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Uziel O, Lipshtein L, Sarsor Z, Beery E, Bogen S, Lahav M, Regev A, Kliminski V, Sharan R, Gervits A, Signorini LF, Shimony S, Raanani P, Rozovski U. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Educate Endothelial Cells to Become IL-6-Producing, CLL-Supportive Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1381. [PMID: 39061955 PMCID: PMC11273944 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that via extracellular vesicles (EVs), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells turn endothelial cells into CLL-supportive cells. To test this, we treated vein-derived (HUVECs) and artery-derived (HAOECs) endothelial cells with EVs isolated from the peripheral blood of 45 treatment-naïve patients. Endothelial cells took up CLL-EVs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. To test whether CLL-EVs turn endothelial cells into IL-6-producing cells, we exposed them to CLL-EVs and found a 50% increase in IL-6 levels. Subsequently, we filtered out the endothelial cells and added CLL cells to this IL-6-enriched medium. After 15 min, STAT3 became phosphorylated, and there was a 40% decrease in apoptosis rate, indicating that IL-6 activated the STAT3-dependent anti-apoptotic pathway. Phospho-proteomics analysis of CLL-EV-exposed endothelial cells revealed 23 phospho-proteins that were upregulated, and network analysis unraveled the central role of phospho-β-catenin. We transfected HUVECs with a β-catenin-containing plasmid and found by ELISA a 30% increase in the levels of IL-6 in the culture medium. By chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we observed an increased binding of three transcription factors to the IL-6 promoter. Importantly, patients with CLL possess significantly higher levels of peripheral blood IL-6 compared to normal individuals, suggesting that the inducers of endothelial IL-6 are the neoplastic EVs derived from the CLL cells versus those of healthy people. Taken together, we found that CLL cells communicate with endothelial cells through EVs that they release. Once they are taken up by endothelial cells, they turn them into IL-6-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Uziel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel;
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lian Lipshtein
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Zinab Sarsor
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel;
| | - Einat Beery
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
| | - Shaked Bogen
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel;
| | - Meir Lahav
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel;
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Alon Regev
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
| | - Vitali Kliminski
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
| | - Roded Sharan
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (R.S.); (A.G.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Asia Gervits
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (R.S.); (A.G.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Federico Signorini
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (R.S.); (A.G.); (L.F.S.)
| | - Shai Shimony
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel;
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Pia Raanani
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel;
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Uri Rozovski
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center Petah-Tikva, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel; (L.L.); (Z.S.); (E.B.); (M.L.); (A.R.); (V.K.); (S.S.); (P.R.); (U.R.)
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Petah Tikva 49100, Israel;
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Cheng CA. Before Translating Extracellular Vesicles into Personalized Diagnostics and Therapeutics: What We Could Do. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2625-2636. [PMID: 38771015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle (EV) research is rapidly advancing from fundamental science to translational applications in EV-based personalized therapeutics and diagnostics. Yet, fundamental questions persist regarding EV biology and mechanisms, particularly concerning the heterogeneous interactions between EVs and cells. While we have made strides in understanding virus delivery and intracellular vesicle transport, our comprehension of EV trafficking remains limited. EVs are believed to mediate intercellular communication through cargo transfer, but uncertainties persist regarding the occurrence and quantification of EV-cargo delivery within acceptor cells. This ambiguity is crucial to address, given the significant translational impact of EVs on therapeutics and diagnostics. This perspective article does not seek to provide exhaustive recommendations and guidance on EV-related studies, as these are well-articulated in position papers and statements by the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV), including the 'Minimum Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles' (MISEV) 2014, MISEV2018, and the recent MISEV2023. Instead, recognizing the multilayered heterogeneity of EVs as both a challenge and an opportunity, this perspective emphasizes novel approaches to facilitate our understanding of diverse EV biology, address uncertainties, and leverage this knowledge to advance EV-based personalized diagnostics and therapeutics. Specifically, this perspective synthesizes current insights, identifies opportunities, and highlights exciting technological advancements in ultrasensitive single EV or "digital" profiling developed within the author's multidisciplinary group. These newly developed technologies address technical gaps in dissecting the molecular contents of EV subsets, contributing to the evolution of EVs as next-generation liquid biopsies for diagnostics and providing better quality control for EV-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan
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Mangiapane G, Notarangelo M, Canarutto G, Fabbiano F, Dalla E, Degrassi M, Antoniali G, Gualandi N, De Sanctis V, Piazza S, D'Agostino VG, Tell G. The DNA-repair protein APE1 participates with hnRNPA2B1 to motif-enriched and prognostic miRNA secretion. Oncogene 2024; 43:1861-1876. [PMID: 38664500 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-03039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The base excision repair (BER) Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) enzyme is endowed with several non-repair activities including miRNAs processing. APE1 is overexpressed in many cancers but its causal role in the tumorigenic processes is largely unknown. We recently described that APE1 can be actively secreted by mammalian cells through exosomes. However, APE1 role in EVs or exosomes is still unknown, especially regarding a putative regulatory function on vesicular small non-coding RNAs. Through dedicated transcriptomic analysis on cellular and vesicular small RNAs of different APE1-depleted cancer cell lines, we found that miRNAs loading into EVs is a regulated process, dependent on APE1, distinctly conveying RNA subsets into vesicles. We identified APE1-dependent secreted miRNAs characterized by enriched sequence motifs and possible binding sites for APE1. In 33 out of 34 APE1-dependent-miRNA precursors, we surprisingly found EXO-motifs and proved that APE1 cooperates with hnRNPA2B1 for the EV-sorting of a subset of miRNAs, including miR-1246, through direct binding to GGAG stretches. Using TCGA-datasets, we showed that these miRNAs identify a signature with high prognostic significance in cancer. In summary, we provided evidence that the ubiquitous DNA-repair enzyme APE1 is part of the EV protein cargo with a novel post-transcriptional role for this ubiquitous DNA-repair enzyme that could explain its role in cancer progression. These findings could open new translational perspectives in cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Mangiapane
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Michela Notarangelo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Giulia Canarutto
- Computational Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fabbiano
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Emiliano Dalla
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Monica Degrassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Antoniali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Nicolò Gualandi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Veronica De Sanctis
- Next Generation Sequencing Facility, Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- Computational Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, ICGEB, Trieste, Italy.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Vito Giuseppe D'Agostino
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA repair, Department of Medicine (DMED), University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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Yasamineh S, Nikben N, Hamed Ahmed M, Abdul Kareem R, Kadhim Al-Aridhy A, Hosseini Hooshiar M. Increasing the sensitivity and accuracy of detecting exosomes as biomarkers for cancer monitoring using optical nanobiosensors. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:189. [PMID: 38816782 PMCID: PMC11138050 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The advancement of nanoscience and material design in recent times has facilitated the creation of point-of-care devices for cancer diagnosis and biomolecule sensing. Exosomes (EXOs) facilitate the transfer of bioactive molecules between cancer cells and diverse cells in the local and distant microenvironments, thereby contributing to cancer progression and metastasis. Specifically, EXOs derived from cancer are likely to function as biomarkers for early cancer detection due to the genetic or signaling alterations they transport as payload within the cancer cells of origin. It has been verified that EXOs circulate steadily in bodily secretions and contain a variety of information that indicates the progression of the tumor. However, acquiring molecular information and interactions regarding EXOs has presented significant technical challenges due to their nanoscale nature and high heterogeneity. Colorimetry, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fluorescence, and Raman scattering are examples of optical techniques utilized to quantify cancer exosomal biomarkers, including lipids, proteins, RNA, and DNA. Many optically active nanoparticles (NPs), predominantly carbon-based, inorganic, organic, and composite-based nanomaterials, have been employed in biosensing technology. The exceptional physical properties exhibited by nanomaterials, including carbon NPs, noble metal NPs, and magnetic NPs, have facilitated significant progress in the development of optical nanobiosensors intended for the detection of EXOs originating from tumors. Following a summary of the biogenesis, biological functions, and biomarker value of known EXOs, this article provides an update on the detection methodologies currently under investigation. In conclusion, we propose some potential enhancements to optical biosensors utilized in detecting EXO, utilizing various NP materials such as silicon NPs, graphene oxide (GO), metal NPs, and quantum dots (QDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | | | | | - Ameer Kadhim Al-Aridhy
- College of Health and Medical Technology, National University of Science and Technology, Dhi Qar, 64001, Iraq
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Dai P, Ma C, Chen C, Liang M, Dong S, Chen H, Zhang X. Unlocking Genetic Mysteries during the Epic Sperm Journey toward Fertilization: Further Expanding Cre Mouse Lines. Biomolecules 2024; 14:529. [PMID: 38785936 PMCID: PMC11117649 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The spatiotemporal expression patterns of genes are crucial for maintaining normal physiological functions in animals. Conditional gene knockout using the cyclization recombination enzyme (Cre)/locus of crossover of P1 (Cre/LoxP) strategy has been extensively employed for functional assays at specific tissue or developmental stages. This approach aids in uncovering the associations between phenotypes and gene regulation while minimizing interference among distinct tissues. Various Cre-engineered mouse models have been utilized in the male reproductive system, including Dppa3-MERCre for primordial germ cells, Ddx4-Cre and Stra8-Cre for spermatogonia, Prm1-Cre and Acrv1-iCre for haploid spermatids, Cyp17a1-iCre for the Leydig cell, Sox9-Cre for the Sertoli cell, and Lcn5/8/9-Cre for differentiated segments of the epididymis. Notably, the specificity and functioning stage of Cre recombinases vary, and the efficiency of recombination driven by Cre depends on endogenous promoters with different sequences as well as the constructed Cre vectors, even when controlled by an identical promoter. Cre mouse models generated via traditional recombination or CRISPR/Cas9 also exhibit distinct knockout properties. This review focuses on Cre-engineered mouse models applied to the male reproductive system, including Cre-targeting strategies, mouse model screening, and practical challenges encountered, particularly with novel mouse strains over the past decade. It aims to provide valuable references for studies conducted on the male reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoning Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; (P.D.); (C.M.); (C.C.); (M.L.); (S.D.); (H.C.)
