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Nordberg RC, Donahue RP, Espinosa MG, Salinas EY, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. A cell bank paradigm for preclinical evaluation of an analogous cellular product for an allogeneic cell therapy. Biofabrication 2024; 16:035024. [PMID: 38768586 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad4de2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Toward the translation of allogeneic cell therapy products, cell banks are needed not only to manufacture the final human product but also during the preclinical evaluation of an animal-based analogous cellular product (ACP). These cell banks need to be established at both the master cell bank (MCB) level and the working cell bank (WCB) level. Inasmuch as most of the development of cell therapy products is at academic centers, it is imperative that academic researchers understand how to establish MCBs and WCBs within an academic environment. To illustrate this process, using articular cartilage as the model, a cell bank for an ACP was developed (MCBs at passage 2, WCBs at passage 5) to produce self-assembled neocartilage for preclinical evaluation (constructs at passage 7). The cell bank system is estimated to be able to produce between 160 000 and 400 000 constructs for each of the six MCBs. Overall, the ACP cell bank yielded constructs that are analogous to the intended human product, which is critical toward conducting preclinical evaluations of the ACP for inclusion in an Investigational New Drug application to the FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Nordberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3131 Engineering Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Ryan P Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3131 Engineering Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - M Gabriela Espinosa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3131 Engineering Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
- Concordia University Irvine, 1530 Concordia West, Irvine, CA 92612, United States of America
| | - Evelia Y Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3131 Engineering Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3131 Engineering Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3131 Engineering Hall, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, United States of America
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2
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Lopez SG, Kim J, Estroff LA, Bonassar LJ. Removal of GAGs Regulates Mechanical Properties, Collagen Fiber Formation, and Alignment in Tissue Engineered Meniscus. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1608-1619. [PMID: 36802372 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The complex fibrillar architecture of native meniscus is essential for proper function and difficult to recapitulate in vitro. In the native meniscus, proteoglycan content is low during the development of collagen fibers and progressively increases with aging. In vitro, fibrochondrocytes produce glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) early in culture, in contrast to native tissue, where they are deposited after collagen fibers have formed. This difference in the timing of GAG production hinders the formation of a mature fiber network in such in vitro models. In this study, we removed GAGs from collagen gel-based tissue engineered constructs using chondroitinase ABC (cABC) and evaluated the effect on the formation and alignment of collagen fibers and the subsequent effect on tensile and compressive mechanical properties. Removal of GAGs during maturation of in vitro constructs improved collagen fiber alignment in tissue engineered meniscus constructs. Additionally, removal of GAGs during maturation improved fiber alignment without compromising compressive strength, and this removal improved not only fiber alignment and formation but also tensile properties. The increased fiber organization in cABC-treated groups also appeared to influence the size, shape, and location of defects in these constructs, suggesting that treatment may prevent the propagation of large defects under loading. This data gives another method of modulating the ECM for improved collagen fiber formation and mechanical properties in tissue engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafina G Lopez
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jongkil Kim
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lara A Estroff
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscale Science at Cornell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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3
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Stampoultzis T, Guo Y, Nasrollahzadeh N, Karami P, Pioletti DP. Mimicking Loading-Induced Cartilage Self-Heating in Vitro Promotes Matrix Formation in Chondrocyte-Laden Constructs with Different Mechanical Properties. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:651-661. [PMID: 36625682 PMCID: PMC9930743 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage presents a mechanically sensitive tissue. Chondrocytes, the sole cell type residing in the tissue, perceive and react to physical cues as signals that significantly modulate their behavior. Hyaline cartilage is a connective tissue with high dissipative capabilities, able to increase its temperature during daily activities, thus providing a dynamic thermal milieu for the residing chondrocytes. This condition, self-heating, which is still chiefly ignored among the scientific community, adds a new thermal dimension in cartilage mechanobiology. Motivated by the lack of studies exploring this dynamic temperature increase as a potential stimulus in cartilage-engineered constructs, we aimed to elucidate whether loading-induced evolved temperature serves as an independent or complementary regulatory cue for chondrocyte function. In particular, we evaluated the chondrocytes' response to thermal and/or mechanical stimulation in two types of scaffolds exhibiting dissipation levels close to healthy and degenerated articular cartilage. It was found, in both scaffold groups, that the combination of dynamic thermal and mechanical stimuli induced superior effects in the expression of major chondrogenic genes, such as SOX9 and LOXL2, compared to either signal alone. Similar effects were also observed in proteoglycan accumulation over time, along with increased mRNA transcription and synthesis of TRPV4, and for the first time demonstrated in chondrocytes, TREK1 ion channels. Conversely, the chondrogenic response of cells to isolated thermal or mechanical cues was generally scaffold-type dependent. Nonetheless, the significance of thermal stimulus as a chondro-inductive signal was better supported in both studied groups. Our data indicates that the temperature evolution is necessary for chondrocytes to more effectively perceive and translate applied mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theofanis Stampoultzis
- Laboratory
of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Yanheng Guo
- Laboratory
of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Naser Nasrollahzadeh
- Laboratory
of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Peyman Karami
- Laboratory
of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Dominique P. Pioletti
- Laboratory
of Biomechanical Orthopedics, Institute of Bioengineering, EPFL, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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Abourehab MAS, Baisakhiya S, Aggarwal A, Singh A, Abdelgawad MA, Deepak A, Ansari MJ, Pramanik S. Chondroitin sulfate-based composites: a tour d'horizon of their biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:9125-9178. [PMID: 36342328 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01514e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a natural anionic mucopolysaccharide, belonging to the glycosaminoglycan family, acts as the primary element of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of diverse organisms. It comprises repeating units of disaccharides possessing β-1,3-linked N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc), and β-1,4-linked D-glucuronic acid (GlcA), and exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, anti-oxidant, and anti-thrombogenic activities. It is a naturally acquired bio-macromolecule with beneficial properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and immensely low toxicity, making it the center of attention in developing biomaterials for various biomedical applications. The authors have discussed the structure, unique properties, and extraction source of CS in the initial section of this review. Further, the current investigations on applications of CS-based composites in various biomedical fields, focusing on delivering active pharmaceutical compounds, tissue engineering, and wound healing, are discussed critically. In addition, the manuscript throws light on preclinical and clinical studies associated with CS composites. A short section on Chondroitinase ABC has also been canvassed. Finally, this review emphasizes the current challenges and prospects of CS in various biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 11566, Egypt
| | - Shreya Baisakhiya
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sector 1, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.,School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Akanksha Aggarwal
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Anshul Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak-124021, India
| | - Mohamed A Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Deepak
- Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600128, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheersha Pramanik
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India.
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5
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Non-destructive, continuous monitoring of biochemical, mechanical, and structural maturation in engineered tissue. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16227. [PMID: 36171228 PMCID: PMC9519952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18702-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory guidelines for tissue engineered products require stringent characterization during production and necessitate the development of novel, non-destructive methods to quantify key functional parameters for clinical translation. Traditional assessments of engineered tissues are destructive, expensive, and time consuming. Here, we introduce a non-destructive, inexpensive, and rapid sampling and analysis system that can continuously monitor the mechanical, biochemical, and structural properties of a single sample over extended periods of time. The label-free system combines the imaging modalities of fluorescent lifetime imaging and ultrasound backscatter microscopy through a fiber-based interface for sterile monitoring of tissue quality. We tested the multimodal system using tissue engineered articular cartilage as an experimental model. We identified strong correlations between optical and destructive testing. Combining FLIm and UBM results, we created a novel statistical model of tissue homogeneity that can be applied to tissue engineered constructs prior to implantation. Continuous monitoring of engineered tissues with this non-destructive system has the potential for in-process monitoring of tissue engineered products, reducing costs and improving quality controls in research, manufacturing, and clinical applications.
