. Here, we discuss PA-induced changes in peripheral mediators that can modify hippocampal proliferation, and address changes with age, sex or PA duration/intensity. Of the many peripheral factors known to be triggered by PA, serotonin, FGF-2, IGF-1, VEGF, β-endorphin and adiponectin are best known for their stimulatory effects on hippocampal proliferation. Interestingly, while age negatively affects hippocampal proliferation per se, also the PA-induced response to most of these peripheral mediators is reduced and particularly the response to IGF-1 and NPY strongly declines with age. Sex differences per se have generally little effects on PA-induced neurogenesis. Compared to short term exercise, long term PA may negatively affect proliferation, due to a parallel decline in FGF-2 and the β-endorphin receptor, and an activation of the stress system particularly during conditions of prolonged exercise but this depends on other variables as well and remains a matter of discussion. Taken together, of many possible mediators, serotonin, FGF-2, IGF-1, VEGF, β-endorphin and adiponectin are the ones that most strongly contribute to the central effects of PA on the hippocampus. For a subgroup of these factors, brain sensitivity and responsivity is reduced with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bolijn
- Centre for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Centre for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute of Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Waschek JA. VIP and PACAP: neuropeptide modulators of CNS inflammation, injury, and repair. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:512-23. [PMID: 23517078 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes play both regenerative and destructive roles in multiple sclerosis, stroke, CNS trauma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and aging-related neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's. Endogenous defence mechanisms against these pathologies include those that are directly neuroprotective, and those that modulate the expression of inflammatory mediators in microglia, astrocytes, and invading inflammatory cells. While a number of mechanisms and molecules have been identified that can directly promote neuronal survival, less is known about how the brain protects itself from harmful inflammation, and further, how it co-opts the healing function of the immune system to promote CNS repair. The two closely related neuroprotective peptides, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), which are up-regulated in neurons and immune cells after injury and/or inflammation, are known to protect neurons, but also exert powerful in vivo immunomodulatory actions, which are primarily anti-inflammatory. These peptide actions are mediated by high-affinity receptors expressed not only on neurons, but also astrocytes, microglia and peripheral inflammatory cells. Well-established immunomodulatory actions of these peptides are to inhibit macrophage and microglia production and release of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IFN-γ, and polarization of T-cell responses away from Th1 and Th17, and towards a Th2 phenotype. More recent studies have revealed that these peptides can also promote the production of both natural and inducible subsets of regulatory T-cells. The neuroprotective and immunomodulatory actions of VIP and PACAP suggest that receptors for these peptides may be therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and other forms of CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Waschek
- Department of Psychiatry and Semel Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7332, USA.
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19
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Definition and refinement of the 7q36.3 duplication region associated with schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2587. [PMID: 24002029 PMCID: PMC3761227 DOI: 10.1038/srep02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a very high-resolution oligonucleotide array for copy number variant (CNV) screening of samples comprising schizophrenic patients, we detected a novel CNV within the critical region (NCBI36/hg18, Chr7: 158,630,410-158,719,410) previously shown to be associated with schizophrenia. We investigated the association between the novel CNV identified in the current study and schizophrenia. Three independent samples were used: (1) Screening set, 300 Japanese schizophrenic patients (53.28 ± 14.66 years); (2) Confirmation set, 531 schizophrenic patients (46.03 ± 12.15 years); and (3) 711 healthy controls (47.12 ± 11.03 years). All subjects enrolled in the study were Japanese. Chromosomal position was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization. We identified a novel duplication within the region associated with schizophrenia identified on 7q36.3 that is adjacent to VIPR2 and is not associated with schizophrenia. In the Japanese population, the 35-kb region that harbors the common, novel CNV should be excluded from the region associated with schizophrenia on 7q36.3.
