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Gros A, Furlan FM, Rouglan V, Favereaux A, Bontempi B, Morel JL. Physical exercise restores adult neurogenesis deficits induced by simulated microgravity. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:69. [PMID: 38906877 PMCID: PMC11192769 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-024-00411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments have been reported in astronauts during spaceflights and documented in ground-based models of simulated microgravity (SMG) in animals. However, the neuronal causes of these behavioral effects remain largely unknown. We explored whether adult neurogenesis, known to be a crucial plasticity mechanism supporting memory processes, is altered by SMG. Adult male Long-Evans rats were submitted to the hindlimb unloading model of SMG. We studied the proliferation, survival and maturation of newborn cells in the following neurogenic niches: the subventricular zone (SVZ)/olfactory bulb (OB) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, at different delays following various periods of SMG. SMG exposure for 7 days, but not shorter periods of 6 or 24 h, resulted in a decrease of newborn cell proliferation restricted to the DG. SMG also induced a decrease in short-term (7 days), but not long-term (21 days), survival of newborn cells in the SVZ/OB and DG. Physical exercise, used as a countermeasure, was able to reverse the decrease in newborn cell survival observed in the SVZ and DG. In addition, depending on the duration of SMG periods, transcriptomic analysis revealed modifications in gene expression involved in neurogenesis. These findings highlight the sensitivity of adult neurogenesis to gravitational environmental factors during a transient period, suggesting that there is a period of adaptation of physiological systems to this new environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gros
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, F-75001, Paris, France
| | - Fandilla Marie Furlan
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Genetics & Evolution, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Rouglan
- CNRS, IINS, UMR 5297, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Bruno Bontempi
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Luc Morel
- CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
- CNRS, IMN, UMR 5293, University Bordeaux, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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2
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Zhang W, Zhu J, Wu X, Feng T, Liao W, Li X, Chen J, Zhang L, Xiao C, Cui H, Yang C, Yan P, Wang Y, Tang M, Chen L, Liu Y, Zou Y, Wu X, Zhang L, Yang C, Yao Y, Li J, Liu Z, Jiang X, Zhang B. Phenotypic and genetic effect of carotid intima-media thickness on the risk of stroke. Hum Genet 2024:10.1007/s00439-024-02666-1. [PMID: 38578439 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-024-02666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
While carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) as a noninvasive surrogate measure of atherosclerosis is widely considered a risk factor for stroke, the intrinsic link underlying cIMT and stroke has not been fully understood. We aimed to evaluate the clinical value of cIMT in stroke through the investigation of phenotypic and genetic relationships between cIMT and stroke. We evaluated phenotypic associations using observational data from UK Biobank (N = 21,526). We then investigated genetic relationships leveraging genomic data conducted in predominantly European ancestry for cIMT (N = 45,185) and any stroke (AS, Ncase/Ncontrol=40,585/406,111). Observational analyses suggested an increased hazard of stroke per one standard deviation increase in cIMT (cIMTmax-AS: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.09-1.79; cIMTmean-AS: HR = 1.39, 95%CI = 1.09-1.78; cIMTmin-AS: HR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.04-1.68). A positive global genetic correlation was observed (cIMTmax-AS: [Formula: see text]=0.23, P=9.44 × 10-5; cIMTmean-AS: [Formula: see text]=0.21, P=3.00 × 10-4; cIMTmin-AS: [Formula: see text]=0.16, P=6.30 × 10-3). This was further substantiated by five shared independent loci and 15 shared expression-trait associations. Mendelian randomization analyses suggested no causal effect of cIMT on stroke (cIMTmax-AS: odds ratio (OR)=1.12, 95%CI=0.97-1.28; cIMTmean-AS: OR=1.09, 95%CI=0.93-1.26; cIMTmin-AS: OR=1.03, 95%CI = 0.90-1.17). A putative association was observed for genetically predicted stroke on cIMT (AS-cIMTmax: beta=0.07, 95%CI = 0.01-0.13; AS-cIMTmean: beta=0.08, 95%CI = 0.01-0.15; AS-cIMTmin: beta = 0.08, 95%CI = 0.01-0.16) in the reverse direction MR, which attenuated to non-significant in sensitivity analysis. Our work does not find evidence supporting causal associations between cIMT and stroke. The pronounced cIMT-stroke association is intrinsic, and mostly attributed to shared genetic components. The clinical value of cIMT as a surrogate marker for stroke risk in the general population is likely limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingwei Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tianle Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jianci Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chenghan Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huijie Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peijing Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mingshuang Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanqiu Zou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xueyao Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Iatrical Polymer Material and Artificial Apparatus, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuqin Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhenmi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Systems Epidemiology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, West China- PUMC C. C. Chen Institute of Health, Sichuan University, No. 16, Section 3, South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinskaa Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ben Zhang
