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Aun TT, Salleh NM, Ali UFM, Manan NSA. Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensors Involving Copper: An Electrochemical Perspective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:537-593. [PMID: 34477020 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1967720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on the use of copper and its oxides have emerged as promising candidates to replace enzymatic glucose sensors owing to their stability, ease of fabrication, and superior sensitivity. This review explains the theories of the mechanism of glucose oxidation on copper transition metal electrodes. It also presents an overview on the development of among the best non-enzymatic copper-based glucose sensors in the past 10 years. A brief description of methods, interesting findings, and important performance parameters are provided to inspire the reader and researcher to create new improvements in sensor design. Finally, several important considerations that pertain to the nano-structuring of the electrode surface is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Tiek Aun
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Noordini Mohamad Salleh
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Fundamental and Frontier Sciences in Nanostructure Self-Assembly, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Umi Fazara Md Ali
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia.,Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau, Malaysia
| | - Ninie Suhana Abdul Manan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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2
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Acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors detection using gold nanoparticles coupled with dynamic light scattering. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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3
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Arul P, John SA. Silver nanoparticles built-in zinc metal organic framework modified electrode for the selective non-enzymatic determination of H2O2. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Li P, Kang H, Zhang C, Li W, Huang Y, Liu R. Reversible redox activity of ferrocene functionalized hydroxypropyl cellulose and its application to detect H 2 O 2. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 140:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Glassy carbon electrode modified with a graphene oxide/poly(o-phenylenediamine) composite for the chemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 44:144-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Wang Y, Hu M. Blood‐Glucose Biosensors, Development and Challenges. DETECTION CHALLENGES IN CLINICAL DIAGNOSTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849737302-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the major causes of premature illness and death worldwide. The World Health Organization estimated that by 2030, 439 million people, corresponding to 7.8% of the world adult population, will live with diabetes. With an increasing diabetic population, a Blood Glucose Monitoring System (BGMS) is becoming an ever important tool for diabetes management. The history of blood biosensor development can be traced back to 1932, when Warburg and Christian reported the “yellow enzyme” from yeast changed to colorless upon oxidizing its substrate and resumed the yellow color after its oxidation by oxygen. Since then a lot of research and development has taken place on blood glucose sensors, and the biosensor technology has gone through three generations, with the current commercially available BGMS predominantly relies on the second generation of technology. The advantages and challenges of each generation are discussed. This chapter will examine in detail topics covering the areas of electrode substrate and electrode material selection, fluid detection electrode, reaction chamber, chemistry (electrolyte, polymer, enzyme and mediator), detection method, analytical performance, regulatory requirements and the manufacturing process. The chapter will close with the clinical utility and future direction and application of glucose biosensor include a brief introduction to the Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Siemens HealthCare Diagnostics 511 Benedix Ave. Tarrytown, NY 10591 United States
| | - Madeleine Hu
- The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road Ewing, NJ 08628‐0718 United States
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Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Application in Diabetes Management. MODERN ASPECTS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6148-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Santos AFLOM, Ribeiro da Silva MAV. Diaminobenzenes: An Experimental and Computational Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:4939-48. [DOI: 10.1021/jp200670s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa L. O. M. Santos
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel A. V. Ribeiro da Silva
- Centro de Investigação em Química, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Zhou DM, Dai YQ, Shiu KK. Poly(phenylenediamine) film for the construction of glucose biosensors based on platinized glassy carbon electrode. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-010-0179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Anik Ü, Çubukçu M, Çevik S, Timur S. Usage of Bismuth Film Electrode as Biosensor Transducer for Alkaline Phosphatase Assay. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Peng Y, Jiang D, Su L, Zhang L, Yan M, Du J, Lu Y, Liu YN, Zhou F. Mixed monolayers of ferrocenylalkanethiol and encapsulated horseradish peroxidase for sensitive and durable electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chem 2009; 81:9985-92. [PMID: 19928778 PMCID: PMC2795022 DOI: 10.1021/ac901833s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the construction of a mixed monolayer of ferrocenylalkanethiol and encapsulated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) at a gold electrode for amperometric detection of H(2)O(2) at trace levels. By tuning the alkanethiol chain lengths that tether the HRP enzyme and the ferrocenylalkanethiol (FcC(11)SH) mediator, facile electron transfer between FcC(11)SH and HRP can be achieved. Unlike most HRP-based electrochemical sensors, which rely on HRP-facilitated H(2)O(2) reduction (to H(2)O), the electrocatalytic current is resulted from an HRP-catalyzed oxidation reaction of H(2)O(2) (to O(2)). Upon optimizing other experimental conditions (surface coverage ratio, pH, and flow rate), the electrocatalytic reaction proceeding at the electrode was used to attain a low amperometric detection level (0.64 nM) and a dynamic range spanning over 3 orders of magnitude. Not only does the thin hydrophilic porous HRP capsule allow facile electron transfer, it also enables H(2)O(2) to permeate. More significantly, the enzymatic activity of the encapsulated HRP is retained for a considerably longer period (>3 weeks) than naked HRP molecules attached to an electrode or those wired to a redox polymer thin film. By comparing to electrodes modified with denatured HRP that are subsequently encapsulated or embedded in a poly-L-lysine matrix, it is concluded that the encapsulation has significantly preserved the native structure of HRP and therefore its enzymatic activity. The electrode covered with FcC(11)SH and encapsulated HRP is shown to be capable of rapidly and reproducibly detecting H(2)O(2) present in complex sample media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, USA
