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Sánchez-Puebla L, de Hoz R, Salobrar-García E, Arias-Vázquez A, González-Jiménez M, Ramírez AI, Fernández-Albarral JA, Matamoros JA, Elvira-Hurtado L, Saido TC, Saito T, Nieto Vaquero C, Cuartero MI, Moro MA, Salazar JJ, López-Cuenca I, Ramírez JM. Age-Related Retinal Layer Thickness Changes Measured by OCT in APPNL-F/NL-F Mice: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8221. [PMID: 39125789 PMCID: PMC11312090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), transgenic mouse models have established links between abnormalities in the retina and those in the brain. APPNL-F/NL-F is a murine, humanized AD model that replicates several pathological features observed in patients with AD. Research has focused on obtaining quantitative parameters from optical coherence tomography (OCT) in AD. The aim of this study was to analyze, in a transversal case-control study using manual retinal segmentation via SD-OCT, the changes occurring in the retinal layers of the APPNL/F-NF/L AD model in comparison to C57BL/6J mice (WT) at 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, and 20 months of age. The analysis focused on retinal thickness in RNFL-GCL, IPL, INL, OPL, and ONL based on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) sectors. Both APPNL-F/NL-F-model and WT animals exhibited thickness changes at the time points studied. While WT showed significant changes in INL, OPL, and ONL, the AD model showed changes in all retinal layers analyzed. The APPNL-F/NL-F displayed significant thickness variations in the analyzed layers except for the IPL compared to related WT. These thickness changes closely resembled those found in humans during preclinical stages, as well as during mild and moderate AD stages, making this AD model behave more similarly to the disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Arias-Vázquez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
| | - María González-Jiménez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Takashi Saito
- Institute of Brain Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Carmen Nieto Vaquero
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (C.N.V.); (M.A.M.)
- Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i + 12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- University Institute for Research in Neurochemistry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María I. Cuartero
- Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i + 12), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- University Institute for Research in Neurochemistry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Moro
- Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (C.N.V.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (R.d.H.); (E.S.-G.); (A.A.-V.); (M.G.-J.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (J.A.M.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez-Puebla L, López-Cuenca I, Salobrar-García E, González-Jiménez M, Arias-Vázquez A, Matamoros JA, Ramírez AI, Fernández-Albarral JA, Elvira-Hurtado L, Saido TC, Saito T, Nieto-Vaquero C, Cuartero MI, Moro MA, Salazar JJ, de Hoz R, Ramírez JM. Retinal Vascular and Structural Changes in the Murine Alzheimer's APPNL-F/NL-F Model from 6 to 20 Months. Biomolecules 2024; 14:828. [PMID: 39062542 PMCID: PMC11274728 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) may manifest retinal changes preceding brain pathology. A transversal case-control study utilized spectral-domain OCT angiography (SD-OCTA) and Angio-Tool software 0.6a to assess retinal vascular structures and OCT for inner and outer retina thickness in the APPNL-F/NL-F AD model at 6, 9, 12, 15, 17, and 20 months old. Comparisons to age-matched wild type (WT) were performed. The analysis focused on the three vascular plexuses using AngiooTool and on retinal thickness, which was represented with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) sectors. Compared to WT, the APPNL-F/NL-F group exhibited both vascular and structural changes as early as 6 months persisting and evolving at 15, 17, and 20 months. Significant vascular alterations, principally in the superficial vascular complex (SVC), were observed. There was a significant decrease in the vessel area and the total vessel length in SVC, intermediate, and deep capillary plexus. The inner retina in the APPNL-F/NL-F group predominantly decreased in thickness while the outer retina showed increased thickness in most analyzed time points compared to the control group. There are early vascular and structural retinal changes that precede the cognitive changes, which appear at later stages. Therefore, the natural history of the APPNL-F/NL-F model may be more similar to human AD than other transgenic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María González-Jiménez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Alberto Arias-Vázquez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Takashi Saito
- Institute of Brain Science, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan;
| | - Carmen Nieto-Vaquero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (C.N.-V.); (M.A.M.)
- Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i + 12), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- University Institute for Research in Neurochemistry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María I. Cuartero
- Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i + 12), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- University Institute for Research in Neurochemistry, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Moro
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Neurovascular Pathophysiology, Cardiovascular Risk Factor and Brain Function Programme, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (C.N.-V.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.S.-P.); (I.L.-C.); (E.S.-G.); (M.G.-J.); (A.A.-V.); (J.A.M.); (A.I.R.); (J.A.F.-A.); (L.E.-H.); (J.J.S.)
- Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Gaire BP, Koronyo Y, Fuchs DT, Shi H, Rentsendorj A, Danziger R, Vit JP, Mirzaei N, Doustar J, Sheyn J, Hampel H, Vergallo A, Davis MR, Jallow O, Baldacci F, Verdooner SR, Barron E, Mirzaei M, Gupta VK, Graham SL, Tayebi M, Carare RO, Sadun AA, Miller CA, Dumitrascu OM, Lahiri S, Gao L, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the Retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 101:101273. [PMID: 38759947 PMCID: PMC11285518 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The retina is an emerging CNS target for potential noninvasive diagnosis and tracking of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Studies have identified the pathological hallmarks of AD, including amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits and abnormal tau protein isoforms, in the retinas of AD patients and animal models. Moreover, structural and functional vascular abnormalities such as reduced blood flow, vascular Aβ deposition, and blood-retinal barrier damage, along with inflammation and neurodegeneration, have been described in retinas of patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia. Histological, biochemical, and clinical studies have demonstrated that the nature and severity of AD pathologies in the retina and brain correspond. Proteomics analysis revealed a similar pattern of dysregulated proteins and biological pathways in the retina and brain of AD patients, with enhanced inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes, impaired oxidative-phosphorylation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, investigational imaging technologies can now detect AD-specific amyloid deposits, as well as vasculopathy and neurodegeneration in the retina of living AD patients, suggesting alterations at different disease stages and links to brain pathology. Current and exploratory ophthalmic imaging modalities, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT-angiography, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and hyperspectral imaging, may offer promise in the clinical assessment of AD. However, further research is needed to deepen our understanding of AD's impact on the retina and its progression. To advance this field, future studies require replication in larger and diverse cohorts with confirmed AD biomarkers and standardized retinal imaging techniques. This will validate potential retinal biomarkers for AD, aiding in early screening and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakta Prasad Gaire
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ron Danziger
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Vit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonah Doustar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Harald Hampel
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Miyah R Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ousman Jallow
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- Sorbonne University, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ernesto Barron
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mourad Tayebi
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Department of Clinical Neuroanatomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Shouri Lahiri
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liang Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Palko SI, Benoit MR, Yao AY, Mohan R, Yan R. ER-stress response in retinal Müller glia occurs significantly earlier than amyloid pathology in the Alzheimer's mouse brain and retina. Glia 2024; 72:1067-1081. [PMID: 38497356 PMCID: PMC11006574 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis is thought to begin up to 20 years before cognitive symptoms appear, suggesting the need for more sensitive diagnostic biomarkers of AD. In this report, we demonstrated pathological changes in retinal Müller glia significantly earlier than amyloid pathology in AD mouse models. By utilizing the knock-in NLGF mouse model, we surprisingly discovered an increase in reticulon 3 (RTN3) protein levels in the NLGF retina as early as postnatal day 30 (P30). Despite RTN3 being a canonically neuronal protein, this increase was noted in the retinal Müller glia, confirmed by immunohistochemical characterization. Further unbiased transcriptomic assays of the P30 NLGF retina revealed that retinal Müller glia were the most sensitive responding cells in this mouse retina, compared with other cell types including photoreceptor cells and ganglion neurons. Pathway analyses of differentially expressed genes in glia cells showed activation of ER stress response via the upregulation of unfolded protein response (UPR) proteins such as ATF4 and CHOP. Early elevation of RTN3 in response to challenges by toxic Aβ likely facilitated UPR. Altogether, these findings suggest that Müller glia act as a sentinel for AD pathology in the retina and should aid for both intervention and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Annie Y. Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030 USA
| | - Royce Mohan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030 USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT 06030 USA
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García-Bermúdez MY, Vohra R, Freude K, van Wijngaarden P, Martin K, Thomsen MS, Aldana BI, Kolko M. Potential Retinal Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15834. [PMID: 37958816 PMCID: PMC10649108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a major diagnostic challenge, as early detection is crucial for effective intervention. This review examines the diagnostic challenges facing current AD evaluations and explores the emerging field of retinal alterations as early indicators. Recognizing the potential of the retina as a noninvasive window to the brain, we emphasize the importance of identifying retinal biomarkers in the early stages of AD. However, the examination of AD is not without its challenges, as the similarities shared with other retinal diseases introduce complexity in the search for AD-specific markers. In this review, we address the relevance of using the retina for the early diagnosis of AD and the complex challenges associated with the search for AD-specific retinal biomarkers. We provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape and highlight avenues for progress in AD diagnosis by retinal examination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rupali Vohra
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Group of Stem Cell Models and Embryology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Keith Martin
- Center for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Maj Schneider Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research and Drug Delivery, Department of Health, Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Blanca Irene Aldana
- Neurometabolism Research Group, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Eye Translational Research Unit, Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
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6
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Carrero L, Antequera D, Alcalde I, Megias D, Ordoñez-Gutierrez L, Gutierrez C, Merayo-Lloves J, Wandosell F, Municio C, Carro E. Altered Clock Gene Expression in Female APP/PS1 Mice and Aquaporin-Dependent Amyloid Accumulation in the Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15679. [PMID: 37958666 PMCID: PMC10648501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most prevalent form of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by different pathological symptomatology, including disrupted circadian rhythm. The regulation of circadian rhythm depends on the light information that is projected from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus. Studies of AD patients and AD transgenic mice have revealed AD retinal pathology, including amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation that can directly interfere with the regulation of the circadian cycle. Although the cause of AD pathology is poorly understood, one of the main risk factors for AD is female gender. Here, we found that female APP/PS1 mice at 6- and 12-months old display severe circadian rhythm disturbances and retinal pathological hallmarks, including Aβ deposits in retinal layers. Since brain Aβ transport is facilitated by aquaporin (AQP)4, the expression of AQPs were also explored in APP/PS1 retina to investigate a potential correlation between retinal Aβ deposits and AQPs expression. Important reductions in AQP1, AQP4, and AQP5 were detected in the retinal tissue of these transgenic mice, mainly at 6-months of age. Taken together, our findings suggest that abnormal transport of Aβ, mediated by impaired AQPs expression, contributes to the retinal degeneration in the early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrero
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
- PhD Program in Neuroscience, Autonoma de Madrid University, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Desireé Antequera
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Ignacio Alcalde
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 28012 Oviedo, Spain; (I.A.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Diego Megias
- Advanced Optical Microscopy Unit, Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Lara Ordoñez-Gutierrez
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-G.); (F.W.)
| | - Cristina Gutierrez
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Jesús Merayo-Lloves
- Instituto Universitario Fernández-Vega, Universidad de Oviedo, Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, 28012 Oviedo, Spain; (I.A.); (J.M.-L.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Wandosell
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.O.-G.); (F.W.)
| | - Cristina Municio
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Eva Carro
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Unit, Functional Unit for Research into Chronic Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.C.); (D.A.); (C.G.)