- Hainan General Hospital and Hainan Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Flax RG, Rosston P, Rocha C, Anderson B, Capener JL, Durcan TM, Drewry DH, Prinos P, Axtman AD. Illumination of understudied ciliary kinases. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1352781. [PMID: 38523660 PMCID: PMC10958382 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1352781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cellular signaling hubs. Given that human kinases are central regulators of signaling, it is not surprising that kinases are key players in cilia biology. In fact, many kinases modulate ciliogenesis, which is the generation of cilia, and distinct ciliary pathways. Several of these kinases are understudied with few publications dedicated to the interrogation of their function. Recent efforts to develop chemical probes for members of the cyclin-dependent kinase like (CDKL), never in mitosis gene A (NIMA) related kinase (NEK), and tau tubulin kinase (TTBK) families either have delivered or are working toward delivery of high-quality chemical tools to characterize the roles that specific kinases play in ciliary processes. A better understanding of ciliary kinases may shed light on whether modulation of these targets will slow or halt disease onset or progression. For example, both understudied human kinases and some that are more well-studied play important ciliary roles in neurons and have been implicated in neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and other neurological diseases. Similarly, subsets of human ciliary kinases are associated with cancer and oncological pathways. Finally, a group of genetic disorders characterized by defects in cilia called ciliopathies have associated gene mutations that impact kinase activity and function. This review highlights both progress related to the understanding of ciliary kinases as well as in chemical inhibitor development for a subset of these kinases. We emphasize known roles of ciliary kinases in diseases of the brain and malignancies and focus on a subset of poorly characterized kinases that regulate ciliary biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond G. Flax
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Peter Rosston
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cecilia Rocha
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Anderson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jacob L. Capener
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Thomas M. Durcan
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Panagiotis Prinos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Zhou M, Han Y, Jiang J. Ulk4 promotes Shh signaling by regulating Stk36 ciliary localization and Gli2 phosphorylation. eLife 2023; 12:RP88637. [PMID: 38096226 PMCID: PMC10721220 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins governs embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis through the Gli family of transcription factors. Gli is thought to be activated at the tip of primary cilium, but the underlying mechanism has remained poorly understood. Here, we show that Unc-51-like kinase 4 (Ulk4), a pseudokinase and a member of the Ulk kinase family, acts in conjunction with another Ulk family member Stk36 to promote Gli2 phosphorylation and Hh pathway activation. Ulk4 interacts with Stk36 through its N-terminal region containing the pseudokinase domain and with Gli2 via its regulatory domain to bridge the kinase and substrate. Although dispensable for Hh-induced Stk36 kinase activation, Ulk4 is essential for Stk36 ciliary tip localization, Gli2 phosphorylation, and activation. In response to Hh, both Ulk4 and Stk36 colocalize with Gli2 at ciliary tip, and Ulk4 and Stk36 depend on each other for their ciliary tip accumulation. We further show that ciliary localization of Ulk4 depends on Stk36 kinase activity and phosphorylation of Ulk4 on Thr1023, and that ciliary tip accumulation of Ulk4 is essential for its function in the Hh pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that Ulk4 regulates Hh signaling by promoting Stk36-mediated Gli2 phosphorylation and activation at ciliary tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Yuhong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
| | - Jin Jiang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasUnited States
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5
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Zhang H, Yang M, Zhang J, Li L, Guan T, Liu J, Gong X, Yang F, Shen S, Liu M, Han Y. The putative protein kinase Stk36 is essential for ciliogenesis and CSF flow by associating with Ulk4. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23138. [PMID: 37584603 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300481r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia lining on the ependymal cells are crucial for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and its dysfunction is often associated with hydrocephalus. Unc51-like-kinase 4 (Ulk4) was previously linked to CSF flow and motile ciliogenesis in mice, as the hypomorph mutant of Ulk4 (Ulk4tm1a/tm1a ) developed hydrocephalic phenotype resulted from defective ciliogenesis and disturbed ciliary motility, while the underling mechanism is largely obscure. Here, we report that serine/threonine kinase 36 (STK36), a paralog of ULK4, directly interacts with ULK4 and this was demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) in yeast and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays in HEK293T cells, respectively. The interaction region was confined to their respective N-terminal kinase domain. The hypomorph mutant of Stk36 (Stk36tmE4-/- ) also developed progressive hydrocephalus postnatally and dysfunctional CSF flow, with multiple defects of motile cilia, including reduced ciliary number, disorganized ciliary orientation, defected axonemal structure and inconsistent base body (BB) orientation. Stk36tmE4-/- also disturbed the expression of Foxj1 transcription factor and a range of other ciliogenesis-related genes. All these morphological changes, motile cilia defects and transcriptional dysregulation in the Stk36tmE4-/- are practically copied from that in Ulk4tm1a/tm1a mice. Taken together, we conclude that both Stk36 and Ulk4 are crucial for CSF flow, they cooperate by direct binding with their kinase domain to regulate the Foxj1 transcription factor pathways for ciliogenesis and cilia function, not limited to CSF flow. The underlying molecular mechanism probably conserved in evolution and could be extended to other metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Meimei Yang
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tianyuan Guan
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuanwei Gong