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6
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Bielajew BJ, Donahue RP, Lamkin EK, Hu JC, Hascall VC, Athanasiou KA. Proteomic, mechanical, and biochemical characterization of cartilage development. Acta Biomater 2022; 143:52-62. [PMID: 35235865 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to examine the development of porcine cartilage by analyzing its mechanical properties, biochemical content, and proteomics at different developmental stages. Cartilage from the knees of fetal, neonatal, juvenile, and mature pigs was analyzed using histology, mechanical testing, biochemical assays, fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, and bottom-up proteomics. Mature cartilage has 2.2-times the collagen per dry weight of fetal cartilage, and fetal cartilage has 2.1-times and 17.9-times the glycosaminoglycan and DNA per dry weight of mature cartilage, respectively. Tensile and compressive properties peak in the juvenile stage, with a tensile modulus 4.7-times that of neonatal. Proteomics analysis reveals increases in collagen types II and III, while collagen types IX, XI, and XIV, and aggrecan decrease with age. For example, collagen types IX and XI decrease 9.4-times and 5.1-times, respectively from fetal to mature. Mechanical and biochemical measurements have their greatest developmental changes between the neonatal and juvenile stages, where mechanotransduction plays a major role. Bottom-up proteomics serves as a powerful tool for tissue characterization, showing results beyond those of routine biochemical analysis. For example, proteomic analysis shows significant drops in collagen types IX, XI, and XIV throughout development, which shows insight into the permanence of cartilage's matrix. Changes in overall glycosaminoglycan content compared to aggrecan and link protein indicate non-enzymatic degradation of aggrecan structures or hyaluronan in mature cartilage. In addition to tissue characterization, bottom-up proteomics techniques are critical in tissue engineering efforts toward repair or regeneration of cartilage in animal models. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this study, the development of porcine articular cartilage is interrogated through biomechanical, biochemical, and proteomic techniques, to determine how mechanics and extracellular matrix composition change from fetal to mature cartilage. For the first time, a bottom-up proteomics approach is used to reveal a wide variety of protein changes through aging; for example, the collagen subtype composition of the cartilage increases in collagen types II and III, and decreases in collagen types IX, XI, and XIV. This analysis shows that bottom-up proteomics is a critical tool in tissue characterization, especially toward developing a deeper understanding of matrix composition and development in tissue engineering studies.
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Salinas EY, Donahue RP, Herrera JM, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. The functionality and translatability of neocartilage constructs are improved with the combination of fluid-induced shear stress and bioactive factors. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22225. [PMID: 35224777 PMCID: PMC9045489 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101699r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neocartilage tissue engineering aims to address the shortcomings of current clinical treatments for articular cartilage indications. However, advancement is required toward neocartilage functionality (mechanical and biochemical properties) and translatability (construct size, gross morphology, passage number, cell source, and cell type). Using fluid-induced shear (FIS) stress, a potent mechanical stimulus, over four phases, this work investigates FIS stress' efficacy toward creating large neocartilage derived from highly passaged minipig costal chondrocytes, a species relevant to the preclinical regulatory process. In Phase I, FIS stress application timing was investigated in bovine articular chondrocytes and found to improve the aggregate modulus of neocartilage by 151% over unstimulated controls when stimulated during the maturation stage. In Phase II, FIS stress stimulation was translated from bovine articular chondrocytes to expanded minipig costal chondrocytes, yielding a 46% improvement in aggregate modulus over nonstimulated controls. In Phase III, bioactive factors were combined with FIS stress to improve the shear modulus by 115% over bioactive factor-only controls. The translatability of neocartilage was improved in Phase IV by utilizing highly passaged cells to form constructs more than 9-times larger in the area (11 × 17 mm), yielding an improved aggregate modulus by 134% and a flat morphology compared to free-floating, bioactive factor-only controls. Overall, this study represents a significant step toward generating mechanically robust, large constructs necessary for animal studies, and eventually, human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelia Y Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ryan P Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jessica M Herrera
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Donahue RP, Link JM, Meli VS, Hu JC, Liu WF, Athanasiou KA. Stiffness- and Bioactive Factor-Mediated Protection of Self-Assembled Cartilage against Macrophage Challenge in a Novel Co-Culture System. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221081466. [PMID: 35313741 PMCID: PMC9137312 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221081466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue-engineered cartilage implants must withstand the potential inflammatory and joint loading environment for successful long-term repair of defects. The work's objectives were to develop a novel, direct cartilage-macrophage co-culture system and to characterize interactions between self-assembled neocartilage and differentially stimulated macrophages. DESIGN In study 1, it was hypothesized that the proinflammatory response of macrophages would intensify with increasing construct stiffness; it was expected that the neocartilage would display a decrease in mechanical properties after co-culture. In study 2, it was hypothesized that bioactive factors would protect neocartilage properties during macrophage co-culture. Also, it was hypothesized that interleukin 10 (IL-10)-stimulated macrophages would improve neocartilage mechanical