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Kopeika J, Kopeika E, Zhang T, Rawson DM, Holt WV. Effect of DNA repair inhibitor (3-aminobenzamide) on genetic stability of loach (Misgurnus fossilis) embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm. Theriogenology 2004; 61:1661-73. [PMID: 15019462 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 09/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Semen cryopreservation is widely used in clinical medicine, agriculture, aquaculture and biomedical research, but it is an inefficient technique that induces extensive cytoplasmic damage and loss of fertilising ability. Whether any genetic damage (i.e. DNA strand breakage or mutation) is also induced is still unclear. However, previous data has indicated that this is likely. The present study was designed to explore this possibility further by using inhibitors of the DNA repair system to block DNA repair in embryos derived from cryopreserved spermatozoa. If cryopreservation causes strand breaks in sperm DNA it might be expected that inhibition of a repair enzyme such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) would enhance any such negative effect of cryopreservation. To check this hypothesis 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB) was used as an inhibitor of PARP. Weather loach (Misgurnus fossilis) eggs were fertilised using cryopreserved as well as fresh spermatozoa. Embryos derived from cryopreserved spermatozoa were exposed to 10 mM 3-AB for 2 h after fertilisation. The experiments were carried out using 43,544 embryos from 5 females and 10 males. Embryo survival was evaluated at different stages until the hatching stage. Sperm cryopreservation significantly decreased embryo survival (53.6+/-2.79% compared to 76.97+/-2.79% of control; P<0.01). The addition of 3-AB to the medium with embryos derived from cryopreserved sperm further decreased embryo survival from 53.6+/-2.79% to 46.1+/-2.79% (P<0.01) whereas there was no adverse effect of 3-AB exposed embryos derived from fresh sperm (76.97+/-2.79% of control compared to 74.8+/-2.79% of control+3-AB). The effect of 3-AB provides indirect evidence that cryopreservation might induce instability in sperm DNA, and that such damage can be repaired by the oocyte repair system after fertilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kopeika
- Luton Institute of Research in the Applied Natural Sciences, University of Luton, The Spires, 2 Adelaide Street, Luton LU1 5DU, UK
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Denegri M, Lambiase S, Donadoni C, Rossi L, Ivana Scovassi A. Evidence of poly(ADP-ribosylation) in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 30:1045-1050. [PMID: 10989291 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(00)00076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosylation) is a post-translational modification of nuclear proteins typical of most eukaryotic cells. This process participates in DNA replication and repair and is mainly regulated by two enzymes, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, which is responsible for the synthesis of polymers of ADP-ribose, and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, which performs polymer degradation. The aim of this work was to investigate in the cockroach Periplaneta americana L. (Blattaria: Blattidae) the behaviour of poly(ADP-ribosylation). In particular, we addressed: (i) the possible modulation of poly(ADP-ribosylation) during the embryonic development; (ii) the expression of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and glycohydrolase in different tissues; and (iii) the role of poly(ADP-ribosylation) during spermatogenesis. In this work we demonstrated that: (i) as revealed by specific biochemical assays, active poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and glycohydrolase are present exclusively in P. americana embryos at early stages of development; (ii) an activity carrying out poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis was found in extracts from testes; and (iii) the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) occurs preferentially in differentiating spermatids/spermatozoa. Collectively, our results indicate that the poly(ADP-ribosylation) process in P. americana, which is a hemimetabolous insect, displays catalytical and structural features similar to those described in the holometabolous insects and in mammalian cells. Furthermore, this process appears to be modulated during embryonic development and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denegri
- Istituto di Genetica Biochimica ed Evoluzionistica CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100, Pavia, Italy
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Hanai S, Uchida M, Kobayashi S, Miwa M, Uchida K. Genomic organization of Drosophila poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and distribution of its mRNA during development. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:11881-6. [PMID: 9565614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.19.11881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; EC 2.4.2.30) modulates several biological activities. However, little is known about the role of PARP in developmental process. Here we report the organization of the Drosophila PARP gene and the expression patterns during Drosophila development. The Drosophila PARP gene was a single copy gene mapped at 81F and composed of six exons. Organization of exons corresponds to the functional domains of PARP. The DNA-binding domain was encoded by exons 1, 2, 3, and 4. The auto-modification domain was encoded by exon 5, and the catalytic domain was in exon 6. The promoter region of the PARP gene contained putative TATA box and CCAAT box unlike human PARP. Expression of the PARP gene was at high levels in embryos at 0-6 h after egg laying and gradually decreased until 8 h. PARP mRNA increased again at 8-12 h and was observed in pupae and adult flies but not in larvae. In situ mRNA hybridization of embryos revealed large amount of PARP mRNA observed homogeneously except the pole cells at the early stage of embryos, possibly due to presence of the maternal mRNA for PARP, and decreased gradually until the stage 12 in which stage PARP mRNA localized in anal plates. At late stage of embryogenesis PARP mRNA was localized in cells along the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Oncology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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Stack JH, Newport JW. Developmentally regulated activation of apoptosis early in Xenopus gastrulation results in cyclin A degradation during interphase of the cell cycle. Development 1997; 124:3185-95. [PMID: 9272959 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124.16.