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Yang B, Yin C, Zhang Y, Xing G, Wang S, Li F, Aschner M, Lu R. Differential effects of subchronic acrylonitrile exposure on hydrogen sulfide levels in rat blood, brain, and liver. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:374-384. [PMID: 35510234 PMCID: PMC9052317 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as the third gasotransmitter participates in both cellular physiological and pathological processes, including chemical-induced injuries. We recently reported acute acrylonitrile (AN) treatment inhibited endogenous H2S biosynthesis pathway in rat and astrocyte models. However, there is still no evidence to address the correlation between endogenous H2S and sub-chronic AN exposure. Objectives This study aims to explore the modulatory effects of prolonged AN exposure on endogenous H2S levels and its biosynthetic enzymes in rat blood, brain and liver. Methods A total of 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including the control group and AN-treated groups at dosages of 6.25, 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg. Rats received one exposure/day, 5 days/week, for 4 consecutive weeks. The rat bodyweight and brain/liver organ coefficient were detected, along with liver cytochrome P450 2E1(CYP2E1) expression. In addition, the H2S contents in rat serum and plasma, and in cerebral cortex and liver tissues were measured by methylene blue method. The expression of H2S-generating enzymes, including cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MPST) was also measured with Western blot both in rat cerebral cortex and liver. Results Subchronic exposure to AN significantly inhibited bodyweight-gain and increased the liver CYP2E1 expression compared with the control. In addition, AN significantly increased H2S levels in rat plasma and serum, but not in liver. The endogenous H2S level in rat cerebral cortex was also significantly increased upon AN treatment, when expression of the major H2S-generating enzymes, CBS and 3-MPST were significantly enhanced. However, hepatic protein levels of CBS and CSE were significantly increased, whereas hepatic levels of 3-MPST were significantly decreased. Conclusion This study showed that sub-chronic AN exposure increased endogenous H2S contents in rat blood and brain tissues, but not liver, which may be resulted from the distinct expression profile of H2S-producing enzymes in response to AN. The blood H2S contents may be applied as a potential novel biomarker for surveillance of chronically AN-exposed populations. Highlights Subchronic intraperitoneal exposure to acrylonitrile increased H2S content in rat blood and cerebral cortex, but not in liver.Distinct tissue expression profiles of H2S-producing enzymes contribute to the acrylonitrile-induced differential effects on the H2S level.Blood H2S level may be a biomarker for subchronic exposure to acrylonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Changsheng Yin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Guangwei Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Science, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
- Center for Experimental Research, Affiliated Kunshan Hospital to Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215300, China
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Acrylonitrile induction of rodent neoplasia: Potential mechanism of action and relevance to humans. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473211055363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylonitrile, an industrial chemical, is a multisite carcinogen in rats and mice, producing tumors in four tissues with barrier function, that is, brain, forestomach, Zymbal’s gland, and Harderian gland. To assess mechanism(s) of action (MoA) for induction of neoplasia and to evaluate whether the findings in rodents are indicative of human hazard, data on the potential key effects produced by acrylonitrile in the four rodent target tissues of carcinogenicity were evaluated. A notable finding was depletion of glutathione in various organs, including two target tissues, the brain, and forestomach, suggesting that this effect could be a critical initiating event. An additional combination of oxidative DNA damage and cytotoxic effects of acrylonitrile and its metabolites, cyanide, and 2-cyanoethylene oxide, could initiate pro-inflammatory signaling and sustained cell and tissue injury, leading to compensatory cell proliferation and neoplastic development. The in vivo DNA-binding and genotoxicity of acrylonitrile has been studied in several target tissues with no compelling positive results. Thus, while some mutagenic effects were reported in acrylonitrile-exposed rodents, data to determine whether this mutagenicity stems from direct DNA reactivity of acrylonitrile are insufficient. Accordingly, the induction of tumors in rodents is consistent primarily with a non-genotoxic MoA, although a contribution from weak mutagenicity cannot be ruled out. Mechanistic data to support conclusions regarding human hazard from acrylonitrile exposure is weak. Comparison of metabolism of acrylonitrile between rodents and humans provide little support for human hazard. Three of the tissues affected in bioassays (forestomach, Zymbal’s gland, and Harderian gland) are present only in rodents, while the brain is anatomically different between rodents and humans, diminishing relevance of tumor induction in these tissues to human hazard. Extensive epidemiological data has not revealed causation of human cancer by acrylonitrile.
