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Rainey NE, Armand AS, Petit PX. Sodium arsenite and arsenic trioxide differently affect the oxidative stress of lymphoblastoid cells: An intricate crosstalk between mitochondria, autophagy and cell death. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302701. [PMID: 38728286 PMCID: PMC11086853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Although the toxicity of arsenic depends on its chemical forms, few studies have taken into account the ambiguous phenomenon that sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) acts as a potent carcinogen while arsenic trioxide (ATO, As2O3) serves as an effective therapeutic agent in lymphoma, suggesting that NaAsO2 and As2O3 may act via paradoxical ways to either promote or inhibit cancer pathogenesis. Here, we compared the cellular response of the two arsenical compounds, NaAsO2 and As2O3, on the Burkitt lymphoma cell model, the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)-positive P3HR1 cells. Using flow cytometry and biochemistry analyses, we showed that a NaAsO2 treatment induces P3HR1 cell death, combined with drastic drops in ΔΨm, NAD(P)H and ATP levels. In contrast, As2O3-treated cells resist to cell death, with a moderate reduction of ΔΨm, NAD(P)H and ATP. While both compounds block cells in G2/M and affect their protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation, As2O3 induces a milder increase in superoxide anions and H2O2 than NaAsO2, associated to a milder inhibition of antioxidant defenses. By electron microscopy, RT-qPCR and image cytometry analyses, we showed that As2O3-treated cells display an overall autophagic response, combined with mitophagy and an unfolded protein response, characteristics that were not observed following a NaAsO2 treatment. As previous works showed that As2O3 reactivates EBV in P3HR1 cells, we treated the EBV- Ramos-1 cells and showed that autophagy was not induced in these EBV- cells upon As2O3 treatment suggesting that the boost of autophagy observed in As2O3-treated P3HR1 cells could be due to the presence of EBV in these cells. Overall, our results suggest that As2O3 is an autophagic inducer which action is enhanced when EBV is present in the cells, in contrast to NaAsO2, which induces cell death. That's why As2O3 is combined with other chemicals, as all-trans retinoic acid, to better target cancer cells in therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Earl Rainey
- CNRS UMR 8003 Paris University, SSPIN, Neuroscience Institute, Team “Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Autophagy Signaling”, Campus Saint-Germain, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Armand
- INSERM U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Campus Necker, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Patrice X. Petit
- CNRS UMR 8003 Paris University, SSPIN, Neuroscience Institute, Team “Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Autophagy Signaling”, Campus Saint-Germain, Paris, France
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2
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Mukherjee AG, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The interplay of arsenic, silymarin, and NF-ĸB pathway in male reproductive toxicity: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 252:114614. [PMID: 36753973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic toxicity is one of the most trending reasons for several malfunctions, particularly reproductive toxicity. The exact mechanism of arsenic poisoning is a big question mark. Exposure to arsenic reduces sperm count, impairs fertilization, and causes inflammation and genotoxicity through interfering with autophagy, epigenetics, ROS generation, downregulation of essential protein expression, metabolite changes, and hampering several signaling cascades, particularly by the alteration of NF-ĸB pathway. This work tries to give a clear idea about the different aspects of arsenic resulting in male reproductive complications, often leading to infertility. The first part of this article explains the implications of arsenic poisoning and the crosstalk of the NF-ĸB pathway in male reproductive toxicity. Silymarin is a bioactive compound that exerts anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties and has demonstrated hopeful outcomes in several cancers, including colon cancer, breast cancer, and skin cancer, by downregulating the hyperactive NF-ĸB pathway. The next half of this article thus sheds light on silymarin's therapeutic potential in inhibiting the NF-ĸB signaling cascade, thus offering protection against arsenic-induced male reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.
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3
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Ex vivo exposures to arsenite and its methylated trivalent metabolites alter gene transcription in mouse sperm cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 455:116266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Ma N, Guo J, Wu X, Liu Z, Yao T, Zhao Q, Li B, Tian F, Yan X, Zhang W, Qiu Y, Gao Y. Meta-analysis of TLR4 pathway-related protein alterations induced by arsenic exposure. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 201:3290-3299. [PMID: 36166114 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03426-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a toxic metal, which ultimately leads to cell apoptosis. TLR4 signaling pathway played a key role in immunomodulatory. Therefore, alterations in related proteins on the TLR4 signaling pathway induced by arsenic exposure was systematically reviewed and analyzed by meta-analysis. Some databases were searched including PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WANFANG MED ONLINE. The results of NF-κB, IKK, NF-κBp65, phospho-NF-κBp65, and TLR4 expressions were analyzed by Review Manage 5.3. In the arsenic intervention group, NF-κB, phospho-NF-κBp65, and TLR4 expression levels were higher than the control group, respectively. SMD and 95%CI were 11.29 (6.34, 16.24), 4.71(1.73, 7.68), and 5.79 (-4.22, 15.80). Compared to controls, in the exposed group, IKK levels were found to be 38.11-fold higher (Z = 0.97; P = 0.33); NF-κBp65 levels were found to be 0.92-fold higher (Z = 3.33; P = 0.0009) for normal cells and tissue, while IKK levels were found to be 5.18-fold lower (Z = 5.34; P < 0.0001); NF-κBp65 levels were found to be 2.01-fold lower (Z = 3.87; P = 0.0001) for abnormal cells. With comparing of low dose, high dose of arsenic exposure was found to reduce the expression of NF-κB, but increase the expression of NF-κBp65. This review supports the alterations in related proteins on the TLR4 signaling pathway induced by arsenic exposure, which is helpful to provide theoretical basis for the mechanism of toxicity of arsenic-induced immune system damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxin Ma
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
- Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaolong Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhenzhong Liu
- School of Public Health, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Tian Yao
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Ben Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Fengjie Tian
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Wenping Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yi Gao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, 56 Xin-Jian South Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Arsenic Toxicity. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020240. [PMID: 32033297 PMCID: PMC7072296 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic poisoning is a global health problem. Chronic exposure to arsenic has been associated with the development of a wide range of diseases and health problems in humans. Arsenic exposure induces the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mediate multiple changes to cell behavior by altering signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications, or cause direct oxidative damage to molecules. Antioxidants with the potential to reduce ROS levels have been shown to ameliorate arsenic-induced lesions. However, emerging evidence suggests that constructive activation of antioxidative pathways and decreased ROS levels contribute to chronic arsenic toxicity in some cases. This review details the pathways involved in arsenic-induced redox imbalance, as well as current studies on prophylaxis and treatment strategies using antioxidants.
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Perveen H, Dey A, Nilavar NM, Chandra GK, Islam SS, Chattopadhyay S. Dietary CCPS from bitter gourd attenuates sodium arsenite induced female reproductive ailments cum infertility in wistar rats: anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic role. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110545. [PMID: 31163222 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This investigation explored a dietary therapy of pectic polysaccharide (CCPS) (2 mg/ Kg BW) against female repro-toxicity and infertility triggered by sodium arsenite (As3+) (10 mg/ Kg BW) in Wistar rats. The isolated CCPS consists of D-galactose and D-methyl galacturonate with a molar ratio of 1: 4. FTIR spectral analysis of CCPS and CCPS- sodium arsenite (As3+) complex indicated a possible chelating property of CCPS in presence of binding sites (OH-/COOH) for As3+. Series of negatively charged galacturonate residues in CCPS provide better potential for cation chelation. CCPS significantly mitigated As3+ induced ovarian, uterine lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by the restoration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. CCPS post-treatment enhanced ovarian steroidogenesis along with a restoration of normal tissue histoarchitecture in As3+ fed rats by regulating the estradiol receptor alpha (ER-α). CCPS suppressed anti-inflammatory properties effectively found since a down-regulation of NF-kappa B (NF-қB), pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were observed in arsenicated rats with CCPS. This study confirmed the up-regulation of uterine pro-apoptotic/ apoptotic proteins caspase-3, poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), phospho p53 and Bax, followed by down-regulation of Bcl-2 and protein Kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway along with uterine tissue regeneration in As3+ exposed rats. Oral CCPS attenuated the above apoptotic expressional changes significantly and dietary CCPS ensured successful fertility with the birth of healthy pups in lieu of infertile condition in As3+ fed rats. Moreover, this study also supports that CCPS treatment attenuated the As3+ toxicity by modulating the S-adenosine methionine (SAM) pool components, B12, folate and homocysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasina Perveen
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Arindam Dey
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - Namrata M Nilavar
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Chandra
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, 673 601, Kerala, India
| | - Syed Sirajul Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, 721102, West Bengal, India
| | - Sandip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science and Management, and Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Division, (UGC Innovative Department), Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, 721102, India.