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7
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Navarro-Calvo J, Esquiva G, Gómez-Vicente V, Valor LM. MicroRNAs in the Mouse Developing Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032992. [PMID: 36769311 PMCID: PMC9918188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is among the highest organized tissues of the central nervous system. To achieve such organization, a finely tuned regulation of developmental processes is required to form the retinal layers that contain the specialized neurons and supporting glial cells to allow precise phototransduction. MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs with undoubtful roles in fundamental biological processes, including neurodevelopment of the brain and the retina. This review provides a short overview of the most important findings regarding microRNAs in the regulation of retinal development, from the developmental-dependent rearrangement of the microRNA expression program to the key roles of particular microRNAs in the differentiation and maintenance of retinal cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Navarro-Calvo
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - Gema Esquiva
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Violeta Gómez-Vicente
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Luis M. Valor
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital General Universitario Dr. Balmis, ISABIAL, 03010 Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-913-988
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Blommers M, Stanton-Turcotte D, Iulianella A. Retinal neuroblast migration and ganglion cell layer organization require the cytoskeletal-interacting protein Mllt11. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:305-319. [PMID: 36131367 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vertebrate retina is an organized laminar structure comprised of distinct cell types populating three nuclear layers. During development, each retinal cell type follows a stereotypical temporal order of genesis, differentiation, and migration, giving rise to its stratified organization. Once born, the precise positioning of cells along the apico-basal (radial) axis of the retina is critical for subsequent connections to form, relying on highly orchestrated migratory processes. While these processes are critical for visual function to arise, the regulators of cellular migration and retinal lamination remain largely unexplored. RESULTS We report a role for a microtubule-interacting protein, Mllt11 (myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia; translocated to chromosome 11/All1 fused gene from chromosome 1q) in mammalian retinal cell migration during retinogenesis. We show that Mllt11 loss-of-function in mouse retinal neuroblasts affected the migration of ganglion and amacrine cells into the ganglion cell layer and led to their aberrant accumulation in the inner nuclear and plexiform layers. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate a role for Mllt11 in neuroblast migration and formation of the ganglion cell layer of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marley Blommers
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Danielle Stanton-Turcotte
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Angelo Iulianella
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, and Brain Repair Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Life Science Research Institute, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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9
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Lopez-Rodriguez D, Rohrbach A, Lanzillo M, Gervais M, Croizier S, Langlet F. Ontogeny of ependymoglial cells lining the third ventricle in mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1073759. [PMID: 36686420 PMCID: PMC9849764 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1073759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During hypothalamic development, the germinative neuroepithelium gives birth to diverse neural cells that regulate numerous physiological functions in adulthood. Methods Here, we studied the ontogeny of ependymal cells in the mouse mediobasal hypothalamus using the BrdU approach and publicly available single-cell RNAseq datasets. Results We observed that while typical ependymal cells are mainly produced at E13, tanycyte birth depends on time and subtypes and lasts up to P8. Typical ependymocytes and β tanycytes are the first to arise at the top and bottom of the dorsoventral axis around E13, whereas α tanycytes emerge later in development, generating an outside-in dorsoventral gradient along the third ventricle. Additionally, α tanycyte generation displayed a rostral-to-caudal pattern. Finally, tanycytes mature progressively until they reach transcriptional maturity between P4 and P14. Discussion Altogether, this data shows that ependyma generation differs in time and distribution, highlighting the heterogeneity of the third ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lopez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Rohrbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lanzillo
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Manon Gervais
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Langlet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Mathew S, WuDunn D, Mackay DD, Vosmeier A, Tallman EF, Deardorff R, Harris A, Farlow MR, Brosch JR, Gao S, Apostolova LG, Saykin AJ, Risacher SL. Association of Brain Volume and Retinal Thickness in the Early Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:743-752. [PMID: 36502316 PMCID: PMC9990456 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The eye has been considered a 'window to the brain,' and several neurological diseases including neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) also show changes in the retina. OBJECTIVE To investigate retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and its association with brain volume via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in older adults with subjective or objective cognitive decline. METHODS 75 participants underwent ophthalmological and neurological evaluation including optical coherence tomography and MRI (28 cognitively normal subjects, 26 with subjective cognitive decline, 17 patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment, and 4 with AD). Differences in demographics, thickness of RNFL, and brain volume were assessed using ANCOVA, while partial Pearson correlations, covaried for age and sex, were used to compare thickness of the peripapillary RNFL with brain volumes, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. RESULTS Mean RNFL thickness was significantly correlated with brain volumes, including global volume (right eye r = 0.235 p = 0.046, left eye r = 0.244, p = 0.037), temporal lobe (right eye r = 0.242 p = 0.039, left eye r = 0.290, p = 0.013), hippocampal (right eye r = 0.320 p = 0.005, left eye r = 0.306, p = 0.008), amygdala (left eye r = 0.332, p = 0.004), and occipital lobe (right eye r = 0.264 p = 0.024) volumes. CONCLUSION RNFL thickness in both eyes was positively associated with brain volumes in subjects with subjective and objective cognitive decline. The RNFL, however, did not correlate with the disease, but the small sample number makes it important to conduct larger studies. RNFL thickness may be a useful non-invasive and inexpensive tool for detection of brain neurodegeneration and may assist with diagnosis and monitoring of progression and treatment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunu Mathew
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Devin D. Mackay
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aaron Vosmeier
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eileen F. Tallman
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachael Deardorff
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Martin R. Farlow
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jared R. Brosch
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liana G. Apostolova
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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11
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Sun C, Chen S. Disease-causing mutations in genes encoding transcription factors critical for photoreceptor development. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1134839. [PMID: 37181651 PMCID: PMC10172487 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1134839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor development of the vertebrate visual system is controlled by a complex transcription regulatory network. OTX2 is expressed in the mitotic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and controls photoreceptor genesis. CRX that is activated by OTX2 is expressed in photoreceptor precursors after cell cycle exit. NEUROD1 is also present in photoreceptor precursors that are ready to specify into rod and cone photoreceptor subtypes. NRL is required for the rod fate and regulates downstream rod-specific genes including the orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 which further activates rod-specific genes and simultaneously represses cone-specific genes. Cone subtype specification is also regulated by the interplay of several transcription factors such as THRB and RXRG. Mutations in these key transcription factors are responsible for ocular defects at birth such as microphthalmia and inherited photoreceptor diseases such as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and allied dystrophies. In particular, many mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, including the majority of missense mutations in CRX and NRL. In this review, we describe the spectrum of photoreceptor defects that are associated with mutations in the above-mentioned transcription factors, and summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic mutations. At last, we deliberate the outstanding gaps in our understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlations and outline avenues for future research of the treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Chi Sun,
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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12
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Diacou R, Nandigrami P, Fiser A, Liu W, Ashery-Padan R, Cvekl A. Cell fate decisions, transcription factors and signaling during early retinal development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101093. [PMID: 35817658 PMCID: PMC9669153 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate eyes is a complex process starting from anterior-posterior and dorso-ventral patterning of the anterior neural tube, resulting in the formation of the eye field. Symmetrical separation of the eye field at the anterior neural plate is followed by two symmetrical evaginations to generate a pair of optic vesicles. Next, reciprocal invagination of the optic vesicles with surface ectoderm-derived lens placodes generates double-layered optic cups. The inner and outer layers of the optic cups develop into the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), respectively. In vitro produced retinal tissues, called retinal organoids, are formed from human pluripotent stem cells, mimicking major steps of retinal differentiation in vivo. This review article summarizes recent progress in our understanding of early eye development, focusing on the formation the eye field, optic vesicles, and early optic cups. Recent single-cell transcriptomic studies are integrated with classical in vivo genetic and functional studies to uncover a range of cellular mechanisms underlying early eye development. The functions of signal transduction pathways and lineage-specific DNA-binding transcription factors are dissected to explain cell-specific regulatory mechanisms underlying cell fate determination during early eye development. The functions of homeodomain (HD) transcription factors Otx2, Pax6, Lhx2, Six3 and Six6, which are required for early eye development, are discussed in detail. Comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of early eye development provides insight into the molecular and cellular basis of developmental ocular anomalies, such as optic cup coloboma. Lastly, modeling human development and inherited retinal diseases using stem cell-derived retinal organoids generates opportunities to discover novel therapies for retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven Diacou
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Prithviraj Nandigrami
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Andras Fiser
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ruth Ashery-Padan
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Ales Cvekl
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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13
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Giuliani G, Sborgia G, Niro A, Castellana F, Lampignano L, Puzo P, Pascale A, Pastore V, Buonamassa R, Galati R, Bordinone M, Cassano F, Clemente A, Landini L, Scotti G, Gaudiomonte M, Guglielmi A, Semeraro R, Santoro M, Alessio G, Sardone R, Boscia F. Correlation between retinal vessel rarefaction and psychometric measures in an older Southern Italian population. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:999796. [PMID: 36212041 PMCID: PMC9541429 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.999796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the linear association between inner retinal layers thickness and macular capillary density compared to variations of global cognition evaluated by psychometric measures in a cohort of Mediterranean subjects aged 65+ years. Materials and methods We performed a cross-sectional analysis of 574 participants aged 65 years+ drawn from a population-based Southern Italian study. All subjects underwent neurological evaluations, including global cognitive screening, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and frontal assessment battery (FAB), together with an ophthalmic examination including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-Angiography. We assessed the average thickness of the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the foveal avascular zone area, and vascular density (VD) of superficial (SVD) and deep (DVD) capillary plexi at the foveal and parafoveal area. Linear regression was applied to assess associations of ocular measurements with MMSE and FAB scores. Results In the linear regression model, foveal DVD (beta = 0.01, 95% CI:0.004–0.052), whole DVD (beta = 0.04, 95% CI:0.02–0.08), and whole SVD (beta = 0.04, 95% CI:0.02–0.07) showed a positive association with MMSE. In addition, foveal SVD (beta = 0.01, 95% CI:0.003–0.05) and whole SVD (beta = 0.03, 95% CI:0.004–0.08) were positively associated with the FAB score. We found no further significant association between the MMSE score or the FAB score and the average thickness of the GCC and RNFL, and FAZ area. Conclusion A direct linear association between the VD of the macular capillary plexi with global and frontal cognitive functions was observed in elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Giuliani