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Yüksek V, Çetin S, Usta A. The effect of vitamin E and selenium combination in repairing fluoride-induced DNA damage to NRK-52E cells. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7761-7770. [PMID: 33025505 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged and excessive fluoride exposure can lead to fluorosis. The kidney is one of the organs that are injured mostly due to fluoride-induced damage. Fluoride can induce DNA damage at cytotoxic concentrations. This study aims to determine the extent of NaF-induced DNA damage and to investigate the effect of vitamin E and selenium combination (ES) in preventing and repairing this damage. For this purpose, we administered different combinations of NaF and ES to NRK-52E cells and determined the effective concentrations of ES and the NaF IC50 values associated with different incubation times (3, 12, and 24 h) by using the MTT assay. The determined quantities of NaF IC50 in association with time and the NaF IC50 + ES combination were administered to the cells. The extent of DNA damage was determined with the comet assay and the expression levels of the Ku70/80 and PARP-1 genes were determined with the RT-qPCR method. DNA damage significantly increased in all experimental groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). It was found out that the NaF and ES combination statistically reduced the DNA damage compared to the damage observed in the NaF-treated groups (p < 0.05). Treatment of the ES combination significantly increased the expressions of Ku70 and Ku80 genes involved in DNA repair (p < 0.05). We concluded that vitamin E and selenium can potentially be effective in the repair of fluoride-induced DNA damage based on the results of this in vitro study. Our results may shed light on the prevention of DNA damage associated with fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veysel Yüksek
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Özalp Vocational High SchoolVan Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey.
| | - Sedat Çetin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Usta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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4
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Walker VE, Fennell TR, Walker DM, Bauer MJ, Upton PB, Douglas GR, Swenberg JA. Analysis of DNA Adducts and Mutagenic Potency and Specificity in Rats Exposed to Acrylonitrile. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1609-1622. [PMID: 32529823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile (ACN), which is a widely used industrial chemical, induces cancers in multiple organs/tissues of rats by unresolved mechanisms. For this report, evidence for ACN-induced direct/indirect DNA damage and mutagenesis was investigated by assessing the ability of ACN, or its reactive metabolite, 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO), to bind to DNA in vitro, to form select DNA adducts [N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine, N2,3-ethenoguanine, 1,N6-ethenodeoxyadenosine, and 3,N4-ethenodeoxycytidine] in vitro and/or in vivo, and to perturb the frequency and spectra of mutations in the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) gene in rats exposed to ACN in drinking water. Adducts and frequencies and spectra of Hprt mutations were analyzed using published methods. Treatment of DNA from human TK6 lymphoblastoid cells with [2,3-14C]-CEO produced dose-dependent binding of 14C-CEO equivalents, and treatment of DNA from control rat brain/liver with CEO induced dose-related formation of N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine. No etheno-DNA adducts were detected in target tissues (brain and forestomach) or nontarget tissues (liver and spleen) in rats exposed to 0, 3, 10, 33, 100, or 300 ppm ACN for up to 105 days or to 0 or 500 ppm ACN for ∼15 months; whereas N7-(2'-oxoethyl)guanine was consistently measured at nonsignificant concentrations near the assay detection limit only in liver of animals exposed to 300 or 500 ppm ACN for ≥2 weeks. Significant dose-related increases in Hprt mutant frequencies occurred in T-lymphocytes from spleens of rats exposed to 33-500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks. Comparisons of "mutagenic potency estimates" for control rats versus rats exposed to 500 ppm ACN for 4 weeks to analogous data from rats/mice treated at a similar age with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea or 1,3-butadiene suggest that ACN has relatively limited mutagenic effects in rats. Considerable overlap between the sites and types of mutations in ACN-exposed rats and butadiene-exposed rats/mice, but not controls, provides evidence that the carcinogenicity of these epoxide-forming chemicals involves corresponding mutagenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon E Walker