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20
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Nunan R, Sivasathiaseelan H, Khan D, Zaben M, Gray W. Microglial VPAC1R mediates a novel mechanism of neuroimmune-modulation of hippocampal precursor cells via IL-4 release. Glia 2014; 62:1313-27. [PMID: 24801739 PMCID: PMC4336555 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, the production of new neurons from neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs), occurs throughout adulthood in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where it supports learning and memory. The innate and adaptive immune systems are increasingly recognized as important modulators of hippocampal neurogenesis under both physiological and pathological conditions. However, the mechanisms by which the immune system regulates hippocampal neurogenesis are incompletely understood. In particular, the role of microglia, the brains resident immune cell is complex, as they have been reported to both positively and negatively regulate neurogenesis. Interestingly, neuronal activity can also regulate the function of the immune system. Here, we show that depleting microglia from hippocampal cultures reduces NSPC survival and proliferation. Furthermore, addition of purified hippocampal microglia, or their conditioned media, is trophic and proliferative to NSPCs. VIP, a neuropeptide released by dentate gyrus interneurons, enhances the proliferative and pro-neurogenic effect of microglia via the VPAC1 receptor. This VIP-induced enhancement is mediated by IL-4 release, which directly targets NSPCs. This demonstrates a potential neuro-immuno-neurogenic pathway, disruption of which may have significant implications in conditions where combined cognitive impairments, interneuron loss, and immune system activation occurs, such as temporal lobe epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nunan
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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21
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Zaben MJ, Gray WP. Neuropeptides and hippocampal neurogenesis. Neuropeptides 2013; 47:431-8. [PMID: 24215800 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis is important for modulating the behavioural responses to stress and for certain forms of learning and memory. The mechanisms underlying the necessary coupling of neuronal activity to neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) function remain poorly understood. Within the dentate subgranular stem cell niche, local interneurons appear to play an important part in this excitation-neurogenesis coupling via GABAergic transmission, which promotes neuronal differentiation and integration. Neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and galanin have emerged as important mediators for signalling local and extrinsic interneuronal activity to subgranular zone precursors. Here we review the distribution of these neuropeptides and their receptors in the neurogenic area of the hippocampus and their precise effects on hippocampal neurogenesis. We also discuss neuropeptides' potential involvement in functional aspects of hippocampal neurogenesis particularly their involvement in the modulation of learning and memory and behavior responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, 3rd Floor, Room 3.33, The Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom.
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22
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Physical exercise prevents stress-induced activation of granule neurons and enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the dentate gyrus. J Neurosci 2013; 33:7770-7. [PMID: 23637169 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5352-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to reduce anxiety. The ventral hippocampus has been linked to anxiety regulation but the effects of running on this subregion of the hippocampus have been incompletely explored. Here, we investigated the effects of cold water stress on the hippocampus of sedentary and runner mice and found that while stress increases expression of the protein products of the immediate early genes c-fos and arc in new and mature granule neurons in sedentary mice, it has no such effect in runners. We further showed that running enhances local inhibitory mechanisms in the hippocampus, including increases in stress-induced activation of hippocampal interneurons, expression of vesicular GABA transporter (vGAT), and extracellular GABA release during cold water swim stress. Finally, blocking GABAA receptors in the ventral hippocampus, but not the dorsal hippocampus, with the antagonist bicuculline, reverses the anxiolytic effect of running. Together, these results suggest that running improves anxiety regulation by engaging local inhibitory mechanisms in the ventral hippocampus.