properties compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. RESULTS As hypothesized, stiffer neocartilage elicited a heightened proinflammatory macrophage response, increasing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion by 5.47 times when LPS-stimulated compared to construct-only controls. Interestingly, this response did not adversely affect construct properties for the stiffest neocartilage but did correspond to a significant decrease in aggregate modulus for soft and medium stiffness constructs. In addition, bioactive factor-treated constructs were protected from macrophage challenge compared to chondrogenic medium-treated constructs, but IL-10 did not improve neocartilage properties, although stiff constructs appeared to bolster the anti-inflammatory nature of IL-10-stimulated macrophages. However, co-culture of bioactive factor-treated constructs with LPS-treated macrophages reduced TNF-α secretion by over 4 times compared to macrophage-only controls. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, neocartilage stiffness can mediate macrophage behavior, but stiffness and bioactive factors prevent macrophage-induced degradation. Ultimately, this co-culture system could be utilized for additional studies to develop the burgeoning field of cartilage mechano-immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jarrett M. Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vijaykumar S. Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wendy F. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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9
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Tissue Engineering of Canine Cartilage from Surgically Debrided Osteochondritis Dissecans Fragments. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 50:56-77. [PMID: 34961892 PMCID: PMC8763830 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study in dogs explored the feasibility of using cartilage fragments removed and discarded during routine palliative surgery for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) as a source of primary chondrocytes for scaffold-free cartilage tissue-engineering. Primary chondrocytes were obtained from three OCD donors and one age-matched healthy articular cartilage (HAC) donor. After monolayer expansion of primary cells, a three-dimensional spherical suspension culture was implemented. Following this stage, cells were seeded at a high density into custom-made agarose molds that allowed for size and shape-specific constructs to be generated via a method of cellular self-assembling in a scaffold-free environment. Fifty-eight neocartilage constructs were tissue-engineered using this methodology. Neocartilage constructs and native cartilage from shoulder joint were subjected to histological, mechanical, and biochemical testing. OCD and HAC chondrocytes-sourced constructs had uniformly flat morphology and histology consistent with cartilage tissue. Constructs sourced from OCD chondrocytes were 1.5-times (32%) stiffer in compression and 1.3 times (23%) stronger in tension than constructs sourced from HAC chondrocytes and only 8.7-times (81%) less stiff in tension than native tissue. Constructs from both cell sources consistently had lower collagen content than native tissue (22.9%/dry weight [DW] for OCD and 4.1%/DW for HAC vs. 51.1%/DW native tissue). To improve the collagen content and mechanical properties of neocartilage, biological and mechanical stimuli, and thyroid hormone (tri-iodothyronine) were applied to the chondrocytes during the self-assembling stage in two separate studies. A 2.6-fold (62%) increase in compressive stiffness was detected with supplementation of biological stimuli alone and 5-fold (81%) increase with combined biological and mechanical stimuli at 20% strain. Application of thyroid hormone improved collagen content (1.7-times, 33%), tensile strength (1.8-times, 43%), and stiffness (1.3-times, 21%) of constructs, relative to untreated controls. Collectively, these data suggest that OCD chondrocytes can serve as a reliable cell source for cartilage tissue-engineering and that canine chondrocytes respond favorably to biological and mechanical stimuli that have been shown effective in chondrocytes from other animal species, including humans.
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10
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Otarola G, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM AND SODIUM MODULATION OF SELF-ASSEMBLED NEOCARTILAGE USING COSTAL CHONDROCYTES. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 28:595-605. [PMID: 34877888 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion signaling via Ca2+ and Na+ plays a key role in mechanotransduction and encourages a chondrogenic phenotype and tissue maturation. Here, we propose that the pleiotropic effects of Ca2+ and Na+ modulation can be used to induce maturation and improvement of neocartilage derived from re-differentiated expanded chondrocytes from minipig rib cartilage. Three ion modulators were employed: 1) 4α-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (4-αPDD), an agonist of the Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), 2) ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na+/K+ pump, and 3) ionomycin, a Ca2+ ionophore. These ion modulators were used individually or in combination. While no beneficial effects were observed when using combinations of the ion modulators, single treatment of constructs with the three ion modulators resulted in multiple effects in structure-function relationships. The most significant findings were related to ionomycin. Treatment of neocartilage with ionomycin produced 61% and 115% increases in glycosaminoglycan and pyridinoline crosslink content, respectively, compared to the control. Moreover, treatment with this Ca2+ ionophore resulted in a 45% increase of the aggregate modulus, and a 63% increase in the tensile Young's modulus, resulting in aggregate and Young's moduli of 567 kPa and 8.43 MPa, respectively. These results support the use of ion modulation to develop biomimetic neocartilage using expanded re-differentiated costal chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston Otarola
- University of California, Irvine, BME, Irvine, California, United States;
| | - Jerry C Hu
- University of California, Irvine, BME, Irvine, California, United States;