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States.,The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, Vermont 05465, United States
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Dale M Walker
- The Burlington HC Research Group, Inc., Jericho, Vermont 05465, United States.,Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Sterling, Virginia 20167, United States
| | | | - Patricia B Upton
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - George R Douglas
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - James A Swenberg
- Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States.,Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Proshkina E, Shaposhnikov M, Moskalev A. Genome-Protecting Compounds as Potential Geroprotectors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4484. [PMID: 32599754 PMCID: PMC7350017 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout life, organisms are exposed to various exogenous and endogenous factors that cause DNA damages and somatic mutations provoking genomic instability. At a young age, compensatory mechanisms of genome protection are activated to prevent phenotypic and functional changes. However, the increasing stress and age-related deterioration in the functioning of these mechanisms result in damage accumulation, overcoming the functional threshold. This leads to aging and the development of age-related diseases. There are several ways to counteract these changes: 1) prevention of DNA damage through stimulation of antioxidant and detoxification systems, as well as transition metal chelation; 2) regulation of DNA methylation, chromatin structure, non-coding RNA activity and prevention of nuclear architecture alterations; 3) improving DNA damage response and repair; 4) selective removal of damaged non-functional and senescent cells. In the article, we have reviewed data about the effects of various trace elements, vitamins, polyphenols, terpenes, and other phytochemicals, as well as a number of synthetic pharmacological substances in these ways. Most of the compounds demonstrate the geroprotective potential and increase the lifespan in model organisms. However, their genome-protecting effects are non-selective and often are conditioned by hormesis. Consequently, the development of selective drugs targeting genome protection is an advanced direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Proshkina
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Mikhail Shaposhnikov
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Laboratory of Geroprotective and Radioprotective Technologies, Institute of Biology, Komi Science Centre, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Kommunisticheskaya st., 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia; (E.P.); (M.S.)
- Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University, 55 Oktyabrsky prosp., 167001 Syktyvkar, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Collins A, Vettorazzi A, Azqueta A. The role of the enzyme-modified comet assay in in vivo studies. Toxicol Lett 2020; 327:58-68. [PMID: 32247831 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo comet assay is an established genotoxicity test, with an OECD test guideline, but in its standard form it measures only DNA strand breaks. Including in the assay an additional step, in which the DNA is incubated with a lesion-specific enzyme, can provide important information about the nature of the DNA damage. Formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase or endonuclease III are commonly used in the in vitro genotoxicity test and in human biomonitoring to detect oxidised bases, but in vivo applications are rarer. A systematic literature search has identified a total of 60 papers that report such in vivo experiments, testing a variety of agents. In many cases, strand breaks were not seen, but significant levels of enzyme-sensitive sites were induced - indicating a mechanism of action involving oxidative stress. Compounds such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) could be used as positive controls in both the standard and the enzyme-modified in vivo comet assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Spain
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31009, Pamplona, Spain.