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Yu X, Du Z, Zhu P, Liao B. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of exosomal microRNAs in renal cancer. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:273-286. [PMID: 38388810 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00568-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the tubular epithelial cells of the nephron. It has the highest mortality rate among urological cancers. There are no effective therapeutic approaches and no non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and follow-up. Thus, suitable novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are essential for improving RCC diagnosis/prognosis and treatment. Circulating exosomes such as exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miRs) provide non-invasive prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and valuable therapeutic targets, as they can be easily isolated and quantified and show high sensitivity and specificity. Exosomes secreted by an RCC can exhibit alterations in the miRs' profile that may reflect the cellular origin and (patho)physiological state, as a ''signature'' or ''fingerprint'' of the donor cell. It has been shown that the transportation of renal-specific miRs in exosomes can be rapidly detected and measured, holding great potential as biomarkers in RCC. The present review highlights the studies reporting tumor microenvironment-derived Exo-miRs with therapeutic potential as well as circulating Exo-miRs as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Zhongbo Du
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Pingyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Bo Liao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China.
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Bai X, Wang Y, Ma X, Yang Y, Deng C, Sun M, Lin C, Zhang L. Periodontal ligament cells-derived exosomes promote osteoclast differentiation via modulating macrophage polarization. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1465. [PMID: 38233593 PMCID: PMC10794214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that exosomes (Exos) are involved in the regulation of macrophage polarization and osteoclast differentiation. However, the characteristics as well as roles of exosomes from human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs-Exos) in M1/M2 macrophage polarization and osteoclast differentiation remain unclear. Here, periodontal ligament cells were successfully extracted by method of improved Type-I collagen enzyme digestion. hPDLCs-Exos were extracted by ultracentrifugation. hPDLCs-Exos were identified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blotting (WB). Osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), WB and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. M1/M2 macrophage polarization were evaluated by RT-qPCR and WB. The results showed hPDLCs-Exos promoted osteoclast differentiation and M2 macrophage polarization, but inhibited M1 macrophage polarization. Moreover, M1 macrophages inhibited osteoclast differentiation, whereas M2 macrophages promoted osteoclast differentiation. It has shown that hPDLCs-Exos promoted osteoclast differentiation by inhibiting M1 and promoting M2 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Bai
- School of Medical, NanKai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Yingxue Wang
- Tianjin Kanghui Hospital, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300385, China
| | - Xinyuan Ma
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China
- School of Clinical Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | | | - Cong Deng
- School of Medical, NanKai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China
| | - Mengling Sun
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China
- School of Clinical Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China.
| | - Linkun Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, 300041, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300041, China.
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Liao L, Wang H, Wei D, Yi M, Gu Y, Zhang M, Wang L. Exosomal microRNAs: implications in the pathogenesis and clinical applications of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1300864. [PMID: 38143562 PMCID: PMC10748509 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1300864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a severe acute neurological disorder with a high fatality rate. Early brain injury (EBI) and cerebral vasospasm are two critical complications of SAH that significantly contribute to poor prognosis. Currently, surgical intervention and interventional therapy are the main treatment options for SAH, but their effectiveness is limited. Exosomes, which are a type of extracellular vesicles, play a crucial role in intercellular communication and have been extensively studied in the past decade due to their potential influence on disease progression, diagnosis, and treatment. As one of the most important components of exosomes, miRNA plays both direct and indirect roles in affecting disease progression. Previous research has found that exosomal miRNA is involved in the development of various diseases, such as tumors, chronic hepatitis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and SAH. This review focuses on exploring the impact of exosomal miRNA on SAH, including its influence on neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory response, and immune activation following SAH. Furthermore, this review highlights the potential clinical applications of exosomal miRNA in the treatment of SAH. Although current research on this topic is limited and the clinical application of exosomal miRNA has inherent limitations, we aim to provide a concise summary of existing research progress and offer new insights for future research directions and trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishang Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Deli Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People’s Hospital of Fushun County, Zigong, China
| | - Mingliang Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People’s Hospital of Fushun County, Zigong, China
| | - Yingjiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People’s Hospital of Fushun County, Zigong, China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Research Center of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Khani-Eshratabadi M, Mousavi SH, Zarrabi M, Motallebzadeh Khanmiri J, Zeinali Bardar Z. Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Microvesicles Could Induce Apoptosis and Autophagy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2023; 27:247-56. [PMID: 37873637 PMCID: PMC10707811 DOI: 10.61186/ibj.27.5.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Microvesicles (MV) have been identified as candidate biomarkers for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study investigated the effects of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC)-derived MVs on apoptosis and autophagy in the KG-1 leukemic cell line. Methods The hUCMSCs were cultured and characterized by flow cytometry. MVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation, and the concentration was determined using the Bradford method. The characteristics of MVs were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and dynamic light scattering methods. KG-1 cells were treated with the desired concentrations of MVs for 24 h. The apoptosis induction and reactive oxygen species production were evaluated using flow cytometry. RT-PCR was performed to evaluate apoptosis- and autophagy-related genes expression. Results Following tretment of KG-1 cells with 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml concentrations of MVs, the apoptosis rates were 47.85%, 47.15%, and 51.35% (p < 0.0001), and the autophagy-induced ROS levels were 73.9% (p < 0.0002), 84.8% (p < 0.0001), and 85.4% (p < 0.0001), respectively. BAX and ATG7 gene expression increased significantly at all concentrations compared to the control, and this level was higher at 50 μg/ml than that of the other concentrations. In addition, LC3 and Beclin 1 expression increased significantly in a concentration-dependen manner. Conversely, BCL2 expression decreased compared to the control. Conclusion Our findings indicate that hUCMSC-MVs could induce cell death pathways of autophagy and apoptosis in the KG-1 cell lines and exert potent antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects on KG-1 cells in vitro. Therefore, hUCMSC-MVs may be a potential approach for cancer therapy as a novel cell-to-cell communication strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khani-Eshratabadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Kashmar School of Medical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hadi Mousavi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zarrabi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamal Motallebzadeh Khanmiri
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zeinali Bardar
- Kashmar School of Medical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Korobkova L, Morin EL, Aoued H, Sannigrahi S, Garza KM, Siebert ER, Walum H, Cabeen RP, Sanchez MM, Dias BG. RNA in extracellular vesicles during adolescence reveal immune, energetic and microbial imprints of early life adversity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.23.529808. [PMID: 36865138 PMCID: PMC9980043 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.23.529808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to early life adversity (ELA), including childhood maltreatment, is one of the most significant risk factors for the emergence of neuropsychiatric disorders in adolescence and adulthood. Despite this relationship being well established, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. One way to achieve this understanding is to identify molecular pathways and processes that are perturbed as a consequence of childhood maltreatment. Ideally, these perturbations would be evident as changes in DNA, RNA or protein profiles in easily accessible biological samples collected in the shadow of childhood maltreatment. In this study, we isolated circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) from plasma collected from adolescent rhesus macaques that had either experienced nurturing maternal care (CONT) or maternal maltreatment (MALT) in infancy. RNA sequencing of RNA in plasma EVs and gene enrichment analysis revealed that genes related to translation, ATP synthesis, mitochondrial function and immune response were downregulated in MALT samples, while genes involved in ion transport, metabolism and cell differentiation were upregulated. Interestingly, we found that a significant proportion of EV RNA aligned to the microbiome and that MALT altered the diversity of microbiome-associated RNA signatures found in EVs. Part of this altered diversity suggested differences in prevalence of bacterial species in CONT and MALT animals noted in the RNA signatures of the circulating EVs. Our findings provide evidence that immune function, cellular energetics and the microbiome may be important conduits via which infant maltreatment exerts effects on physiology and behavior in adolescence and adulthood. As a corollary, perturbations of RNA profiles related to immune function, cellular energetics and the microbiome may serve as biomarkers of responsiveness to ELA. Our results demonstrate that RNA profiles in EVs can serve as a powerful proxy to identify biological processes that might be perturbed by ELA and that may contribute to the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders in the aftermath of ELA.