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7
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Turk E, Kandemir FM, Yildirim S, Caglayan C, Kucukler S, Kuzu M. Protective Effect of Hesperidin on Sodium Arsenite-Induced Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:95-108. [PMID: 30066062 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of hesperidin (HSP) against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in rats. Thirty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups as follows: control, HSP, SA, SA + HSP 100, and SA + HSP 200. Rats were orally gavaged with SA (10 mg/kg body weight) and HSP (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 15 days. SA increased oxidative damage by decreasing antioxidant enzyme activities, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione (GSH) level and increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the kidney and liver tissues. In addition, it increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and serum urea and creatinine levels. Furthermore, SA caused inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative DNA damage by increasing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cysteine aspartate-specific protease-3 (caspase-3), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in the kidney and liver tissues and by increasing liver p53 and kidney interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions. In other words, HSP administration reduced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and oxidative DNA damage significantly in SA-induced kidney and liver tissues depending on dose. In this study, it was seen that HSP showed a protective effect against SA-induced kidney and liver toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdinç Turk
- Department of Pharmacy Professional Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, 04100, Ağrı, Turkey.
| | - Fatih Mehmet Kandemir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yildirim
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cuneyt Caglayan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kucukler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muslum Kuzu
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University, Agri, Turkey
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8
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Tsuyama H, Fujishiro H, Himeno S, Sumi D. Arsenite suppresses NO production evoked by lipopolysaccharide and poly(I:C) via the suppression of interferon-β expression in RAW264.7 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:83-92. [PMID: 30726814 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Immunological functions are disturbed in humans who have been chronically exposed to arsenic via contaminated groundwater. Little is known about the specific mechanisms underlying the impairment of immunological defense system caused by arsenic. The activation of macrophage cells upon infection with bacteria and viruses plays important roles in the defense against these pathogens. Here we show that exposure to arsenite (As(III)) suppresses nitric oxide (NO) production in murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and poly(I:C), the compounds mimicking bacterial and viral infection, respectively. As(III) suppressed the LPS- or poly(I:C)-evoked induction of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) without affecting the transactivation of NF-κB. As the interferon (IFN)-β/STAT1 pathway is also involved in the induction of iNOS in addition to NF-κB, we examined the effects of As(III) on the expression and secretion of IFN-β, the expression of the components of IFN-α/β receptor, the phosphorylation of STAT1, and the levels of cytokines involved in STAT1 activation. The results showed that the expression and secretion of IFN-β were specifically suppressed by As(III) treatment in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS or poly(I:C). These results suggest that As(III) suppresses the expression and secretion of IFN-β, leading to the reduced STAT1 activation and consequently the reduced iNOS induction in macrophage cells. Our data suggest an important role of the arsenic-induced suppression of IFN-β on the disturbances in immunological defense against both bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Tsuyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Hitomi Fujishiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Seiichiro Himeno
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
| | - Daigo Sumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nutrition and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University
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Wang XY, Wang JZ, Gao L, Zhang FY, Wang Q, Liu KJ, Xiang B. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase and depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide contribute to arsenic trioxide suppression of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 331:54-61. [PMID: 28501332 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that increased nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) expression is associated with the development and prognosis of many cancers, but it remains unknown regarding its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In the present study, the results from tissue microarray showed that NAMPT was overexpressed in OSCC patients and its expression level was directly correlated with differential grades of cancer. Interestingly, treatment of OSCC cells with chemotherapy agent arsenic trioxide (ATO) decreased the levels of NAMPT protein and increased cellular death in an ATO dose- and time-dependent manner. Most importantly, combination of low concentration ATO with FK866 (a NAMPT inhibitor) exerted enhanced inhibitive effect on NAMPT protein and mRNA expressions, leading to synergistic cytotoxicity on cancer cells through increasing cell apoptosis and depleting intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide levels. These findings demonstrate the crucial role of NAMPT in the prognosis of OSCC and reveal inhibition of NAMPT as a novel mechanism of ATO in suppressing cancer cell growth. Our results suggest that ATO can significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy of NAMPT inhibitor, and combined treatment may be a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Jin Zhi Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, PR China
| | - Fu Yin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Bin Xiang
- Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Disease, Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, PR China.
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Ray A, Bhaduri A, Srivastava N, Mazumder S. Identification of novel signature genes attesting arsenic-induced immune alterations in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 321:121-131. [PMID: 27614325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic poisoning is a serious global issue. Apart from causing developmental and systemic toxicity, arsenic has recently been reported for its ability to hinder immune responses. The present study is designed to identify the global expression profile associated with arsenic-induced immune alterations at the organismic level. Adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 20, 40 and 80ppb of arsenic trioxide for 30days, sacrificed and global gene expression profile studied. Microarray data suggested 65 immune related genes were commonly affected in the three treatment regimens. The expression profile of key immune related genes (tlr1, nitr1f, nitr1c, crfb8, socs7, socs3b, abcb3/1, mch1uja, ifnγ1-2, cxcl12b and crlf1a) was validated by qPCR. Pathway analysis suggested the major involvement of JAK-STAT circuit in the process. The expression of these marker genes was also studied in arsenic exposed and bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) challenged zebrafish. Increase in bacterial colony forming units (CFU) coupled with gross histopathology of kidney in arsenic exposed-bacteria challenged fish suggested profound immuno-compromised condition. We propose that chronic arsenic exposure leads to hyperactivation of the immune system as a consequence when exposed to further stress (microbial) it induces immuno-suppression with pathological implications. The study provides a molecular snap shot for predicting arsenic immuno-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atish Ray
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Asani Bhaduri
- Cluster Innovation Centre, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Carbocisteine attenuates TNF-α-induced inflammation in human alveolar epithelial cells in vitro through suppressing NF-κB and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:629-36. [PMID: 26997568 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM We previously proven that carbocisteine, a conventional mucolytic drug, remarkably reduced the rate of acute exacerbations and improved the quality of life in the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this study we investigated the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of carbocisteine in human alveolar epithelial cells in vitro. METHODS Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 was treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL). Carbocisteine was administered either 24 h prior to or after TNF-α exposure. The cytokine release and expression were measured using ELISA and qRT-PCR. Activation of NF-κB was analyzed with Western blotting, immunofluorescence assay and luciferase reporter gene assay. The expression of ERK1/2 MAPK signaling proteins was assessed with Western blotting. RESULTS Carbocisteine (10, 100, 1000 μmol/L), administered either before or after TNF-α exposure, dose-dependently suppressed TNF-α-induced inflammation in A549 cells, as evidenced by diminished release of IL-6 and IL-8, and diminished mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1β. Furthermore, pretreatment with carbocisteine significantly decreased TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 and ERK1/2 MAPK, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65 subunit in A549 cells. In an NF-κB luciferase reporter system, pretreatment with carbocisteine dose-dependently inhibited TNF-α-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB. CONCLUSION Carbocisteine effectively suppresses TNF-α-induced inflammation in A549 cells via suppressing NF-κB and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathways.
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12
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Wei M, Liu J, Xu M, Rui D, Xu S, Feng G, Ding Y, Li S, Guo S. Divergent Effects of Arsenic on NF-κB Signaling in Different Cells or Tissues: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:163. [PMID: 26821040 PMCID: PMC4772183 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is ubiquitously present in human lives, including in the environment and organisms, and has divergent effects between different cells and tissues and between different exposure times and doses. These observed effects have been attributed to the nuclear transcription factor kappa B(NF-κB) signaling pathway. Herein, a meta-analysis was performed by independently searching databases including the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Springer, Embase, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, to analyze effects of arsenic exposure on NF-κB signaling. Compared to controls, in the exposed group, p-IκB levels were found to be 8.13-fold higher (95% CI, 2.40-13.85; Z = 2.78; p = 0.005), IκB levels were 16.19-fold lower (95% CI, -27.44--4.94; Z = 2.78; p = 0.005), and NF-κBp65 levels were 0.77-fold higher (95% CI, 0.13-1.42; Z = 2.34; p = 0.02) for normal cells and tissue, while NF-κBp65 levels were 4.90-fold lower (95% CI, -8.49-1.31; Z = 2.62; p = 0.009), NF-κB activity was 2.45-fold lower (95% CI, -3.66-1.25; Z = 4.00; p < 0.0001), and DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was 9.75-fold lower (95% CI, -18.66-4.54; Z = 2.15; p = 0.03) for abnormal cells and tissue. Short exposure to high arsenic doses activated the NF-κB signaling pathway, while long exposure to low arsenic doses suppressed NF-κB signaling pathway activation. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for injurious and therapeutic mechanisms of divergent effects of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wei
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Mengchuan Xu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Dongsheng Rui
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shangzhi Xu
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Gangling Feng
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Yusong Ding
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shuxia Guo
- Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
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Bigelovin inhibits STAT3 signaling by inactivating JAK2 and induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:507-16. [PMID: 25619393 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the function and mechanism of bigelovin, a sesquiterpene lactone from the flower of Chinese herb Inula hupehensis, in regulating JAK2/STAT3 signaling and cancer cell growth. METHODS HepG2 cells stably transfected with the STAT3-responsive firefly luciferase reporter plasmid (HepG2/STAT3 cells), and a panel of human cancer cell lines were used to identify active compounds. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Western blotting was used to detect protein expression and phosphorylation. Kinase assays were performed and the reaction between bigelovin and thiol-containing compounds was analyzed with LC-MS. RESULTS Bigelovin (1-50 μmol/L) dose-dependently inhibited the IL-6-induced STAT3 activation in HepG2/STAT3 cells (IC50=3.37 μmol/L) and the constitutive STAT3 activation in A549 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Furthermore, bigelovin dose-dependently inhibited JAK2 phosphorylation in HeLa and MDA-MB-468 cells, as well as the enzymatic activity of JAK2 in vitro (IC50=44.24 μmol/L). Pretreatment of the cells with DTT (500 μmol/L) or GSH (500 μmol/L) eliminated the inhibitory effects of bigelovin on the IL-6-induced and the constitutive STAT3 activation. The results in LC-MS analysis suggested that bigelovin might react with cysteine residues of JAK2 leading to inactivation of JAK2. Bigelovin (5 and 20 μmol/L) had no effects on the signaling pathways of growth factors EGF, PDGF or insulin. Finally, bigelovin suppressed the cell viability and induced apoptosis in 10 different human cancer cell lines, particularly those with constitutively activated STAT3. CONCLUSION Bigelovin potently inhibits STAT3 signaling by inactivating JAK2, and induces apoptosis of a variety of human cancer cells in vitro.