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Sborgia
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alfredo Niro
- Eye Clinic, Hospital “SS Annunziata,” ASL Taranto, Taranto, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alfredo Niro,
| | - Fabio Castellana
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, “Salus in Apulia Study,” National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis,” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Lampignano
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, “Salus in Apulia Study,” National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis,” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Puzo
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Pascale
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Pastore
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Buonamassa
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Galati
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Bordinone
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Flavio Cassano
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Clemente
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Landini
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Scotti
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Marida Gaudiomonte
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Guglielmi
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Semeraro
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Santoro
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alessio
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, “Salus in Apulia Study,” National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis,” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Boscia
- Department of Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, Eye Clinic, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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14
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Benevento M, Hökfelt T, Harkany T. Ontogenetic rules for the molecular diversification of hypothalamic neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:611-627. [PMID: 35906427 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an evolutionarily conserved endocrine interface that, among other roles, links central homeostatic control to adaptive bodily responses by releasing hormones and neuropeptides from its many neuronal subtypes. In its preoptic, anterior, tuberal and mammillary subdivisions, a kaleidoscope of magnocellular and parvocellular neuroendocrine command neurons, local-circuit neurons, and neurons that project to extrahypothalamic areas are intermingled in partially overlapping patches of nuclei. Molecular fingerprinting has produced data of unprecedented mass and depth to distinguish and even to predict the synaptic and endocrine competences, connectivity and stimulus selectivity of many neuronal modalities. These new insights support eminent studies from the past century but challenge others on the molecular rules that shape the developmental segregation of hypothalamic neuronal subtypes and their use of morphogenic cues for terminal differentiation. Here, we integrate single-cell RNA sequencing studies with those of mouse genetics and endocrinology to describe key stages of hypothalamus development, including local neurogenesis, the direct terminal differentiation of glutamatergic neurons, transition cascades for GABAergic and GABAergic cell-derived dopamine cells, waves of local neuronal migration, and sequential enrichment in neuropeptides and hormones. We particularly emphasize how transcription factors determine neuronal identity and, consequently, circuit architecture, and whether their deviations triggered by environmental factors and hormones provoke neuroendocrine illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Benevento
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicum 7D, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
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15
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López-de-Eguileta A, López-García S, Lage C, Pozueta A, García-Martínez M, Kazimierczak M, Bravo M, Irure J, López-Hoyos M, Muñoz-Cacho P, Rodríguez-Perez N, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Goikoetxea A, Nebot C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Casado A, Sánchez-Juan P. The retinal ganglion cell layer reflects neurodegenerative changes in cognitively unimpaired individuals. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:57. [PMID: 35449033 PMCID: PMC9022357 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-00998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background To evaluate a wide range of optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters for possible application as a screening tool for cognitively healthy individuals at risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), assessing the potential relationship with established cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) core AD biomarkers and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods We studied 99 participants from the Valdecilla Study for Memory and Brain Aging. This is a prospective cohort for multimodal biomarker discovery and validation that includes participants older than 55 years without dementia. Participants received a comprehensive neuropsychological battery and underwent structural 3-T brain MRI, lumbar puncture for CSF biomarkers (phosphorylated-181-Tau (pTau), total Tau (tTau), beta-amyloid 1–42 (Aβ 1–42), and beta-amyloid 1–40 (Aβ 1–40)). All individuals underwent OCT to measure the retinal ganglion cell layer (GCL), the retinal nerve fiber layer (RFNL), the Bruch’s membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW), and choroidal thickness (CT). In the first stage, we performed a univariate analysis, using Student’s t-test. In the second stage, we performed a multivariate analysis including only those OCT parameters that discriminated at a nominal level, between positive/negative biomarkers in stage 1. Results We found significant differences between the OCT measurements of pTau- and tTau-positive individuals compared with those who were negative for these markers, most notably that the GCL and the RNFL were thinner in the former. In stage 2, our dependent variables were the quantitative values of CSF markers and the hippocampal volume. The Aβ 1–42/40 ratio did not show a significant correlation with OCT measurements while the associations between pTau and tTau with GCL were statistically significant, especially in the temporal region of the macula. Besides, the multivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between hippocampal volume with GCL and RNFL. However, after false discovery rate correction, only the associations with hippocampal volume remained significant. Conclusions We found a significant correlation between Tau (pTau) and neurodegeneration biomarkers (tTau and hippocampus volume) with GCL degeneration and, to a lesser degree, with damage in RFNL. OCT analysis constitutes a non-invasive and unexpensive biomarker that allows the detection of neurodegeneration in cognitively asymptomatic individuals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-00998-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia López-de-Eguileta
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' Santander, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
| | - Sara López-García
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Lage
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Pozueta
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - María García-Martínez
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Martha Kazimierczak
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - María Bravo
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Irure
- Department of Immunology, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital of Cantabria, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla', Santander, Spain
| | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Department of Immunology, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital of Cantabria, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla', Santander, Spain
| | - Pedro Muñoz-Cacho
- Department of Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Nebot
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' Santander, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Eloy Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alfonso Casado
- Department of Ophthalmology, 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' Santander, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Cognitive Impairment Unit, Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 'Marqués de Valdecilla' University Hospital, Institute for Research 'Marqués de Valdecilla' (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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16
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Klyucherev TO, Olszewski P, Shalimova AA, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV, Attwood MM, Syvänen S, Schiöth HB. Advances in the development of new biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:25. [PMID: 35449079 PMCID: PMC9027827 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, heterogeneous, progressive disease and is the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia. The prevalence of AD is expected to increase as the population ages, placing an additional burden on national healthcare systems. There is a large need for new diagnostic tests that can detect AD at an early stage with high specificity at relatively low cost. The development of modern analytical diagnostic tools has made it possible to determine several biomarkers of AD with high specificity, including pathogenic proteins, markers of synaptic dysfunction, and markers of inflammation in the blood. There is a considerable potential in using microRNA (miRNA) as markers of AD, and diagnostic studies based on miRNA panels suggest that AD could potentially be determined with high accuracy for individual patients. Studies of the retina with improved methods of visualization of the fundus are also showing promising results for the potential diagnosis of the disease. This review focuses on the recent developments of blood, plasma, and ocular biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey O Klyucherev
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pawel Olszewski
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alena A Shalimova
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Chubarev
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Misty M Attwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Ava S, Tamam Y, Hazar L, Karahan M, Erdem S, Dursun ME, Keklikçi U. Relationship between optical coherence tomography angiography and visual evoked potential in patients with multiple sclerosis. Indian J Ophthalmol 2022; 70:873-878. [PMID: 35225535 PMCID: PMC9114564 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_431_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to identify an easy-to-apply biomarker by correlating visual evoked potential (VEP) with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results in multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Our study was planned prospectively. Patients with MS were divided into two groups, VEP prolonged group 1 and VEP normal group 2. Age-matched and gender-matched healthy individuals (group 3) were included as the control group. Vascular density (VD) of the optic nerve head (ONH) and radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs) were measured and recorded by OCTA. The optic nerve damage of patients was measured and recorded with a VEP device. Results: Thirty-two eyes were included in group 1, 50 eyes were included in group 2, and 51 healthy eyes were included in group 3. In terms of visual acuity, group 1 was significantly lower than the other groups (P < 0.001). Regardless of the prolongation of p100 latency in patients with MS, whole image, inside disc ONH VD and in the same sectors in RPC VD were found to be significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05). Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was found to be significantly lower in group 1 than in group 2 and group 3 (P < 0.05). There was a significant correlation between low ONH VD and RPC VD and prolonged VEP P100 (P < 0.05). Conclusion: VEP measurements can be correlated with OCTA measurements in patients with MS and can be used as a biomarker to determine the degree of optic nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedat Ava
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Tamam
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Leyla Hazar
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mine Karahan
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Erdem
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Dursun
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Ugur Keklikçi
- Dicle University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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18
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Deciphering the spatial-temporal transcriptional landscape of human hypothalamus development. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 29:328-343.e5. [PMID: 34879244 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus comprises various nuclei and neuronal subpopulations that control fundamental homeostasis and behaviors. However, spatiotemporal molecular characterization of hypothalamus development in humans is largely unexplored. Here, we revealed spatiotemporal transcriptome profiles and cell-type characteristics of human hypothalamus development and illustrated the molecular diversity of neural progenitors and the cell-fate decision, which is programmed by a combination of transcription factors. Different neuronal and glial fates are sequentially produced and showed spatial developmental asynchrony. Moreover, human hypothalamic gliogenesis occurs at an earlier stage of gestation and displays distinctive transcription profiles compared with those in mouse. Notably, early oligodendrocyte cells in humans exhibit different gene patterns and interact with neuronal cells to regulate neuronal maturation by Wnt, Hippo, and integrin signals. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive molecular landscape of human hypothalamus development at early- and mid-embryonic stages and a foundation for understanding its spatial and functional complexity.