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Dai Y, Chen Y, Hu Y, Zhang L. Current knowledge and future perspectives on exosomes in the field of regenerative medicine: a bibliometric analysis. Regen Med 2023; 18:123-136. [PMID: 36325823 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2022-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to use bibliometric analysis to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the research of exosomes in the field of regenerative medicine and to provide research hotspots and trends in this field. Materials & methods: Bibliometric analysis and data presentation were performed by VOSviewer and Microsoft Excel. Results: China was the major contributor to research in this field and enjoys a high reputation in academia. The highest contributing institution is Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Research hotspots included exosome-mediated neurovascular regeneration, exosome mechanism research, exosome-mediated cartilage regeneration and repair and exosome-mediated cardiac regeneration. Research was trending in the treatment of osteoarthritis, knee disease and cartilage regeneration and repair. Conclusion: This study provides a panoramic view of the application of exosomes in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Dai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yiming Hu
- Department of Plastic & Aesthetic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lianbo Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
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12
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Sabbaghian A, Mussack V, Kirchner B, Bui MLU, Kalani MR, Pfaffl MW, Golalipour M. A panel of blood-derived miRNAs with a stable expression pattern as a potential pan-cancer detection signature. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1030749. [PMID: 36589227 PMCID: PMC9798419 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1030749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: MicroRNAs have a significant role in the regulation of the transcriptome. Several miRNAs have been proposed as potential biomarkers in different malignancies. However, contradictory results have been reported on the capability of miRNA biomarkers in cancer detection. The human biological clock involves molecular mechanisms that regulate several genes over time. Therefore, the sampling time becomes one of the significant factors in gene expression studies. Method: In the present study, we have tried to find miRNAs with minimum fluctuation in expression levels at different time points that could be more accurate candidates as diagnostic biomarkers. The small RNA-seq raw data of ten healthy individuals across nine-time points were analyzed to identify miRNAs with stable expression. Results: We have found five oscillation patterns. The stable miRNAs were investigated in 779 small-RNA-seq datasets of eleven cancer types. All miRNAs with the highest differential expression were selected for further analysis. The selected miRNAs were explored for functional pathways. The predominantly enriched pathways were miRNA in cancer and the P53-signaling pathway. Finally, we have found seven miRNAs, including miR-142-3p, miR-199a-5p, miR-223-5p, let-7d-5p, miR-148b-3p, miR-340-5p, and miR-421. These miRNAs showed minimum fluctuation in healthy blood and were dysregulated in the blood of eleven cancer types. Conclusion: We have found a signature of seven stable miRNAs which dysregulate in several cancer types and may serve as potential pan-cancer biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sabbaghian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Advanced Technologies Faculty, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Veronika Mussack
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kirchner
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria L. U. Bui
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Kalani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Advanced Technologies Faculty, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Department of Animal Physiology and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Masoud Golalipour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Advanced Technologies Faculty, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran,*Correspondence: Masoud Golalipour,
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13
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Truong AD, Kang S, Dang HV, Hong Y, Vu TH, Heo J, Chu NT, Nguyen HT, Tran HTT, Hong YH. Small RNA sequencing and profiling of serum-derived exosomes from African swine fever virus-infected pigs. J Anim Sci 2022; 101:6881709. [PMID: 36478238 PMCID: PMC9940739 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) virus (ASFV) is responsible for one of the most severe swine diseases worldwide, with a morbidity rate of up to 100%; no vaccines or antiviral medicines are available against the virus. Exosomal miRNAs from individual cells can regulate the immune response to infectious diseases. In this study, pigs were infected with an ASFV Pig/HN/07 strain that was classified as acute form, and exosomal miRNA expression in the serum of infected pigs was analyzed using small RNA sequencing (small RNA-seq). Twenty-seven differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs were identified in the ASFV-infected pigs compared to that in the uninfected controls. Of these, 10 were upregulated and 17 were downregulated in the infected pigs. All DE miRNAs were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) terms and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and the DE miRNAs were found to be highly involved in T-cell receptor signaling, cGMP-PKG signaling, Toll-like receptor, MAPK signaling, and mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, the Cytoscape network analysis identified the network of interactions between DE miRNAs and target genes. Finally, the transcription levels of four miRNA genes (ssc-miR-24-3p, ssc-miR-130b-3p, ssc-let-7a, and ssc-let-7c) were examined using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and were found to be consistent with the small RNA-seq data. These DE miRNAs were associated with cellular genes involved in the pathways related to immune response, virus-host interactions, and several viral genes. Overall, our findings provide an important reference and improve our understanding of ASF pathogenesis and the immune or protective responses during an acute infection in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Hao Vu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jubi Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Nhu Thi Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Dong Da, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Wang Y, Liang H, Zheng J. Exosomal microRNAs mediating crosstalk between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 239:154159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Actin dynamics in protein homeostasis. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231720. [PMID: 36043949 PMCID: PMC9469105 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell homeostasis is maintained in all organisms by the constant adjustment of cell constituents and organisation to account for environmental context. Fine-tuning of the optimal balance of proteins for the conditions, or protein homeostasis, is critical to maintaining cell homeostasis. Actin, a major constituent of the cytoskeleton, forms many different structures which are acutely sensitive to the cell environment. Furthermore, actin structures interact with and are critically important for the function and regulation of multiple factors involved with mRNA and protein production and degradation, and protein regulation. Altogether, actin is a key, if often overlooked, regulator of protein homeostasis across eukaryotes. In this review, we highlight these roles and how they are altered following cell stress, from mRNA transcription to protein degradation.
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16
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Likonen D, Pinchasi M, Beery E, Sarsor Z, Signorini LF, Gervits A, Sharan R, Lahav M, Raanani P, Uziel O. Exosomal telomerase transcripts reprogram the microRNA transcriptome profile of fibroblasts and partially contribute to CAF formation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16415. [PMID: 36180493 PMCID: PMC9525320 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that cancer cells change their microenvironment from normal to tumor-supportive state to provide sustained tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance. These processes are partially carried out by exosomes, nano-sized vesicles secreted from cells, shuttled from donor to recipient cells containing a cargo of nucleic acids, proteins and lipids. By transferring biologically active molecules, cancer-derived exosomes may transform microenvironmental cells to become tumor supportive. Telomerase activity is regarded as a hallmark of cancer. We have recently shown that the transcript of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), is packaged in cancer cells derived- exosomes. Following the engulfment of the hTERT transcript into fibroblasts, it is translated into a fully active enzyme [after assembly with its RNA component (hTERC) subunit]. Telomerase activity in the recipient, otherwise telomerase negative cells, provides them with a survival advantage. Here we show that exosomal telomerase might play a role in modifying normal fibroblasts into cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) by upregulating \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathrm{\alpha }$$\end{document}αSMA and Vimentin, two CAF markers. We also show that telomerase activity changes the transcriptome of microRNA in these fibroblasts. By ectopically expressing microRNA 342, one of the top identified microRNAs, we show that it may mediate the proliferative phenotype that these cells acquire upon taking-up exosomal hTERT, providing them with a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Likonen
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Maria Pinchasi
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Einat Beery
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Zinab Sarsor
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | | | - Asia Gervits
- School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roded Sharan
- School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Meir Lahav
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Pia Raanani
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
| | - Orit Uziel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel. .,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
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17
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Exosomal Micro-RNAs as Intercellular Communicators in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911047. [PMID: 36232350 PMCID: PMC9569972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between neighboring or distant cells is made through a complex network that includes extracellular vesicles (EVs). Exosomes, which are a subgroup of EVs, are released from most cell types and have been found in biological fluids such as urine, plasma, and airway secretions like bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), nasal lavage, saliva, and sputum. Mainly, the cargo exosomes are enriched with mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), which can be transferred to a recipient cell consequently modifying and redirecting its biological function. The effects of miRNAs derive from their role as gene expression regulators by repressing or degrading their target mRNAs. Nowadays, various types of research are focused on evaluating the potential of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of different pathologies. Nevertheless, there are few reports on their role in the pathophysiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), a chronic lung disease characterized by progressive lung scarring with no cure. In this review, we focus on the role and effect of exosomal miRNAs as intercellular communicators in the onset and progression of IPF, as well as discussing their potential utility as therapeutic agents for the treatment of this disease.
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18
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Laish I, Levi Z, Mahajna H, Albshesh A, Horesh N, Katz E, Feldman D, Shinar N, Picard O, Yavzori M, Fudim E, Raanani P, Berger T, Goldvaser H, Beery E, Uziel O. Characterization of blood-derived exosomal hTERT mRNA as a biomarker for colon cancer and Lynch syndrome. Front Oncol 2022; 12:962473. [PMID: 36203446 PMCID: PMC9530579 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.962473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT)- mRNA was shown to be elevated in exosomes derived from the sera of a variety of hematological and solid cancer patients. We aimed to evaluate its role as a diagnostic marker in patients with newly diagnosed colon cancer and in hereditary syndromes with predisposition to colon cancer. Methods hTERT -mRNA levels were determined in serum-derived exosomes from 88 patients with colon cancer, 71 Lynch-syndrome carriers with unknown active malignancies and 50 healthy controls. Data, including demographics, background diseases, clinical data regarding tumor characteristics and genetic data, were retrieved data from medical files. Results Patients with colon cancer had both higher exosomal hTERT mRNA levels and a higher proportion of patients with positive exosomal hTERT mRNA than controls (29.5% vs. 4%, respectively, P values < 0.001). Within the cancer group, patients with a metastatic disease had higher levels of telomerase mRNA than non-metastatic disease patients, and these levels correlated with CEA levels. Likewise, Lynch syndrome carriers had a higher proportion of positive exosomal hTERT mRNA than controls (21.1% vs. 4%, respectively, P value 0.008) but only a trend towards higher exosomal hTERT mRNA levels. Higher telomerase mRNA levels were not correlated with the mutated gene. Conclusions Exosomal serum hTERT –mRNA levels are associated with metastatic colon cancer and were also demonstrated in a subset of Lynch syndrome carriers. Its significance as a biomarker for developing malignancy should be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Laish
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Ido Laish,
| | - Zohar Levi
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Hussein Mahajna
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ahmad Albshesh
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Horesh
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Surgery and Transplantations B/C, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Efraim Katz
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Surgery and Transplantations B/C, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Dan Feldman
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - Nadav Shinar
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - Orit Picard
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miri Yavzori
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ella Fudim
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Pia Raanani
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Tamar Berger
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Davidoff Cancer Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Hadar Goldvaser
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Oncology, Shaare – Zedek Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Beery
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Orit Uziel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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19
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Unifying Different Cancer Theories in a Unique Tumour Model: Chronic Inflammation and Deaminases as Meeting Points. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158720. [PMID: 35955853 PMCID: PMC9368936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in cancer incidences shows that there is a need to better understand tumour heterogeneity to achieve efficient treatments. Interestingly, there are several common features among almost all types of cancers, with chronic inflammation induction and deaminase dysfunctions singled out. Deaminases are a family of enzymes with nucleotide-editing capacity, which are classified into two main groups: DNA-based and RNA-based. Remarkably, a close relationship between inflammation and the dysregulation of these molecules has been widely documented, which may explain the characteristic intratumor heterogeneity, both at DNA and transcriptional levels. Indeed, heterogeneity in cancer makes it difficult to establish a unique tumour progression model. Currently, there are three main cancer models—stochastic, hierarchic, and dynamic—although there is no consensus on which one better resembles cancer biology because they are usually overly simplified. Here, to accurately explain tumour progression, we propose interactions among chronic inflammation, deaminases dysregulation, intratumor genetic heterogeneity, cancer phenotypic plasticity, and even the previously proposed appearance of cancer stem-like cell populations in the edges of advanced solid tumour masses (instead of being the cells of origin of primary malignancies). The new tumour development model proposed in this study does not contradict previously accepted models and it may open up a window to interesting therapeutic approaches.
