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Crystal structure of bifunctional aldos-2-ulose dehydratase/isomerase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium with the reaction intermediate ascopyrone M. J Mol Biol 2012; 417:279-93. [PMID: 22330145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme aldos-2-ulose dehydratase/isomerase (AUDH) participates in carbohydrate secondary metabolism, catalyzing the conversion of glucosone and 1,5-d-anhydrofructose to the secondary metabolites cortalcerone and microthecin, respectively. AUDH is a homo-dimeric enzyme with subunits of 900 amino acids. The subunit consists of a seven-bladed β-propeller domain, two cupin folds and a C-terminal lectin domain. AUDH contains a structural Zn(2+) and Mg(2+) located in loop regions and two zinc ions at the bottom of two putative active-site clefts in the propeller and the cupin domain, respectively. Catalysis is dependent on these two zinc ions, as their specific removal led to loss of enzymatic activity. The structure of the Zn(2)(+)-depleted enzyme is very similar to that of native AUDH, and structural changes upon metal removal as the cause for the catalytic deficiencies can be excluded. The complex with the reaction intermediate ascopyrone M shows binding of this compound at two different sites, with direct coordination to Zn(2+) in the propeller domain and as second sphere ligand of the metal ion in the cupin domain. These observations suggest that the two reactions of AUDH might be catalyzed in two different active sites, about 60 Å apart. The dehydration reaction most likely follows an elimination mechanism, where Zn(2+) acts as a Lewis acid polarizing the C2 keto group of 1,5-d-anhydrofructose. Abstraction of the proton at the C3 carbon atom and protonation of the leaving group, the C4 hydroxyl moiety, could potentially be catalyzed by the side chain of the suitably positioned residue His155.
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Meng X, Kawahara KI, Miyanohara H, Yoshimoto Y, Yoshinaga K, Noma S, Kikuchi K, Morimoto Y, Ito T, Oyama Y, Yoshinaga N, Shrestha B, Chandan B, Mera K, Tada KI, Miura N, Ono Y, Takenouchi K, Maenosono R, Nagasato T, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I. 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose: A natural antibiotic that inhibits the growth of gram-positive bacteria and microbial biofilm formation to prevent nosocomial infection. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:625-628. [PMID: 22977551 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nosocomial infections caused by microbial opportunistic infections or microbial biofilms may occur during hospitalization and increase patient morbidity, mortality and health care costs. Artificial antibiotic agents were initially used to prevent infection; however, the high prevalence of nosocomial infections has resulted in their excessive use, which has led to microbial resistance to these agents. The increase in microbial resistance to antibiotics and the development of antibiotic agents may be the cause of the production of other microbial resistance. Thus, natural compounds that have no adverse side effects would be a preferred treatment modality. Recently, the monosaccharide 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5-AF), a natural plant compound derived from starch, has been found to have multifunctional properties, including antioxidant, antiplatelet aggregation by thrombin and anti-inflammatory activities. The results of the present study demonstrate that 1,5-AF suppressed the growth of coagulase-negative staphylococci on the hands as well as the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is a cause of opportunistic infections. Furthermore, 1,5-AF suppressed biofilm formation by the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, 1,5-AF is a natural compound that may be effective in preventing nosocomial infections, without causing adverse side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Meng
- Department of Laboratory and Vascular Medicine, Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders, Advanced Therapeutics
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MIKI Y, MORI A, HAYAKAWA N, NIKI T, ODA H, SAEKI K, SATO T, TAZAKI H, ISHIOKA K, ARAI T, SAKO T. Evaluation of Serum and Urine 1,5-Anhydro-D-Glucitol and Myo-Inositol Concentrations in Healthy Dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:1117-26. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei MIKI
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Akihiro MORI
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Noriyuki HAYAKAWA
- Department of Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Tomoe NIKI
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hitomi ODA
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Kaori SAEKI
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Toko SATO
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hiroyuki TAZAKI
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Katsumi ISHIOKA
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Toshiro ARAI
- Department of Veterinary Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Toshinori SAKO