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Chang YW, Chen MW, Chiu CF, Hong CC, Cheng CC, Hsiao M, Chen CA, Wei LH, Su JL. Arsenic trioxide inhibits CXCR4-mediated metastasis by interfering miR-520h/PP2A/NF-κB signaling in cervical cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21 Suppl 4:S687-95. [PMID: 25047463 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arsenic apparently affects numerous intracellular signal transduction pathways and causes many alterations leading to apoptosis and differentiation in malignant cells. We and others have demonstrated that arsenic inhibits the metastatic capacity of cancer cells. Here we present additional mechanistic studies to elucidate the potential of arsenic as a promising therapeutic inhibitor of metastasis. METHODS The effects of arsenic trioxide (ATO) on human cervical cancer cell lines migration and invasion were observed by transwell assays. In experimental metastasis assays, cancer cells were injected into tail veins of severe combined immunodeficient mice for modeling metastasis. The mechanisms involved in ATO regulation of CXCR4 were analyzed by immunoblot, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and luciferase reporter assays. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to identify PP2A/C and CXCR4 protein expressions in human cervical cancer tissues. RESULTS ATO inhibited CXCR4-mediated cervical cancer cell invasion in vitro and distant metastasis in vivo. We determined that ATO modulates the pivotal nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)/CXCR4 signaling pathway that contributes to cancer metastasis. Substantiating our findings, we demonstrated that ATO activates PP2A/C activity by downregulating miR-520h, which results in IKK inactivation, IκB-dephosphorylation, NF-κB inactivation, and, subsequently, a reduction in CXCR4 expression. Furthermore, PP2A/C was reduced during cervical carcinogenesis, and the loss of PP2A/C expression was closely associated with the nodal status of cervical cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate a functional link between ATO-mediated PP2A/C regulation, CXCR4 expression, and tumor-suppressing ability. This information will be critical in realizing the potential for synergy between ATO and other anti-cancer agents, thus providing enhanced benefit in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Harrington AD, Smirnov A, Tsirka SE, Schoonen MAA. Metal-sulfide mineral ores, Fenton chemistry and disease--particle induced inflammatory stress response in lung cells. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2014; 218:19-27. [PMID: 25107347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The inhalation of mineral particulates and other earth materials, such as coal, can initiate or enhance disease in humans. Workers in occupations with high particulate exposure, such as mining, are particularly at risk. The ability of a material to generate an inflammatory stress response (ISR), a measure of particle toxicity, is a useful tool in evaluating said exposure risk. ISR is defined as the upregulation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) normalized to cell viability. This study compares the ISR of A549 human lung epithelial cells after exposure to well-characterized common metal-sulfide ore mineral separates. The evaluation of the deleterious nature of ore minerals is based on a range of particle loadings (serial dilutions of 0.002m(2)/mL stock) and exposure periods (beginning at 30min and measured systematically for up to 24h). There is a wide range in ISR values generated by the ore minerals. The ISR values produced by the sphalerite samples are within the range of inert materials. Arsenopyrite generated a small ISR that was largely driven by cell death. Galena showed a similar, but more pronounced response. Copper-bearing ore minerals generated the greatest ISR, both by upregulating cellular ROS and generating substantial and sustained cell death. Chalcopyrite and bornite, both containing ferrous iron, generated the greatest ISR overall. Particles containing Fenton metals as major constituents produce the highest ISR, while other heavy metals mainly generate cell death. This study highlights the importance of evaluating the chemistry, oxidation states and structure of a material when assessing risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Harrington
- Department of Geosciences, Earth and Space Sciences Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11784-2100, USA; Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University, 57 Old Forge Road, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
| | - Alexander Smirnov
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, Dowling College, 150 Idle Hour Boulevard, Oakdale, NY 11769, USA.
| | - Stella E Tsirka
- Pharmacological Sciences - Stony Brook University Medical School, BST 8-192, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8651, USA.
| | - Martin A A Schoonen
- Department of Geosciences, Earth and Space Sciences Building, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11784-2100, USA; Environmental Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 815E, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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Mamais A, Chia R, Beilina A, Hauser DN, Hall C, Lewis PA, Cookson MR, Bandopadhyay R. Arsenite stress down-regulates phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), promoting self-association and cellular redistribution. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21386-400. [PMID: 24942733 PMCID: PMC4118103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.528463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a common genetic cause of Parkinson disease, but the mechanisms whereby LRRK2 is regulated are unknown. Phosphorylation of LRRK2 at Ser910/Ser935 mediates interaction with 14-3-3. Pharmacological inhibition of its kinase activity abolishes Ser910/Ser935 phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding, and this effect is also mimicked by pathogenic mutations. However, physiological situations where dephosphorylation occurs have not been defined. Here, we show that arsenite or H2O2-induced stresses promote loss of Ser910/Ser935 phosphorylation, which is reversed by phosphatase inhibition. Arsenite-induced dephosphorylation is accompanied by loss of 14-3-3 binding and is observed in wild type, G2019S, and kinase-dead D2017A LRRK2. Arsenite stress stimulates LRRK2 self-association and association with protein phosphatase 1α, decreases kinase activity and GTP binding in vitro, and induces translocation of LRRK2 to centrosomes. Our data indicate that signaling events induced by arsenite and oxidative stress may regulate LRRK2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios Mamais
- From the Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom, the Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BJ, United Kingdom, the Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892,
| | - Ruth Chia
- the Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, the Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D. C. 20057
| | - Alexandra Beilina
- the Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - David N Hauser
- the Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, the Brown University/National Institutes of Health Graduate Partnership Program, Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, and
| | - Christine Hall
- the Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- the Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BJ, United Kingdom, the School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Cookson
- the Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Rina Bandopadhyay
- From the Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom, the Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BJ, United Kingdom,
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Sun J, Yu M, Lu Y, Thakur C, Chen B, Qiu P, Zhao H, Chen F. Carcinogenic metalloid arsenic induces expression of mdig oncogene through JNK and STAT3 activation. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:257-63. [PMID: 24434654 PMCID: PMC3976992 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Environmental or occupational exposure to arsenic, a chemical element classified as metalloid, has been associated with cancer of the lung, skin, bladder, liver, etc. Mdig (mineral dust-induced gene) is a newly identified oncogene linked to occupational lung diseases and lung cancer. It is unclear whether mdig is also involved in arsenic-induced malignant transformation of the lung cells. By using human bronchial epithelial cells and human lung cancer cell lines, we showed that arsenic was able to induce expression of mdig. We further demonstrated that this mdig induction by arsenic was partially dependent on the JNK and STAT3 signaling pathways. Disruption of the JNK or STAT3 by either chemical inhibitors or siRNAs diminished arsenic-induced accumulation of mdig mRNA and protein. Furthermore, we also showed that microRNA-21 (miR-21) and Akt were down-stream effectors of the JNK and STAT3 signaling pathways in arsenic-induced mdig expression. Transfection of the cells with anti-miR-21 or pre-treatment of the cells with Akt inhibitor blunted mdig induction by arsenic. Clinically, the levels of mdig can be applied to predict the disease progression, the first progression (FP), in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Taken together, our data suggest that mdig may play important roles on the pathogenesis of arsenic-induced lung cancer and that JNK and STAT3 signaling pathways are essential in mediating arsenic-induced mdig expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Respiratory Medicine, The 4th Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Miaomiao Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China; Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yongju Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Chitra Thakur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Bailing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ping Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Hongwen Zhao
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Abstract
None of the current agents can safely and effectively eliminate latent HIV-1 reservoirs, meaning that there is a major barrier to the final cure of AIDS. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3), a drug used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), was reported to affect the transcription factors and pathways involved in modulating HIV-1 expression. However, little is known about the effect and molecular basis of As2O3 in inducing HIV-1 expression in latently infected cells. Using the Jurkat T cell model of HIV-1 latency, we found that As2O3 activated latent HIV-1 replication with a similar potency to valproic acid (VPA) and did so in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We also found that As2O3 synergistically reactivated latent HIV-1 transcription with prostratin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) or VPA. Moreover, we provide evidence indicating that As2O3-induced HIV-1 activation involves the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In conclusion, we have found that As2O3 can synergistically reactivate latent HIV-1 with other activators, which may provide a new tool to unravel the mechanisms of virus latency and reactivation.