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Matsuzaka Y, Yashiro R. Immune Modulation Using Extracellular Vesicles Encapsulated with MicroRNAs as Novel Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105658. [PMID: 35628473 PMCID: PMC9146104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-tolerance involves protection from self-reactive B and T cells via negative selection during differentiation, programmed cell death, and inhibition of regulatory T cells. The breakdown of immune tolerance triggers various autoimmune diseases, owing to a lack of distinction between self-antigens and non-self-antigens. Exosomes are non-particles that are approximately 50–130 nm in diameter. Extracellular vesicles can be used for in vivo cell-free transmission to enable intracellular delivery of proteins and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs encapsulated in exosomes can regulate the molecular pathways involved in the immune response through post-transcriptional regulation. Herein, we sought to summarize and review the molecular mechanisms whereby exosomal miRNAs modulate the expression of genes involved in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku 108-8639, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5449-5372
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira 187-8551, Tokyo, Japan; or
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Exosome-derived miR-200a promotes esophageal cancer cell proliferation and migration via the mediating Keap1 expression. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1295-1308. [PMID: 35137328 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that exosomes bearing certain microRNAs (miRNAs) are related to the physiological functions of different types of cancer cells. Our study aimed to elucidate the role of miR-200a in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We observed that miR-200a expression is higher in esophageal carcinoma cells, tissues, and exosomes than in normal cells and healthy tissues. We showed that exosome-shuttled miR-200a promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of esophageal cells and inhibits apoptosis, thereby leading to the progression of ESCC. We showed that miR-200a exerts its effects through its interaction with Keap1, thus altering the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Our results suggest that exosome-shuttled miR-200a might be useful as a biomarker for prognosis in patients with ESCC.
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22
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Peng L, Chen Y, Shi S, Wen H. Stem cell-derived and circulating exosomal microRNAs as new potential tools for diabetic nephropathy management. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:25. [PMID: 35073973 PMCID: PMC8785577 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02696-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite major advances in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in recent years, it remains the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. An early diagnosis and therapy may slow down the DN progression. Numerous potential biomarkers are currently being researched. Circulating levels of the kidney-released exosomes and biological molecules, which reflect the DN pathology including glomerular and tubular dysfunction as well as mesangial expansion and fibrosis, have shown the potential for predicting the occurrence and progression of DN. Moreover, many experimental therapies are currently being investigated, including stem cell therapy and medications targeting inflammatory, oxidant, or pro-fibrotic pathways activated during the DN progression. The therapeutic potential of stem cells is partly depending on their secretory capacity, particularly exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miRs). In recent years, a growing line of research has shown the participation of Exo-miRs in the pathophysiological processes of DN, which may provide effective therapeutic and biomarker tools for DN treatment. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar to collect published findings regarding therapeutic stem cell-derived Exo-miRs for DN treatment as well as circulating Exo-miRs as potential DN-associated biomarkers. FINDINGS Glomerular mesangial cells and podocytes are the most important culprits in the pathogenesis of DN and, thus, can be considered valuable therapeutic targets. Preclinical investigations have shown that stem cell-derived exosomes can exert beneficial effects in DN by transferring renoprotective miRs to the injured mesangial cells and podocytes. Of note, renoprotective Exo-miR-125a secreted by adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells can improve the injured mesangial cells, while renoprotective Exo-miRs secreted by adipose-derived stem cells (Exo-miR-486 and Exo-miR-215-5p), human urine-derived stem cells (Exo-miR-16-5p), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Exo-miR-let-7a) can improve the injured podocytes. On the other hand, clinical investigations have indicated that circulating Exo-miRs isolated from urine or serum hold great potential as promising biomarkers in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Shaoqing Shi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China.
| | - Heling Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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Zhou C, Shen S, Moran R, Deng N, Marbán E, Melmed S. Pituitary Somatotroph Adenoma-derived Exosomes: Characterization of Nonhormonal Actions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:379-397. [PMID: 34467411 PMCID: PMC8764361 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The identification and biological actions of pituitary-derived exosomes remain elusive. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to validate production of exosomes derived from human and rat pituitary and elucidate their actions. METHODS Isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs) were analyzed by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) and expressed exosomal markers detected by Western blot, using nonpituitary fibroblast FR and myoblast H9C2 cells as controls. Exosome inhibitor GW4869 was employed to detect attenuated EV release. Exosomal RNA contents were characterized by RNA sequencing. In vitro and in vivo hepatocyte signaling alterations responding to GH1-derived exosomes (GH1-exo) were delineated by mRNA sequencing. GH1-exo actions on protein synthesis, cAMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate) response, cell motility, and metastases were assessed. RESULTS NTA, exosomal marker detection, and GW4869 attenuated EV release, confirming the exosomal identity of pituitary EVs. Hydrocortisone increased exosome secretion in GH1 and GH3 cells, suggesting a stress-associated response. Exosomal RNA contents showed profiles distinct for pituitary cells, and rat primary hepatocytes exposed to GH1-exo exhibited transcriptomic alterations distinct from those elicited by growth hormone or prolactin. Intravenous GH1-exo injection into rats attenuated hepatic Eif2ak2 and Atf4 mRNA expression, both involved in cAMP responses and amino acid biosynthesis. GH1-exo suppressed protein synthesis and forskolin-induced cAMP levels in hepatocytes. GH1-exo-treated HCT116 cells showed dysregulated p53 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and attenuated motility of malignant HCT116 cells, and decreased tumor metastases in nude mice harboring splenic HCT116 implants. CONCLUSION Our findings elucidate biological actions of somatotroph-derived exosomes and implicate exosomes as nonhormonal pituitary-derived messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Stephen Shen
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Rosemary Moran
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Nan Deng
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Eduardo Marbán
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Shlomo Melmed
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
- Correspondence: Shlomo Melmed, MB ChB, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd, NT 2015, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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24
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Wu A, Wolley MJ, Fenton RA, Stowasser M. Using human urinary extracellular vesicles to study physiological and pathophysiological states and regulation of the sodium chloride cotransporter. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:981317. [PMID: 36105401 PMCID: PMC9465297 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.981317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter (NCC), expressed in the renal distal convoluted tubule, plays a major role in Na+, Cl- and K+ homeostasis and blood pressure as exemplified by the symptoms of patients with non-functional NCC and Gitelman syndrome. NCC activity is modulated by a variety of hormones, but is also influenced by the extracellular K+ concentration. The putative "renal-K+ switch" mechanism is a relatively cohesive model that links dietary K+ intake to NCC activity, and may offer new targets for blood pressure control. However, a remaining hurdle for full acceptance of this model is the lack of human data to confirm molecular findings from animal models. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted attention from the scientific community due to their potential roles in intercellular communication, disease pathogenesis, drug delivery and as possible reservoirs of biomarkers. Urinary EVs (uEVs) are an excellent sample source for the study of physiology and pathology of renal, urothelial and prostate tissues, but the diverse origins of uEVs and their dynamic molecular composition present both methodological and data interpretation challenges. This review provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art, challenges and knowledge gaps in current uEV-based analyses, with a focus on the application of uEVs to study the "renal-K+ switch" and NCC regulation. We also provide recommendations regarding biospecimen handling, processing and reporting requirements to improve experimental reproducibility and interoperability towards the realisation of the potential of uEV-derived biomarkers in hypertension and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Wu
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin J. Wolley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael Stowasser,
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25