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19
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Santangelo R, Huang SC, Bernasconi MP, Falautano M, Comi G, Magnani G, Leocani L. Neuro-Retina Might Reflect Alzheimer's Disease Stage. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 77:1455-1468. [PMID: 32925026 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological hallmarks were found in retinas of AD patients. Several studies showed a significant reduction of neuro-retina thickness measured through optical coherence tomography (OCT) in AD patients, but possible correlations between retina morphology, cognition, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers (Aβ42, t-tau, and p-tau) have been poorly investigated so far. OBJECTIVE In the present cross-sectional study, we measured the thickness of neuro-retinal layers through OCT searching for possible correlations with patients' cognitive performances and CSF AD biomarkers. METHODS 137 consecutive subjects [43 with AD, 37 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 57 healthy controls (HC)], received an OCT scan acquisition to measure the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. In a subsample of 21 AD, 18 MCI, and 18 HC, the macular volume of ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), and inner nuclear layer was computed. A comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and CSF AD biomarkers' concentrations were available in AD and MCI patients. RESULTS Peripapillary RNFL, global, and in superior quadrant was significantly thinner in AD and MCI patients when compared to HC, while macular GCL volume was significantly reduced only in AD. RNFL thickness in nasal and inferior quadrants was correlated with single CSF AD biomarker concentrations, but no differences were found in retina morphology depending on the presence of a CSF profile typical for AD. Memory performances were positively associated with GCL and IPL volume. CONCLUSION Our findings might propose OCT as a reliable and easy to handle tool able to detect neuro-retinal atrophy in AD in relation with cognitive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Santangelo
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Su-Chun Huang
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Comi
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Letizia Leocani
- Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology-INSPE, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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20
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Vielle A, Park YK, Secora C, Vergara MN. Organoids for the Study of Retinal Development and Developmental Abnormalities. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:667880. [PMID: 34025363 PMCID: PMC8131530 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.667880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cumulative knowledge of retina development has been instrumental in the generation of retinal organoid systems from pluripotent stem cells; and these three-dimensional organoid models, in turn, have provided unprecedented opportunities for retinal research and translational applications, including the ability to model disease in a human setting and to apply these models to the development and validation of therapeutic drugs. In this review article, we examine how retinal organoids can also contribute to our understanding of retinal developmental mechanisms, how this knowledge can be applied to modeling developmental abnormalities, and highlight some of the avenues that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vielle
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yuna K Park
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Conner Secora
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, United States.,Master of Science in Modern Human Anatomy Program, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - M Natalia Vergara
- CellSight Ocular Stem Cell and Regeneration Program, Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.,Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, United States
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21
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Inhalable Thioflavin S for the Detection of Amyloid Beta Deposits in the Retina. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040835. [PMID: 33562625 PMCID: PMC7915734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an integrated delivery technology herein employing the aerosolized method to repurpose thioflavin S for imaging amyloid beta (Abeta) deposits in the retina as a surrogate of Abeta in the brain for early detection of Alzheimer's disease. The data showed that wild type (WT) mice also have Abeta deposits in the retinae, albeit much less than 5XFAD mice. Further, only in 5XFAD mice, significant Abeta deposits were found associated with retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in whole-mount and cross-section data. Furthermore, the fluorescent signal depicted from thioflavin S corroborates with Abeta immunohistochemistry staining information. Overall, this probe delivery via inhalation method is also applicable to other Abeta-binding molecules, such as Congo red, curcumin, and thioflavin T. The advantage of imaging retinal amyloid deposits compared to the brain counterparts is that the eye is easily accessible by in vivo imaging and it reduces the effort to design a probe that must cross the formidable blood-brain barrier.
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22
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Vit JP, Fuchs DT, Angel A, Levy A, Lamensdorf I, Black KL, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Color and contrast vision in mouse models of aging and Alzheimer's disease using a novel visual-stimuli four-arm maze. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1255. [PMID: 33441984 PMCID: PMC7806734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a novel visual-stimuli four-arm maze (ViS4M) equipped with spectrally- and intensity-controlled LED emitters and dynamic grayscale objects that relies on innate exploratory behavior to assess color and contrast vision in mice. Its application to detect visual impairments during normal aging and over the course of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is evaluated in wild-type (WT) and transgenic APPSWE/PS1∆E9 murine models of AD (AD+) across an array of irradiance, chromaticity, and contrast conditions. Substantial color and contrast-mode alternation deficits appear in AD+ mice at an age when hippocampal-based memory and learning is still intact. Profiling of timespan, entries and transition patterns between the different arms uncovers variable AD-associated impairments in contrast sensitivity and color discrimination, reminiscent of tritanomalous defects documented in AD patients. Transition deficits are found in aged WT mice in the absence of alternation decline. Overall, ViS4M is a versatile, controlled device to measure color and contrast-related vision in aged and diseased mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Vit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Biobehavioral Research Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ariel Angel
- Pharmaseed Ltd., 9 Hamazmera St., 74047, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Aharon Levy
- Pharmaseed Ltd., 9 Hamazmera St., 74047, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | | | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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23
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Shah A, Apte RS. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: A Window into Central Nervous System Neurodegeneration. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:892-895. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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The Retinal Inner Plexiform Synaptic Layer Mirrors Grey Matter Thickness of Primary Visual Cortex with Increased Amyloid β Load in Early Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8826087. [PMID: 33014034 PMCID: PMC7525303 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8826087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina may serve as putative window into neuropathology of synaptic loss in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we investigated synapse-rich layers versus layers composed by nuclei/cell bodies in an early stage of AD. In addition, we examined the associations between retinal changes and molecular and structural markers of cortical damage. We recruited 20 AD patients and 17 healthy controls (HC). Combining optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance (MR), and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we measured retinal and primary visual cortex (V1) thicknesses, along with V1 amyloid β (Aβ) retention ([11C]-PiB PET tracer) and neuroinflammation ([11C]-PK11195 PET tracer). We found that V1 showed increased amyloid-binding potential, in the absence of neuroinflammation. Although thickness changes were still absent, we identified a positive association between the synapse-rich inner plexiform layer (IPL) and V1 in AD. This retinocortical interplay might reflect changes in synaptic function resulting from Aβ deposition, contributing to early visual loss.
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25
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Evaluation of choroidal thickness in prodromal Alzheimer's disease defined by amyloid PET. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239484. [PMID: 32956392 PMCID: PMC7505462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess and compare the involvement of choroidal thickness (CT) in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) defined by amyloid PET and healthy controls (HC). Methods Sixty-three eyes from 34 AD patients [12 eyes (19.0%) with dementia and 51 eyes (80.9%) with MCI], positive to 11C-labelled Pittsburgh Compound-B with positron emission tomography (11C-PiB PET/CT), and the same number of sex- and age-paired HC were recruited. All participants underwent enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) assessing CT at 14 measurements from 2 B-scans. Paired Student t-test was used to compare CT measurements between MCI, dementia and sex- and age-paired HC. A univariate generalized estimating equations model (GEE) test was performed to compare MCI and dementia individually with all HC included. Results Compared with HC, eyes from patients with positive 11C-PiB PET/CT showed a significant CT thinning in 5 selected locations (in foveal thickness in vertical scan, in temporal scan at 1500μm, in superior scan at 500μm and in inferior scan at 1000μm and 1500μm, p = 0.020–0.045) whilst few significant CT reduction data was reported in MCI or dementia individually versus HC. However, the GEE test identified significant CT thinning in AD compared with all HC included (p = 0.015–0.046). Conclusions To our knowledge, the present study is the first measuring CT in eyes from MCI and dementia eyes positive to 11C-PiB PET/CT reporting a significant trend towards CT thinning in MCI patients which became more pronounced in dementia stage. We support further investigation involving larger and prospective OCT studies in AD population characterized with available biomarkers to describe whether choroidal vascular damage occurs specifically in prodromal stages of AD.
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Mirzaei N, Shi H, Oviatt M, Doustar J, Rentsendorj A, Fuchs DT, Sheyn J, Black KL, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Alzheimer's Retinopathy: Seeing Disease in the Eyes. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:921. [PMID: 33041751 PMCID: PMC7523471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurosensory retina emerges as a prominent site of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. As a CNS extension of the brain, the neuro retina is easily accessible for noninvasive, high-resolution imaging. Studies have shown that along with cognitive decline, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD often suffer from visual impairments, abnormal electroretinogram patterns, and circadian rhythm disturbances that can, at least in part, be attributed to retinal damage. Over a decade ago, our group identified the main pathological hallmark of AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques, in the retina of patients including early-stage clinical cases. Subsequent histological, biochemical and in vivo retinal imaging studies in animal models and in humans corroborated these findings and further revealed other signs of AD neuropathology in the retina. Among these signs, hyperphosphorylated tau, neuronal degeneration, retinal thinning, vascular abnormalities and gliosis were documented. Further, linear correlations between the severity of retinal and brain Aβ concentrations and plaque pathology were described. More recently, extensive retinal pericyte loss along with vascular platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β deficiency were discovered in postmortem retinas of MCI and AD patients. This progressive loss was closely associated with increased retinal vascular amyloidosis and predicted cerebral amyloid angiopathy scores. These studies brought excitement to the field of retinal exploration in AD. Indeed, many questions still remain open, such as queries related to the temporal progression of AD-related pathology in the retina compared to the brain, the relations between retinal and cerebral changes and whether retinal signs can predict cognitive decline. The extent to which AD affects the retina, including the susceptibility of certain topographical regions and cell types, is currently under intense investigation. Advances in retinal amyloid imaging, hyperspectral imaging, optical coherence tomography, and OCT-angiography encourage the use of such modalities to achieve more accurate, patient- and user-friendly, noninvasive detection and monitoring of AD. In this review, we summarize the current status in the field while addressing the many unknowns regarding Alzheimer's retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Mirzaei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Haoshen Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mia Oviatt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonah Doustar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Julia Sheyn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Asanad S, Fantini M, Sultan W, Nassisi M, Felix CM, Wu J, Karanjia R, Ross-Cisneros FN, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV, Chui HC, Pogoda JM, Arakaki X, Fonteh AN, Sadun A. A. AA, Harrington MG. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness predicts CSF amyloid/tau before cognitive decline. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232785. [PMID: 32469871 PMCID: PMC7259639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology precedes symptoms and its detection can identify at-risk individuals who may benefit from early treatment. Since the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) is depleted in established AD, we tested whether its thickness can predict whether cognitively healthy (CH) individuals have a normal or pathological cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aß42 (A) and tau (T) ratio. Methods As part of an ongoing longitudinal study, we enrolled CH individuals, excluding those with cognitive impairment and significant ocular pathology. We classified the CH group into two sub-groups, normal (CH-NAT, n = 16) or pathological (CH-PAT, n = 27), using a logistic regression model from the CSF AT ratio that identified >85% of patients with a clinically probable AD diagnosis. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) was acquired for RNFL, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), and macular thickness. Group differences were tested using mixed model repeated measures and a classification model derived using multiple logistic regression. Results Mean age (± standard deviation) in the CH-PAT group (n = 27; 75.2 ± 8.4 years) was similar (p = 0.50) to the CH-NAT group (n = 16; 74.1 ± 7.9 years). Mean RNFL (standard error) was thinner in the CH-PAT group by 9.8 (2.7) μm; p < 0.001. RNFL thickness classified CH-NAT vs. CH-PAT with 87% sensitivity and 56.3% specificity. Conclusions Our retinal data predict which individuals have CSF biomarkers of AD pathology before cognitive deficits are detectable with 87% sensitivity. Such results from easy-to-acquire, objective and non-invasive measurements of the RNFL merit further study of OCT technology to monitor or screen for early AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asanad
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michele Fantini
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - William Sultan
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Marco Nassisi
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Ophthalmological Unit, IRCCS-Cà Granda Foundation—Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Christian M. Felix
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Helena C. Chui
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Janice M. Pogoda
- Cipher Biostatistics & Reporting, Reno, NV, United States of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Alfredo A. Sadun A. A.
