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Ren FF, Zhao L, Jiang XY, Zhang JJ, Gou JM, Yu XY, Wu SJ, Li L. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine alleviates pressure overload-induced myocardial remodeling in mice via inhibiting CaM-JNK/p38 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:312-326. [PMID: 37833535 PMCID: PMC10789762 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a critical role in the development of heart failure, and sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a bioactive sphingolipid naturally occurring in blood plasma. Some studies have shown that SPC inhibits hypoxia-induced apoptosis in myofibroblasts, the crucial non-muscle cells in the heart. Calmodulin (CaM) is a known SPC receptor. In this study we investigated the role of CaM in cardiomyocyte apoptosis in heart failure and the associated signaling pathways. Pressure overload was induced in mice by trans-aortic constriction (TAC) surgery. TAC mice were administered SPC (10 μM·kg-1·d-1) for 4 weeks post-surgery. We showed that SPC administration significantly improved survival rate and cardiac hypertrophy, and inhibited cardiac fibrosis in TAC mice. In neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes, treatment with SPC (10 μM) significantly inhibited Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and cell apoptosis accompanied by reduced Bax and phosphorylation levels of CaM, JNK and p38, as well as upregulated Bcl-2, a cardiomyocyte-protective protein. Thapsigargin (TG) could enhance CaM functions by increasing Ca2+ levels in cytoplasm. TG (3 μM) annulled the protective effect of SPC against Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SPC-mediated inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis involved the regulation of p38 and JNK phosphorylation, which was downstream of CaM. These results offer new evidence for SPC regulation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, potentially providing a new therapeutic target for cardiac remodeling following stress overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xian-Yun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jia-Min Gou
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Shu-Jin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Panvascular Diseases of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Calabrese EJ. Hormesis and adult adipose-derived stem cells. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105803. [PMID: 34364988 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a detailed assessment of the occurrence of hormetic dose responses in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) of animal models and humans. While a broad range of endpoints has been considered, the predominant research focus in the literature has involved cell proliferation and differentiation. Hormetic dose responses have been commonly reported for ADSCs, encompassing a broad range of chemicals, including pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements and endogenous agents as well as a broad range of physical stressors such as low frequency vibrations, electromagnetic frequency (EMF), heat and sound waves. Numerous agents upregulate key functions such as cell proliferation and differentiation in ADSCs, following the quantitative features of the hormesis dose response model. The paper also assesses the capacity of agents to selectively and dose-dependently activate cell proliferation and/or differentiation, their underlying mechanistic foundations and potential clinical implications. These findings indicate that hormetic dose responses are a prominent feature of ADSC biology and may have a determinant role in their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Toxicology, Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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3
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Emerging roles of lysophospholipids in health and disease. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 80:101068. [PMID: 33068601 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are abundant and play essential roles in human health and disease. The main functions of lipids are building blocks for membrane biogenesis. However, lipids are also metabolized to produce signaling molecules. Here, we discuss the emerging roles of circulating lysophospholipids. These lysophospholipids consist of lysoglycerophospholipids and lysosphingolipids. They are both present in cells at low concentration, but their concentrations in extracellular fluids are significantly higher. The biological functions of some of these lysophospholipids have been recently revealed. Remarkably, some of the lysophospholipids play pivotal signaling roles as well as being precursors for membrane biogenesis. Revealing how circulating lysophospholipids are produced, released, transported, and utilized in multi-organ systems is critical to understand their functions. The discovery of enzymes, carriers, transporters, and membrane receptors for these lysophospholipids has shed light on their physiological significance. In this review, we summarize the biological roles of these lysophospholipids via discussing about the proteins regulating their functions. We also discuss about their potential impacts to human health and diseases.
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Xia B, Zhang H, Yang M, Du S, Wei J, Ding L. Leukamenin E Induces K8/18 Phosphorylation and Blocks the Assembly of Keratin Filament Networks Through ERK Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093164. [PMID: 32365802 PMCID: PMC7246489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukamenin E is a natural ent-kaurane diterpenoid isolated from Isodon racemosa (Hemsl) Hara that has been found to be a novel and potential keratin filament inhibitor, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we show that leukamenin E induces keratin filaments (KFs) depolymerization, largely independently of microfilament (MFs) and microtubules (MTs) in well-spread cells and inhibition of KFs assembly in spreading cells. These effects are accompanied by keratin phosphorylation at K8-Ser73/Ser431 and K18-Ser52 via the by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway in primary liver carcinoma cells (PLC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, leukamenin E increases soluble pK8-Ser73/Ser431, pK18-Ser52, and pan-keratin in the cytoplasmic supernatant by immunofluorescence imaging and Western blotting assay. Accordingly, leukamenin E inhibits the spreading and migration of cells. We propose that leukamenin E-induced keratin phosphorylation may interfere with the initiation of KFs assembly and block the formation of a new KFs network, leading to the inhibition of cell spreading. Leukamenin E is a potential target drug for inhibition of KFs assembly.