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Perpetuo L, Ferreira R, Thongboonkerd V, Guedes S, Amado F, Vitorino R. Urinary exosomes: Diagnostic impact with a bioinformatic approach. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 111:69-99. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Albanese M, Chen YFA, Hüls C, Gärtner K, Tagawa T, Mejias-Perez E, Keppler OT, Göbel C, Zeidler R, Shein M, Schütz AK, Hammerschmidt W. MicroRNAs are minor constituents of extracellular vesicles that are rarely delivered to target cells. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009951. [PMID: 34871319 PMCID: PMC8675925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells release different types of vesicles, collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs contain cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) with an apparent potential to deliver their miRNA cargo to recipient cells to affect the stability of individual mRNAs and the cells’ transcriptome. The extent to which miRNAs are exported via the EV route and whether they contribute to cell-cell communication are controversial. To address these issues, we defined multiple properties of EVs and analyzed their capacity to deliver packaged miRNAs into target cells to exert biological functions. We applied well-defined approaches to produce and characterize purified EVs with or without specific viral miRNAs. We found that only a small fraction of EVs carried miRNAs. EVs readily bound to different target cell types, but EVs did not fuse detectably with cellular membranes to deliver their cargo. We engineered EVs to be fusogenic and document their capacity to deliver functional messenger RNAs. Engineered fusogenic EVs, however, did not detectably alter the functionality of cells exposed to miRNA-carrying EVs. These results suggest that EV-borne miRNAs do not act as effectors of cell-to-cell communication. The majority of metazoan cells release vesicles of different types and origins, such as exosomes and microvesicles, now collectively termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs have gained much attention because they contain microRNAs (miRNAs) and thus could regulate their specific mRNA targets in recipient or acceptor cells that take up EVs. Using a novel fusion assay with superior sensitivity and specificity, we revisited this claim but found no convincing evidence for an efficient functional uptake of EVs in many different cell lines and primary human blood cells. Even EVs engineered to fuse and deliver their miRNA cargo to recipient cells had no measurable effect on target mRNAs in very carefully controlled, quantitative experiments. Our negative results clearly indicate that EVs do not act as vehicles for miRNA-based cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Albanese
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (MA); (WH)
| | - Yen-Fu Adam Chen
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Corinna Hüls
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Gärtner
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Takanobu Tagawa
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Ernesto Mejias-Perez
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine, LMU München, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Göbel
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Zeidler
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mikhail Shein
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Anne K. Schütz
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hammerschmidt
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (MA); (WH)
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Exosomal OTULIN from M2 macrophages promotes the recovery of spinal cord injuries via stimulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway-mediated vascular regeneration. Acta Biomater 2021; 136:519-532. [PMID: 34551329 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization following spinal cord injury (SCI) provides trophic support for rebuilding up and maintaining the homeostasis of neuronal networks, and the promotion of angiogenesis is beneficial for functional recovery after SCI. M2 macrophages have been reported to exhibit powerful pro-angiogenic functions during tissue repair. Exosomes are important paracrine mediators of their parent cells and play critical roles in tissue regeneration. However, the role of M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2-Exos) in SCI is still largely unknown. In the present study, we determined that M2-Exos could augment the angiogenic activities of spinal cord microvascular endothelial cells (SCMECs) in vitro. Hydrogel-mediated sustained release of M2-Exos significantly promoted vascular regeneration and functional recovery in mice after SCI. Furthermore, proteomics analysis showed that ubiquitin thioesterase otulin (OTULIN) protein was highly enriched in M2-Exos. Functional assays demonstrated that OTULIN protein was required for the M2-Exos-induced pro-angiogenic effects in SCMECs, as well as positive effects on vascular regeneration, cell proliferation, and functional recovery in the mouse model of SCI. Mechanically, OTULIN from M2-Exos could activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by increasing the protein level of β-catenin via inhibiting its ubiquitination and trigger the expression of angiogenesis-related genes that are reported to be the downstream targets of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by ICG001 markedly attenuated the pro-angiogenic activities of M2-Exos in vitro/vivo. Our findings indicate that M2-Exos positively modulate vascular regeneration and neurological functional recovery after SCI by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling through the transfer of OTULIN protein. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: M2 macrophages have been identified to promote vascular regeneration, cell proliferation and tissue growth after spinal cord injury (SCI), which is beneficial to the functional recovery. Exosomes are essential paracrine mediators involved in cell-to-cell communication and play important roles in tissue regeneration. In the present study, we revealed that M2 macrophages-derived exosomes (M2-Exos) could promote functional recovery post SCI by targeting angiogenesis. We demonstrated for the first time that OTULIN protein from M2-Exos mediated the angiogenic effects through activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and triggering the expression of angiogenic-related genes in spinal cord microvascular endothelial cells (SCMECs). The hydrogel-M2-Exos sustained released system provides potential therapeutic clues of local cell-free interventions for the treatment of SCI.
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28
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Microglia-Derived Exosomes Improve Spinal Cord Functional Recovery after Injury via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Promoting the Survival and Function of Endothelia Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1695087. [PMID: 34484559 PMCID: PMC8413072 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1695087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease of the central nervous system with long-term disability and high mortality worldwide. Revascularization following SCI provides nutritional supports to rebuild and maintain the homeostasis of neuronal networks, and the subsequent promotion of angiogenesis is beneficial for functional recovery. Oxidative stress drastically produced following SCI has been contributed to endothelial dysfunction and the limited endogenous repair of microvasculature. Recently, exosomes, being regarded as potential therapeutic candidates for many kinds of diseases, have attracted great attentions due to its high bioavailability, safety, and stability. Microglia have been reported to exhibit proangiogenic function and guide the forming of vasculature during tissue repair. However, the specific role of microglia-derived exosomes (MG-Exos) played in SCI is still largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether MG-Exos could protect spinal cord microvascular endothelial cells (SCMECs) against the toxic effects of oxidative stress, thus promote SCMECs' survival and function. We also investigated the protective effects of MG-Exos in the mouse model of SCI to verify their capability. Our results demonstrated that MG-Exo treatment significantly decreased the level of oxidative stress (ROS), as well as did the protein levels of NOX2 when bEnd.3 cells were exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Functional assays showed that MG-Exos could improve the survival and the ability of tube formation and migration in H2O2-induced bEnd.3 in vitro. Moreover, MG-Exos exhibited the positive effects on vascular regeneration and cell proliferation, as well as functional recovery, in the mouse model of SCI. Mechanically, the keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway was also investigated in order to unveil its molecular mechanism, and the results showed that MG-Exos could increase the protein levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 via inhibiting the keap1; they also triggered the expression of its downstream antioxidative-related genes, such as NQo1, Gclc, Cat, and Gsx1. Our findings indicated that MG-Exos exerted an antioxidant effect and positively modulated vascular regeneration and neurological functional recovery post-SCI by activating keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.
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29
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Agarwal S, Agarwal V, Agarwal M, Singh M. Exosomes: Structure, Biogenesis, Types and Application in Diagnosis and Gene and Drug Delivery. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 20:195-206. [PMID: 32787759 DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200731011702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent times, several approaches for targeted gene therapy (GT) had been studied. However, the emergence of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a shuttle carrying genetic information between cells has gained a lot of interest in scientific communities. Owing to their higher capabilities in dealing with short sequences of nucleic acid (mRNA, miRNA), proteins, recombinant proteins, exosomes, the most popular form of EVs are viewed as reliable biological therapeutic conveyers. They have natural access through every biological membrane and can be employed for site-specific and efficient drug delivery without eliciting any immune responses hence, qualifying as an ideal delivery vehicle. Also, there are many research studies conducted in the last few decades on using exosome-mediated gene therapy into developing an effective therapy with the concept of a higher degree of precision in gene isolation, purification and delivery mechanism loading, delivery and targeting protocols. This review discusses several facets that contribute towards developing an efficient therapeutic regime for gene therapy, highlighting limitations and drawbacks associated with current GT and suggested therapeutic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shriya Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Mugdha Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology (JIIT) Noida, U.P., India
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30
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Yuan P, Ding L, Chen H, Wang Y, Li C, Zhao S, Yang X, Ma Y, Zhu J, Qi X, Zhang Y, Xia X, Zheng JC. Neural Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Regulate Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Through miR-9-Hes1 Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:601600. [PMID: 34055767 PMCID: PMC8155619 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.601600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, a key element of the central nervous system microenvironment, mediate intercellular communication via horizontally transferring bioactive molecules. Emerging evidence has implicated exosomes in the regulation of neurogenesis. Recently, we compared the neurogenic potential of exosomes released from primary mouse embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) and astrocyte-reprogrammed NSCs, and observed diverse neurogenic potential of those two exosome populations in vitro. However, the roles of NSC-derived exosomes on NSC differentiation and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we firstly demonstrated that NSC-derived exosomes facilitate the differentiation of NSCs and the maturation of both neuronal and glial cells in defined conditions. We then identified miR-9, a pro-neural miRNA, as the most abundantly expressed miRNA in NSC-derived exosomes. The silencing of miR-9 in exosomes abrogates the positive effects of NSC-derived exosomes on the differentiation of NSCs. We further identified Hes1 as miR-9 downstream target, as the transfection of Hes1 siRNA restored the differentiation promoting potential of NSC-derived exosomes after knocking down exosomal miR-9. Thus, our data indicate that NSC-derived exosomes facilitate the differentiation of NSCs via transferring miR-9, which sheds light on the development of cell-free therapeutic strategies for treating neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yuan