- Department of Veterinary Nursing and Technology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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Mei J, Yu S, Ahrén B. Study on administration of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose in C57BL/6J mice challenged with high-fat diet. BMC Endocr Disord 2010; 10:17. [PMID: 20958989 PMCID: PMC2974679 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-10-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose (AF) is a mono-saccharide directly formed from starch and glycogen by the action of α-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13). Our previous study has indicated that AF increases glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in NMRI mice after administration through a gastric gavage in a single dose at 150 mg per mouse. In this study, we used high-fat feeding of C57BL/6J mice to examine the influence of long-term administration of AF on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro. We found that 8-weeks of high-fat feeding increased body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels in C57BL/6J mice when compared to mice fed normal diet. Impaired glucose tolerance was also observed in mice receiving 8-weeks of high-fat diet. In contrast, AF (1.5 g/kg/day), administered through drinking water for 8-weeks, did not affect body weight or food and water intake in mice fed either the high-fat or normal diet. There was no difference in basal blood glucose or insulin levels between AF-treated and control group. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) showed that AF did not affect glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice. In in vitro studies with isolated islets, AF did not influence glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice receiving either high-fat or normal diet. We therefore conclude that when given through drinking water for 8 weeks at 1.5 g/kg/day, AF has no effect on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in C57BL/6J mice challenged with a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- Department of Medicine, B11 BMC, S-221 84, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shukun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Box 124, S-221 00, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Enzyme R&D, Genencor Division, Danisco A/S, Edwin Rahrs Vej, 38, Brabrand, DK 8220, Denmark
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Medicine, B11 BMC, S-221 84, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Fiskesund R, Thomas LV, Schobert M, Ernberg I, Lundt I, Yu S. Inhibition spectrum studies of microthecin and other anhydrofructose derivatives using selected strains of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds, and investigation of the cytotoxicity of microthecin to malignant blood cell lines. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 106:624-33. [PMID: 19200326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To prepare 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (AF) derivatives, test their microbial inhibition spectrum, and to further examine the most effective AF derivative against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and malignant blood cell lines. METHODS AND RESULTS Microthecin and nine other AF derivatives were synthesized from AF. The 10 compounds were tested in vitro against Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative (GN) bacteria, yeasts and moulds using a well diffusion method and in a Bioscreen growth analyser. Of the test compounds, microthecin exhibited the most significant antibacterial activity at 100-2000 ppm against both GP and GN bacteria, including Ps. aeruginosa. Further tests with three malignant blood cell lines (Mutu, Ramos, Raji) and one normal cell line indicated that microthecin was a cell toxin, with a cell mortality >85% at 50 ppm. The other nine AF derivatives demonstrated low or no antimicrobial activity. CONCLUSIONS Microthecin was active 100-2000 ppm against GP and GN bacteria including Ps. aeruginosa, but was inactive against yeasts and moulds. Microthecin was also a cytotoxin to some mammalian cell lines. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Microthecin might have potential for development as a novel drug against Ps. aeruginosa and to target cancer cells. It might also be developed as a food processing aid to control bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fiskesund
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
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Meng X, Kawahara KI, Matsushita K, Nawa Y, Shrestha B, Kikuchi K, Sameshima H, Hashiguchi T, Maruyama I. Attenuation of LPS-induced iNOS expression by 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yu S, Andreassen M, Lundt I. Enzymatic production of microthecin by aldos-2-ulose dehydratase from 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose and stability studies of microthecin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420701799477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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1,5-Anhydro-d-fructose attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine release via suppression of NF-κB p65 phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 380:343-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yu S, Fiskesund R. The anhydrofructose pathway and its possible role in stress response and signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2006; 1760:1314-22. [PMID: 16822618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/18/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anhydrofructose (AF) pathway describes the catabolism of alpha-1,4-glucans of glycogen, starch and maltosaccharides to various metabolites via the central intermediate AF. The reaction sequence of the pathway consists of more than 10 enzymatic steps. This pathway occurs in certain bacteria, fungi, algae and mammals. In this communication, the AF pathway and its regulatory mechanisms in these organisms are presented and the metabolites of this pathway as antioxidants and antimicrobials in biotic and abiotic stress responses and in carbon starvation signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, PO box 17, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Andreassen M, Lundt I. A new chemical synthesis of Ascopyrone P from 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose. Carbohydr Res 2006; 341:1692-6. [PMID: 16630602 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The naturally occurring antioxidant Ascopyrone P (1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-1-en-3-ulose, 1) was prepared from the rare sugar 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (AF, 3) in three steps in an overall yield of 36%. Thus, acetylation of 3 afforded the enolone 3,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-3-en-2-ulopyranose (4), which could be isomerised to 2,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-4-deoxy-D-glycero-hex-1-ene-3-ulose (6). Deacetylation of 6 under mild conditions gave crystalline Ascopyrone P (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Andreassen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Mei J, Yu S, Ahrén B. A 90-day toxicological evaluation of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2005; 28:263-72. [PMID: 16051552 DOI: 10.1081/dct-200064458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (1,5-AF) is a novel monosaccharide produced by the action of alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13) on glycogen, starch, or related substrates such as maltose and maltosaccharides. 