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous work identified a developmental timer that controls the stability of cyclin A protein in interphase-arrested Xenopus embryos. It was shown that cyclins A1 and A2 abruptly become unstable in hydroxyurea-treated embryos at the time that untreated embryos are beginning gastrulation (early gastrulation transition; EGT). We have demonstrated here that cyclins A1 and A2 are degraded at the equivalent of the EGT by the ICE-like caspases that are responsible for programmed cell death or apoptosis. Analysis of embryos treated with hydroxyurea or cycloheximide showed widespread cellular apoptosis coincident with cyclin A cleavage. Our data further indicate that the apoptotic pathway is present in Xenopus embryos prior to the EGT; however, it is maintained in an inactive state in early cleaving embryos by maternally encoded inhibitors. Characterization of the timing of the activation of apoptosis implicates the initiation of zygotic transcription at the mid-blastula transition (MBT) in the suppression of apoptosis in normal embryos. The decreased biosynthetic capacity of embryos treated with hydroxyurea or cycloheximide most likely interferes with the ability to maintain sufficient levels of apoptotic inhibitors and results in widespread apoptosis. Our results suggest a scenario whereby the apoptotic pathway is suppressed in the early cleaving embryo by maternally contributed inhibitors. Degradation at the EGT of maternal RNAs encoding these inhibitors is compensated for by new zygotic transcription beginning at the MBT. This indicates that the interval between the MBT and the EGT represents a critical developmental period during which the regulation of embryonic cellular processes is transferred from maternal to zygotic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Stack
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0347, USA.
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Cosulich SC, Green S, Clarke PR. Bcl-2 regulates activation of apoptotic proteases in a cell-free system. Curr Biol 1996; 6:997-1005. [PMID: 8805330 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00644-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis plays an important role in the normal development and homeostasis of metazoans. Aberrations in this process have been implicated in several major human diseases, but its molecular mechanism is poorly understood. In animals as diverse as humans and nematodes, the Bcl-2 oncoprotein prevents or delays apoptosis, whereas proteases of the interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE) family are required, suggesting that they are components of a conserved mechanism controlling the onset of apoptosis. RESULTS A cell-free system produced from Xenopus laevis eggs reproduces nuclear events characteristic of apoptosis after a lag phase. We have used this system to define the temporal sequence of biochemical events and to examine the relationship between Bcl-2 and apoptotic proteases. Bcl-2 prevents apoptotic chromatin condensation and DNA cleavage, but only when added prior to the activation of a protease which has characteristics similar to the Ced-3 sub-family of ICE-like proteases and which cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Bcl-2 attenuates activation of this protease, an effect that does not require de novo protein synthesis or the presence of intact nuclei. The Ced-3-related protease CPP-32 is cleaved during the late stages of apoptosis in this system and after PARP cleavage. Generation of CPP-32-cleaving activity is inhibited by Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS These experiments provide direct biochemical evidence that Bcl-2 protects against apoptosis, at least in part, by regulating the activation of a series of apoptotic proteases that cleave PARP and other substrates. This cell-free system provides a useful biochemical model for analyzing the molecular mechanism controlling the activation of these proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Cosulich
- Zeneca Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, G38 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Küpper JH, Müller M, Jacobson MK, Tatsumi-Miyajima J, Coyle DL, Jacobson EL, Bürkle A. trans-dominant inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation sensitizes cells against gamma-irradiation and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine but does not limit DNA replication of a polyomavirus replicon. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:3154-63. [PMID: 7760811 PMCID: PMC230547 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.6.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; EC 2.4.2.30), with NAD+ serving as the substrate. PARP is strongly activated upon recognition of DNA strand breaks by its DNA-binding domain. Experiments with low-molecular-weight inhibitors of PARP have led to the view that PARP activity plays a role in DNA repair and possibly also in DNA replication, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Accumulating evidence for nonspecific inhibitor effects prompted us to develop a molecular genetic system to inhibit PARP in living cells, i.e., to overexpress selectively the DNA-binding domain of PARP as a dominant negative mutant. Here we report on a cell culture system which allows inducible, high-level expression of the DNA-binding domain. Induction of this domain leads to about 90% reduction of poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation after gamma-irradiation and sensitizes cells to the cytotoxic effect of gamma-irradiation and of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In contrast, induction does not affect normal cellular proliferation or the replication of a transfected polyomavirus replicon. Thus, trans-dominant inhibition of the poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation occurring after gamma-irradiation or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine is specifically associated with a disturbance of the cellular recovery from the inflicted damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Küpper