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Children's Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Min Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongfeng Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Cell Biology, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Hu X, An J, Ge Q, Sun M, Zhang Z, Cai Z, Tan R, Ma T, Lu H. Maternal High-Fat Diet Reduces Type-2 Neural Stem Cells and Promotes Premature Neuronal Differentiation during Early Postnatal Development. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142813. [PMID: 35889772 PMCID: PMC9316544 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity or exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) has an irreversible impact on the structural and functional development of offspring brains. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal HFD during pregnancy and lactation impairs dentate gyrus (DG) neurogenesis in offspring by altering neural stem cells (NSCs) behaviors. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a chow diet (CHD) or HFD (60% fat) during gestation and lactation. Pups were collected on postnatal day 1 (PND 1), PND 10 and PND 21. Changes in offspring body weight, brain structure and granular cell layer (GCL) thickness in the hippocampus were analyzed. Hippocampal NSCs behaviors, in terms of proliferation and differentiation, were investigated after immunohistochemical staining with Nestin, Ki67, SOX2, Doublecortin (DCX) and NeuN. Maternal HFD accelerated body weight gain and brain structural development in offspring after birth. It also reduced the number of NSCs and their proliferation, leading to a decrease in NSCs pool size. Furthermore, maternal HFD intensified NSCs depletion and promoted neuronal differentiation in the early postnatal development period. These findings suggest that maternal HFD intake significantly reduced the amount and capability of NSCs via reducing type–2 NSCs and promoting premature neuronal differentiation during postnatal hippocampal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Hu
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.H.); (J.A.); (Q.G.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.C.); (R.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Jing An
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.H.); (J.A.); (Q.G.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.C.); (R.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Qian Ge
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.H.); (J.A.); (Q.G.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.C.); (R.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Meiqi Sun
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.H.); (J.A.); (Q.G.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.C.); (R.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.H.); (J.A.); (Q.G.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.C.); (R.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Zhenlu Cai
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.H.); (J.A.); (Q.G.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.C.); (R.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ruolan Tan
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.H.); (J.A.); (Q.G.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.C.); (R.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Human Anatomy & Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Tianyou Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Haixia Lu
- Department/Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China; (X.H.); (J.A.); (Q.G.); (M.S.); (Z.Z.); (Z.C.); (R.T.)
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (H.L.)
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7
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Hu L, Zhou BY, Yang CP, Lu DY, Tao YC, Chen L, Zhang L, Su JH, Huang Y, Song NN, Chen JY, Zhao L, Chen Y, He CH, Wang YB, Lang B, Ding YQ. Deletion of Schizophrenia Susceptibility Gene Ulk4 Leads to Abnormal Cognitive Behaviors via Akt-GSK-3 Signaling Pathway in Mice. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:804-813. [PMID: 35522199 PMCID: PMC9212110 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite of strenuous research in the past decades, the etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) still remains incredibly controversial. Previous genetic analysis has uncovered a close association of Unc-51 like kinase 4 (ULK4), a family member of Unc-51-like serine/threonine kinase, with SCZ. However, animal behavior data which may connect Ulk4 deficiency with psychiatric disorders, particularly SCZ are still missing. METHODS We generated Emx1-Cre:Ulk4flox/flox conditional knockout (CKO) mice, in which Ulk4 was deleted in the excitatory neurons of cerebral cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS The cerebral cellular architecture was maintained but the spine density of pyramidal neurons was reduced in Ulk4 CKO mice. CKO mice showed deficits in the spatial and working memories and sensorimotor gating. Levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3α/β were markedly reduced in the CKO mice indicating an elevation of GSK-3 signaling. Mechanistically, Ulk4 may regulate the GSK-3 signaling via putative protein complex comprising of two phosphatases, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and 1α (PP1α). Indeed, the reduction of p-Akt and p-GSK-3α/β was rescued by administration of inhibitor acting on PP2A and PP1α in CKO mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data identified potential downstream signaling pathway of Ulk4, which plays important roles in the cognitive functions and when defective, may promote SCZ-like pathogenesis and behavioral phenotypes in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cui-Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Yun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Chao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Hui Su
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Hui He
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Shanghai 200032, China; tel: +86 021 5423 7169, e-mail:
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8
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Luo S, Zheng N, Lang B. ULK4 in Neurodevelopmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873706. [PMID: 35493088 PMCID: PMC9039724 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene Unc51-like kinase 4 (ULK4) belongs to the Unc-51-like serine/threonine kinase family and is assumed to encode a pseudokinase with unclear function. Recently, emerging evidence has suggested that ULK4 may be etiologically involved in a spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, but the underlying mechanism remains unaddressed. Here, we summarize the key findings of the structure and function of the ULK4 protein to provide comprehensive insights to better understand ULK4-related neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders and to aid in the development of a ULK4-based therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug, Changsha, China