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Marquié M, Valero S, Castilla-Marti M, Martínez J, Rodríguez-Gómez O, Sanabria Á, Tartari JP, Monté-Rubio GC, Sotolongo-Grau O, Alegret M, Pérez-Cordón A, Roberto N, de Rojas I, Moreno-Grau S, Montrreal L, Hernández I, Rosende-Roca M, Mauleón A, Vargas L, Abdelnour C, Gil S, Esteban-De Antonio E, Espinosa A, Ortega G, Lomeña F, Pavia J, Vivas A, Tejero MÁ, Gómez-Chiari M, Simó R, Ciudin A, Hernández C, Orellana A, Benaque A, Ruiz A, Tárraga L, Boada M. Association between retinal thickness and β-amyloid brain accumulation in individuals with subjective cognitive decline: Fundació ACE Healthy Brain Initiative. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2020; 12:37. [PMID: 32234080 PMCID: PMC7110730 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00602-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina is a fast and easily accessible tool for the quantification of retinal structural measurements. Multiple studies show that patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) exhibit thinning in several retinal layers compared to age-matched controls. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) has been proposed as a risk factor for progression to AD. There is little data about retinal changes in preclinical AD and their correlation with amyloid-β (Aβ) uptake. Aims We investigated the association of retinal thickness quantified by OCT with Aβ accumulation and conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) over 24 months in individuals with SCD. Methods One hundred twenty-nine individuals with SCD enrolled in Fundació ACE Healthy Brain Initiative underwent comprehensive neuropsychological testing, OCT scan of the retina and florbetaben (FBB) positron emission tomography (PET) at baseline (v0) and after 24 months (v2). We assessed the association of sixteen retinal thickness measurements at baseline with FBB-PET status (+/−) and global standardize uptake value ratio (SUVR) as a continuous measure at v0 and v2 and their predictive value on clinical status change (conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)) at v2. Results Mean age of the sample was 64.72 ± 7.27 years; 62.8% were females. Fifteen participants were classified as FBB-PET+ at baseline and 22 at v2. Every 1 μm of increased thickness in the inner nasal macular region conferred 8% and 6% higher probability of presenting a FBB-PET+ status at v0 (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.02–1.14, p = 0.007) and v2 (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.02–1.11, p = 0.004), respectively. Inner nasal macular thickness also positively correlated with global SUVR (at v0: β = 0.23, p = 0.004; at v2: β = 0.26, p = 0.001). No retinal measurements were associated to conversion to MCI over 24 months. Conclusions Subtle retinal thickness changes in the macular region are already present in SCD and correlate with Aβ uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marquié
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergi Valero
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Castilla-Marti
- Clínica Oftalmológica Dr. Castilla, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital del Mar and Hospital de l'Esperança - Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Martínez
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavio Rodríguez-Gómez
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángela Sanabria
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Tartari
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma C Monté-Rubio
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Sotolongo-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Alegret
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Cordón
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Roberto
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar de Rojas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Moreno-Grau
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Montrreal
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maitee Rosende-Roca
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Mauleón
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liliana Vargas
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Abdelnour
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Gil
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ester Esteban-De Antonio
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Ortega
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Lomeña
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Pavia
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic i Provincial de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Assumpta Vivas
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Clínica Corachan, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Rafael Simó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreea Ciudin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institut de Recerca Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelina Orellana
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Benaque
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lluís Tárraga
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Research Center and Memory Clinic, Fundació ACE Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades - Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Gran Via Carles III, 85 bis, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Zabel P, Kaluzny JJ, Wilkosc-Debczynska M, Gebska-Toloczko M, Suwala K, Zabel K, Zaron A, Kucharski R, Araszkiewicz A. Comparison of Retinal Microvasculature in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3447-3455. [PMID: 31408108 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Comparison of retinal microvasculature within the macula and the optic nerve head in the eyes of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), and in a healthy control (HC) group, using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods In this cross-sectional study, 27 patients with AD, 27 with POAG, and 27 healthy controls were enrolled. The Mini-Mental State Examination test was used to assess cognitive function. Ophthalmic examination included OCTA, which was used for the imaging of vascular flow within the layer of radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs), and also in the superficial vascular plexus (SVP) and deep vascular plexus (DVP) of the retina. Results In the AD group, the density of vessels in DVP was significantly reduced and the foveal avascular zone was increased when compared to POAG and HC groups (P < 0.001). Patients with POAG had a significantly reduced vessel density in RPCs and SVP as compared to AD and HC groups (P < 0.001). The average thickness of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer was correlated with the vessel density in SVP in patients with POAG (Pearson's r = 0.66; P = 0.0002) and was significantly lower in POAG and AD groups than in the HC group (P < 0.001). Conclusions AD and POAG are neurodegenerative diseases associated with apoptosis of nerve cells and impairment of microvasculature. Despite the fact that in both diseases there are abnormalities of the entire retinal vascular system, significant microcirculatory impairment in POAG patients affects superficial vessels, whereas in AD patients it affects vessels located in the deeper retinal layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Zabel
- Department of Biology of the Visual System, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Oftalmika Eye Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jakub J Kaluzny
- Department of Biology of the Visual System, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Oftalmika Eye Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Monika Wilkosc-Debczynska
- Institute of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Martyna Gebska-Toloczko
- Department of Biology of the Visual System, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Karolina Suwala
- Department of Biology of the Visual System, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zabel
- Department of Biology of the Visual System, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Oftalmika Eye Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agata Zaron
- Department of Biology of the Visual System, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert Kucharski
- Center of Psychoneurology of the Elderly, Sue Ryder Home, Pallmed Ltd., Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Aleksander Araszkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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30
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Wan Y, White C, Robert N, Rogers MB, Szabo-Rogers HL. Localization of Tfap2β, Casq2, Penk, Zic1, and Zic3 Expression in the Developing Retina, Muscle, and Sclera of the Embryonic Mouse Eye. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:863-871. [PMID: 31638440 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419885112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic development involves sequential interactions between several different tissue types, including the overlying ectoderm, adjacent mesoderm, and neural crest mesenchyme and the neuroectoderm. In an ongoing expression screen, we identified that Tfap2β, Casq2, Penk, Zic1, and Zic3 are expressed in unique cell types in and around the developing eye. Tfap2β, Zic1, and Zic3 are transcription factors, Casq2 is a calcium binding protein and Penk is a neurotransmitter. Tfap2β, Zic1, and Zic3 have reported roles in brain and craniofacial development, while Casq2 and Penk have unknown roles. These five genes are expressed in the major tissue types in the eye, including the muscles, nerves, cornea, and sclera. Penk expression is found in the sclera and perichondrium. At E12.5 and E15.5, the extra-ocular muscles express Casq2, the entire neural retina expresses Zic1, and Zic3 is expressed in the optic disk and lip of the optic cup. The expression of Tfap2β expanded from corneal epithelium to the neural retina between E12.5 to E15.5. These genes are expressed in similar domains as Hedgehog (Gli1, and Ptch1) and the Wnt (Lef1) pathways. The expression patterns of these five genes warrant further study to determine their role in eye morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wan
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Casey White
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nadine Robert
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Matthew B Rogers
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Heather L Szabo-Rogers
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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31
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Asanad S, Ross-Cisneros FN, Nassisi M, Barron E, Karanjia R, Sadun AA. The Retina in Alzheimer's Disease: Histomorphometric Analysis of an Ophthalmologic Biomarker. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:1491-1500. [PMID: 30973577 PMCID: PMC6892387 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To provide a histopathologic, morphometric analysis of the retina in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Human postmortem retinas from eight patients with AD (mean age: 80 ± 12.7 years) and from 11 age-matched controls (mean age: 78 ± 16.57 years) were analyzed. The retinas were sampled from the superior quadrant on both the temporal and nasal sides with respect to the optic nerve. Thickness of the inner and outer layers involving the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL) were measured and compared between controls and AD. A total of 16 measurements of retinal thickness were acquired for each layer. Results RNFL thinning supero-temporally was significant closest to the optic nerve (∼35% thickness reduction; P < 0.001). Supero-nasally, RNFL was thinner throughout all points (∼40% reduction; P < 0.001). Supero-temporally, RGCL thinning was pronounced toward the macula (∼35% thickness reduction; P < 0.001). Supero-nasally, RGCL showed uniform thinning throughout (∼35% reduction; P < 0.001). IPL thinning supero-temporally was statistically significant in the macula (∼15% reduction; P < 0.01). Supero-nasal IPL featured uniform thinning throughout (∼25% reduction; P < 0.001). Supero-temporally, INL and ONL thinning were pronounced toward the macula (∼25% reduction; P < 0.01). Supero-nasally, INL and ONL were thinner throughout (∼25% reduction; P < 0.01). Conclusions Our study revealed marked thinning in both the inner and outer layers of the retina. These quantified histopathologic findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the retina in AD than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Asanad
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | | | - Marco Nassisi
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ernesto Barron
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Rustum Karanjia
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alfredo A Sadun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Sharma S, Chakravarthy H, Suresh G, Devanathan V. Adult Goat Retinal Neuronal Culture: Applications in Modeling Hyperglycemia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:983. [PMID: 31607843 PMCID: PMC6756134 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture of adult neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) can provide a unique model system to explore neurodegenerative diseases. The CNS includes neurons and glia of the brain, spinal cord and retina. Neurons in the retina have the advantage of being the most accessible cells of the CNS, and can serve as a reliable mirror to the brain. Typically, primary cultures utilize fetal rodent neurons, but very rarely adult neurons from larger mammals. Here, we cultured primary retinal neurons isolated from adult goat up to 10 days, and established an in vitro model of hyperglycemia for performing morphological and molecular characterization studies. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that approximately 30–40% of cultured cells expressed neuronal markers. Next, we examined the relative expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in adult goat brain and retina. We also studied the effect of different glucose concentrations and media composition on the growth and expression of CAMs in cultured retinal neurons. Hyperglycemia significantly enhances neurite outgrowth in adult retinal neurons in culture. Expression of CAMs such as Caspr1, Contactin1 and Prion is downregulated in the presence of high glucose. Hyperglycemia downregulates the expression of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP α), predicted to bind CAM gene promoters. Collectively, our study demonstrates that metabolic environment markedly affects transcriptional regulation of CAMs in adult retinal neurons in culture. The effect of hyperglycemia on CAM interactions, as well as related changes in intracellular signaling pathways in adult retinal neurons warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapana Sharma