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Maier NK, Crown D, Liu J, Leppla SH, Moayeri M. Arsenic trioxide and other arsenical compounds inhibit the NLRP1, NLRP3, and NAIP5/NLRC4 inflammasomes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:763-70. [PMID: 24337744 PMCID: PMC3884817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are large cytoplasmic multiprotein complexes that activate caspase-1 in response to diverse intracellular danger signals. Inflammasome components termed nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) proteins act as sensors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns, stress, or danger stimuli. We discovered that arsenicals, including arsenic trioxide and sodium arsenite, inhibited activation of the NLRP1, NLRP3, and NAIP5/NLRC4 inflammasomes by their respective activating signals, anthrax lethal toxin, nigericin, and flagellin. These compounds prevented the autoproteolytic activation of caspase-1 and the processing and secretion of IL-1β from macrophages. Inhibition was independent of protein synthesis induction, proteasome-mediated protein breakdown, or kinase signaling pathways. Arsenic trioxide and sodium arsenite did not directly modify or inhibit the activity of preactivated recombinant caspase-1. Rather, they induced a cellular state inhibitory to both the autoproteolytic and substrate cleavage activities of caspase-1, which was reversed by the reactive oxygen species scavenger N-acetylcysteine but not by reducing agents or NO pathway inhibitors. Arsenicals provided protection against NLRP1-dependent anthrax lethal toxin-mediated cell death and prevented NLRP3-dependent neutrophil recruitment in a monosodium urate crystal inflammatory murine peritonitis model. These findings suggest a novel role in inhibition of the innate immune response for arsenical compounds that have been used as therapeutics for a few hundred years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan K. Maier
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Devorah Crown
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen H. Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Savion S, Oserov G, Orenstein H, Torchinsky A, Fein A, Toder V. NF-κB-associated mechanisms underlying the response of embryonic cells to Doxorubicin. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:804-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Qu X, Du J, Zhang C, Fu W, Xi H, Zou J, Hou J. Arsenic trioxide exerts antimyeloma effects by inhibiting activity in the cytoplasmic substrates of histone deacetylase 6. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32215. [PMID: 22384180 PMCID: PMC3284565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) has shown remarkable efficacy for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Histone deacetylases (HDAC) play an important role in the control of gene expression, and their dysregulation has been linked to myeloma. Especially, HDAC6, a unique cytoplasmic member of class II, which mainly functions as α-tubulin deacetylase and Hsp90 deacetylase, has become a target for drug development to treat cancer due to its major contribution in oncogenic cell transformation. However, the mechanisms of action for As(2)O(3) have not yet been defined. In this study, we investigated the effect of As(2)O(3) on proliferation and apoptosis in human myeloma cell line and primary myeloma cells, and then we studied that As(2)O(3) exerts antimyeloma effects by inhibiting activity in the α-tubulin and Hsp90 through western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation. We found that As(2)O(3) acts directly on MM cells at relatively low concentrations of 0.5~2.5 µM, which effects survival and apoptosis of MM cells. However, As(2)O(3) inhibited HDAC activity at the relatively high concentration and dose-dependent manner (great than 4 µM). Subsequently, we found that As(2)O(3) treatment in a dose- and time-dependent fashion markedly increased the level of acetylated α-tubulin and acetylated Hsp90, and inhibited the chaperone association with IKKα activities and increased degradation of IKKα. Importantly, the loss of IKKα-associated Hsp90 occurred prior to any detectable loss in the levels of IKKα, indicating a novel pathway by which As(2)O(3) down-regulates HDAC6 to destabilize IKKα protein via Hsp90 chaperone function. Furthermore, we observed the effect of As(2)O(3) on TNF-α-induced NF-κB signaling pathway was to significantly reduced phosphorylation of Ser-536 on NF-κB p65. Therefore, our studies provide an important insight into the molecular mechanism of anti-myeloma activity of As(2)O(3) in HDAC6-Hsp90-IKKα-NFκB signaling axis and the rationale for As(2)O(3) can be extended readily using all the HDAC associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Qu
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma and Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma and Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma and Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijun Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma and Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xi
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma and Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianfeng Zou
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma and Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, The Myeloma and Lymphoma Center, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Hughes MF, Beck BD, Chen Y, Lewis AS, Thomas DJ. Arsenic exposure and toxicology: a historical perspective. Toxicol Sci 2011; 123:305-32. [PMID: 21750349 PMCID: PMC3179678 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The metalloid arsenic is a natural environmental contaminant to which humans are routinely exposed in food, water, air, and soil. Arsenic has a long history of use as a homicidal agent, but in the past 100 years arsenic, has been used as a pesticide, a chemotherapeutic agent and a constituent of consumer products. In some areas of the world, high levels of arsenic are naturally present in drinking water and are a toxicological concern. There are several structural forms and oxidation states of arsenic because it forms alloys with metals and covalent bonds with hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and other elements. Environmentally relevant forms of arsenic are inorganic and organic existing in the trivalent or pentavalent state. Metabolism of arsenic, catalyzed by arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase, is a sequential process of reduction from pentavalency to trivalency followed by oxidative methylation back to pentavalency. Trivalent arsenic is generally more toxicologically potent than pentavalent arsenic. Acute effects of arsenic range from gastrointestinal distress to death. Depending on the dose, chronic arsenic exposure may affect several major organ systems. A major concern of ingested arsenic is cancer, primarily of skin, bladder, and lung. The mode of action of arsenic for its disease endpoints is currently under study. Two key areas are the interaction of trivalent arsenicals with sulfur in proteins and the ability of arsenic to generate oxidative stress. With advances in technology and the recent development of animal models for arsenic carcinogenicity, understanding of the toxicology of arsenic will continue to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Hughes
- Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA.
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Flora SJS. Arsenic-induced oxidative stress and its reversibility. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:257-81. [PMID: 21554949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the literature describing the molecular mechanisms of arsenic-induced oxidative stress, its relevant biomarkers, and its relation to various diseases, including preventive and therapeutic strategies. Arsenic alters multiple cellular pathways including expression of growth factors, suppression of cell cycle checkpoint proteins, promotion of and resistance to apoptosis, inhibition of DNA repair, alterations in DNA methylation, decreased immunosurveillance, and increased oxidative stress, by disturbing the pro/antioxidant balance. These alterations play prominent roles in disease manifestation, such as carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, diabetes, cardiovascular and nervous systems disorders. The exact molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in arsenic toxicity are rather unrevealed. Arsenic alters cellular glutathione levels either by utilizing this electron donor for the conversion of pentavalent to trivalent arsenicals or directly binding with it or by oxidizing glutathione via arsenic-induced free radical generation. Arsenic forms oxygen-based radicals (OH(•), O(2)(•-)) under physiological conditions by directly binding with critical thiols. As a carcinogen, it acts through epigenetic mechanisms rather than as a classical mutagen. The carcinogenic potential of arsenic may be attributed to activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors and other signaling pathways involving nuclear factor κB, activator protein-1, and p53. Modulation of cellular thiols for protection against reactive oxygen species has been used as a therapeutic strategy against arsenic. N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, vitamin E, quercetin, and a few herbal extracts show prophylactic activity against the majority of arsenic-mediated injuries in both in vitro and in vivo models. This review also updates the reader on recent advances in chelation therapy and newer therapeutic strategies suggested to treat arsenic-induced oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J S Flora
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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Liu Q, Zhang H, Smeester L, Zou F, Kesic M, Jaspers I, Pi J, Fry RC. The NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response pathway is associated with tumor cell resistance to arsenic trioxide across the NCI-60 panel. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:37. [PMID: 20707922 PMCID: PMC2939609 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drinking water contaminated with inorganic arsenic is associated with increased risk for different types of cancer. Paradoxically, arsenic trioxide can also be used to induce remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with a success rate of approximately 80%. A comprehensive study examining the mechanisms and potential signaling pathways contributing to the anti-tumor properties of arsenic trioxide has not been carried out. Methods Here we applied a systems biology approach to identify gene biomarkers that underlie tumor cell responses to arsenic-induced cytotoxicity. The baseline gene expression levels of 14,500 well characterized human genes were associated with the GI50 data of the NCI-60 tumor cell line panel from the developmental therapeutics program (DTP) database. Selected biomarkers were tested in vitro for the ability to influence tumor susceptibility to arsenic trioxide. Results A significant association was found between the baseline expression levels of 209 human genes and the sensitivity of the tumor cell line panel upon exposure to arsenic trioxide. These genes were overlayed onto protein-protein network maps to identify transcriptional networks that modulate tumor cell responses to arsenic trioxide. The analysis revealed a significant enrichment for the oxidative stress response pathway mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) with high expression in arsenic resistant tumor cell lines. The role of the NRF2 pathway in protecting cells against arsenic-induced cell killing was validated in tumor cells using shRNA-mediated knock-down. Conclusions In this study, we show that the expression level of genes in the NRF2 pathway serve as potential gene biomarkers of tumor cell responses to arsenic trioxide. Importantly, we demonstrate that tumor cells that are deficient for NRF2 display increased sensitivity to arsenic trioxide. The results of our study will be useful in understanding the mechanism of arsenic-induced cytotoxicity in cells, as well as the increased applicability of arsenic trioxide as a chemotherapeutic agent in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Sumi D, Shinkai Y, Kumagai Y. Signal transduction pathways and transcription factors triggered by arsenic trioxide in leukemia cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:385-92. [PMID: 20193703 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) is widely used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Several lines of evidence have indicated that As(2)O(3) affects signal transduction and transactivation of transcription factors, resulting in the stimulation of apoptosis in leukemia cells, because some transcription factors are reported to associate with the redox condition of the cells, and arsenicals cause oxidative stress. Thus, the disturbance and activation of the cellular signaling pathway and transcription factors due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during arsenic exposure may explain the ability of As(2)O(3) to induce a complete remission in relapsed APL patients. In this report, we review recent findings on ROS generation and alterations in signal transduction and in transactivation of transcription factors during As(2)O(3) exposure in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daigo Sumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, 180, Yamashiro-cho, Tokushima-city, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan.