| | - Nanxi Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Nanxi Zheng, ; Bing Lang,
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Nanxi Zheng, ; Bing Lang,
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9
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Luo W, Yang J. Schizophrenia predisposition gene Unc-51-like kinase 4 for the improvement of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2933-2943. [PMID: 35083612 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) has complex pathogenesis, and inhibiting apoptosis and supporting neural progenitor proliferation are extremely beneficial strategies for treating CIRI. Unc-51-like kinase 4 (ULK4), a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia, promotes neural progenitors proliferation. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway plays a critical role in CIRI via inhibition of apoptosis. Therefore, the relationship among ULK4, the PI3K pathway, and apoptosis in the context of CIRI has attracted our great interest. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary cortical neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R), and rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). Transfection of the ULK4-overexpression lentivirus was performed alone or in combination with PI3K inhibitor treatment. Here, we revealed that ULK4 was poorly expressed in the cortex in MCAO/R rats and OGD/R-treated primary cortical neurons, ULK4 overexpression inhibited apoptosis, and reduced neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, and histopathological damage. Moreover, ULK4 overexpression increased PI3K expression and the p-protein kinase B/AKT and p-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β)/GSK3β ratios, and inhibited apoptosis, while a PI3K inhibitor reversed the effects of ULK4 overexpression on CIRI. CONCLUSIONS ULK4 protects against CIRI, and the underlying mechanism involves PI3K pathway activation which in turn inhibits apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang, 621000, China
| | - Junqing Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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10
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Avazzadeh S, Quinlan LR, Reilly J, McDonagh K, Jalali A, Wang Y, McInerney V, Krawczyk J, Ding Y, Fitzgerald J, O'Sullivan M, Forman EB, Lynch SA, Ennis S, Feerick N, Reilly R, Li W, Shen X, Yang G, Lu Y, Peeters H, Dockery P, O'Brien T, Shen S, Gallagher L. NRXN1α +/- is associated with increased excitability in ASD iPSC-derived neurons. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:56. [PMID: 34525970 PMCID: PMC8442436 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NRXN1 deletions are identified as one of major rare risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD has 30% co-morbidity with epilepsy, and the latter is associated with excessive neuronal firing. NRXN1 encodes hundreds of presynaptic neuro-adhesion proteins categorized as NRXN1α/β/γ. Previous studies on cultured cells show that the short NRXN1β primarily exerts excitation effect, whereas the long NRXN1α which is more commonly deleted in patients involves in both excitation and inhibition. However, patient-derived models are essential for understanding functional consequences of NRXN1α deletions in human neurons. We recently derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from five controls and three ASD patients carrying NRXN1α+/- and showed increased calcium transients in patient neurons. Methods In this study we investigated the electrophysiological properties of iPSC-derived cortical neurons in control and ASD patients carrying NRXN1α+/- using patch clamping. Whole genome RNA sequencing was carried out to further understand the potential underlying molecular mechanism. Results NRXN1α+/- cortical neurons were shown to display larger sodium currents, higher AP amplitude and accelerated depolarization time. RNASeq analyses revealed transcriptomic changes with significant upregulation glutamatergic synapse and ion channels/transporter activity including voltage-gated potassium channels (GRIN1, GRIN3B, SLC17A6, CACNG3, CACNA1A, SHANK1), which are likely to couple with the increased excitability in NRXN1α+/- cortical neurons. Conclusions Together with recent evidence of increased calcium transients, our results showed that human NRXN1α+/- isoform deletions altered neuronal excitability and non-synaptic function, and NRXN1α+/- patient iPSCs may be used as an ASD model for therapeutic development with calcium transients and excitability as readouts. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-021-00661-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Avazzadeh
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | - Leo R Quinlan
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Jamie Reilly
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | - Katya McDonagh
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | | | - Yanqin Wang
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland.,Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Veronica McInerney
- HRB Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Janusz Krawczyk
- Department of Haematology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yicheng Ding
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | | | - Matthew O'Sullivan
- Trinity Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva B Forman
- Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally A Lynch
- Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, OLCHC, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Sean Ennis
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Academic Centre On Rare Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Niamh Feerick
- Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard Reilly
- Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Development and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, and Brain Science and Technology Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Shen
- School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guangming Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Prevention and Treatment of Tumor, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hilde Peeters
- Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Dockery
- Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- School of Medicine, Regenerative Medicine Institute, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Ireland. .,FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, D02, Ireland.