- Abteilung 0610, Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Miwa M, Hanai S, Masuda H, Koyama Y, Hayashi T, Yoshida Y, Poltronieri P, Maeshima K, Kobayashi S, Okada M. Analysis of biological function of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochimie 1995; 77:466-71. [PMID: 7578431 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(96)88162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To understand the biological function of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of proteins, we have isolated and characterized the gene for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase from Drosophila melanogaster. Two approaches were taken to analyze the function of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation reaction. The first is analysis of the homology of the amino acid sequences of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase from phylogenetically different eukaryotes, namely human, mouse, bovine, chicken, Xenopus laevis and Drosophila melanogaster and elucidation of the conserved amino acid sequences that appear to be important for the function of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Analysis of the recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase which had truncated or mutated motifs expressed in E coli would confirm the importance of the conserved amino acid sequence. The interaction of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase with other proteins involved in DNA repair, replication, recombination and transcription will clarify the function of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. The second approach is to get the mutants which have disruption in the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene and to analyse the phenotypes of these mutants. The characterization of these mutants will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miwa
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Uchida K, Miwa M. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: structural conservation among different classes of animals and its implications. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 138:25-32. [PMID: 7898471 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cDNAs have been isolated from different classes of animals. Cloning of genes from lower eukaryotes has allowed us to investigate directly the biological functions of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in vivo. The conservation of specific regions among mammals, chicken, Xenopus laevis, and Drosophila melanogaster reveals the essential structural elements required for recognition of breaks in DNA and for catalytic activity. Cys, His and basic residues in the zinc-finger consensus region are conserved. The carboxyl terminal region corresponding to an NAD-binding domain is strongly conserved. The dinucleotide-binding consensus sequence and beta 1-alpha A-beta 2, Rossmann fold structure, and beta-sheet structures are completely conserved from mammals to insect. In Drosophila, a putative leucine-zipper motif has been identified, and other poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases also contain an alpha-helical, amphipathic structure in the auto-modification domain. In this article, we review the recent structural analyses of the functional domains of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in phylogenetically divergent species, and discuss the implications of structural conservation for its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Uchida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Avila MA, Velasco JA, Smulson ME, Dritschilo A, Castro R, Notario V. Functional expression of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe results in mitotic delay at G1, increased mutation rate, and sensitization to radiation. Yeast 1994; 10:1003-17. [PMID: 7992501 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PADPRP), a chromatin-associated enzyme present in most eukaryotic cells, is stimulated by DNA strand breaks, suggesting a role for the enzyme in the cellular response to DNA damage. However, the primary function of PADPRP remains unknown. We have selected Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a simple eukaryotic system in which to study PADPRP function because this fission yeast shares with mammalian cells important cellular features possibly associated with poly-(ADP-ribos)ylation pathways. We investigated the existence of an endogenous yeast PADPRP by DNA and RNA hybridization to mammalian probes under low-stringency conditions and by PADPRP activity assays. Our data indicate that fission yeasts are naturally devoid of PADPRP. We therefore isolated S. pombe strains expressing PADPRP by transformation with a human full-length PADPRP cDNA under the control of the SV40 early promoter. The human PADPRP construct was transcribed and translated in S. pombe, generating a major transcript of the same size (3.7 kb) as that detected in mammalian cells and a 113-kDa polypeptide, identical in size to the native human PADPRP protein. Yeast recombinant PADPRP was enzymatically active and was recognized by antibodies to human PADPRP. S. pombe cells expressing PADPRP (SPT strains) showed a stable phenotype that was characterized by: (i) cell cycle retardation as a result of a specific delay at the G1 phase, (ii) decreased cell viability in stationary cultures, (iii) enhanced rates of spontaneous and radiation-induced ade6-ade7 mutations, and (iv) increased sensitivity to radiation. SPT strains may prove efficient tools with which to investigate PADPRP functions in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Avila
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
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