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23
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Zhang J, Li P, Wang Y, Liu J, Zhang Z, Cheng W, Wang Y. Ameliorative effects of a combination of baicalin, jasminoidin and cholic acid on ibotenic acid-induced dementia model in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56658. [PMID: 23437202 PMCID: PMC3577735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To investigate the therapeutic effects and acting mechanism of a combination of Chinese herb active components, i.e., a combination of baicalin, jasminoidin and cholic acid (CBJC) on Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Male rats were intracerebroventricularly injected with ibotenic acid (IBO), and CBJC was orally administered. Therapeutic effect was evaluated with the Morris water maze test, FDG-PET examination, and histological examination, and the acting mechanism was studied with DNA microarrays and western blotting. Results CBJC treatment significantly attenuated IBO-induced abnormalities in cognition, brain functional images, and brain histological morphology. Additionally, the expression levels of 19 genes in the forebrain were significantly influenced by CBJC; approximately 60% of these genes were related to neuroprotection and neurogenesis, whereas others were related to anti-oxidation, protein degradation, cholesterol metabolism, stress response, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Expression of these genes was increased, except for the gene related to apoptosis. Changes in expression for 5 of these genes were confirmed by western blotting. Conclusion CBJC can ameliorate the IBO-induced dementia in rats and may be significant in the treatment of AD. The therapeutic mechanism may be related to CBJC’s modulation of a number of processes, mainly through promotion of neuroprotection and neurogenesis, with additional promotion of anti-oxidation, protein degradation, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- The Laboratory Research Center of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Wang
- The Institute of Basic Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- The Laboratory Research Center of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Weidong Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yongyan Wang
- The Institute of Basic Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Abstract
Many tissues of the body cannot only repair themselves, but also self-renew, a property mainly due to stem cells and the various mechanisms that regulate their behavior. Stem cell biology is a relatively new field. While advances are slowly being realized, stem cells possess huge potential to ameliorate disease and counteract the aging process, causing its speculation as the next panacea. Amidst public pressure to advance rapidly to clinical trials, there is a need to understand the biology of stem cells and to support basic research programs. Without a proper comprehension of how cells and tissues are maintained during the adult life span, clinical trials are bound to fail. This review will cover the basic biology of stem cells, the various types of stem cells, their potential function, and the advantages and disadvantages to their use in medicine. We will next cover the role of G protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of stem cells and their potential in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- VAN A. DOZE
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA (V.A.D.), and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA (D.M.P.)
| | - DIANNE M. PEREZ
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA (V.A.D.), and Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA (D.M.P.)
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25
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Barkas L, Redhead E, Taylor M, Shtaya A, Hamilton DA, Gray WP. Fluoxetine restores spatial learning but not accelerated forgetting in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:2358-74. [PMID: 22843410 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Learning and memory dysfunction is the most common neuropsychological effect of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, and because the underlying neurobiology is poorly understood, there are no pharmacological strategies to help restore memory function in these patients. We have demonstrated impairments in the acquisition of an allocentric spatial task, in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis. We also show that patients have accelerated forgetting of the learned spatial task and that this is associated with damage to the non-dominant hippocampal formation. We go on to show a very similar pattern of chronic allocentric learning and accelerated forgetting in a status epilepticus model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy in rats, which is associated with reduced and abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis. Finally, we show that reversal of the neurogenic deficit using fluoxetine is associated with reversal of the learning deficit but not the accelerated forgetting, pointing to a possible dissociation in the underlying mechanisms, as well as a potential therapeutic strategy for improving hippocampal-dependent learning in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barkas
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton; LD70, South Academic Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO166YD, UK
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26
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Harmar AJ, Fahrenkrug J, Gozes I, Laburthe M, May V, Pisegna JR, Vaudry D, Vaudry H, Waschek JA, Said SI. Pharmacology and functions of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: IUPHAR review 1. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:4-17. [PMID: 22289055 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are members of a superfamily of structurally related peptide hormones that includes glucagon, glucagon-like peptides, secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). VIP and PACAP exert their actions through three GPCRs - PAC(1) , VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) - belonging to class B (also referred to as class II, or secretin receptor-like GPCRs). This family comprises receptors for all peptides structurally related to VIP and PACAP, and also receptors for parathyroid hormone, corticotropin-releasing factor, calcitonin and related peptides. PAC(1) receptors are selective for PACAP, whereas VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) respond to both VIP and PACAP with high affinity. VIP and PACAP play diverse and important roles in the CNS, with functions in the control of circadian rhythms, learning and memory, anxiety and responses to stress and brain injury. Recent genetic studies also implicate the VPAC(2) receptor in susceptibility to schizophrenia and the PAC(1) receptor in post-traumatic stress disorder. In the periphery, VIP and PACAP play important roles in the control of immunity and inflammation, the control of pancreatic insulin secretion, the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and as co-transmitters in autonomic and sensory neurons. This article, written by members of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR) subcommittee on receptors for VIP and PACAP, confirms the existing nomenclature for these receptors and reviews our current understanding of their structure, pharmacology and functions and their likely physiological roles in health and disease. More detailed information has been incorporated into newly revised pages in the IUPHAR database (http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/FamilyMenuForward?familyId=67).