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Trinity Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Hu L, Chen Y, Yang CP, Huang Y, Song NN, Chen JY, Sun YL, Ding YQ, Lang B. Ulk4, a Newly Discovered Susceptibility Gene for Schizophrenia, Regulates Corticogenesis in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645368. [PMID: 34235142 PMCID: PMC8255617 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a chronic and severe mental disease that affects around 1% of the population. The precise etiology of SCZ still remains largely unknown, and no conclusive mechanisms are firmly established. Recent advances in epidemiological and clinical investigation support an overwhelmingly strong neurodevelopmental origin for SCZ. Here, we demonstrated that Unc-51-like kinase 4 (Ulk4), a novel risk factor for major mental disorders including schizophrenia, is involved in the corticogenesis. Deletion of Ulk4 in mice led to significantly thinner layers of II–III, and V in the cerebral cortex, which was confirmed in conditional Ulk4 deletion mice achieved by Cre-loxp strategy. This abnormality might be caused by decreased intermediate neural progenitors and increased apoptosis. Thus, our data suggest that Ulk4 manipulates the behaviors of neural progenitors during brain development and, when functionally defective, leads to the reduction of specific cortical layers. This anomaly may increase predisposition to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui-Ping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Ling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Lang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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12
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Nourbakhsh K, Yadav S. Kinase Signaling in Dendritic Development and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:624648. [PMID: 33642997 PMCID: PMC7902504 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.624648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrites undergo extensive growth and remodeling during their lifetime. Specification of neurites into dendrites is followed by their arborization, maturation, and functional integration into synaptic networks. Each of these distinct developmental processes is spatially and temporally controlled in an exquisite fashion. Protein kinases through their highly specific substrate phosphorylation regulate dendritic growth and plasticity. Perturbation of kinase function results in aberrant dendritic growth and synaptic function. Not surprisingly, kinase dysfunction is strongly associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Herein, we review, (a) key kinase pathways that regulate dendrite structure, function and plasticity, (b) how aberrant kinase signaling contributes to dendritic dysfunction in neurological disorders and (c) emergent technologies that can be applied to dissect the role of protein kinases in dendritic structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Smita Yadav
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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13
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Abstract
Unc-51-like kinase 4 (ULK4) is a pseudokinase conserved in most eukaryotes, yet ULK4 signaling mechanisms remain enigmatic. In this issue of Structure, Preuss and colleagues report a structure of the ATP-bound ULK4 pseudokinase domain, supported by proteomic analysis of the ULK4 interactome and in-depth evolutionary analysis of the intriguingULK4 pseudokinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Eyers
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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14
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Avazzadeh S, McDonagh K, Reilly J, Wang Y, Boomkamp SD, McInerney V, Krawczyk J, Fitzgerald J, Feerick N, O'Sullivan M, Jalali A, Forman EB, Lynch SA, Ennis S, Cosemans N, Peeters H, Dockery P, O'Brien T, Quinlan LR, Gallagher L, Shen S. Increased Ca 2+ signaling in NRXN1α +/- neurons derived from ASD induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Autism 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 31893021 PMCID: PMC6937972 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-019-0303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a high co-morbidity of epilepsy and associated with hundreds of rare risk factors. NRXN1 deletion is among the commonest rare genetic factors shared by ASD, schizophrenia, intellectual disability, epilepsy, and developmental delay. However, how NRXN1 deletions lead to different clinical symptoms is unknown. Patient-derived cells are essential to investigate the functional consequences of NRXN1 lesions to human neurons in different diseases. Methods Skin biopsies were donated by five healthy donors and three ASD patients carrying NRXN1α+/− deletions. Seven control and six NRXN1α+/− iPSC lines were derived and differentiated into day 100 cortical excitatory neurons using dual SMAD inhibition. Calcium (Ca2+) imaging was performed using Fluo4-AM, and the properties of Ca2+ transients were compared between two groups of neurons. Transcriptome analysis was carried out to undercover molecular pathways associated with NRXN1α+/− neurons. Results NRXN1α+/− neurons were found to display altered calcium dynamics, with significantly increased frequency, duration, and amplitude of Ca2+ transients. Whole genome RNA sequencing also revealed altered ion transport and transporter activity, with upregulated voltage-gated calcium channels as one of the most significant pathways in NRXN1α+/− neurons identified by STRING and GSEA analyses. Conclusions This is the first report to show that human NRXN1α+/− neurons derived from ASD patients’ iPSCs present novel phenotypes of upregulated VGCCs and increased Ca2+ transients, which may facilitate the development of drug screening assays for the treatment of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Avazzadeh