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Gentry PR, McDonald TB, Sullivan DE, Shipp AM, Yager JW, Clewell HJ. Analysis of genomic dose-response information on arsenic to inform key events in a mode of action for carcinogenicity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:1-14. [PMID: 19551812 DOI: 10.1002/em.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify information on gene expression changes following exposures to inorganic arsenic compounds. This information was organized by compound, exposure, dose/concentration, species, tissue, and cell type. A concentration-related hierarchy of responses was observed, beginning with changes in gene/protein expression associated with adaptive responses (e.g., preinflammatory responses, delay of apoptosis). Between 0.1 and 10 microM, additional gene/protein expression changes related to oxidative stress, proteotoxicity, inflammation, and proliferative signaling occur along with those related to DNA repair, cell cycle G2/M checkpoint control, and induction of apoptosis. At higher concentrations (10-100 microM), changes in apoptotic genes dominate. Comparisons of primary cell results with those obtained from immortalized or tumor-derived cell lines were also evaluated to determine the extent to which similar responses are observed across cell lines. Although immortalized cells appear to respond similarly to primary cells, caution must be exercised in using gene expression data from tumor-derived cell lines, where inactivation or overexpression of key genes (e.g., p53, Bcl-2) may lead to altered genomic responses. Data from acute in vivo exposures are of limited value for evaluating the dose-response for gene expression, because of the transient, variable, and uncertain nature of tissue exposure in these studies. The available in vitro gene expression data, together with information on the metabolism and protein binding of arsenic compounds, provide evidence of a mode of action for inorganic arsenic carcinogenicity involving interactions with critical proteins, such as those involved in DNA repair, overlaid against a background of chemical stress, including proteotoxicity and depletion of nonprotein sulfhydryls. The inhibition of DNA repair under conditions of toxicity and proliferative pressure may compromise the ability of cells to maintain the integrity of their DNA.
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Zhang Y, Wu Y, Wu D, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. NF-kappab facilitates oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in HT1080 cells through a p53-mediated pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 489:25-33. [PMID: 19646415 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms involving in oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy. We found that apoptosis and autophagy were simultaneously induced by oridonin time-dependently in HT1080 cells, and inhibition of autophagy by 3MA decreased oridonin-induced apoptosis, indicating that they act in synergy to mediate cell death. In addition, treatment with oridonin caused an increase in NF-kappaB and p53 activities in a time-dependent manner. Inhibition of NF-kappaB or p53 activation by its specific inhibitor PDTC or pifithrin-alpha respectively, significantly reduced both oridonin-induced apoptosis and autophagy accompanied by the decrease in Beclin 1 and LC3 levels. Further experiments confirmed that oridonin-induced p53 activation was reduced by the NF-kappaB inhibitor whereas the activation of NF-kappaB was not affected by p53 inhibition. Taken together, these results demonstrate that NF-kappaB promotes oridonin-induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death through regulating p53 activation in HT1080 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Zhang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, PR China
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Vivas-Mejía PE, Ozpolat B, Chen X, Lopez-Berestein G. Downregulation of the c-MYC target gene, peroxiredoxin III, contributes to arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:264-75. [PMID: 19408305 PMCID: PMC10166086 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) induces differentiation and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Several reports indicate that in APL cells apoptosis occurs mainly by a mechanism that involves the inhibition of glutathione peroxidase, one of the enzymes that regulates mitochondrial levels of H(2)O(2). Peroxiredoxin (Prx) III, a c-MYC target gene, is also a mitochondria-specific H(2)O(2)-scavenger enzyme. We studied here the role of Prx III during ATO-induced apoptosis in APL-derived NB4 cells, since these cells express high levels of Prx III. The protein and mRNA levels of Prx III decreased during ATO-induced apoptosis of NB4 cells. The downregulation of Prx III occurred before reactive oxygen species accumulation, reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis. Depletion of Prx III enhanced mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis events. In contrast, overexpression of Prx III led to reduced levels of ATO-induced apoptosis. c-MYC was also downregulated in ATO-treated NB4 cells. Furthermore, depletion of c-MYC also reduced the Prx-III expression levels. Finally chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays confirmed that downregulation of Prx-III was caused by the reduction of c-MYC levels during ATO-induced apoptosis of NB4 cells. These findings demonstrate a novel apoptotic-response pathway whereby downregulation of Prx-III potentiates ATO-induced apoptosis in APL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo E Vivas-Mejía
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Datta S, Ghosh D, Saha DR, Bhattacharaya S, Mazumder S. Chronic exposure to low concentration of arsenic is immunotoxic to fish: role of head kidney macrophages as biomarkers of arsenic toxicity to Clarias batrachus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 92:86-94. [PMID: 19237206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at elucidating the effect of chronic low-level arsenic exposure on the head kidney (HK) of Clarias batrachus and at determining the changes in head kidney macrophage (HKM) activity in response to arsenic exposure. Chronic exposure (30 days) to arsenic (As(2)O(3), 0.50 microM) led to significant increase in arsenic content in the HK accompanied by reduction in both HKM number and head kidney somatic index (HKSI). Arsenic induced HK hypertrophy, reduction in melano-macrophage population and increased hemosiderin accumulation. Transmission electron microscopy of 30 days exposed HKM revealed prominent endoplasmic reticulum, chromatin condensation and loss in structural integrity of nuclear membrane. Head kidney macrophages from exposed fish demonstrated significant levels of superoxide anions but on infection with Aeromonas hydrophila were unable to clear the intracellular bacteria and died. Exposure-challenge experiments with A. hydrophila revealed that chronic exposure to micromolar concentration of arsenic interfered with the phagocytic potential of HKM, helped in intracellular survival of the ingested bacteria inside the HKM inducing significant HKM cytotoxicity. The immunosuppressive effect of arsenic was further evident from the ability of A. hydrophila to colonize and disseminate efficiently in exposed fish. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay indicated that chronic exposure to arsenic suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory 'IL-1beta like' factors from HKM. It is concluded that arsenic even at very low concentration is immunotoxic to fish and the changes observed in HKM may provide a useful early biomarker of low-level xenobiotic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Datta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan 731 235, India
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Yan SS, Li Y, Wang Y, Shen SS, Gu Y, Wang HB, Qin GW, Yu Q. 17-Acetoxyjolkinolide B irreversibly inhibits IkappaB kinase and induces apoptosis of tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1523-32. [PMID: 18566223 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is critically important for tumor cell survival, growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. One of the key events in the NF-kappaB signaling is the activation of inhibitor of NF-kappaB kinase (IKK) in response to stimuli of various cytokines. We have identified 17-acetoxyjolkinolide B (17-AJB) from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb Euphorbia fischeriana Steud as a novel small-molecule inhibitor of IKK. 17-AJB effectively inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced NF-kappaB activation and induced apoptosis of tumor cells. 17-AJB had no effect on binding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha to its receptor or on binding of NF-kappaB to DNA. It inhibited NF-kappaB nuclear translocation. Detailed analysis revealed that the direct target of 17-AJB was IKK. 17-AJB kept IKK in its phosphorylated form irreversibly. This irreversible modification of IKK inactivated its kinase activity, leading to its failure to activate NF-kappaB. The effect of 17-AJB on IKK was specific. It had no effect on other kinases such as p38, p44/42, and JNK. In addition, 17-AJB induced apoptosis in tumor cells. The effects of 17-AJB on apoptosis correlated with inhibition of expression of the NF-kappaB-regulated genes. Taken together, our data suggest that 17-AJB is a novel type NF-kappaB pathway inhibitor. Its unique interaction mechanism with IKK may render it a strong apoptosis inducer of tumor cells and a novel type anticancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Sheng Yan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Yang J, Wu LJ, Tashiro SI, Onodera S, Ikejima T. Nitric oxide activated by p38 and NF-kappaB facilitates apoptosis and cell cycle arrest under oxidative stress in evodiamine-treated human melanoma A375-S2 cells. Free Radic Res 2008; 42:1-11. [PMID: 18324518 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701762407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a fundamental molecule that interplays with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in determining cell fate. As a previous study indicated that ROS was stimulated in evodiamine-induced human melanoma A375-S2 cell apoptosis, the goal of this study was to investigate the role of NO in the cells. In this study, it was found that evodiamine has a strong inductive effect on NO production synthesized by inducible NOS (iNOS) enzyme in a positive-feedback manner. The generated NO was further showed to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and linked to the activation of p53 and p21. After interruption of p38 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) by pre-treatment with SB203580 and PDTC, iNOS expression, NO synthesis and cell damage were all significantly blocked. It was concluded that p38 and NF-kappaB were critical to the NO producing system, which contributed greatly to the apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in evodiamine-incubated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- China-Japan Research Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR, China