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27
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Abstract
The importance of adult neurogenesis has only recently been accepted, resulting in a completely new field of investigation within stem cell biology. The regulation and functional significance of adult neurogenesis is currently an area of highly active research. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as potential modulators of adult neurogenesis. GPCRs represent a class of proteins with significant clinical importance, because approximately 30% of all modern therapeutic treatments target these receptors. GPCRs bind to a large class of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators such as norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Besides their typical role in cellular communication, GPCRs are expressed on adult neural stem cells and their progenitors that relay specific signals to regulate the neurogenic process. This review summarizes the field of adult neurogenesis and its methods and specifies the roles of various GPCRs and their signal transduction pathways that are involved in the regulation of adult neural stem cells and their progenitors. Current evidence supporting adult neurogenesis as a model for self-repair in neuropathologic conditions, adult neural stem cell therapeutic strategies, and potential avenues for GPCR-based therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van A Doze
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, NB50, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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28
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Mansouri S, Ortsäter H, Pintor Gallego O, Darsalia V, Sjöholm A, Patrone C. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide counteracts the impaired adult neural stem cell viability induced by palmitate. J Neurosci Res 2011; 90:759-68. [PMID: 22183970 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are characterized by hyperlipidemia and represent risk factors for premature neurological disorders. Diabetic/obese animals have impaired adult neurogenesis. We hypothesize that lipotoxicity leading to neurogenesis impairment plays a role in the development of neurological complications. If so, normalizing neurogenesis in diabetes/obesity could be therapeutically useful in counteracting neurological dysfunction. The goal of this study was to determine the potential of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) to protect adult neural stem cells (NSCs) from lipotoxicity and to study the expression of PACAP receptors in NSCs under lipotoxic conditions in vitro and in the subventricular zone in vivo. The viability of NSCs isolated from the adult mouse brain subventricular zone was assessed in the presence of a high-fat milieu, as mimicked by palmitate, which characterizes diabetic lipotoxicity. Regulation studies of PACAP receptors were performed by quantitative PCR on NSCs in vitro or on subventricular tissues isolated from obese ob/ob mice and their lean littermates. We show that palmitate impairs NSC viability by promoting lipoapoptosis. We also show that PACAP counteracts lipotoxicity via PAC-1 receptor activation. Studies on PACAP receptor expression revealed that PAC-1 and VPAC-2 are expressed by NSC in vitro and are upregulated by palmitate treatment and that PAC-1, VPAC-1, and VPAC-2 are expressed in the subventricular zone/striatum in vivo and are upregulated in ob/ob mice. The present study reveals a previously uncharacterized role of PACAP to protect NSC from lipotoxicity and suggests a potential therapeutic role for PACAP receptor agonists in the treatment of neurological complications in obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Mansouri
- Diabetes Research Unit, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Ahmed AI, Shtaya AB, Zaben MJ, Owens EV, Kiecker C, Gray WP. Endogenous GFAP-positive neural stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal mouse cortex are activated following traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:828-42. [PMID: 21895532 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in promoting regeneration of the injured nervous system has recently turned toward the use of endogenous stem cells. Elucidating cues involved in driving these precursor cells out of quiescence following injury, and the signals that drive them toward neuronal and glial lineages, will help to harness these cells for repair. Using a biomechanically validated in vitro organotypic stretch injury model, cortico-hippocampal slices from postnatal mice were cultured and a stretch injury equivalent to a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) applied. In uninjured cortex, proliferative potential under in vitro conditions is virtually absent in older slices (equivalent postnatal day 15 compared to 8). However, following a severe stretch injury, this potential is restored in injured outer cortex. Using slices from mice expressing a fluorescent reporter on the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter, we show that GFAP+ cells account for the majority of proliferating neurospheres formed, and that these cells are likely to arise from the cortical parenchyma and not from the subventricular zone. Moreover, we provide evidence for a correlation between upregulation of sonic hedgehog signaling, a pathway known to regulate stem cell proliferation, and this restoration of regenerative potential following TBI. Our results indicate that a source of quiescent endogenous stem cells residing in the cortex and subcortical tissue proliferate in vitro following TBI. Moreover, these proliferating cells are multipotent and are derived mostly from GFAP-expressing cells. This raises the possibility of using this endogenous source of stem cells for repair following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul I Ahmed
- Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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30
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Hansen DV, Rubenstein JLR, Kriegstein AR. Deriving excitatory neurons of the neocortex from pluripotent stem cells. Neuron 2011; 70:645-60. [PMID: 21609822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The human cerebral cortex is an immensely complex structure that subserves critical functions that can be disrupted in developmental and degenerative disorders. Recent innovations in cellular reprogramming and differentiation techniques have provided new ways to study the cellular components of the cerebral cortex. Here, we discuss approaches to generate specific subtypes of excitatory cortical neurons from pluripotent stem cells. We review spatial and temporal aspects of cortical neuron specification that can guide efforts to produce excitatory neuron subtypes with increased resolution. Finally, we discuss distinguishing features of human cortical development and their translational ramifications for cortical stem cell technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David V Hansen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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31
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES These studies examined the effect of homozygous deletion of vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1 (VPAC1) on development and function of intestines and pancreas. METHODS Genetically engineered VPAC1-null mutant mice were monitored for growth, development, and glucose homeostasis. Expression of VPAC1 was examined during embryonic development using VPAC1 promoter-driven β-galactosidase transgenic mice. RESULTS Homozygous deletion of VPAC1 resulted in fetal, neonatal, and postweaning death owing to failure to thrive, intestinal obstruction, and hypoglycemia. Histological findings demonstrated disorganized hyperproliferation of intestinal epithelial cells with mucus deposition and bowel wall thickening. The pancreas demonstrated small dysmorphic islets of Langerhans containing α, β, and δ cells. Expression of a VPAC1 promoter-driven transgene was observed in E12.5 and E14.5 intestinal epithelial and pancreatic endocrine cells. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1-null mutant animals had lower baseline blood glucose levels compared to both heterozygous and wild-type littermates. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor type 1-deficient mice responded to oral glucose challenge with normal rise in blood glucose followed by rapid hypoglycemia and failure to restore baseline glucose levels. Insulin challenge resulted in profound hypoglycemia and inadequate glucose homeostasis in VPAC1-null mutant animals. CONCLUSIONS These observations support a role for VPAC1 during embryonic and neonatal development of intestines and endocrine pancreas.
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32
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Vacic V, McCarthy S, Malhotra D, Murray F, Chou HH, Peoples A, Makarov V, Yoon S, Bhandari A, Corominas R, Iakoucheva LM, Krastoshevsky O, Krause V, Larach-Walters V, Welsh DK, Craig D, Kelsoe JR, Gershon ES, Leal SM, Aquila MD, Morris DW, Gill M, Corvin A, Insel PA, McClellan J, King MC, Karayiorgou M, Levy DL, DeLisi LE, Sebat J. Duplications of the neuropeptide receptor gene VIPR2 confer significant risk for schizophrenia. Nature 2011; 471:499-503. [PMID: 21346763 PMCID: PMC3351382 DOI: 10.1038/nature09884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rare copy number variants (CNVs) have a prominent role in the aetiology of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Substantial risk for schizophrenia is conferred by large (>500-kilobase) CNVs at several loci, including microdeletions at 1q21.1 (ref. 2), 3q29 (ref. 3), 15q13.3 (ref. 2) and 22q11.2 (ref. 4) and microduplication at 16p11.2 (ref. 5). However, these CNVs collectively account for a small fraction (2-4%) of cases, and the relevant genes and neurobiological mechanisms are not well understood. Here we performed a large two-stage genome-wide scan of rare CNVs and report the significant association of copy number gains at chromosome 7q36.3 with schizophrenia. Microduplications with variable breakpoints occurred within a 362-kilobase region and were detected in 29 of 8,290 (0.35%) patients versus 2 of 7,431 (0.03%) controls in the combined sample. All duplications overlapped or were located within 89 kilobases upstream of the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor gene VIPR2. VIPR2 transcription and cyclic-AMP signalling were significantly increased in cultured lymphocytes from patients with microduplications of 7q36.3. These findings implicate altered vasoactive intestinal peptide signalling in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and indicate the VPAC2 receptor as a potential target for the development of new antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vacic
- Stanley Center for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 12824
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Shane McCarthy
- Stanley Center for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 12824
| | - Dheeraj Malhotra
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Stanley Center for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 12824
| | - Fiona Murray
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Hsun-Hua Chou
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
| | - Aine Peoples
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Dept. of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Vladimir Makarov