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katya McDonagh
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jamie Reilly
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yanqin Wang
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland.,2Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Stephanie D Boomkamp
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Veronica McInerney
- 3HRB Clinical Research Facility, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Janusz Krawczyk
- 4Department of Haematology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Niamh Feerick
- 5School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Amirhossein Jalali
- 6School of Medicine, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eva B Forman
- 7Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally A Lynch
- Department of Clinical Genetics, OLCHC, Dublin 12, Ireland.,9Children's University Hospital, Temple St, Dublin, Ireland.,10Academic Center on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sean Ennis
- 11UCD Academic Centre on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nele Cosemans
- 12Centre for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Peeters
- 10Academic Center on Rare Diseases, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Dockery
- 13Centre for Microscopy and Imaging, Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
| | - Leo R Quinlan
- 14Physiology and Human Movement Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Sanbing Shen
- 1Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, Biomedical Science Building BMS-1021, National University of Ireland Galway, Dangan, Upper Newcastle, Galway, Ireland
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15
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Jiang X, Yang J, Li H, Qu Y, Xu W, Yu H, Tong Y. Huwe1 is a novel mediator of protection of neural progenitor L2.3 cells against oxygen‑glucose deprivation injury. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4595-4602. [PMID: 30221657 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic‑ischemic encephalopathy is one of the most notable causes of brain injury in newborns. Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion lead to neuronal damage and neurological disability. In vitro and in vivo analyses have indicated that E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (Huwe1) is important for the process of neurogenesis during brain development; however, the exact biological function and the underlying mechanism of Huwe1 remain controversial. In the present study, neural progenitor cells, L2.3, of which we previously generated from rat E14.5 cortex, were used to investigate the role of Huwe1 and its effects on the downstream N‑Myc‑Delta‑like 3‑Notch1 signaling pathway during oxygen‑glucose deprivation (OGD). To evaluate the role of Huwe1 in L2.3 cells, transduction, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase, 5‑bromo‑2'deoxyurine incorporation, western blotting and immunocytochemical assays were performed. The results of the present study indicated that Huwe1 rescued L2.3 cells from OGD‑induced insults by inhibiting proliferation and inducing neuronal differentiation. In addition, Huwe1 was suggested to mediate the survival of L2.3 cells by inhibiting the activation of the N‑Myc‑Notch1 signaling pathway. Of note, the effects of Huwe1 on Notch1 signaling were completely abolished by knockdown of N‑Myc, indicating that Huwe1 may require N‑Myc to suppress the activation of the Notch1 signaling in L2.3 cells. The determination of the neuroprotective function of the Huwe1‑N‑Myc‑Notch1 axis may provide insight into novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jiyun Yang
- Center for Human Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hedong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wenming Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tong
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Tassano E, Uccella S, Giacomini T, Striano P, Severino M, Porta S, Gimelli G, Ronchetto P. Intragenic Microdeletion of ULK4 and Partial Microduplication of BRWD3 in Siblings with Neuropsychiatric Features and Obesity. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 156:14-21. [PMID: 30086552 DOI: 10.1159/000491871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ULK4 and BRWD3 deletions have been identified in patients with developmental/language delay and intellectual disability. Both genes play pivotal roles in brain development. In particular, ULK4 encodes serine/threonine kinases that are critical for the development and function of the nervous system, while BRWD3 plays a crucial role in ubiquitination, as part of the ubiquitin/proteasome system. We report on 2 brothers, aged 7.6 and 20 years, presenting with cognitive impairment, epilepsy, autistic features, hearing loss, and obesity. Array-CGH analysis demonstrated 2 rare CNVs in both siblings: a paternally inherited microdeletion of ∼145 kb at 3p22.1, disrupting the ULK4 gene, and a maternally inherited microduplication of ∼117 kb at Xq21.1 including only the BRWD3 gene. As already described for other recurrent syndromes with variable phenotype, these findings are challenging in genetic counseling because of an evident variable penetrance. We discuss the possible correlations between the clinical phenotype of our patients and the function of the genes involved in these microrearrangements.