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, India
| | - Harshini Chakravarthy
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, India
| | - Gowthaman Suresh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, India
| | - Vasudharani Devanathan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Tirupati, India
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33
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Iqbal J, Zhang K, Jin N, Zhao Y, Liu X, Liu Q, Ni J, Shen L. Alzheimer's Disease Is Responsible for Progressive Age-Dependent Differential Expression of Various Protein Cascades in Retina of Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2418-2433. [PMID: 30695639 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease associated with cognitive impairments and memory loss usually in aged people. In the past few years, it has been detected in the eye retina, manifesting the systematic spread of the disease. This might be used for biomarker discovery for early detection and treatment of the disease. Here, we have described the proteomic alterations in retina of 2, 4, and 6 months old 3×Tg-AD mice by using iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) proteomics technology. Out of the total identified proteins, 121 (71 up- and 50 down-regulated), 79 (51 up- and 28 down-regulated), and 153 (37 up- and 116 down-regulated) significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) are found in 2, 4, and 6 month's mice retina (2, 4, and 6 M), respectively. Seventeen DEPs are found common in these three groups with consistent expression behavior or opposite expression in the three groups. Bioinformatics analysis of these DEPs highlighted their involvement in vital AD-related biological phenomenon. To further prompt the results, four proteins from 2 M group, three from 4 M, and four from 6 M age groups are successfully validated with Western blot analysis. This study confirms the retinal involvement of AD in the form of proteomic differences and further explains the protein-based molecular mechanisms, which might be a step toward biomarker discovery for early detection and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Kaoyuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong 518036, China
| | - Na Jin
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Xukun Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Liming Shen
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
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Chan VTT, Sun Z, Tang S, Chen LJ, Wong A, Tham CC, Wong TY, Chen C, Ikram MK, Whitson HE, Lad EM, Mok VCT, Cheung CY. Spectral-Domain OCT Measurements in Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology 2019; 126:497-510. [PMID: 30114417 PMCID: PMC6424641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TOPIC OCT is a noninvasive tool to measure specific retinal layers in the eye. The relationship of retinal spectral-domain (SD) OCT measurements with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains unclear. Hence, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the SD OCT measurements in AD and MCI. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Current methods of diagnosing early AD are expensive and invasive. Retinal measurements of SD OCT, which are noninvasive, technically simple, and inexpensive, are potential biomarkers of AD. METHODS We conducted a literature search in PubMed and Excerpta Medica Database to identify studies published before December 31, 2017, that assessed the associations between AD, MCI, and measurements of SD OCT: ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), macular volume, and choroidal thickness, in addition to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness. We used a random-effects model to examine these relationships. We also conducted meta-regression and assessed heterogeneity, publication bias, and study quality. RESULTS We identified 30 eligible studies, involving 1257 AD patients, 305 MCI patients, and 1460 controls, all of which were cross-sectional studies. In terms of the macular structure, AD patients showed significant differences in GC-IPL thickness (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.80 to -0.11; I2 = 71%), GCC thickness (SMD, -0.84; 95% CI, -1.10 to -0.57; I2 = 0%), macular volume (SMD, -0.58; 95% CI, -1.03 to -0.14; I2 = 80%), and macular thickness of all inner and outer sectors (SMD range, -0.52 to -0.74; all P < 0.001) when compared with controls. Peripapillary RNFL thickness (SMD, -0.67; 95% CI, -0.95 to -0.38; I2 = 89%) and choroidal thickness (SMD range, -0.88 to -1.03; all P < 0.001) also were thinner in AD patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirmed the associations between retinal measurements of SD OCT and AD, highlighting the potential usefulness of SD OCT measurements as biomarkers of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor T T Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zihan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shumin Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Adrian Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Clement C Tham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tien Y Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, National University Health System, Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Departments of Neurology and Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Heather E Whitson
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Vincent C T Mok
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Therese Pei Fong Chow Research Centre for Prevention of Dementia, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol Y Cheung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Newman EA, Kim DW, Wan J, Wang J, Qian J, Blackshaw S. Foxd1 is required for terminal differentiation of anterior hypothalamic neuronal subtypes. Dev Biol 2018; 439:102-111. [PMID: 29679559 PMCID: PMC5964039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the hypothalamus functions as a master homeostat for many behaviors, little is known about the transcriptional networks that control its development. To investigate this question, we analyzed mice deficient for the Forkhead domain transcription factor Foxd1. Foxd1 is selectively expressed in neuroepithelial cells of the prethalamus and hypothalamus prior to the onset of neurogenesis, and is later restricted to neural progenitors of the prethalamus and anterior hypothalamus. During early stages of neurogenesis, we observed that Foxd1-deficient mice showed reduced expression of Six3 and Vax1 in anterior hypothalamus, but overall patterning of the prethalamus and hypothalamus is unaffected. After neurogenesis is complete, however, a progressive reduction and eventual loss of expression of molecular markers of the suprachiasmatic, paraventricular and periventricular hypothalamic is observed. These findings demonstrate that Foxd1 acts in hypothalamic progenitors to allow sustained expression of a subset of genes selectively expressed in mature neurons of the anterior hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Newman
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Human Systems Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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36
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Qian X, Jacob F, Song MM, Nguyen HN, Song H, Ming GL. Generation of human brain region-specific organoids using a miniaturized spinning bioreactor. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:565-580. [PMID: 29470464 PMCID: PMC6241211 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human brain organoids, 3D self-assembled neural tissues derived from pluripotent stem cells, are important tools for studying human brain development and related disorders. Suspension cultures maintained by spinning bioreactors allow for the growth of large organoids despite the lack of vasculature, but commercially available spinning bioreactors are bulky in size and have low throughput. Here, we describe the procedures for building the miniaturized multiwell spinning bioreactor SpinΩ from 3D-printed parts and commercially available hardware. We also describe how to use SpinΩ to generate forebrain, midbrain and hypothalamus organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). These organoids recapitulate key dynamic features of the developing human brain at the molecular, cellular and structural levels. The reduction in culture volume, increase in throughput and reproducibility achieved using our bioreactor and region-specific differentiation protocols enable quantitative modeling of brain disorders and compound testing. This protocol takes 14-84 d to complete (depending on the type of brain region-specific organoids and desired developmental stages), and organoids can be further maintained over 200 d. Competence with hiPSC culture is required for optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Qian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fadi Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mingxi Max Song
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ha Nam Nguyen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Hampel H, Toschi N, Babiloni C, Baldacci F, Black KL, Bokde AL, Bun RS, Cacciola F, Cavedo E, Chiesa PA, Colliot O, Coman CM, Dubois B, Duggento A, Durrleman S, Ferretti MT, George N, Genthon R, Habert MO, Herholz K, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, Lamari F, Langevin T, Lehéricy S, Lorenceau J, Neri C, Nisticò R, Nyasse-Messene F, Ritchie C, Rossi S, Santarnecchi E, Sporns O, Verdooner SR, Vergallo A, Villain N, Younesi E, Garaci F, Lista S. Revolution of Alzheimer Precision Neurology. Passageway of Systems Biology and Neurophysiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 64:S47-S105. [PMID: 29562524 PMCID: PMC6008221 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Precision Neurology development process implements systems theory with system biology and neurophysiology in a parallel, bidirectional research path: a combined hypothesis-driven investigation of systems dysfunction within distinct molecular, cellular, and large-scale neural network systems in both animal models as well as through tests for the usefulness of these candidate dynamic systems biomarkers in different diseases and subgroups at different stages of pathophysiological progression. This translational research path is paralleled by an "omics"-based, hypothesis-free, exploratory research pathway, which will collect multimodal data from progressing asymptomatic, preclinical, and clinical neurodegenerative disease (ND) populations, within the wide continuous biological and clinical spectrum of ND, applying high-throughput and high-content technologies combined with powerful computational and statistical modeling tools, aimed at identifying novel dysfunctional systems and predictive marker signatures associated with ND. The goals are to identify common biological denominators or differentiating classifiers across the continuum of ND during detectable stages of pathophysiological progression, characterize systems-based intermediate endophenotypes, validate multi-modal novel diagnostic systems biomarkers, and advance clinical intervention trial designs by utilizing systems-based intermediate endophenotypes and candidate surrogate markers. Achieving these goals is key to the ultimate development of early and effective individualized treatment of ND, such as Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer Precision Medicine Initiative (APMI) and cohort program (APMI-CP), as well as the Paris based core of the Sorbonne University Clinical Research Group "Alzheimer Precision Medicine" (GRC-APM) were recently launched to facilitate the passageway from conventional clinical diagnostic and drug development toward breakthrough innovation based on the investigation of the comprehensive biological nature of aging individuals. The APMI movement is gaining momentum to systematically apply both systems neurophysiology and systems biology in exploratory translational neuroscience research on ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Radiology, “Athinoula A. Martinos” Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudio Babiloni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
- Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS “San Raffaele Pisana”, Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Baldacci
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Keith L. Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience (TCIN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - René S. Bun
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Cacciola
- Unit of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrica Cavedo
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- IRCCS “San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Patrizia A. Chiesa
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Colliot
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225 ICM, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM) Paris, France; Inria, Aramis project-team, Centre de Recherche de Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Paris, France
| | - Cristina-Maria Coman
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Duggento
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Stanley Durrleman
- Inserm, U1127, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7225 ICM, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127, Paris, France; Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM) Paris, France; Inria, Aramis project-team, Centre de Recherche de Paris, France
| | - Maria-Teresa Ferretti
- IREM, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- ZNZ Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie George