- Seaver Autism Center Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Seungtai Yoon
- Seaver Autism Center Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Abhishek Bhandari
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Stanley Center for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 12824
| | - Roser Corominas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
| | - Lilia M. Iakoucheva
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
| | | | | | | | - David K. Welsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Center for Chronobiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - David Craig
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona 85004
| | - John R. Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Elliot S. Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Suzanne M. Leal
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77025
| | - Marie Dell Aquila
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
| | - Derek W. Morris
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Dept. of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Dept. of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aiden Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Dept. of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul A. Insel
- Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Jon McClellan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195
| | - Mary-Claire King
- Department of Genome Sciences University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195
| | | | | | - Lynn E. DeLisi
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston VA Healthcare System and Harvard Medical School, Brockton, MA 02301
| | - Jonathan Sebat
- Beyster Center for Genomics of Psychiatric Diseases, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Department of Cellular Molecular and Molecular Medicine University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 1020103
- Stanley Center for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 12824
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Abbosh C, Lawkowski A, Zaben M, Gray W. GalR2/3 mediates proliferative and trophic effects of galanin on postnatal hippocampal precursors. J Neurochem 2011; 117:425-36. [PMID: 21281311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how neural activity is functionally linked to the stem cell niche, is assuming ever increasing importance as hippocampal neurogenesis is shown to be important for modulating the behavioural responses to stress and for certain forms of learning and memory. Neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide have emerged as important mediators for signalling local interneuron activity to subgranular zone precursors, however, little is known regarding the effects of neuropeptides that are extrinsic modulators of hippocampal information processing. Here, we show that the galanin GalR2/3 agonist Gal2-11 is both trophic and proliferative for postnatal subgranular precursors and proliferating neuroblasts at 10 nM and is purely trophic at doses as low as 100 pM. We found no effect mediated via GalR1. As galanin is co-released from noradrenergic and serotonergic projection neurons to the dentate gyrus, these findings support a direct effect of galanin on hippocampal neurogenesis, which may partly mediate its antidepressant effect via GalR2/3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Abbosh
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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35
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Proceedings of the British Neurosurgical Research Group annual meeting held in Winchester, March 2010 hosted by Southampton. Br J Neurosurg 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/02688697.2010.483954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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36
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Rodrigo C, Zaben M, Lawrence T, Laskowski A, Howell OW, Gray WP. NPY augments the proliferative effect of FGF2 and increases the expression of FGFR1 on nestin positive postnatal hippocampal precursor cells, via the Y1 receptor. J Neurochem 2010; 113:615-27. [PMID: 20132466 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that neuropeptide Y (NPY), a peptide neurotransmitter released by hippocampal interneurons, is proliferative for hippocampal neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) via the Y1 receptor. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2, released predominantly by astrocytes, is also a powerful mitogen for postnatal and adult NSPCs, via the FGFR1 receptor. Knockout studies show that NPY and FGF2 are individually necessary, but not sufficient, for seizure-induced neurogenesis, suggesting a possible interaction. Here, we examined for interactions between NPY and FGF2 on NSPCs from the postnatal hippocampus and report that the combination of NPY and FGF2 significantly shortens the cell cycle time of nestin positive NSPCs, more than either factor alone. This augmentation of proliferation rate is NPY Y1 receptor mediated, and Y1 receptor activation increases both FGFR1 mRNA and protein in NSPC cultures. NSPCs immunostain for both Y1 and FGFR1 receptors and the interaction is specific for dentate NSPCs. This is the first report of a proliferative factor that augments the proliferative effect of FGF2 and is the first evidence of a positive proliferative interaction between a glial growth factor and a neuronal transmitter, identifying a novel neural activity driven mechanism for modulating the proliferation of hippocampal NSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamira Rodrigo
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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