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Liu M, Fitzgibbon M, Wang Y, Reilly J, Qian X, O'Brien T, Clapcote S, Shen S, Roche M. Ulk4 regulates GABAergic signaling and anxiety-related behavior. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:43. [PMID: 29391390 PMCID: PMC5804027 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-017-0091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitation/inhibition imbalance has been proposed as a fundamental mechanism in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, in which copy number variations of the Unc-51 like kinase 4 (ULK4) gene encoding a putative Serine/Threonine kinase have been reported in approximately 1/1000 of patients suffering pleiotropic clinical conditions of schizophrenia, depression, autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay, language delay, intellectual disability, or behavioral disorder. The current study characterized behavior of heterozygous Ulk4 +/tm1a mice, demonstrating that Ulk4 +/tm1a mice displayed no schizophrenia-like behavior in acoustic startle reactivity and prepulse inhibition tests or depressive-like behavior in the Porsolt swim or tail suspension tests. However, Ulk4 +/tm1a mice exhibited an anxiety-like behavioral phenotype in several tests. Previously identified hypo-anxious (Atp1a2, Ptn, and Mdk) and hyper-anxious (Gria1, Syngap1, and Npy2r) genes were found to be dysregulated accordingly in Ulk4 mutants. Ulk4 was found to be expressed in GABAergic neurons and the Gad67+ interneurons were significantly reduced in the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala of Ulk4 +/tm1a mice. Transcriptome analyses revealed a marked reduction of GABAergic neuronal subtypes, including Pvalb, Sst, Cck, Npy, and Nos3, as well as significant upregulation of GABA receptors, including Gabra1, Gabra3, Gabra4, Gabra5, and Gabrb3. This is the first evidence that Ulk4 plays a major role in regulating GABAergic signaling and anxiety-like behavior, which may have implications for the development of novel anxiolytic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Marie Fitzgibbon
- Physiology, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jamie Reilly
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Engineering Research Center for Protein Drugs, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Steve Clapcote
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Michelle Roche
- Physiology, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre and Centre for Pain Research, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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18
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Neural stem cells in neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:131-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gong J, Gu H, Zhao L, Wang L, Liu P, Wang F, Xu H, Zhao T. Phosphorylation of ULK1 by AMPK is essential for mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:38. [PMID: 29348566 PMCID: PMC5833692 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process to degrade both damaged organelles and aggregated proteins in somatic cells. We have recently identified that autophagy is an executor for mitochondrial homeostasis in embryonic stem cell (ESC), and thus contribute to stemness regulation. However, the regulatory and functional mechanisms of autophagy in ESC are still largely unknown. Here we have shown that activation of ULK1 by AMPK is essential for ESC self-renewal and pluripotency. Dysfunction of Ulk1 decreases the autophagic flux in ESC, leading to compromised self-renewal and pluripotency. These defects can be rescued by reacquisition of wild-type ULK1 and ULK1(S757A) mutant, but not ULK1(S317A, S555A and S777A) and kinase dead ULK1(K46I) mutant. These data indicate that phosphorylation of ULK1 by AMPK, but not mTOR, is essential for stemness regulation in ESC. The findings highlight a critical role for AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of ULK1 pathway to maintain ESC self-renewal and pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Chinese Medicine Hospital in Linyi City, Linyi, 276600, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pinglei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Haoyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Liu M, Xu P, Guan Z, Qian X, Dockery P, Fitzgerald U, O'Brien T, Shen S. Ulk4 deficiency leads to hypomyelination in mice. Glia 2017; 66:175-190. [PMID: 29034508 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Brain nerve fibers are insulated by myelin which is produced by oligodendrocytes. Defects in myelination are increasingly recognized as a common pathology underlying neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, which are associated with deletions of the Unc-51-like kinase 4 (ULK4) gene. Key transcription factors have been identified for oligodendrogenesis, but little is known about their associated regulators. Here we report that Ulk4 acts as a key regulator of myelination. Myelination is reduced by half in the Ulk4tm1a/tm1a hypomorph brain, whereas expression of axonal marker genes Tubb3, Nefh, Nefl and Nefm remains unaltered. Transcriptome analyses reveal that 8 (Gfap, Mbp, Mobp, Plp1, Slc1a2, Ttr, Cnp, Scd2) of the 10 most significantly altered genes in the Ulk4tm1a/tm1a brain are myelination-related. Ulk4 is co-expressed in Olig2+ (pan-oligodendrocyte marker) and CC1+ (mature myelinated oligodendrocyte marker) cells during postnatal development. Major oligodendrogeneic transcription factors, including Olig2, Olig1, Myrf, Sox10, Sox8, Sox6, Sox17, Nkx2-2, Nkx6-2 and Carhsp1, are significantly downregulated in the mutants. mRNA transcripts enriched in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the newly formed oligodendrocytes (NFOs) and myelinating oligodendrocytes (MOs), are significantly attenuated. Expression of stage-specific oligodendrocyte factors including Cspg4, Sox17, Nfasc, Enpp6, Sirt2, Cnp, Plp1, Mbp, Ugt8, Mag and Mog are markedly decreased. Indirect effects of axon caliber and neuroinflammation may also contribute to the hypomyelination, as Ulk4 mutants display smaller axons and increased neuroinflammation. This is the first evidence demonstrating that ULK4 is a crucial regulator of myelination, and ULK4 may therefore become a novel therapeutic target for hypomyelination diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Engineering Research Center for Protein Drugs, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhenlong Guan