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Ndamanisha JC, Hou Y, Bai J, Guo L. Effects of ferrocene derivative on the physico-chemical and electrocatalytic properties of ordered mesoporous carbon. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Qiu JD, Zhou WM, Guo J, Wang R, Liang RP. Amperometric sensor based on ferrocene-modified multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites as electron mediator for the determination of glucose. Anal Biochem 2009; 385:264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Microsensors for in vivo Measurement of Glutamate in Brain Tissue. SENSORS 2008; 8:6860-6884. [PMID: 27873904 PMCID: PMC3787420 DOI: 10.3390/s8116860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several immobilized enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors for glutamate detection have been developed over the last decade. In this review, we compare first and second generation sensors. Structures, working mechanisms, interference prevention, in vitro detection characteristics and in vivo performance are summarized here for those sensors that have successfully detected brain glutamate in vivo. In brief, first generation sensors have a simpler structure and are faster in glutamate detection. They also show a better sensitivity to glutamate during calibration in vitro. For second generation sensors, besides their less precise detection, their fabrication is difficult to reproduce, even with a semi-automatic dip-coater. Both generations of sensors can detect glutamate levels in vivo, but the reported basal levels are different. In general, second generation sensors detect higher basal levels of glutamate compared with the results obtained from first generation sensors. However, whether the detected glutamate is indeed from synaptic sources is an issue that needs further attention.
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Heller A, Feldman B. Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Applications in Diabetes Management. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2482-505. [PMID: 18465900 DOI: 10.1021/cr068069y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 926] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Anık Ü, Timur S, Çubukçu M, Merkoçi A. The usage of a bismuth film electrode as transducer in glucose biosensing. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0868-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Wang GH, Zhang LM. Using novel polysaccharide-silica hybrid material to construct an amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:24864-8. [PMID: 17149906 DOI: 10.1021/jp0657078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new type of sol-gel organic-inorganic hybrid material was developed and used for the fabrication of an amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor. This material was prepared from natural chitosan and recently introduced completely water-soluble precursor, tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl) orthosilicates (THEOS), by the sol-gel process without the addition of organic solvents and catalysts. The gelation time for the sol-gel transition and dynamic rheological properties of the resultant gel matrix could be modulated by the amount of added THEOS. The structure of the hybrid gel was made up of a network and spherical particles, as confirmed by SEM observation. By electrochemical experiments, it was found that such a hybrid gel matrix could retain the native biocatalytic activity of the entrapped horseradish peroxidase and provide a fast amperometric response to hydrogen peroxide. The linear range for the determination of hydrogen peroxide was found to be from 1.0 x 10(-6) to 2.5 x 10(-4) mol/L with a detection limit of 4.0 x 10(-7) mol/L. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant was determined to be 2.198 mmol/L. To improve the analytical characteristics of the fabricated biosensor, the effects of applied potential and pH value on the steady-state current were studied. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the fabricated biosensor was found to have good analytical performance, reproducibility, and storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hai Wang
- Laboratory for Polymer Composite and Functional Materials, Institute of Optoelectronic and Functional Composite Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Lyon JL, Stevenson KJ. Picomolar Peroxide Detection Using a Chemically Activated Redox Mediator and Square Wave Voltammetry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:8518-25. [PMID: 17165848 DOI: 10.1021/ac061483d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method for low-level, low-potential electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide using a chemically activated redox mediator is presented. This method is unique in that it utilizes a mediator, Amplex Red, which is only redox-active when chemically oxidized by H2O2 in the presence of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). When employed in concert with microelectrode square wave voltammetry to optimize sensing at ultralow concentrations (<1 microM), this method exhibits marked improvements in analytical sensitivity and detection limits (limit of detection as low as 8 pM) over existing protocols. Sensing schemes incorporating both freely diffusing and immobilized HRP are evaluated, and the resulting analytical sensitivities are 1.22 +/- 0.04 and (2.1 +/- 0.6) x 10(-1) microA/(microM mm2), respectively, for peroxide concentrations in the high picomolar to low micromolar range. A second linear region exists for lower peroxide concentrations. Furthermore, quantitative enzyme kinetics analysis using Michaelis-Menten parameters is possible through interpretation of data collected in this scheme. Km values for soluble and immobilized HRP were 84 +/- 13 and 504 +/- 19 microM, respectively. This method is amenable to any biological detection scheme that generates hydrogen peroxide as a reactive product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Lyon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, MC A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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López MSP, López-Cabarcos E, López-Ruiz B. Organic phase enzyme electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:135-47. [PMID: 16730228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/10/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the development of biosensors, organic phase enzyme electrodes (OPEEs) have received considerable attention for the detection of substrates in organic media. This article reviews different enzymes, transductors and immobilization methods used for the preparation of OPEEs in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sánchez-Paniagua López