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Ding
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huili Chen
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Li
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhao
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yizhao Ma
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinrui Qi
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Xia
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Keysberg C, Hertel O, Schelletter L, Busche T, Sochart C, Kalinowski J, Hoffrogge R, Otte K, Noll T. Exploring the molecular content of CHO exosomes during bioprocessing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3673-3689. [PMID: 33937930 PMCID: PMC8102462 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Abstract In biopharmaceutical production, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells derived from Cricetulus griseus remain the most commonly used host cell for recombinant protein production, especially antibodies. Over the last decade, in-depth multi-omics characterization of these CHO cells provided data for extensive cell line engineering and corresponding increases in productivity. However, exosomes, extracellular vesicles containing proteins and nucleic acids, are barely researched at all in CHO cells. Exosomes have been proven to be a ubiquitous mediator of intercellular communication and are proposed as new biopharmaceutical format for drug delivery, indicator reflecting host cell condition and anti-apoptotic factor in spent media. Here we provide a brief overview of different separation techniques and subsequently perform a proteome and regulatory, non-coding RNA analysis of exosomes, derived from lab-scale bioreactor cultivations of a CHO-K1 cell line, to lay out reference data for further research in the field. Applying bottom-up orbitrap shotgun proteomics and next-generation small RNA sequencing, we detected 1395 proteins, 144 micro RNA (miRNA), and 914 PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) species differentially across the phases of a batch cultivation process. The exosomal proteome and RNA data are compared with other extracellular fractions and cell lysate, yielding several significantly exosome-enriched species. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Key points • First-time comprehensive protein and miRNA characterization of CHO exosomes. • Isolation protocol and time point of bioprocess strongly affect quality of extracellular vesicles. • CHO-derived exosomes also contain numerous piRNA species of yet unknown function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11309-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Keysberg
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany. .,University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Oliver Hertel
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Louise Schelletter
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Raimund Hoffrogge
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Thomas Noll
- Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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32
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Wang X, Liu H, Liao X, Qiao L, Zhu L, Wu S, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Li B, Lin L, Ma J, Gu Q, Shu J. Dissecting the Roles of LncRNAs in the Development of Periventricular White Matter Damage. Front Genet 2021; 12:641526. [PMID: 33995480 PMCID: PMC8120246 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.641526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) has high expression in the brain. Animal studies have shown that lncRNA plays an important role in brain functions and mediates the development of many neurological diseases. However, data on the expression of lncRNAs and the clinical significance in prematurely born infants with diseases such as periventricular white matter damage (PWMD) remains scant. Here, we compared the expression of the lncRNAs in whole blood samples obtained from prematurely born infants with PWMD with samples from prematurely born infants without PWMD. Our data demonstrated differential expression of the lncRNAs between the two groups. Further, we showed that the lncRNAs play important roles in the development of PWMD. Our findings give insights into the functions of the lncRNAs in PWMD and provide evidence for the improvement of diagnostic and treatment strategies in infants with PWMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixing Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Institute of Clinical, Jiangsu Health Vocational College, Nanjing, China
| | - Shun Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bangbang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qianying Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaping Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that can transport cargos of proteins, lipids, DNA, various RNA species and microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomes can enter cells and deliver their contents to recipient cell. Owing to their cargo exosomes can transfer different molecules to the target cells and change the phenotype of these cells. The fate of the contents of an exosome depends on its target destination. Various mechanisms for exosome uptake by target cells have been proposed, but the mechanisms responsible for exosomes internalization into cells are still debated. Exosomes exposed cells produce labeled protein kinases, which are expressed by other cells. This means that these kinases are internalized by exosomes, and transported into the cytoplasm of recipient cells. Many studies have confirmed that exosomes are not only secreted by living cells, but also internalized or accumulated by the other cells. The "next cell hypothesis" supports the notion that exosomes constitute communication vehicles between neighboring cells. By this mechanism, exosomes participate in the development of diabetes and its associated complications, critically contribute to the spreading of neuronal damage in Alzheimer's disease, and non-proteolysed form of Fas ligand (mFasL)-bearing exosomes trigger the apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Furthermore, exosomes derived from human B lymphocytes induce antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T cell responses. Interestingly, exosomes secreted by cancer cells have been demonstrated to express tumor antigens, as well as immune suppressive molecules. This process is defined as "exosome-immune suppression" concept. The interplay via the exchange of exosomes between cancer cells and between cancer cells and the tumor stroma promote the transfer of oncogenes and onco-miRNAs from one cell to other. Circulating exosomes that are released from hypertrophic adipocytes are effective in obesity-related complications. On the other hand, the "inflammasome-induced" exosomes can activate inflammatory responses in recipient cells. In this chapter protein kinases-related checkpoints are emphasized considering the regulation of exosome biogenesis, secretory traffic, and their impacts on cell death, tumor growth, immune system, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Tan PPS, Hall D, Chilian WM, Chia YC, Mohd Zain S, Lim HM, Kumar DN, Ching SM, Low TY, Md Noh MF, Pung YF. Exosomal microRNAs in the development of essential hypertension and its potential as biomarkers. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H1486-H1497. [PMID: 33577433 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00888.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules that are involved in posttranscriptional modifications. These noncoding RNAs are usually ferried by extracellular carriers such as exosomes or other protein and lipid carriers inside a range of body fluids including plasma and urine. Due to their ability to withstand harsh external conditions, exosomal miRNAs possess enormous potential as noninvasive disease biomarkers for, notably hypertension, whereby exosomal miRNAs have been implicated in its pathophysiological processes. More importantly, alterations in the microenvironment as a result of disease progression can induce active and selective loading of miRNAs into exosomes. In this paper, we first review the mechanisms of miRNA loading into exosomes, followed by the roles of exosomal miRNAs in the development of hypertension, and the potentials of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers in comparison with other free circulating miRNAs. Finally, challenges and future research surrounding exosomal miRNAs will also be discussed. This review will aid in the understanding of noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of hypertension and for probing therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Pei Suu Tan
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Deborah Hall
- University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - William M Chilian
- Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
| | - Yook Chin Chia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shamsul Mohd Zain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hooi Min Lim
- Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Devaraj Navin Kumar
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew Mooi Ching
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuh-Fen Pung
- Division of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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35
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Brain-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Disease: A Methodological Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031365. [PMID: 33573018 PMCID: PMC7866382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are double membrane structures released by presumably all cell types that transport and deliver lipids, proteins, and genetic material to near or distant recipient cells, thereby affecting their phenotype. The basic knowledge of their functions in healthy and diseased brain is still murky and many questions about their biology are unsolved. In neurological diseases, EVs are regarded as attractive biomarkers and as therapeutic tools due to their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). EVs have been successfully isolated from conditioned media of primary brain cells and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), but protocols allowing for the direct study of pathophysiological events mediated or influenced by EVs isolated from brain have only recently been published. This review aims to give a brief overview of the current knowledge of EVs’ functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and the current protocols to isolate brain-derived EVs (BDEVs) used in different publications. By comparing the proteomic analysis of some of these publications, we also assess the influence of the isolation method on the protein content of BDEVs.