- Department of Physiology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Engineering Research Center for Protein Drugs, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Peter Dockery
- Anatomy, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una Fitzgerald
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Ulk4 Is Essential for Ciliogenesis and CSF Flow. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7589-600. [PMID: 27445138 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0621-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ciliopathies are an emerging class of devastating disorders with pleiotropic symptoms affecting both the central and peripheral systems and commonly associated with hydrocephalus. Even though ciliary components and three master transcriptional regulators have been identified, little is known about the signaling molecules involved. We previously identified a novel gene, Unc51-like-kinase 4 (ULK4), as a risk factor of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we took multidisciplinary approaches and uncovered essential roles of Ulk4 in ciliogenesis. We show that Ulk4 is predominantly expressed in the ventricular system, and Ulk4(tm1a/tm1a) ependymal cells display reduced/disorganized cilia with abnormal axonemes. Ulk4(tm1a/tm1a) mice exhibit dysfunctional subcommissural organs, obstructive aqueducts, and impaired CSF flow. Mechanistically, we performed whole-genome RNA sequencing and discovered that Ulk4 regulates the Foxj1 pathway specifically and an array of other ciliogenesis molecules. This is the first evidence demonstrating that ULK4 plays a vital role in ciliogenesis and that deficiency of ULK4 can cause hydrocephalus and ciliopathy-related disorders. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ciliopathies are an emerging class of devastating disorders with pleiotropic symptoms affecting both the central and peripheral systems. Ciliopathies are commonly associated with hydrocephalus, and Unc51-like-kinase 4 (Ulk4) has been identified as one of 12 genes causing hydrocephalus in mutants. Here we uncover an essential role of Ulk4 in ciliogenesis. Ulk4 is predominantly expressed in the ventricles, and mutant ependymal cells display reduced/disorganized/nonfunctional motile cilia with abnormal axonemes and impaired CSF flow. Ulk4 modulates expression of the master regulator of ciliogenesis, Foxj1, and other ciliogenesis molecules. This is the first report demonstrating a vital role of Ulk4 in ciliogenesis. ULK4 deficiency may be implicated in human hydrocephalus and other ciliopathy-related disorders.
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Liu M, Xu P, O'Brien T, Shen S. Multiple roles of Ulk4 in neurogenesis and brain function. NEUROGENESIS 2017; 4:e1313646. [PMID: 28596978 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2017.1313646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenesis is essential for proper brain formation and function, and abnormal neural proliferation is an underlying neuropathology of many brain disorders. Recent advances on adult neurogenesis demonstrate that neural stem cells (NSCs) at the subventricular zone (SVZ) are largely derived during mid-embryonic neurogenesis from a subset of cells, which slow down in their pace of cell division,1 become quiescent cells and can be reactivated in need.2 The NSCs at birth constitute the stem cell pool for both postnatal oligodendrogenesis3 and adult neurogenesis.1,2 However, little is known about factors that control the size of NSC pool. The article published in Stem Cells on Jun 14, 2016 by Liu and colleagues described a member of the Unc-51-like serine/threonine kinase family, Ulk4, which plays a critical role in regulating the NSC pool size.4 Authors presented evidence of cell cycle-dependent Ulk4 expression in vitro and in vivo, and reduced NSC pool in targetedly disrupted Ulk4 newborn mice, with disturbed pathways of cell cycle regulation and WNT signaling (Fig. 1), suggesting that ULK4 may be associated with neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric as well as neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Engineering Research Center for Protein Drugs, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Control of cortex development by ULK4, a rare risk gene for mental disorders including schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31126. [PMID: 27670918 PMCID: PMC5037360 DOI: 10.1038/srep31126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating familial neuropsychiatric disorder which affects 1% of people worldwide. Although the heritability for schizophrenia approaches 80% only a small proportion of the overall genetic risk has been accounted for, and to date only a limited number of genetic loci have been definitively implicated. We have identified recently through genetic and in vitro functional studies, a novel serine/threonine kinase gene, unc-51-like kinase 4 (ULK4), as a rare risk factor for major mental disorders including schizophrenia. Now using the approach of in utero gene transfer we have discovered that Ulk4 plays a key modulatory role in corticogenesis. Knockdown of Ulk4 leads to significantly decreased cell proliferation in germinal zones and profound deficits in radial migration and neurite ramification. These abnormalities can be reversed successfully by Ulk4 gene supplementation. Ulk4 also regulated acetylation of α-tubulin, an important post-translational modification of microtubules. We conclude that Ulk4 plays an essential role in normal brain development and when defective, the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia is increased.
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