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Posey T, Weng T, Chen Z, Chintagari NR, Wang P, Jin N, Stricker H, Liu L. Arsenic-induced changes in the gene expression of lung epithelial L2 cells: implications in carcinogenesis. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:115. [PMID: 18315880 PMCID: PMC2292705 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic is a carcinogen that is known to induce cell transformation and tumor formation. Although studies have been performed to examine the modulation of signaling molecules caused by arsenic exposure, the molecular mechanisms by which arsenic causes cancer are still unclear. We hypothesized that arsenic alters gene expression leading to carcinogenesis in the lung. Results In this study, we examined global gene expression in response to 0.75 μM arsenic treatment for 1–7 days in a rat lung epithelial cell line (L2) using an in-house 10 k rat DNA microarray. One hundred thirty one genes were identified using the one-class statistical analysis of microarray (SAM) test. Of them, 33 genes had a fold change of ≥ 2 between at least two time points. These genes were then clustered into 5 groups using K-means cluster analysis based on their expression patterns. Seven selected genes, all associated with cancer, were confirmed by real-time PCR. These genes have functions directly or indirectly related to metabolism, glycolysis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and regulation of transcription. Conclusion Our findings provide important insight for the future studies of arsenic-mediated lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tisha Posey
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Bhagat L, Singh VP, Dawra RK, Saluja AK. Sodium arsenite induces heat shock protein 70 expression and protects against secretagogue-induced trypsinogen and NF-kappaB activation. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:37-46. [PMID: 17941083 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs), induced by a variety of stresses, are known to protect against cellular injury. Recent studies have demonstrated that prior beta-adrenergic stimulation as well as thermal or culture stress induces HSP70 expression and protects against cerulein-induced pancreatitis. The goal of our current studies was to determine whether or not a non-thermal, chemical stressor like sodium arsenite also upregulates HSP70 expression in the pancreas and prevents secretagogue-induced trypsinogen and NF-kappaB activation. We examined the effects of sodium arsenite preadministration on the parameters of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats and then monitored the effects of preincubating pancreatic acini with sodium arsenite in vitro. Our results showed that sodium arsenite pretreatment induced HSP70 expression both in vitro and in vivo and significantly ameliorated the severity of cerulein-induced pancreatitis, as evidenced by the markedly reduced degree of hyperamylasemia, pancreatic edema, and acinar cell necrosis. Sodium arsenite pretreatment not only inhibited trypsinogen activation and the subcellular redistribution of cathepsin B, but also prevented NF-kappaB translocation to the nucleus by inhibiting the IkappaBalpha degradation both in vivo and in vitro. We also examined the effect of sodium arsenite pretreatment in a more severe model of pancreatitis induced by L-arginine and found a similarly protective effect. Based on our observations we conclude that, like thermal stress, chemical stressors such as sodium arsenite also induce HSP70 expression in the pancreas and protect against acute pancreatitis. Thus, non-thermal pharmacologically induced stress can help prevent or treat pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Bhagat
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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34
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Kumagai Y, Sumi D. Arsenic: signal transduction, transcription factor, and biotransformation involved in cellular response and toxicity. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 47:243-62. [PMID: 17002598 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.47.120505.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring metalloid that causes oxidative stress. Exposure of humans, experimental animals, and cultured cells to arsenic results in a variety of diverse health effects, dysfunction of critical enzymes, and cell damage. In this context, one area of arsenic study has been the role of its metabolism. Like organic chemicals, arsenic undergoes reduction, methylation, and glutathione conjugation to yield polar metabolites that are substrates for transporters. These events suggest that transcription factor(s) controlling the upregulation of antioxidant proteins, Phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes, and Phase III transporters should affect arsenic-mediated oxidative stress and the steady-state level of arsenic in the cells. In this review, we summarize recent progress in arsenic toxicity in terms of disrupted signal transduction cascades, the transcription factors involved, and arsenic biotransformation, including a novel pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kumagai
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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35
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Kibriya MG, Jasmine F, Argos M, Verret WJ, Rakibuz-Zaman M, Ahmed A, Parvez F, Ahsan H. Changes in gene expression profiles in response to selenium supplementation among individuals with arsenic-induced pre-malignant skin lesions. Toxicol Lett 2007; 169:162-76. [PMID: 17293063 PMCID: PMC1924917 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis and downstream targets of oral selenium supplementation in individuals with elevated risk of cancer due to chronic exposure from environmental carcinogens has been largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated genome-wide differential gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from individuals with pre-malignant arsenic (As)-induced skin lesions before and after 6 months daily oral supplementation of 200 microg L-selenomethionine. The Affymetrix GeneChip Human 133A 2.0 array, containing probes for 22,277 gene transcripts, was used to assess gene expression. Three different normalization methods, RMA (robust multi-chip analysis), GC-RMA and PLIER (Probe logarithmic intensity error), were applied to explore differentially expressed genes. We identified a list of 28 biologically meaningful, significantly differentially expressed genes. Genes up-regulated by selenium supplementation included TNF, IL1B, IL8, SOD2, CXCL2 and several other immunological and oxidative stress-related genes. When mapped to a biological association network, many of the differentially expressed genes were found to regulate functional classes such as fibroblast growth factor, collagenase, matrix metalloproteinase and stromelysin-1, and thus, considered to affect cellular processes like apoptosis, proliferation and others. Many of the significantly up-regulated genes following selenium-supplementation were previously found by us to be down-regulated in a different set of individuals with As-induced skin lesions compared to those without. In conclusion, findings from this study may elucidate the biological effect of selenium supplementation in humans. Additionally, this study suggests that long-term selenium supplementation may revert some of the gene expression changes presumably induced by chronic As exposure in individuals with pre-malignant skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad G Kibriya
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA.
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36
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Ma YX, Fu HZ, Li M, Sun W, Xu B, Cui JR. An anticancer effect of a new saponin component from Gymnocladus chinensis Baillon through inactivation of nuclear factor-κB. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 18:41-6. [PMID: 17159501 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000236317.04199.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gymnocladus chinensis Baillon is widely distributed in China, and its fruits have been used in the treatment of rheumatism, furunculosis, soreness and swelling in traditional Chinese medicine for a long time. Few biological components were, however, isolated. In this study, a new triterpenoid saponin (GC-1) was extracted from the fruit of Gymnocladus chinensis Baillon and its biological actions were investigated. The results showed that GC-1 inhibited growth of a panel of human cancer cell lines in vitro by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and sulforhodamine B assays. Furthermore, GC-1 was demonstrated to induce apoptosis in HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner. By using a reporter gene assay, nuclear factor-kappaB activity induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha was decreased gradually by addition of increasing concentration of GC-1 (1-40 micromol/l). In parallel, the blockage of nuclear factor-kappaB translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus was determined by Western blotting. This is the first study investigating the link of antiproliferative action of the compound with the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB activation. The mechanism of the actions of GC-1 might be due to the interruption of nuclear factor-kappaB translocation in the signaling pathway, which contributes to the chemotherapy potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Xia Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, PRC
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37
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O’HARA KIMBERLEYA, NEMEC ANTONIAA, ALAM JAWED, KLEI LINDAR, MOSSMAN BROOKET, BARCHOWSKY AARON. Chromium (VI) inhibits heme oxygenase-1 expression in vivo and in arsenic-exposed human airway epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 209:113-21. [PMID: 16775837 PMCID: PMC4288750 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inhaled hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) promotes lung injury and pulmonary diseases through poorly defined mechanisms. One hypothesis for this lung pathogenesis is that Cr(VI) silences induction of cytoprotective genes, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), whose total lung mRNA levels were reduced 21 days after nasal instillation of potassium dichromate in C57BL/6 mice. To investigate the mechanisms for this inhibition, Cr(VI) effects on basal and arsenic (As(III))-induced HO-1 expression were examined in cultured human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. An effect of Cr(VI) on the low basal HO-1 mRNA and protein levels in BEAS-2B cells was not detectible. In contrast, Cr(VI) added to the cells before As(III), but not simultaneously with As(III), attenuated As(III)-induced HO-1 expression. Transient transfection with luciferase reporter gene constructs controlled by the full length ho-1 promoter or deletion mutants demonstrated that this inhibition occurred in the E1 enhancer region containing critical antioxidant response elements (ARE). Cr(VI) pretreatment inhibited As(III)-induced activity of a transiently expressed reporter construct regulated by three ARE tandem repeats. The mechanism for this Cr(VI)-attenuated transactivation appeared to be Cr(VI) reduction of the nuclear levels of the transcription factor Nrf2 and As(III)-stimulated Nrf2 transcriptional complex binding to the ARE cis element. Finally, exposing cells to Cr(VI) prior to co-exposure with As(III) synergized for apoptosis and loss of membrane integrity. These data suggest that Cr(VI) silences induction of ARE-driven genes required for protection from secondary insults. The data also have important implications for understanding the toxic mechanisms of low level, mixed metal exposures in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- KIMBERLEY A. O’HARA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - ANTONIA A. NEMEC
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - JAWED ALAM
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - LINDA R. KLEI
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - AARON BARCHOWSKY
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence to: Aaron Barchowsky, PhD, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pitts-burgh, 100 Technology Drive, Cellomics Building, Room 332, Pittsburgh, PA 15260.