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, ICM, Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Centre MEG-EEG, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Remy Genthon
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Habert
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d’Imagerie Biomédicale, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm U 1146, CNRS UMR 7371, Paris, France
| | - Karl Herholz
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Foudil Lamari
- AP-HP, UF Biochimie des Maladies Neuro-métaboliques, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- Centre de NeuroImagerie de Recherche - CENIR, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière - ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, ICM, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean Lorenceau
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S968, CNRS UMR7210, Paris, France
| | - Christian Neri
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, CNRS UMR 8256, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata” & Pharmacology of Synaptic Disease Lab, European Brain Research Institute (E.B.R.I.), Rome, Italy
| | - Francis Nyasse-Messene
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Craig Ritchie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Simone Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab. (Si-BIN Lab.), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Section of Human Physiology University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Brain Investigation & Neuromodulation Lab. (Si-BIN Lab.), University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
- IU Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - Andrea Vergallo
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Villain
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Francesco Garaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Casa di Cura “San Raffaele Cassino”, Cassino, Italy
| | - Simone Lista
- AXA Research Fund & Sorbonne Université Chair, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, GRC n° 21, Alzheimer Precision Medicine (APM), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Boulevard de l’hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
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Doustar J, Torbati T, Black KL, Koronyo Y, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Optical Coherence Tomography in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurol 2017; 8:701. [PMID: 29312125 PMCID: PMC5742098 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, a surge of evidence has documented various pathological processes in the retina of patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and other neurodegenerative diseases. Numerous studies have shown that the retina, a central nervous system tissue formed as a developmental outgrowth of the brain, is profoundly affected by AD. Harboring the earliest detectable disease-specific signs, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques, the retina of AD patients undergoes substantial ganglion cell degeneration, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer, and loss of axonal projections in the optic nerve, among other abnormalities. More recent investigations described Aβ plaques in the retina located within sites of neuronal degeneration and occurring in clusters in the mid- and far-periphery of the superior and inferior quadrants, regions that had been previously overlooked. Diverse structural and/or disease-specific changes were also identified in the retina of PD, Huntington's disease, and multiple sclerosis patients. The pathological relationship between the retina and brain prompted the development of imaging tools designed to noninvasively detect and monitor these signs in living patients. One such tool is optical coherence tomography (OCT), uniquely providing high-resolution two-dimensional cross-sectional imaging and three-dimensional volumetric measurements. As such, OCT emerged as a prominent approach for assessing retinal abnormalities in vivo, and indeed provided multiple parameters that allowed for the distinction between normal aged individuals and patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Beyond the use of retinal optical fundus imaging, which recently allowed for the detection and quantification of amyloid plaques in living AD patients via a wide-field view of the peripheral retina, a major advantage of OCT has been the ability to measure the volumetric changes in specified retinal layers. OCT has proven to be particularly useful in analyzing retinal structural abnormalities consistent with disease pathogenesis. In this review, we provide a summary of OCT findings in the retina of patients with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies should explore the combination of imaging early hallmark signs together with structural-functional biomarkers in the accessible retina as a practical means of assessing risk, disease progression, and therapeutic efficacy in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Doustar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tania Torbati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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39
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Cvekl A, Zhang X. Signaling and Gene Regulatory Networks in Mammalian Lens Development. Trends Genet 2017; 33:677-702. [PMID: 28867048 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular lens development represents an advantageous system in which to study regulatory mechanisms governing cell fate decisions, extracellular signaling, cell and tissue organization, and the underlying gene regulatory networks. Spatiotemporally regulated domains of BMP, FGF, and other signaling molecules in late gastrula-early neurula stage embryos generate the border region between the neural plate and non-neural ectoderm from which multiple cell types, including lens progenitor cells, emerge and undergo initial tissue formation. Extracellular signaling and DNA-binding transcription factors govern lens and optic cup morphogenesis. Pax6, c-Maf, Hsf4, Prox1, Sox1, and a few additional factors regulate the expression of the lens structural proteins, the crystallins. Extensive crosstalk between a diverse array of signaling pathways controls the complexity and order of lens morphogenetic processes and lens transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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40
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Koronyo Y, Biggs D, Barron E, Boyer DS, Pearlman JA, Au WJ, Kile SJ, Blanco A, Fuchs DT, Ashfaq A, Frautschy S, Cole GM, Miller CA, Hinton DR, Verdooner SR, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Retinal amyloid pathology and proof-of-concept imaging trial in Alzheimer's disease. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93621. [PMID: 28814675 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noninvasive detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with high specificity and sensitivity can greatly facilitate identification of at-risk populations for earlier, more effective intervention. AD patients exhibit a myriad of retinal pathologies, including hallmark amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits. METHODS Burden, distribution, cellular layer, and structure of retinal Aβ plaques were analyzed in flat mounts and cross sections of definite AD patients and controls (n = 37). In a proof-of-concept retinal imaging trial (n = 16), amyloid probe curcumin formulation was determined and protocol was established for retinal amyloid imaging in live patients. RESULTS Histological examination uncovered classical and neuritic-like Aβ deposits with increased retinal Aβ42 plaques (4.7-fold; P = 0.0063) and neuronal loss (P = 0.0023) in AD patients versus matched controls. Retinal Aβ plaque mirrored brain pathology, especially in the primary visual cortex (P = 0.0097 to P = 0.0018; Pearson's r = 0.84-0.91). Retinal deposits often associated with blood vessels and occurred in hot spot peripheral regions of the superior quadrant and innermost retinal layers. Transmission electron microscopy revealed retinal Aβ assembled into protofibrils and fibrils. Moreover, the ability to image retinal amyloid deposits with solid-lipid curcumin and a modified scanning laser ophthalmoscope was demonstrated in live patients. A fully automated calculation of the retinal amyloid index (RAI), a quantitative measure of increased curcumin fluorescence, was constructed. Analysis of RAI scores showed a 2.1-fold increase in AD patients versus controls (P = 0.0031). CONCLUSION The geometric distribution and increased burden of retinal amyloid pathology in AD, together with the feasibility to noninvasively detect discrete retinal amyloid deposits in living patients, may lead to a practical approach for large-scale AD diagnosis and monitoring. FUNDING National Institute on Aging award (AG044897) and The Saban and The Marciano Family Foundations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Biggs
- NeuroVision Imaging LLC, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - David S Boyer
- Retina Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Joel A Pearlman
- Retinal Consultants Medical Group, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - William J Au
- Sutter Neuroscience Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shawn J Kile
- Sutter Neuroscience Institute, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Austin Blanco
- NeuroVision Imaging LLC, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Dieu-Trang Fuchs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adeel Ashfaq
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sally Frautschy
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Veterans Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Departments of Neurology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Veterans Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carol A Miller
- Department of Pathology Program in Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, and
| | - David R Hinton
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Sel S, Patzel E, Poggi L, Kaiser D, Kalinski T, Schicht M, Paulsen F, Nass N. Temporal and spatial expression pattern of Nnat during mouse eye development. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 23-24:7-12. [PMID: 28038958 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronatin (Nnat) was initially identified as a highly expressed gene in neonatal mammalian brain. In this study, we analyze the spatial and temporal expression pattern of Nnat during mouse eye development as well as in the adult. METHODS The expression of Nnat was analyzed on mRNA as well as protein level. The presence of Nnat transcripts in the adult retina was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Nnat protein expression was evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemistry during eye development at embryonic day (E) 12, 15, 16 and postnatal day (P) 7, 14, 30 and 175 (adult). RESULTS Immunohistochemical studies of the developing mouse eye revealed Nnat expression in embryonic and adult neuroretina as well as in corneal epithelial, stromal, endothelial cells and in lens epithelium. Expression of Nnat was detected from E12 onwards and was also present in adult eyes. CONCLUSIONS The expression pattern suggests that Nnat may play an important role during eye development and in the maintenance of mature eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadettin Sel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Eva Patzel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Poggi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Delia Kaiser
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Norbert Nass
- Institute of Pathology, University Magdeburg, Germany
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42
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Hart NJ, Koronyo Y, Black KL, Koronyo-Hamaoui M. Ocular indicators of Alzheimer's: exploring disease in the retina. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:767-787. [PMID: 27645291 PMCID: PMC5106496 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although historically perceived as a disorder confined to the brain, our understanding of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has expanded to include extra-cerebral manifestation, with mounting evidence of abnormalities in the eye. Among ocular tissues, the retina, a developmental outgrowth of the brain, is marked by an array of pathologies in patients suffering from AD, including nerve fiber layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. While the hallmark pathological signs of AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) comprising hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) protein, have long been described in the brain, identification of these characteristic biomarkers in the retina has only recently been reported. In particular, Aβ deposits were discovered in post-mortem retinas of advanced and early stage cases of AD, in stark contrast to non-AD controls. Subsequent studies have reported elevated Aβ42/40 peptides, morphologically diverse Aβ plaques, and pTau in the retina. In line with the above findings, animal model studies have reported retinal Aβ deposits and tauopathy, often correlated with local inflammation, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and functional deficits. This review highlights the converging evidence that AD manifests in the eye, especially in the retina, which can be imaged directly and non-invasively. Visual dysfunction in AD patients, traditionally attributed to well-documented cerebral pathology, can now be reexamined as a direct outcome of retinal abnormalities. As we continue to study the disease in the brain, the emerging field of ocular AD warrants further investigation of how the retina may faithfully reflect the neurological disease. Indeed, detection of retinal AD pathology, particularly the early presenting amyloid biomarkers, using advanced high-resolution imaging techniques may allow large-scale screening and monitoring of at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav J Hart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Yosef Koronyo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA
| | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 S. San Vicente Blvd., Los Angeles, 90048, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 110 George Burns Rd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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43
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Ahmed FN, Stence NV, Mirsky DM. Asymptomatic Interhypothalamic Adhesions in Children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 37:726-9. [PMID: 26635283 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the use of high-resolution MR imaging techniques, we have increasingly observed anomalies of the hypothalamus characterized by a band of tissue spanning the third ventricle between the hypothalami, often without associated clinical sequelae. Historically, hypothalamic anomalies are highly associated with symptoms referable to a hypothalamic hamartoma, midline congenital disorder, hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction, or seizures, with very few asymptomatic patients reported. The interhypothalamic tissue described in our cohort was observed incidentally through the routine acquisition of high-resolution T1WI. No referable symptoms were identified in most of the study group. In the appropriate patient population in which associated symptoms are absent, the described hypothalamic anomalies may be incidental and should not be misdiagnosed as hypothalamic hamartomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Ahmed
- From the Department of Radiology (F.N.A.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - N V Stence
- Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - D M Mirsky
- Department of Radiology (N.V.S., D.M.M.), Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
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44
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Bedont JL, Newman EA, Blackshaw S. Patterning, specification, and differentiation in the developing hypothalamus. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 4:445-68. [PMID: 25820448 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its complex structure and highly diverse cell populations, the study of hypothalamic development has historically lagged behind that of other brain regions. However, in recent years, a greatly expanded understanding of hypothalamic gene expression during development has opened up new avenues of investigation. In this review, we synthesize existing work to present a holistic picture of hypothalamic development from early induction and patterning through nuclear specification and differentiation, with a particular emphasis on determination of cell fate. We will also touch on special topics in the field including the prosomere model, adult neurogenesis, and integration of migratory cells originating outside the hypothalamic neuroepithelium, and how these topics relate to our broader theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Bedont
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Newman
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,High-Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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45
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Isolation and characterization of mammalian cells expressing the Arf promoter during eye development. Biotechniques 2014; 56:239-49. [PMID: 24806224 DOI: 10.2144/000114166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many researchers have successfully uncovered novel functions of the tumor suppressor p19(Arf) utilizing various types of cultured cancer cells and immortalized fibroblasts, these systems do not accurately reflect the endogenous environment in which Arf is developmentally expressed. We addressed this by isolating perivascular cells (PVCs) from the primary vitreous of the mouse eye. This rare cell type normally expresses the p19(Arf) tumor suppressor in a non-pathological, developmental context. We utilized fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to purify the cells by virtue of a GFP reporter driven by the native Arf promoter and then characterized their morphology and gene expression pattern. We further examined the effects of reintroduction of Arf expression in the Arf(GFP/GFP) PVCs to verify expected downstream effectors of p19(Arf) as well as uncover novel functions of Arf as a regulator of vasculogenesis. This methodology and cell culture model should serve as a useful tool to examine p19(Arf) biology.
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46
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Byerly MS, Swanson RD, Wong GW, Blackshaw S. Stage-specific inhibition of TrkB activity leads to long-lasting and sexually dimorphic effects on body weight and hypothalamic gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80781. [PMID: 24312242 PMCID: PMC3843668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, prenatal and postnatal factors program homeostatic set points to regulate food intake and body weight in the adult. Combinations of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of neural circuitry that regulates whole-body energy homeostasis. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and its receptor, Tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB), are strong candidates for mediating the reshaping of hypothalamic neural circuitry, given their well-characterized role in the central regulation of feeding and body weight. Here, we employ a chemical-genetic approach using the TrkBF616A/F616A knock-in mouse model to define the critical developmental period in which TrkB inhibition contributes to increased adult fat mass. Surprisingly, transient TrkB inhibition in embryos, preweaning pups, and adults all resulted in long-lasting increases in body weight and fat content. Moreover, sex-specific differences in the effects of TrkB inhibition on both body weight and hypothalamic gene expression were observed at multiple developmental stages. Our results highlight both the importance of the Bdnf/TrkB pathway in maintaining normal body weight throughout life and the role of sex-specific differences in the organization of hypothalamic neural circuitry that regulates body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mardi S. Byerly
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Roy D. Swanson
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - G. William Wong
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Center for High throughput Technology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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47
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Kapatai G, Brundler MA, Jenkinson H, Kearns P, Parulekar M, Peet AC, McConville CM. Gene expression profiling identifies different sub-types of retinoblastoma. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:512-25. [PMID: 23756868 PMCID: PMC3721394 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutation of the RB1 gene is necessary but not sufficient for the development of retinoblastoma. The nature of events occurring subsequent to RB1 mutation is unclear, as is the retinal cell-of-origin of this tumour. Methods: Gene expression profiling of 21 retinoblastomas was carried out to identify genetic events that contribute to tumorigenesis and to obtain information about tumour histogenesis. Results: Expression analysis showed a clear separation of retinoblastomas into two groups. Group 1 retinoblastomas express genes associated with a range of different retinal cell types, suggesting derivation from a retinal progenitor cell type. Recurrent chromosomal alterations typical of retinoblastoma, for example, chromosome 1q and 6p gain and 16q loss were also a feature of this group, and clinically they were characterised by an invasive pattern of tumour growth. In contrast, group 2 retinoblastomas were found to retain many characteristics of cone photoreceptor cells and appear to exploit the high metabolic capacity of this cell type in order to promote tumour proliferation. Conclusion: Retinoblastoma is a heterogeneous tumour with variable biology and clinical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kapatai
- School of Cancer Sciences, Vincent Drive, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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48
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Abstract
Three embryonic tissue sources-the neural ectoderm, the surface ectoderm, and the periocular mesenchyme-contribute to the formation of the mammalian eye. For this reason, the developing eye has presented an invaluable system for studying the interactions among cells and, more recently, genes, in specifying cell fate. This article describes how the eye primordium is specified in the anterior neural plate by four eye field transcription factors and how the optic vesicle becomes regionalized into three distinct tissue types. Specific attention is given to how cross talk between the optic vesicle and surface ectoderm contributes to lens and optic cup formation. This article also describes how signaling networks and cell movements set up axes in the optic cup and establish the multiple cell fates important for vision. How multipotent retinal progenitor cells give rise to the six neuronal and one glial cell type in the mature retina is also explained. Finally, the history and progress of cellular therapeutics for the treatment of degenerative eye disease is outlined. Throughout this article, special attention is given to how disruption of gene function causes ocular malformation in humans. Indeed, the accessibility of the eye has contributed much to our understanding of the basic processes involved in mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Heavner
- UNC Neuroscience Center, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Muranishi Y, Terada K, Furukawa T. An essential role for Rax in retina and neuroendocrine system development. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:341-8. [PMID: 22524605 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the central nervous system (CNS) develops as a highly hierarchical, patterned organ with a vast diversity of neuronal and glial cell types. The vertebrate retina is developmentally a part of the CNS. Establishment of the vertebrate retina requires a series of developmental steps including specification of the anterior neural plate, evagination of the optic vesicles from the ventral forebrain, and differentiation of cells. The transcription factor RAX is a paired-type homeoprotein that plays a critical role in the eye and forebrain development of vertebrate species. Rax is initially expressed in the anterior neural region of developing mouse embryos, and later in the retina, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, and pineal gland. The targeted deletion of Rax in the mouse results in no eye formation and abnormal forebrain formation. In humans, mutations in the RAX gene lead to anophthalmia and microphthalmia. These observations indicate that RAX plays a pivotal role in the establishment of the retina. In addition, recent studies have reported that retina and pituitary gland tissues can be induced in a culture system from embryonic stem cells, using RAX expression as an indicator of neuronal progenitor cells in the induced tissue, and suggesting that the Rax gene is a key factor in neuronal regeneration. This review highlights the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of RAX in retina, pituitary, hypothalamus, and pineal gland development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Muranishi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
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Razy-Krajka F, Brown ER, Horie T, Callebert J, Sasakura Y, Joly JS, Kusakabe TG, Vernier P. Monoaminergic modulation of photoreception in ascidian: evidence for a proto-hypothalamo-retinal territory. BMC Biol 2012; 10:45. [PMID: 22642675 PMCID: PMC3414799 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The retina of craniates/vertebrates has been proposed to derive from a photoreceptor prosencephalic territory in ancestral chordates, but the evolutionary origin of the different cell types making the retina is disputed. Except for photoreceptors, the existence of homologs of retinal cells remains uncertain outside vertebrates. Methods The expression of genes expressed in the sensory vesicle of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis including those encoding components of the monoaminergic neurotransmission systems, was analyzed by in situ hybridization or in vivo transfection of the corresponding regulatory elements driving fluorescent reporters. Modulation of photic responses by monoamines was studied by electrophysiology combined with pharmacological treatments. Results We show that many molecular characteristics of dopamine-synthesizing cells located in the vicinity of photoreceptors in the sensory vesicle of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis are similar to those of amacrine dopamine cells of the vertebrate retina. The ascidian dopamine cells share with vertebrate amacrine cells the expression of the key-transcription factor Ptf1a, as well as that of dopamine-synthesizing enzymes. Surprisingly, the ascidian dopamine cells accumulate serotonin via a functional serotonin transporter, as some amacrine cells also do. Moreover, dopamine cells located in the vicinity of the photoreceptors modulate the light-off induced swimming behavior of ascidian larvae by acting on alpha2-like receptors, instead of dopamine receptors, supporting a role in the modulation of the photic response. These cells are located in a territory of the ascidian sensory vesicle expressing genes found both in the retina and the hypothalamus of vertebrates (six3/6, Rx, meis, pax6, visual cycle proteins). Conclusion We propose that the dopamine cells of the ascidian larva derive from an ancestral multifunctional cell population located in the periventricular, photoreceptive field of the anterior neural tube of chordates, which also gives rise to both anterior hypothalamus and the retina in craniates/vertebrates. It also shows that the existence of multiple cell types associated with photic responses predates the formation of the vertebrate retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Razy-Krajka
- Neurobiology and Development, UPR, Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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