- Departamento de Química-Física II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Ramanavičius A, Ramanavičienė A, Malinauskas A. Electrochemical sensors based on conducting polymer—polypyrrole. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tripathi VS, Kandimalla VB, Ju H. Amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide based on ferrocene-bovine serum albumin and multiwall carbon nanotube modified ormosil composite. Biosens Bioelectron 2006; 21:1529-35. [PMID: 16099155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2005] [Revised: 07/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel amperometric biosensor for hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was developed by entrapping horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in a new ormosil composite doped with ferrocene monocarboxylic acid-bovine serum albumin conjugate and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). The ormosil was prepared using 3-(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane and 2-(3,4 epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltrimethoxy silane as monomers. The encapsulated conjugate showed excellent electrochemistry and acted as an electron transfer mediator. The presence of MWNTs improved the conductivity of the composite film. This matrix showed a biocompatible microenvironment for retaining the native activity of the entrapped HRP and a very low mass transport barrier to the substrate, which provided a fast amperometric response to H(2)O(2). The proposed H(2)O(2) biosensor exhibited a linear range of 0.02-4.0 mM with a detection limit of 5.0 microM (S/N = 3) and a K(M)(app) value of 2.0 mM. It could be used for flow injection analysis of hydrogen peroxide with a liner range from 0.02 to 4.5 mM, sensitivity of 0.042 microA/mM and analytical time of 20 s per sample. This biosensor possessed good analytical performance and storage stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Shyam Tripathi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (Education Ministry of China), Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University
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Suprun E, Evtugyn G, Budnikov H, Ricci F, Moscone D, Palleschi G. Acetylcholinesterase sensor based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified with prussian blue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:597-604. [PMID: 16163484 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (ChE) sensor based on Prussian blue (PB) modified electrode was developed and tested for the detection of organophosphorus and carbamic pesticides. The signal of the sensor was generated in PB mediated oxidation of thiocholine recorded at +200 mv in DC mode. ChE from electric eel was immobilized by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the surface of screen-printed carbon electrode covered with PB and Nafion. The content of the surface layer (specific enzyme activity, Nafion and BSA amounts) was optimized to establish high and reliable response toward the substrate and ChE inhibitors. The ChE/PB sensor makes it possible to detect Aldicarb, Paraoxon and Parathion-Methyl with limits of detection 30, 10 and 5 ppb, respectively (incubation 10 min). The feasibility of practical application of the ChE/PB sensor developed for the monitoring of degradation of the pesticides in wine fermentation was shown. To diminish matrix interferences, the electrolysis of the grape juice with Al anode and evaporation of ethanol were suggested, however the procedures decrease the sensitivity of pesticide detection and stability of the sample tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Suprun
- Chemistry Department, Kazan State University, 18, Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia.
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Direct application strategy to immobilise a thioctic acid self-assembled monolayer on a gold electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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TRANSITION METAL CHEMISTRY OF GLUCOSE OXIDASE, HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE, AND RELATED ENZYMES. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0898-8838(03)55004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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New bioorganometallic ferrocene derivatives as efficient mediators for glucose and ethanol biosensors based on PQQ-dependent dehydrogenases. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)02103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Azevedo AM, Martins VC, Prazeres DM, Vojinović V, Cabral JM, Fonseca LP. Horseradish peroxidase: a valuable tool in biotechnology. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2003; 9:199-247. [PMID: 14650928 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(03)09003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidases have conquered a prominent position in biotechnology and associated research areas (enzymology, biochemistry, medicine, genetics, physiology, histo- and cytochemistry). They are one of the most extensively studied groups of enzymes and the literature is rich in research papers dating back from the 19th century. Nevertheless, peroxidases continue to be widely studied, with more than 2000 articles already published in 2002 (according to the Institute for Scientific Information). The importance of peroxidases is emphasised by their wide distribution among living organisms and by their multiple physiological roles. They have been divided into three superfamilies according to their source and mode of action: plant peroxidases, animal peroxidases and catalases. Among all peroxidases, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has received a special attention and will be the focus of this review. A brief description of the three super-families is included in the first section of this review. In the second section, a comprehensive description of the present state of knowledge of the structure and catalytic action of HRP is presented. The physiological role of peroxidases in higher plants is described in the third section. And finally, the fourth section addresses the applications of peroxidases, especially HRP, in the environmental and health care sectors, and in the pharmaceutical, chemical and biotechnological industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Azevedo
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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Li XG, Huang MR, Duan W, Yang YL. Novel multifunctional polymers from aromatic diamines by oxidative polymerizations. Chem Rev 2002; 102:2925-3030. [PMID: 12222980 DOI: 10.1021/cr010423z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Gui Li
- Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Concrete Materials Research, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China.
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Vidal JC, García-Ruiz E, Castillo JR. Design of a Multilayer Cholesterol Amperometric Biosensorfor Preparation and Use in Flow Systems. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200103)13:3<229::aid-elan229>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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