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Link JM, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Chondroitinase ABC Enhances Integration of Self-Assembled Articular Cartilage, but Its Dosage Needs to Be Moderated Based on Neocartilage Maturity. Cartilage 2021; 13:672S-683S. [PMID: 32441107 PMCID: PMC8804832 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520918653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To enhance the in vitro integration of self-assembled articular cartilage to native articular cartilage using chondroitinase ABC. DESIGN To examine the hypothesis that chondroitinase ABC (C-ABC) integration treatment (C-ABCint) would enhance integration of neocartilage of different maturity levels, this study was conducted in 2 phases. In phase I, the impact on integration of 2 treatments, TCL (TGF-β1, C-ABC, and lysyl oxidase like 2) and C-ABCint, was examined via a 2-factor, full factorial design. In phase II, construct maturity (2 levels) and C-ABCint concentration (3 levels) were the factors in a full factorial design to determine whether the effective C-ABCint dose was dependent on neocartilage maturity level. Neocartilages formed or treated per the factors above were placed into native cartilage rings, cultured for 2 weeks, and, then, integration was studied histologically and mechanically. Prior to integration, in phase II, a set of treated constructs were also assayed to provide a baseline of properties. RESULTS In phase I, C-ABCint and TCL treatments synergistically enhanced interface Young's modulus by 6.2-fold (P = 0.004) and increased interface tensile strength by 3.8-fold (P = 0.02) compared with control. In phase II, the interaction of the factors C-ABCint and construct maturity was significant (P = 0.0004), indicating that the effective C-ABCint dose to improve interface Young's modulus is dependent on construct maturity. Construct mechanical properties were preserved regardless of C-ABCint dose. CONCLUSIONS Applying C-ABCint to neocartilage is an effective integration strategy with translational potential, provided its dose is calibrated appropriately based on implant maturity, that also preserves implant biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett M. Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A. Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
University of California, Irvine, CA, USA,Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, Distinguished
Professor Henry Samueli Chair, Director, DELTAi (Driving
Engineering and Life-science Translational Advances @ Irvine), Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of
California, 3418 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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12
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Trengove A, Di Bella C, O'Connor AJ. The Challenge of Cartilage Integration: Understanding a Major Barrier to Chondral Repair. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:114-128. [PMID: 33307976 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage defects caused by injury frequently lead to osteoarthritis, a painful and costly disease. Despite widely used surgical methods to treat articular cartilage defects and a plethora of research into regenerative strategies as treatments, long-term clinical outcomes are not satisfactory. Failure to integrate repair tissue with native cartilage is a recurring issue in surgical and tissue-engineered strategies, seeing eventual degradation of the regenerated or surrounding tissue. This review delves into the current understanding of why continuous and robust integration with native cartilage is so difficult to achieve. Both the intrinsic limitations of chondrocytes to remodel injured cartilage, and the significant challenges posed by a compromised biomechanical environment are described. Recent scaffold and cell-based techniques to repair cartilage are also discussed, and limitations of existing methods to evaluate integrative repair. In particular, the importance of evaluating the mechanical integrity of the interface between native and repair tissue is highlighted as a meaningful assessment of any strategy to repair this load-bearing tissue. Impact statement The failure to integrate grafts or biomaterials with native cartilage is a major barrier to cartilage repair. An in-depth understanding of the reasons cartilage integration remains a challenge is required to inform cartilage repair strategies. In particular, this review highlights that integration of cartilage repair strategies is frequently assessed in terms of the continuity of tissue, but not the mechanical integrity. Given the load-bearing nature of cartilage, evaluating integration in terms of interfacial strength is essential to assessing the potential success of cartilage repair methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Trengove
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudia Di Bella
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Orthopedics, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrea J O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Kwon H, Brown WE, O'Leary SA, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Rejuvenation of extensively passaged human chondrocytes to engineer functional articular cartilage. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [PMID: 33418542 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abd9d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Human articular chondrocytes (hACs) are scarce and lose their chondrogenic potential during monolayer passaging, impeding their therapeutic use. This study investigated i) the translatability of conservative chondrogenic passaging and aggregate rejuvenation on restoring chondrogenic properties of hACs passaged up to P9; and ii) the efficacy of a combined treatment of TGF-β1 (T), chondroitinase-ABC (C), and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (L), collectively termed TCL, on engineering functional human neocartilage via the self-assembling process, as a function of passage number up to P11. Here, we show that aggregate rejuvenation enhanced glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content and type II collagen staining at all passages and yielded human neocartilage with chondrogenic phenotype present up to P7. Addition of TCL extended the chondrogenic phenotype to P11 and significantly enhanced GAG content and type II collagen staining at all passages. Human neocartilage derived from high passages, treated with TCL, displayed mechanical properties that were on par with or greater than those derived from low passages. Conservative chondrogenic passaging and aggregate rejuvenation may be a viable new strategy 1) to address the perennial problem of chondrocyte scarcity and 2) to successfully rejuvenate the chondrogenic phenotype of extensively passaged cells (up to P11). Furthermore, tissue engineering human neocartilage via self-assembly in conjunction with TCL treatment advances the clinical use of extensively passaged human chondrocytes for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heenam Kwon