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7
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Lin CY, Lee HL, Sung FC, Su TC. Investigating the association between urinary levels of acrylonitrile metabolite N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine and the oxidative stress product 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in adolescents and young adults. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:493-498. [PMID: 29684876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile is a colorless volatile liquid mostly present in tobacco smoke. Acrylonitrile exposure has shown to increase oxidative stress in animal studies; however, there was no previous research in human epidemiology. In this study, 853 subjects were recruited from a cohort of Taiwanese adolescents and young adults to investigate the association between urinary concentrations of the acrylonitrile metabolite N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine (CEMA), the oxidative stress product 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. The geometric mean (SD) of CEMA and 8-OHdG concentrations were 4.67 (8.61) μg/L and 2.97 (2.14) μg/L, respectively. 10% elevated in CEMA (μg/L) was positively correlated with the change of 8-OHdG levels (μg/L) (β = 0.325, SE = 0.105, P = 0.002) in multiple linear regression analyses. The urinary CEMA was not related to other CVD risk factors. In subpopulation analyses, the association between CEMA and 8-OHdG was evident in all genders, adolescents, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score ≥0.89, and environmental tobacco smokers. In this study, we observed that higher levels of CEMA levels were correlated with increased levels of 8-OHdG in this cohort. Future research on exposure to acrylonitrile and oxidative stress was warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City, 237, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ling Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 242, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chen Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan; Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Huang SJ, Xu YM, Lau ATY. Electronic cigarette: A recent update of its toxic effects on humans. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4466-4478. [PMID: 29215738 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), battery-powered and liquid-vaporizing devices, were invented to replace the conventional cigarette (c-cigarette) smoking for the sake of reducing the adverse effects on multiple organ systems that c-cigarettes have induced. Although some of the identified harmful components in e-cigarettes were alleged to be measured in lower quantity than those in c-cigarettes, researchers unveiled that the toxic effects of e-cigarettes should not be understated. This review is sought for an attempt to throw light on several typical types of e-cigarette components (tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyl compounds, and volatile organic compounds) by revealing their possible impacts on human bodies through different action mechanisms characterized by alteration of specific biomarkers on cellular and molecular levels. In addition, this review is intended to draw the limelight that like c-cigarettes, e-cigarettes could also be accompanied with toxic effects on whole human body, which are especially apparent on respiratory system. From head to foot, from physical aspect to chemical aspect, from genotype to phenotype, potential alterations will take place upon the intake of the liquid aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jie Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ming Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Andy T Y Lau
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Epigenetics, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Yang B, Bai Y, Yin C, Qian H, Xing G, Wang S, Li F, Bian J, Aschner M, Lu R. Activation of autophagic flux and the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway by hydrogen sulfide protects against acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in primary rat astrocytes. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2093-2108. [PMID: 29725710 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gasotransmitter, has been shown to act as a neuroprotective factor in numerous pathological processes; however, its underlying mechanism(s) of action remain unclear. It is widely accepted that activation of moderate autophagy and the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway play important roles in the biological self-defense systems. In the present study, we investigated whether exogenous H2S protects against the cytotoxicity of acrylonitrile (AN), a neurotoxin, in primary rat astrocytes. We found that pretreatment for 1 h with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H2S (200-800 µM), significantly attenuated the AN-induced decrease in cell viability, increase in lactate dehydrogenase release and morphological changes. Furthermore, NaHS significantly attenuated AN-induced oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increasing glutathione (GSH) concentration. Moreover, NaHS activated the autophagic flux, detectable as a change in autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, Atg5 and p62), the formation of acidic vesicular organelles and LC3B aggregation, confirmed by adenoviral expression of mRFP-GFP-LC3. Additionally, NaHS stimulated translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus and increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, downstream targets of Nrf2. Notably, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and Beclin-1, or Nrf2-targeted siRNA, significantly attenuated the neuroprotective effects of NaHS against AN-induced neurotoxicity. In conclusion, we identified a crucial role of autophagy and the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in H2S-mediated neuroprotection against AN-induced toxicity in primary rat astrocytes. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of H2S-mediated neuroprotection, and suggest that H2S-based donors may serve as potential new candidate drugs to treat AN-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changsheng Yin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangwei Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinsong Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China. .,Center for Experimental Research, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin(W) Road, Kunshan, 215132, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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Polyphenols and DNA Damage: A Mixed Blessing. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8120785. [PMID: 27918471 PMCID: PMC5188440 DOI: 10.3390/nu8120785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a very broad group of chemicals, widely distributed in plant foods, and endowed with antioxidant activity by virtue of their numerous phenol groups. They are widely studied as putative cancer-protective agents, potentially contributing to the cancer preventive properties of fruits and vegetables. We review recent publications relating to human trials, animal experiments and cell culture, grouping them according to whether polyphenols are investigated in whole foods and drinks, in plant extracts, or as individual compounds. A variety of assays are in use to study genetic damage endpoints. Human trials, of which there are rather few, tend to show decreases in endogenous DNA damage and protection against DNA damage induced ex vivo in blood cells. Most animal experiments have investigated the effects of polyphenols (often at high doses) in combination with known DNA-damaging agents, and generally they show protection. High concentrations can themselves induce DNA damage, as demonstrated in numerous cell culture experiments; low concentrations, on the other hand, tend to decrease DNA damage.
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