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Lee SY, Son DJ, Lee YK, Lee JW, Lee HJ, Yun YW, Ha TY, Hong JT. Inhibitory effect of sesaminol glucosides on lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation and target gene expression in cultured rat astrocytes. Neurosci Res 2006; 56:204-12. [PMID: 16842873 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The inflammatory reaction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorder including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sesame lignan compounds such as sesaminol glucosides (SG) exhibit a range of pharmacological activities including anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory action. In this study, we tried to elucidate possible effects of SG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory reaction and its underlying mechanism in cultured astrocytes. SG (10-100 microg/ml) inhibited LPS-induced generation of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as inhibited LPS-induced cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression dose-dependently. This inhibitory effect of SG on NO and ROS generation was enforced by addition of glutathione (GSH) in culture. In addition, SG prevented LPS-induced DNA binding and transcriptional activity of nuclear factor KappaB (NF)-kappaB. Consistent with the inhibitory effect on NF-kappaB activity, SG inhibits phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitory KappaB (IkappaB), thereby translocation of p50 of NF-kappaB. These data show that SG has an anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of NF-kappaB, and may be a useful agent for prevention of inflammatory disease like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Pantano C, Reynaert NL, van der Vliet A, Janssen-Heininger YMW. Redox-sensitive kinases of the nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:1791-806. [PMID: 16987032 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
NF-kappaB is an inducible transcription factor that plays a role in the expression of over one hundred genes involved in immunity, inflammation, proliferation, and in defense against apoptosis. NF-kappaB has been known to be redox regulated for some time and is a direct target for oxidation that can affect its ability to bind to DNA. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been identified as second messengers in cells, and play a role in receptor signaling and posttranslation modification of signaling molecules. These posttranslation modifications include oxidations of critical cysteines to sulfenic acids or mixed disulfides, which can affect the activity of proteins. Many kinases involved in direct or indirect activation of NF-kappaB are affected by oxidants and therefore, have the potential to alter NF-kappaB activity. This review will provide a summary of the NF-kappaB family, their activation and regulation, followed by a summary of cytoplasmic and nuclear kinases in this pathway whose activity is affected by oxidants. Additionally, recent investigations have revealed that the JNK signaling pathway, which is known to be redox regulated, and pro-apoptotic, is inhibited by NF-kappaB signaling. The crosstalk of NF-kappaB with other signaling pathways is therefore critical for cellular fate, notably survival or cell death under oxidative conditions, and will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristen Pantano
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, 05405, USA
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40
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Ding J, Li J, Xue C, Wu K, Ouyang W, Zhang D, Yan Y, Huang C. Cyclooxygenase-2 Induction by Arsenite Is through a Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cell-dependent Pathway and Plays an Antiapoptotic Role in Beas-2B Cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:24405-13. [PMID: 16809336 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600751200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenite is a well known metalloid human carcinogen, and epidemiological evidence has demonstrated its association with the increased incidence of lung cancer. However, the mechanism involved in its lung carcinogenic effect remains obscure. The current study demonstrated that exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B) to arsenite resulted in a marked induction of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, an important mediator for inflammation and tumor promotion. Exposure of the Beas-2B cells to arsenite also led to significant transactivation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), but not activator protein-1 (AP-1) and NFkappaB, suggesting that NFAT, rather than AP-1 or NFkappaB, is implicated in the responses of Beas-2B cells to arsenite exposure. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of the NFAT pathway by either chemical inhibitors, dominant negative mutants of NFAT, or NFAT3 small interference RNA resulted in the impairment of COX-2 induction and caused cell apoptosis in Beas-2B cells exposed to arsenite. Site-directed mutation of two putative NFAT binding sites between-111 to +65 in the COX-2 promoter region eliminated the COX-2 transcriptional activity induced by arsenite, confirming that those two NFAT binding sites in the COX-2 promoter region are critical for COX-2 induction by arsenite. Moreover, knockdown of COX-2 expression by COX-2-specific small interference RNA also led to an increased cell apoptosis in Beas-2B cells upon arsenite exposure. Together, our results demonstrate that COX-2 induction by arsenite is through NFAT3-dependent and AP-1- or NFkappaB-independent pathways and plays a crucial role in antagonizing arsenite-induced cell apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial Beas-2B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ding
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York 10987, USA
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41
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Sun Q, Matta H, Lu G, Chaudhary PM. Induction of IL-8 expression by human herpesvirus 8 encoded vFLIP K13 via NF-kappaB activation. Oncogene 2006; 25:2717-26. [PMID: 16418726 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) encodes a viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP), called K13, with homology to the prodomain of caspase 8. K13 has been postulated to protect virally infected cells against death receptor-induced apoptosis. We report that K13 leads to constitutive upregulation of IL-8 secretion by transcriptional upregulation of its promoter. K13-induced IL-8 promoter activation is dependent on an intact NF-kappaB-binding site and is associated with increased binding of classical NF-kappaB pathway subunits p65, c-Rel and p50, respectively. IL-8 production is defective in K13 mutants defective in classical NF-kappaB activation and is blocked by genetic and pharmacological inhibitors of this pathway. In contrast, K13 failed to activate the JNK/AP-1 pathway and deletion of AP-1-binding site in the IL-8 promoter or use of a specific JNK inhibitor had only a partial effect on K13-induced IL-8 promoter activation. Collectively, above results demonstrate that K13 is a major mediator of IL-8 production and therapeutic agents targeting K13-induced NF-kappaB pathway may have a role in the treatment of conditions in which HHV-8-induced IL-8 production plays a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Sun
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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42
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Tapio S, Grosche B. Arsenic in the aetiology of cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2006; 612:215-246. [PMID: 16574468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic, one of the most significant hazards in the environment affecting millions of people around the world, is associated with several diseases including cancers of skin, lung, urinary bladder, kidney and liver. Groundwater contamination by arsenic is the main route of exposure. Inhalation of airborne arsenic or arsenic-contaminated dust is a common health problem in many ore mines. This review deals with the questions raised in the epidemiological studies such as the dose-response relationship, putative confounders and synergistic effects, and methods evaluating arsenic exposure. Furthermore, it describes the metabolic pathways of arsenic, and its biological modes of action. The role of arsenic in the development of cancer is elucidated in the context of combined epidemiological and biological studies. However, further analyses by means of molecular epidemiology are needed to improve the understanding of cancer aetiology induced by arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tapio
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Department of Radiation Protection and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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43
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Lin YL, Ho IC, Su PF, Lee TC. Arsenite pretreatment enhances the cytotoxicity of mitomycin C in human cancer cell lines via increased NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:309-17. [PMID: 16494910 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with refractory or relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. The use of arsenic for treating solid tumors, particularly in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, has been extensively studied. Here, we report that arsenite-resistant human lung cancer CL3R15 cells constitutively overexpress NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), an enzyme responsible for activation of mitomycin C (MMC), and are more susceptible to MMC cytotoxicity than parental CL3 cells. The effects of arsenite pretreatment on NQO1 induction were examined in CL3, H1299, H460, and MC-T2 cells. Arsenite pretreatment significantly enhanced the expression of NQO1 and susceptibility to MMC in CL3, H1299, and MC-T2 cells, but not in H460 cells that express high endogenous levels of NQO1. Alternatively, arsenic pretreatment reduced adriamycin sensitivity of CL3 cells. Arsenite-mediated MMC susceptibility was abrogated by dicumarol (DIC), an NQO1 inhibitor, indicating that NQO1 is one of the key regulators of arsenite-mediated MMC susceptibility. Various cancer cell lines showed different basal levels of NQO1 activity and a different capacity for NQO1 induction in response to arsenite treatment. However, overall, there was a positive correlation between induced NQO1 activity and MMC susceptibility in cells pretreated with various doses of arsenite. These results suggest that arsenite may increase NQO1 activity and thus enhance the antineoplastic activity of MMC. In addition, our results also showed that inhibition of NQO1 activity by DIC reversed the arsenite resistance of CL3R15 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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44
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Hermann AC, Kim CH. Effects of arsenic on zebrafish innate immune system. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2005; 7:494-505. [PMID: 16007375 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-004-4109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2004] [Accepted: 12/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response, the first line of defense against invading pathogens, can be perturbed by environmental toxicants such as arsenic. This study reports the effects of arsenic on innate immunity of zebrafish. Respiratory burst activity, messenger RNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a primer of the respiratory burst response, and mRNA expression of the antiviral cytokines interferon (IFN) and MX, : before and after viral infection, were examined in arsenic-exposed zebrafish larvae. Respiratory burst activity and TNF-alpha expression were decreased upon arsenic exposure, indicating inhibition of TNF-alpha priming of the respiratory burst response. Arsenic enhanced IFN expression slightly over time, but reduced MX : expression. In zebrafish infected with snakehead rhabdovirus, arsenic decreased induction and altered the kinetics of IFN and MX : upon infection. Differences in IFN and MX : expression in arsenic-exposed larvae point toward an interruption of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Hermann
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of Maine, 5735 Hitchner Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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45
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Felix K, Manna SK, Wise K, Barr J, Ramesh GT. Low levels of arsenite activates nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein-1 in immortalized mesencephalic cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2005; 19:67-77. [PMID: 15849723 PMCID: PMC2743884 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons is one of the major features of Parkinson's disease. Many redox-active metals such as iron and manganese have been implicated in neuronal degeneration characterized by symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease. Even though, arsenic, which is another redox-active metal, has been shown to affect the central monoaminergic systems, but its potential in causing dopaminergic cell degeneration has not been fully known. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate arsenic signaling especially that is mediated by reactive oxygen species and its effect on early transcription factors in dopamine producing mesencephalic cell line 1RB3AN27. These mesencephalic cells were treated with low concentrations of sodium arsenite (0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 microM) and incubated for different periods of time (0-4 h). Arsenite was cytotoxic at 5 and 10 microM concentrations only after 72-h incubation period. Arsenite, in a dose-dependent manner, induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of early transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) as shown by electro mobility shift assay. Incubation of antioxidants, either N-acetyl-L-cysteine (50 microM) or alpha-tocopherol (50 microM) with 1 microM arsenite, suppressed ROS generation. Arsenite at 1 microM concentration was sufficient for maximal activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation. Time kinetics studies showed maximal activation of NF-kappaB by 1 microM concentration of arsenite was seen at 120 min and correlated with complete degradation of Ikappa Balpha at 60 min. Similarly, maximal activation of AP-1 by 1 microM concentration of arsenite occurred at 120 min. N-acetyl-L-cysteine at 50 microM concentration inhibited arsenite-induced NF-kappa B and AP-1. In addition, arsenite was shown to induce phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 at concentrations of 1 microM and above. These results suggest that arsenite, at low and subcytoxic concentrations, appears to induce oxidative stress leading to activation of early transcription factors whereas addition of antioxidant inhibited the activation of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Felix