1,5-AF is of interest as a compound to be used as a food supplement because of its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties. This enforces the safety of 1,5-AF and therefore, in the current study, four groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were provided with 1,5-AF in the drinking water (at 0 or 1.0 g/kg body weight daily) for a period of 90 days (n=10 in each group). All the animals survived, and no clinical signs of toxicity or alterations in hematological or clinical chemistry parameters were observed. Furthermore, organ weight and histopathological examination of brain, heart, urinary bladder, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas were normal after 1,5-AF treatment. Moreover, there was no change in food consumption, water intake, or body weight gain in rats receiving 1,5-AF. In conclusion, administration of 1,5-AF did not induce any significant toxicological effects and, therefore, 1,5-AF seems safe to administer in vivo over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mei
- Department of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Yu S. Enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen degradation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1723:63-73. [PMID: 15716041 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The anhydrofructose pathway describes the degradation of glycogen and starch to metabolites via 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose (1,5AnFru). Enzymes that form 1,5AnFru, ascopyrone P (APP), and ascopyrone M (APM) have been reported from our laboratory earlier. In the present study, APM formed from 1,5AnFru was found to be the intermediate to the antimicrobial microthecin. The microthecin forming enzyme from the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium proved to be aldos-2-ulose dehydratase (AUDH, EC 4.2.1.-), which was purified and characterized for its enzymatic and catalytic properties. The purified AUDH showing a molecular mass of 97.4 kDa on SDS-PAGE was partially sequenced. Total 332 amino acid residues in length were obtained, representing some 37% of the AUDH protein. The obtained amino acid sequences showed no homology to known proteins but to an unannotated DNA sequence in Scaffold 62 of the published genome of the fungus. The alignment revealed three introns of the identified AUDH gene (Audh; ph.chr), thus the first gene coding for a neutral sugar dehydratase is identified. AUDH was found to be a bi-functional enzyme, being able to dehydrate 1,5AnFru to APM and further isomerizing the APM formed to microthecin. The optimal pH for the formation of APM and microthecin was pH 5.8 and 6.8, respectively. AUDH showed 5 fold higher activity toward 1,5AnFru than toward its analogue glucosone, when tested at concentrations from 0.6 mM to 0.2 M. Based on the characteristic UV absorbance of microthecin (230 nm) and APM (262 nm) assay methods were developed for the microthecin forming enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, PO box 17, DK 1001, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Yoshinaga K, Wakamatsu C, Saeki Y, Abe JI, Hizukuri S. Conversion from 1,5-Anhydro-D-Fructose into Functional Compound, Ascopyrone P by Heating. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2005. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.52.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Yu S, Mei J, Ahrén B. Basic toxicology and metabolism studies of 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose using bacteria, cultured mammalian cells, and rodents. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:1677-86. [PMID: 15354319 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose (AF) is a monosaccharide occurring in edible morels, red seaweeds and certain mammalian tissues. It can be formed directly from starch and glycogen in vivo by alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.2.13). In this study, the toxicity, absorption and metabolism of AF using bacteria, mammalian cells, rat and mouse models were examined. In Ames test, AF showed no genotoxicity using five strains of the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium TA 98, 100, 102, 1535 and 1537. AF caused no mammalian gene mutation as tested with mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. AF did not cause toxic symptoms in rats when it was administered as a single oral dose of 5 g/kg and observed over a 14-day period. Furthermore, at necropsy, no signs of abnormality were detected. Daily intraperitoneal (ip) administration of 2 g/kg AF to mice did not induce adverse effects throughout a 28-day period. Radioactive tracing experiments using 14C-labeled AF indicated that AF was efficiently absorbed since the major portion of radioactive material was recovered in urine. Further work using unlabeled AF indicated that the cyclic polyol 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol (AS) increased dramatically in both blood and urine upon AF administration at 1 g/kg ip, suggesting the existence of an efficient reduction mechanism from AF to AS, which was then excreted in urine. In conclusion, these studies indicate that AF had low or no toxicity and showed no mutagenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Yu S, Refdahl C, Lundt I. Enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen degradation; I. Identification and purification of anhydrofructose dehydratase, ascopyrone tautomerase and alpha-1,4-glucan lyase in the fungus Anthracobia