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Guyon N, Garnier D, Briand J, Nadaradjane A, Bougras-Cartron G, Raimbourg J, Campone M, Heymann D, Vallette FM, Frenel JS, Cartron PF. Anti-PD1 therapy induces lymphocyte-derived exosomal miRNA-4315 release inhibiting Bim-mediated apoptosis of tumor cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1048. [PMID: 33311449 PMCID: PMC7733505 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-PD1 immunotherapy, as a single agent or in combination with standard chemotherapies, has significantly improved the outcome of many patients with cancers. However, resistance to anti-PD1 antibodies often decreases the long-term therapeutic benefits. Despite this observation in clinical practice, the molecular mechanisms associated with resistance to anti-PD1 antibody therapy have not yet been elucidated. To identify the mechanisms of resistance associated with anti-PD1 antibody therapy, we developed cellular models including purified T cells and different cancer cell lines from glioblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma, breast cancer and ovarian carcinoma. A murine model of lung cancer was also used. Longitudinal blood samples of patients treated with anti-PD1 therapy were also used to perform a proof-of-concept study of our findings. We found that anti-PD1 exposure of T-cell promotes an enrichment of exosomal miRNA-4315. We also noted that exosomal miRNA-4315 induced a phenomenon of apopto-resistance to conventional chemotherapies in cancer cells receiving exosomal miRNA-4315. At molecular level, we discern that the apopto-resistance phenomenon was associated with the miRNA-4315-mediated downregulation of Bim, a proapoptotic protein. In cellular and mice models, we observed that the BH3 mimetic agent ABT263 circumvented this resistance. A longitudinal study using patient blood showed that miRNA-4315 and cytochrome c can be used to define the time period during which the addition of ABT263 therapy may effectively increase cancer cell death and bypass anti-PD1 resistance.This work provides a blood biomarker (exosomal miRNA-4315) for patient stratification developing a phenomenon of resistance to anti-PD1 antibody therapy and also identifies a therapeutic alternative (the use of a BH3 mimetic drug) to limit this resistance phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Guyon
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, Réseau Niches et Epigénétique des Tumeurs (NET), Saint Herblain, France.,EpiSAVMEN Network (Région Pays de la Loire), Saint Herblain, France
| | - Delphine Garnier
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, Réseau Niches et Epigénétique des Tumeurs (NET), Saint Herblain, France.,EpiSAVMEN Network (Région Pays de la Loire), Saint Herblain, France
| | - Joséphine Briand
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, Réseau Niches et Epigénétique des Tumeurs (NET), Saint Herblain, France.,EpiSAVMEN Network (Région Pays de la Loire), Saint Herblain, France
| | - Arulraj Nadaradjane
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, Réseau Niches et Epigénétique des Tumeurs (NET), Saint Herblain, France.,EpiSAVMEN Network (Région Pays de la Loire), Saint Herblain, France
| | - Gwenola Bougras-Cartron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, Réseau Niches et Epigénétique des Tumeurs (NET), Saint Herblain, France.,EpiSAVMEN Network (Région Pays de la Loire), Saint Herblain, France
| | - Judith Raimbourg
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest site René Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Mario Campone
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest site René Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France
| | - François M Vallette
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, Réseau Niches et Epigénétique des Tumeurs (NET), Saint Herblain, France.,EpiSAVMEN Network (Région Pays de la Loire), Saint Herblain, France.,LabEX IGO, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Frenel
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest site René Gauducheau, Saint Herblain, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France. .,Equipe Apoptose et Progression Tumorale, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint Herblain, France. .,Cancéropole Grand-Ouest, Réseau Niches et Epigénétique des Tumeurs (NET), Saint Herblain, France. .,EpiSAVMEN Network (Région Pays de la Loire), Saint Herblain, France. .,LabEX IGO, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Liquid Biomarkers for Pediatric Brain Tumors: Biological Features, Advantages and Perspectives. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040254. [PMID: 33260839 PMCID: PMC7711550 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the central nervous system are the most frequent solid tumor type and the major cause for cancer-related mortality in children and adolescents. These tumors are biologically highly heterogeneous and comprise various different entities. Molecular diagnostics are already well-established for pediatric brain tumors and have facilitated a more accurate patient stratification. The availability of targeted, biomarker-driven therapies has increased the necessity of longitudinal monitoring of molecular alterations within tumors for precision medicine-guided therapy. Nevertheless, diagnosis is still primarily based on analyses of the primary tumor and follow-up is usually performed by imaging techniques which lack important information on tumor biology possibly changing the course of the disease. To overcome this shortage of longitudinal information, liquid biopsy has emerged as a promising diagnostic tool representing a less-invasive source of biomarkers for tumor monitoring and therapeutic decision making. Novel ultrasensitive methods for detection of allele variants, genetic alterations with low abundance, have been developed and are promising tools for establishing and integrating liquid biopsy techniques into clinical routine. Pediatric brain tumors harbor multiple molecular alterations with the potential to be used as liquid biomarkers. Consequently, studies have already investigated different types of biomarker in diverse entities of pediatric brain tumors. However, there are still certain pitfalls until liquid biomarkers can be unleashed and implemented into routine clinical care. Within this review, we summarize current knowledge on liquid biopsy markers and technologies in pediatric brain tumors, their advantages and drawbacks, as well as future potential biomarkers and perspectives with respect to clinical implementation in patient care.
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38
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Sygitowicz G, Sitkiewicz D. Molecular mechanisms of organ damage in sepsis: an overview. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:552-560. [PMID: 33169675 PMCID: PMC9392098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Zhou R, Wang L, Zhao G, Chen D, Song X, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Yuan H. Circulating exosomal microRNAs as emerging non-invasive clinical biomarkers in heart failure: Mega bio-roles of a nano bio-particle. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2546-2562. [PMID: 33053610 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles containing a cell-specific biologically active cargo of proteins and genetic materials. Exosomes are constitutively released from almost all cell-types and affect neighboring or distant cells through a complex intercellular exchange of the genetic information and/or regulation of certain gene expressions that change the function and behavior of recipient cells. Those released into body fluids are the major mediators of intercellular communications. The success of the biological functions of exosomes is highly mediated by the effective transfer of microRNAs (miRs). Exosomes secreted by a damaged or diseased heart can exhibit alterations in the miRs' profile that may reflect the cellular origin and (patho)physiological state, as a "signature" or "fingerprint" of the donor cell. It has been shown that the transportation of cardiac-specific miRs in exosomes can be rapidly detected and measured, holding great potential as biomarkers in heart diseases. Currently, the search for new biomarkers of heart diseases remains a large and increasing enterprise. Notably, circulating exosomal miRs (Exo-miRs) have successfully gained huge interests for their diagnostic and prognostic potentials. The present review highlights circulating Exo-miRs explored for diagnosis/prognosis and outcome prediction in patients with heart failure (HF). To this end, we explain the feasibility of exosomes as clinical biomarkers, discuss the priority of circulating Exo-miRs over non-exosomal ones as a biomarker, and then outline reported circulating Exo-miRs having the biomarker function in HF patients, together with their mechanism of action. In conclusion, circulating Exo-miRs represent emerging diagnostic (Exo-miR-92b-5p, Exo-miR-146a, Exo-miR-181c, and Exo-miR-495) and prognostic (Exo-miR-192, Exo-miR-194, Exo-miR-34a, Exo-miR-425, Exo-miR-744) biomarkers for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runfa Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Leiyan Wang
- Clinical Skill Training Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Cardiology Electrocardiogram Room, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoning Song
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Amir A Momtazi-Borojeni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Haitao Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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40
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Hernández-Camarero P, Amezcua-Hernández V, Jiménez G, García MA, Marchal JA, Perán M. Clinical failure of nanoparticles in cancer: mimicking nature's solutions. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:2311-2324. [PMID: 32969312 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanotechnology has become a promising approach in the treatment of cancer. However, most intravenously injected nanoparticles (NPs) do not effectively reach the tumor mass due to the biological barriers in the body. In an attempt to unify clinical criteria and basic research, we have collected the latest studies and described novel alternatives such as the use of NPs covered with cell membranes to increase NP delivery efficiency. Furthermore, we focus on the prospect of using the cell's natural messengers, exosomes, as vehicles to transport anti-cancer agents and we discuss the technical complications involved. Finally, we propose novel approaches to produce engineered exosomes which may overcome such technical limitations in order to achieve a proper anti-cancer nanotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Hernández-Camarero
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas SN, Jaén E-23071, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Víctor Amezcua-Hernández
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Department Medical Oncology, Av. de las Fuerzas Armadas, 2, E-18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Gema Jiménez
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Granada, E-18071, Spain
| | - María A García
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Granada, E-18071, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A Marchal
- Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS.GRANADA, Granada, E-18071, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigación 11, Granada E-18016, Spain
| | - Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Campus de las Lagunillas SN, Jaén E-23071, Spain.,Excellence Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), University of Granada, Spain
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41
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Stephens OR, Grant D, Frimel M, Wanner N, Yin M, Willard B, Erzurum SC, Asosingh K. Characterization and origins of cell-free mitochondria in healthy murine and human blood. Mitochondrion 2020; 54:102-112. [PMID: 32781153 PMCID: PMC7508808 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intact cell-free mitochondria have been reported in microparticles (MPs) in murine and human bodily fluids under disease conditions. However, cellular origins of circulating extracellular mitochondria have not been characterized. We hypothesize that intact, cell-free mitochondria from heterogeneous cellular sources are present in the circulation under physiological conditions. To test this, circulating MPs were analyzed using flow cytometry and proteomics. Murine and human platelet-depleted plasma showed a cluster of MPs positive for the mitochondrial probe MitoTracker. Transgenic mice expressing mitochondrial-GFP showed GFP positivity in plasma MPs. Murine and human mitochondria-containing MPs were positive for the platelet marker CD41 and the endothelial cell marker CD144, while hematopoietic CD45 labeling was low. Both murine and human circulating cell-free mitochondria maintained a transmembrane potential. Circulating mitochondria were able to enter rho-zero cells, and were visualized using immunoelectron microscopic imaging. Proteomics analysis identified mitochondria specific and extracellular vesicle associated proteins in sorted circulating cell-free human mitochondria. Together the data provide multiple lines of evidence that intact and functional mitochondria originating from several cell types are present in the blood circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Stephens
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Dillon Grant
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nicholas Wanner
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mei Yin
- Imaging Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Belinda Willard
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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42
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Gemoll T, Rozanova S, Röder C, Hartwig S, Kalthoff H, Lehr S, ElSharawy A, Habermann J. Protein Profiling of Serum Extracellular Vesicles Reveals Qualitative and Quantitative Differences After Differential Ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick TM Isolation. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051429. [PMID: 32408476 PMCID: PMC7290673 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumor biopsies are the current standard for precision medicine. However, the procedure is invasive and not always feasible. In contrast, liquid biopsies, such as serum enriched for extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a non-invasive source of cancer biomarkers. In this study, we compared two EV isolation methods in the context of the protein biomarker detection in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Using serum samples of a healthy cohort as well as CRC and IBD patients, EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and ExoQuick™ in parallel. EV associated protein profiles were compared by multiplex-fluorescence two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and subsequent identification by mass spectrometry. Validation of gelsolin (GSN) was performed using fluorescence-quantitative western blot. 2D-DIGE resolved 936 protein spots in all serum-enriched EVs isolated by ultracentrifugation or ExoQuick™. Hereof, 93 spots were differently expressed between isolation approaches. Higher levels of GSN in EVs obtained with ExoQuick™ compared to ultracentrifugation were confirmed by western blot (p = 0.0006). Although patient groups were distinguishable after both EV isolation approaches, sample preparation strongly influences EVs’ protein profile and thus impacts on inter-study reproducibility, biomarker identification and validation. The results stress the need for strict SOPs in EV research before clinical implementation can be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Gemoll
- Section for Translational Surgical Oncology & Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0451-500-40431
| | - Svitlana Rozanova
- Section for Translational Surgical Oncology & Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (J.H.)
| | - Christian Röder
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (C.R.); (H.K.)