- Molecular Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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46
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Kann S, Estes C, Reichard JF, Huang MY, Sartor MA, Schwemberger S, Chen Y, Dalton TP, Shertzer HG, Xia Y, Puga A. Butylhydroquinone protects cells genetically deficient in glutathione biosynthesis from arsenite-induced apoptosis without significantly changing their prooxidant status. Toxicol Sci 2005; 87:365-84. [PMID: 16014739 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic, first among the top environmentally hazardous substances, is associated with skin, lung, liver, kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer. Arsenic is also a cardiovascular and a central nervous system toxicant, and it has genotoxic and immunotoxic effects. Paradoxically, arsenic trioxide is used successfully in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma. Arsenic induces oxidative stress, and its toxicity is decreased by free thiols and increased by glutathione depletion. To further characterize the role of glutathione and oxidative stress in the toxicity of arsenic, we have used fetal fibroblasts from Gclm(-/-) mice, which lack the modifier subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis. Gclm(-/-) mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) are eight times more sensitive to arsenite-induced apoptotic death. Because of a dramatic decrease in glutathione levels, Gclm(-/-) MEFs have a high prooxidant status that is not significantly relieved by treatment with the phenolic antioxidant tBHQ; however, tBHQ blocks arsenite-induced apoptosis in both Gclm(+/+) and Gclm(-/-) cells, although it raises a significant antioxidant response only in Gclm(+/+) cells. Global gene expression profiles indicate that tBHQ is significantly effective in reversing arsenite-induced gene deregulation in Gclm(+/+) but not in Gclm(-/-) MEFs. This effect of tBHQ is evident in the expression of metalloproteases and chaperones, and in the expression of genes involved in DNA damage and repair, protein biosynthesis, cell growth and maintenance, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. These results suggest that regulation of glutathione levels by GCLM determines the sensitivity to arsenic-induced apoptosis by setting the overall ability of the cells to mount an effective antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kann
- Center for Environmental Genetics and Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Ohio 45267-0056, USA
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47
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Kann S, Huang MY, Estes C, Reichard JF, Sartor MA, Xia Y, Puga A. Arsenite-Induced Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocation Results in Additive Induction of Phase I Genes and Synergistic Induction of Phase II Genes. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:336-46. [PMID: 15894712 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.011841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex mixtures of carcinogenic metalloids, such as arsenic, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons are common environmental contaminants. The biological consequences of exposure to these mixtures are unpredictable and, although the health effects of individual chemicals may be known, the toxicity of environmental mixtures is largely unexplored. Arsenic, not a potent mutagen by itself, is co-mutagenic with many DNA-damaging agents. Mixtures of arsenite plus benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) augment B[a]P mutagenicity, suggesting that arsenite might uncouple expression of phase I and II genes responsible for detoxification. We have studied the effects of arsenite exposure on the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and its subsequent role in gene transactivation. Treatment of mouse Hepa-1 cells with arsenite induces AHR nuclear translocation and binding to the Cyp1a1 gene promoter with the same efficiency as tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent ligand of the AHR; however, TCDD and B[a]P are an order of magnitude more potent than arsenite in up-regulating Cyp1a1 transcription. Global profiling analyses of cells treated with arsenite plus B[a]P indicate that several phase I and II detoxification genes are in some cases additively and in others synergistically deregulated by the mixtures. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses of mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed that the mixtures had an additive effect on the mRNA levels of Cyp1b1, a prototypical phase I detoxification gene, and an AHR-dependent synergistic effect on the corresponding levels of Nqo1, a prototypical phase II gene. We conclude that exposure to arsenite/B[a]P mixtures causes regulatory changes in the expression of detoxification genes that ultimately affect the metabolic activation and disposition of toxicants.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Animals
- Arsenites/pharmacology
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/biosynthesis
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/genetics
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Biotransformation/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/biosynthesis
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/genetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kann
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45367-00567, USA
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48
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Lu H, Zhu ZG, Yao XX, Zhao R, Yan C, Zhang Y, Liu BY, Yin HR, Lin YZ. Hepatic preconditioning of doxorubicin in stop-flow chemotherapy: NF-κB/IκB-α pathway and expression of HSP72. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:2136-41. [PMID: 15810080 PMCID: PMC4305783 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i14.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To provide hepatic protection through administration of doxorubicin before stop-flow chemotherapy (SFC) and to investigate the expression of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) and role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in this effect.
METHODS: The hepatic preconditioning of doxorubicin was established in a porcine model by injection of doxorubicin (1 mg/kg) before SFC. The experimental animals were randomized into two groups: groups receiving doxorubicin (DOX) and normal saline (NS). Serial serum and tissue samples were taken from both groups to evaluate the protection of doxorubicin. Western blot and immuno-precipitation were applied to detect the expression of HSP72, NF-κB p65 protein, inhibitor κB-α (IκB-α) and phosphorylated IκB-α as well. The expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was estimated by semiquantitative RT-PCR. And the extent of the hepatic injury was estimated with the level of serum aminotransferases.
RESULTS: An abundance production of HSP72 in porcine liver was observed after 24 h of intravenous administration of doxorubicin, but without any change in the expression of NF-κB p65 subunit in cytoplasm. NF-κB p65 subunit accumulated in nuclei at the end of SFC and reached its highest level at 30 min after the restoration of the abdominal circulation and decreased gradually during the 6 h after SFC in NS group, while there was little change in DOX group. There was also a slight decrease of IκB-α at 30 min after the restoration of the abdominal circulation in NS group accompanying with the appearance of phosphorylated IκB-α. The expression of TNF-α was significantly higher in NS group than that in DOX group (average 1.40±0.17 vs 0.62±0.22, P<0.01) at serial time points after SFC. Serum ALT and AST levels of NS group were higher after 24 h than those of DOX group (93.2±7.8 IU/L vs 53.3±13.9 IU/L, 217.0±29.4 IU/L vs 155.0±15.6 IU/L for ALT and AST respectively, P<0.05) and after 48 h than those of DOX group (66.6±18.1 IU/L vs 43.3±16.7 IU/L, 174.4±21.3 IU/L vs 125.7±10.5 IU/L for ALT and AST respectively, P<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Doxorubicin renders the liver to be tolerant to the hepatic influence in SFC in a porcine model through the NF-κB/IκB-α pathway with the expression of HSP72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Rujin Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Ruijin Road II, Shanghai 200025, China.
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49
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Ivanov VN, Hei TK. Combined treatment with EGFR inhibitors and arsenite upregulated apoptosis in human EGFR-positive melanomas: a role of suppression of the PI3K-AKT pathway. Oncogene 2005; 24:616-26. [PMID: 15580309 PMCID: PMC4394621 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed, albeit at low or intermediate levels, in human melanomas at the different stages of tumor progression. Coexpression of EGFR with its ligand TGFalpha indicates their role in paracrine and autocrine growth regulation of melanomas. As it was previously observed for several types of cancer, specific inhibitors of EGFR-mediated signaling may reduce antiapoptotic properties of cancer cells and sensitize them to cytotoxic drugs. We recently reported that arsenite, particularly in combination with inhibitors of the PI3K-AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, induces high levels of apoptosis in different melanomas. Since EGFR signaling operates via activation of the PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK pathways, we suggested that the combination of arsenite and EGFR inhibitors might also effectively induce apoptosis in melanoma. Here, we demonstrate that a moderate concentration of arsenite (5-10 muM) indeed upregulates apoptosis induced by EGFR inhibitors in EGFR-positive melanomas. In contrast, induction of apoptosis in melanomas with negligible surface expression of EGFR or with defective EGFR signaling requires direct suppression of the PI3K-AKT and MAPK pathways by specific pharmacological inhibitors in the presence of arsenite. Under these conditions, metastatic melanoma cell lines undergo TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)- and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-mediated apoptosis. Taken together, these data provide additional approaches in sensitizing melanomas to the cytotoxic effects of specific inhibitors of survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Ivanov
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168-th St, VC11-218, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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50
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Sun Q, Matta H, Chaudhary PM. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein activates transcription from HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat via the classical NF-kappaB pathway and functionally cooperates with Tat. Retrovirology 2005; 2:9. [PMID: 15713234 PMCID: PMC554086 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 02/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB binds to the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and is a key regulator of HIV-1 gene expression in cells latently infected with this virus. In this report, we have analyzed the ability of Kaposi's sarcoma associate herpes virus (KSHV, also known as Human Herpes virus 8)-encoded viral FLIP (Fas-associated death domain-like IL-1 beta-converting enzyme inhibitory protein) K13 to activate the HIV-1 LTR. RESULTS We present evidence that vFLIP K13 activates HIV-1 LTR via the activation of the classical NF-kappaB pathway involving c-Rel, p65 and p50 subunits. K13-induced HIV-1 LTR transcriptional activation requires the cooperative interaction of all three components of the IKK complex and can be effectively blocked by inhibitors of the classical NF-kappaB pathway. K13 mutants that lacked the ability to activate the NF-kappaB pathway also failed to activate the HIV-1 LTR. K13 could effectively activate a HIV-1 LTR reporter construct lacking the Tat binding site but failed to activate a construct lacking the NF-kappaB binding sites. However, coexpression of HIV-1 Tat with K13 led to synergistic activation of HIV-1 LTR. Finally, K13 differentially activated HIV-1 LTRs derived from different strains of HIV-1, which correlated with their responsiveness to NF-kappaB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that concomitant infection with KSHV/HHV8 may stimulate HIV-1 LTR via vFLIP K13-induced classical NF-kappaB pathway which cooperates with HIV-1 Tat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinmiao Sun
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390-8593, USA
| | - Hittu Matta
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390-8593, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Preet M Chaudhary
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas TX 75390-8593, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology and the Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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