melaloma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2004; 1672:120-9. [PMID: 15110094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 03/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The anhydrofructose pathway describes the degradation of glycogen and starch to metabolites via 1,5-anhydro-d-fructose (1,5AnFru). The enzyme catalyzing the first reaction step of this pathway, i.e., alpha-1,4-glucan lyase (EC 4.2.1.13), has been purified, cloned and characterized from fungi and red algae in our laboratory earlier. In the present study, two 1,5AnFru metabolizing enzymes were discovered in the fungus Anthracobia melaloma for the formation of ascopyrone P (APP), a fungal secondary metabolite exhibiting antibacterial and antioxidant activity. These are 1,5AnFru dehydratase (AFDH) and ascopyrone tautomerase (APTM). AFDH catalyzed the conversion of 1,5AnFru to ascopyrone M (APM), a compound that has been earlier presumed to occur biologically, while APTM isomerized the APM formed to APP. Both enzymes were purified 400-fold by (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, hydrophobic interaction, ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The purified AFDH showed a molecular mass of 98 kDa on SDS-PAGE and 230 kDa by gel filtration. The corresponding values for APTM was 60 and 140 kDa. Spectrophotometric and HPLC methods were developed for the assay of these two enzymes. To confirm that A. melaloma possessed all enzymes needed for conversion of glycogen to APP, an alpha-1,4-glucan lyase from this fungus was isolated and partially sequenced. Based on this work, a scheme of the enzymatic description of the anhydrofructose pathway in A. melaloma was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukun Yu
- Danisco Innovation, Danisco A/S, Langebrogade 1, P.O. Box 17, DK 1001 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Andersen SM, Lundt I, Marcussen J, Yu S. 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose; a versatile chiral building block: biochemistry and chemistry. Carbohydr Res 2002; 337:873-90. [PMID: 12007470 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(02)00062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a steadily increasing need to expand sustainable resources, and carbohydrates are anticipated to play an important role in this respect, both for bulk and fine chemical preparation. The enzyme alpha-(1-->4)-glucan lyase degrades starch to 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose. This compound, which has three different functional properties, a prochiral center together with a permanent pyran ring, renders it a potential chiral building block for the synthesis of valuable and potentially biologically active compounds. 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose is found in natural materials as a degradation product of alpha-(1-->4)-glucans. The occurrence of lyases and the metabolism of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose are reviewed in the biological part of this article. In the chemical part, the elucidated structure of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose will be presented together with simple stereoselective conversions into hydroxy/amino 1,5-anhydro hexitols and a nojirimycin analogue. Synthesis of 6-O-acylated derivatives of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose substituted with long fatty acid residues is carried out using commercially available enzymes. Those reactions lead to compounds with potential emulsifying properties. The use of protected derivatives of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose for the synthesis of natural products is likewise reviewed. The potential utilization of this chemical building block is far from being exhausted. Since 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose now is accessible in larger amounts through a simple-enzyme catalyzed degradation of starch by alpha-(1-->4)-glucan lyase, the application of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose may be considered a valuable contribution to the utilization of carbohydrates as the most abundant resource of sustainable raw materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren M Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 201, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
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Ahrén B, Holst JJ, Yu S. 1,5-Anhydro-D-fructose increases glucose tolerance by increasing glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 397:219-25. [PMID: 10844116 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Besides being degraded to glucose-6-phosphate and to free glucose, glycogen is degraded by alpha-1,4-glucan lyase to 1, 5-anhydro-D-fructose. We examined the influence of 1, 5-anhydro-D-fructose on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro in mice. When administered together with i.v. glucose (1 g/kg), 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose did not affect (at 0.2 g/kg) or inhibited (at 1 g/kg) insulin secretion without affecting glucose elimination. When incubated with isolated islets, 1, 5-anhydro-D-fructose at <16.7 mmol/l, did not affect glucose (11.1 mM)-stimulated insulin secretion but inhibited insulin secretion at 16.7 mmol/l. When given through a gastric gavage (150 mg/mouse) together with glucose (150 mg/mouse), 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose increased glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. Furthermore, 1, 5-anhydro-D-fructose potentiated the increase in plasma levels of the gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). We therefore conclude that when given enterally, but not parenterally, 1, 5-anhydro-D-fructose increases glucose tolerance in mice by increasing insulin secretion due to increased plasma levels of GLP-1. The sugar may therefore be explored for increasing endogenous GLP-1 secretion in the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ahrén
- Department of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, SE-205 02, Malmö, Sweden.
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