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, UNITED STATES
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, UNITED STATES
| | - Siobhan A O'Leary
- Align Technology Inc, 2820 Orchard Pkwy, San Jose, California, 95134, UNITED STATES
| | - Jerry C Hu
- University of California Irvine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, UNITED STATES
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, 92697, UNITED STATES
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14
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Salinas EY, Aryaei A, Paschos N, Berson E, Kwon H, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Shear stress induced by fluid flow produces improvements in tissue-engineered cartilage. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045010. [PMID: 32640430 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aba412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to create implantable biomaterials for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. In vitro tissue engineering is generally based on static culture, which limits access to nutrients and lacks mechanical signaling. Using shear stress is controversial because in some cases it can lead to cell death while in others it promotes tissue regeneration. To understand how shear stress works and how it may be used to improve neotissue function, a series of studies were performed. First, a tunable device was designed to determine optimal levels of shear stress for neotissue formation. Then, computational fluid dynamics modeling showed the device applies fluid-induced shear (FIS) stress spanning three orders of magnitude on tissue-engineered cartilage (neocartilage). A beneficial window of FIS stress was subsequently identified, resulting in up to 3.6-fold improvements in mechanical properties of neocartilage in vitro. In vivo, neocartilage matured as evidenced by the doubling of collagen content toward native values. Translation of FIS stress to human derived neocartilage was then demonstrated, yielding analogous improvements in mechanical properties, such as 168% increase in tensile modulus. To gain an understanding of the beneficial roles of FIS stress, a mechanistic study was performed revealing a mechanically gated complex on the primary cilia of chondrocytes that is activated by FIS stress. This series of studies places FIS stress into the arena as a meaningful mechanical stimulation strategy for creating robust and translatable neotissues, and demonstrates the ease of incorporating FIS stress in tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, 3131 Engineering Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, United States of America. Authors contributed equally to this work
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15
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Wang C, Sha Y, Wang S, Chi Q, Sung KP, Xu K, Yang L. Lysyl oxidase suppresses the inflammatory response in anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts and promotes tissue regeneration by targeting myotrophin via the nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1063-1076. [DOI: 10.1002/term.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Wang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Yongqiang Sha
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical SciencesHuaqiao University Xiamen China
| | - Sixiang Wang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Qingjia Chi
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials MechanicsWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - K.L. Paul Sung
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Kang Xu
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing University Chongqing China
| | - Li Yang
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of BioengineeringChongqing University Chongqing China
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16
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Kwon H, Brown WE, Lee CA, Wang D, Paschos N, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. Surgical and tissue engineering strategies for articular cartilage and meniscus repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:550-570. [PMID: 31296933 PMCID: PMC7192556 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to articular cartilage and menisci can lead to cartilage degeneration that ultimately results in arthritis. Different forms of arthritis affect ~50 million people in the USA alone, and it is therefore crucial to identify methods that will halt or slow the progression to arthritis, starting with the initiating events of cartilage and meniscus defects. The surgical approaches in current use have a limited capacity for tissue regeneration and yield only short-term relief of symptoms. Tissue engineering approaches are emerging as alternatives to current surgical methods for cartilage and meniscus repair. Several cell-based and tissue-engineered products are currently in clinical trials for cartilage lesions and meniscal tears, opening new avenues for cartilage and meniscus regeneration. This Review provides a summary of surgical techniques, including tissue-engineered products, that are currently in clinical use, as well as a discussion of state-of-the-art tissue engineering strategies and technologies that are being developed for use in articular cartilage and meniscus repair and regeneration. The obstacles to clinical translation of these strategies are also included to inform the development of innovative tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heenam Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wendy E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cassandra A Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Dean Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Paschos
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New England Baptist Hospital, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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