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center at the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (S.H.); (S.L.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Abdou ElSharawy
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Center of Molecular Sciences, University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany;
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Damietta University, New Damietta City 34511, Egypt
| | - Jens Habermann
- Section for Translational Surgical Oncology & Biobanking, Department of Surgery, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.R.); (J.H.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biobanking-Lübeck (ICB-L), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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43
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Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons Contain a Transcriptional Network. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1711-1728. [PMID: 32361798 PMCID: PMC7297870 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Healthy brain function is mediated by several complementary signalling pathways, many of which are driven by extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are heterogeneous in both size and cargo and are constitutively released from cells into the extracellular milieu. They are subsequently trafficked to recipient cells, whereupon their entry can modify the cellular phenotype. Here, in order to further analyse the mRNA and protein cargo of neuronal EVs, we isolated EVs by size exclusion chromatography from human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons. Electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering revealed that the isolated EVs had a diameter of 30–100 nm. Transcriptomic and proteomics analyses of the EVs and neurons identified key molecules enriched in the EVs involved in cell surface interaction (integrins and collagens), internalisation pathways (clathrin- and caveolin-dependent), downstream signalling pathways (phospholipases, integrin-linked kinase and MAPKs), and long-term impacts on cellular development and maintenance. Overall, we show that key signalling networks and mechanisms are enriched in EVs isolated from human iPSC-derived neurons.
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MicroRNAs-Based Nano-Strategies as New Therapeutic Approach in Multiple Myeloma to Overcome Disease Progression and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093084. [PMID: 32349317 PMCID: PMC7247691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs, or miRs) are single-strand short non-coding RNAs with a pivotal role in the regulation of physiological- or disease-associated cellular processes. They bind to target miRs modulating gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Here, we present an overview of miRs deregulation in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), and discuss the potential use of miRs/nanocarriers association in clinic. Since miRs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, strategies based on their inhibition and/or replacement represent the new opportunities in cancer therapy. The miRs delivery systems include liposomes, polymers, and exosomes that increase their physical stability and prevent nuclease degradation. Phase I/II clinical trials support the importance of miRs as an innovative therapeutic approach in nanomedicine to prevent cancer progression and drug resistance. Results in clinical practice are promising.
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Kothandan VK, Kothandan S, Kim DH, Byun Y, Lee YK, Park IK, Hwang SR. Crosstalk between Stress Granules, Exosomes, Tumour Antigens, and Immune Cells: Significance for Cancer Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E172. [PMID: 32276342 PMCID: PMC7349635 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA granules and exosomes produced by tumour cells under various stresses in the microenvironment act as critical determinants of cell survival by promoting angiogenesis, cancer metastasis, chemoresistance, and immunosuppression. Meanwhile, developmental cancer/testis (CT) antigens that are normally sequestered in male germ cells of the testes, but which are overexpressed in malignant tumour cells, can function as tumour antigens triggering immune responses. As CT antigens are potential vaccine candidates for use in cancer immunotherapy, they could be targeted together with crosstalk between stress granules, exosomes, and immune cells for a synergistic effect. In this review, we describe the effects of exosomes and exosomal components presented to the recipient cells under different types of stresses on immune cells and cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss their significance for cancer immunity, as well as the outlook for their future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumar Kothandan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Sangeetha Kothandan
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600073, India
| | - Do Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergent Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju, Chungbuk 27469, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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Abstract
Cellular parabiosis is tissue-based phenotypic suppression of cellular dysfunction by intercellular molecular traffic keeping initiated age-related diseases and conditions in long latency. Interruption of cellular parabiosis (e.g. by chronic inflammation) promotes the onset of initiated pathologies. The stability of initiated latent cancers and other age-related diseases (ARD) hints to phenotypically silent genome alterations. I propose that latency in the onset of ageing and ARD is largely due to phenotypic suppression of cellular dysfunctions via molecular traffic among neighbouring cells. Intercellular trafficking ranges from the transfer of ions and metabolites (via gap junctions) to entire organelles (via tunnelling nanotubes). Any mechanism of cell-to-cell communication resulting in functional cross-complementation among the cells is called cellular parabiosis. Such ‘cellular solidarity’ creates tissue homeostasis by buffering defects and averaging cellular functions within the tissues. Chronic inflammation is known to (i) interrupt cellular parabiosis by the activity of extracellular proteases, (ii) activate dormant pathologies and (iii) shorten disease latency, as in tumour promotion and inflammaging. Variation in cellular parabiosis and protein oxidation can account for interspecies correlations between body mass, ARD latency and longevity. Now, prevention of ARD onset by phenotypic suppression, and healing by phenotypic reversion, become conceivable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Radman
- 1 Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS) , 21000 Split , Croatia.,2 Naos Institute for Life Sciences , 13290 Aix-en-Provence , France.,3 Inserm u-1001, University R. Descartes Medical School , Cochin Site, 75014 Paris , France
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Taghikhani A, Farzaneh F, Sharifzad F, Mardpour S, Ebrahimi M, Hassan ZM. Engineered Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Potentials in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:221. [PMID: 32210954 PMCID: PMC7069476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano vesicles from the larger family named Extracellular Vesicle (EV)s which are released by various cells including tumor cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, neurons, adipocytes, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. They are considerable messengers that can exchange proteins and genetic materials between the cells. Within the past decade, Tumor derived exosomes (TEX) have been emerged as important mediators in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis as well as host immune suppression and drug resistance. Although tumor derived exosomes consist of tumor antigens and several Heat Shock Proteins such as HSP70 and HSP90 to stimulate immune response against tumor cells, they contain inhibitory molecules like Fas ligand (Fas-L), Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) leading to decrease the cytotoxicity and establish immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To bypass this problem and enhance immune response, some macromolecules such as miRNAs, HSPs and activatory ligands have been recognized as potent immune inducers that could be used as anti-tumor agents to construct a nano sized tumor vaccine. Here, we discussed emerging engineered exosomes as a novel therapeutic strategy and considered the associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Taghikhani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- Division of Cancer Studies, Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Farzaneh Sharifzad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Soura Mardpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zuhair Mohammad Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Saber SH, Ali HEA, Gaballa R, Gaballah M, Ali HI, Zerfaoui M, Abd Elmageed ZY. Exosomes are the Driving Force in Preparing the Soil for the Metastatic Seeds: Lessons from the Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E564. [PMID: 32121073 PMCID: PMC7140426 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-membrane vesicles that various cell types secrete during physiological and pathophysiological conditions. By shuttling bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to target cells, exosomes serve as key regulators for multiple cellular processes, including cancer metastasis. Recently, microvesicles have emerged as a challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), encountered either when the number of vesicles increases or when the vesicles move into circulation, potentially with an ability to induce drug resistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Notably, the exosomal cargo can induce the desmoplastic response of PCa-associated cells in a tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote PCa metastasis. However, the crosstalk between PCa-derived exosomes and the TME remains only partially understood. In this review, we provide new insights into the metabolic and molecular signatures of PCa-associated exosomes in reprogramming the TME, and the subsequent promotion of aggressive phenotypes of PCa cells. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of TME reprogramming by exosomes draws more practical and universal conclusions for the development of new therapeutic interventions when considering TME in the treatment of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber H. Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Hamdy E. A. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Rofaida Gaballa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Mohamed Gaballah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Hamed I. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Mourad Zerfaoui
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
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Extracellular Vesicles, A Possible Theranostic Platform Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma-An Overview. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020261. [PMID: 31973229 PMCID: PMC7072503 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the third highest cause of mortality from cancer, largely because of delays in diagnosis. There is currently no effective therapy for advanced stage HCC, although sorafenib, the standard treatment for HCC, systemic therapy (including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-angiogenesis agents), and more recently, immunotherapy, have demonstrated some survival benefit. The measurement and modification of extracellular vesicle (EVs) cargoes—composed of nucleic acids, including miRNAs, proteins, and lipids—holds great promise for future HCC diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This review will provide an overview of the most recent findings regarding EVs in HCC, and the possible future use of EVs as “liquid biopsy”-based biomarkers for early diagnosis and as a vehicle for targeted drug-delivery.
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Spadafora C. Transgenerational epigenetic reprogramming of early embryos: a mechanistic model. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2020; 6:dvaa009. [PMID: 32704385 PMCID: PMC7368376 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The notion that epigenetic information can be transmitted across generations is supported by mounting waves of data, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, a model is proposed which combines different lines of experimental evidence. First, it has been shown that somatic tissues exposed to stressing stimuli release circulating RNA-containing extracellular vesicles; second, epididymal spermatozoa can take up, internalize and deliver the RNA-containing extracellular vesicles to oocytes at fertilization; third, early embryos can process RNA-based information. These elements constitute the building blocks upon which the model is built. The model proposes that a continuous stream of epigenetic information flows from parental somatic tissues to the developing embryos. The flow can cross the Weismann barrier, is mediated by circulating vesicles and epididymal spermatozoa, and has the potential to generate epigenetic traits that are then stably acquired in the offspring. In a broader perspective, it emerges that a natural 'assembly line' operates continuously, aiming at passing the parental epigenetic blueprint in growing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Spadafora
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR), 100 Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence address. Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council (CNR), 100 Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy. Tel: +39 0649917536; Fax: +39 064457529; E-mail: ;
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