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Role of Sphingosylphosphorylcholine in Tumor and Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111696. [PMID: 31683697 PMCID: PMC6896196 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a unique type of lysosphingolipid found in some diseases, and has been studied in cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory phenomena. In particular, SPC’s studies on cancer have been conducted mainly in terms of effects on cancer cells, and relatively little consideration has been given to aspects of tumor microenvironment. This review summarizes the effects of SPC on cancer and tumor microenvironment, and presents the results and prospects of modulators that regulate the various actions of SPC.
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Ge D, Yue HW, Liu HH, Zhao J. Emerging roles of sphingosylphosphorylcholine in modulating cardiovascular functions and diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1830-1836. [PMID: 30050085 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a bioactive sphingolipid in blood plasma that is metabolized from the hydrolysis of the membrane sphingolipid. SPC maintains low levels in the circulation under normal conditions, which makes studying its origin and action difficult. In recent years, however, it has been revealed that SPC may act as a first messenger through G protein-coupled receptors (S1P1-5, GPR12) or membrane lipid rafts, or as a second messenger mediating intracellular Ca2+ release in diverse human organ systems. SPC is a constituent of lipoproteins, and the activation of platelets promotes the release of SPC into blood, both implying a certain effect of SPC in modulating the pathological process of the heart and vessels. A line of evidence indeed confirms that SPC exerts a pronounced influence on the cardiovascular system through modulation of the functions of myocytes, vein endothelial cells, as well as vascular smooth muscle cells. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the potential roles of SPC in the development of cardiovascular diseases and discuss the possible underlying mechanisms.
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Kang JH, Kim HJ, Park MK, Lee CH. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine Induces Thrombospondin-1 Secretion in MCF10A Cells via ERK2. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2017; 25:625-633. [PMID: 28274095 PMCID: PMC5685432 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is one of the bioactive phospholipids that has many cellular functions such as cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, angiogenesis, and Ca²⁺ signaling. Recent studies have reported that SPC induces invasion of breast cancer cells via matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) secretion leading to WNT activation. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is a matricellular and calcium-binding protein that binds to a wide variety of integrin and non-integrin cell surface receptors. It regulates cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis in inflammation, angiogenesis and neoplasia. TSP-1 promotes aggressive phenotype via epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). The relationship between SPC and TSP-1 is unclear. We found SPC induced EMT leading to mesenchymal morphology, decrease of E-cadherin expression and increases of N-cadherin and vimentin. SPC induced secretion of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) during SPC-induced EMT of various breast cancer cells. Gene silencing of TSP-1 suppressed SPC-induced EMT as well as migration and invasion of MCF10A cells. An extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitor, PD98059, significantly suppressed the secretion of TSP-1, expressions of N-cadherin and vimentin, and decrease of E-cadherin in MCF10A cells. ERK2 siRNA suppressed TSP-1 secretion and EMT. From online PROGgene V2, relapse free survival is low in patients having high TSP-1 expressed breast cancer. Taken together, we found that SPC induced EMT and TSP-1 secretion via ERK2 signaling pathway. These results suggests that SPC-induced TSP-1 might be a new target for suppression of metastasis of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ji Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Republic of Korea.,National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Republic of Korea
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Consequences of Keratin Phosphorylation for Cytoskeletal Organization and Epithelial Functions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 330:171-225. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Xu Y, Xiao YJ, Baudhuin LM, Schwartz BM. The Role and Clinical Applications of Bioactive Lysolipids in Ovarian Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760100800101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Cancer Biology Lerner Research Institute and the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44195
| | | | | | - Benjamin M. Schwartz
- Department of Cancer Biology Lerner Research Institute and the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Cleveland Clinic Foundation; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Abstract
The lipid landscapes of cellular membranes are complex and dynamic, are tissue dependent, and can change with the age and the development of a variety of diseases. Researchers are now gaining new appreciation for the regulation of ion channel proteins by the membrane lipids in which they are embedded. Thus, as membrane lipids change, for example, during the development of disease, it is likely that the ionic currents that conduct through the ion channels embedded in these membranes will also be altered. This chapter provides an overview of the complex regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels by fatty acids, sterols, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cannabinoids. The impact of lipid regulation on channel gating kinetics, voltage-dependence, trafficking, toxin binding, and structure are explored for Nav channels that have been examined in heterologous expression systems, native tissue, and reconstituted into artificial membranes. Putative mechanisms for Nav regulation by lipids are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D'Avanzo
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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11
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Suresh S, Spatz J, Mills JP, Micoulet A, Dao M, Lim CT, Beil M, Seufferlein T. Reprint of: Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria. Acta Biomater 2015; 23 Suppl:S3-15. [PMID: 26235344 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigate connections between single-cell mechanical properties and subcellular structural reorganization from biochemical factors in the context of two distinctly different human diseases: gastrointestinal tumor and malaria. Although the cell lineages and the biochemical links to pathogenesis are vastly different in these two cases, we compare and contrast chemomechanical pathways whereby intracellular structural rearrangements lead to global changes in mechanical deformability of the cell. This single-cell biomechanical response, in turn, seems to mediate cell mobility and thereby facilitates disease progression in situations where the elastic modulus increases or decreases due to membrane or cytoskeleton reorganization. We first present new experiments on elastic response and energy dissipation under repeated tensile loading of epithelial pancreatic cancer cells in force- or displacement-control. Energy dissipation from repeated stretching significantly increases and the cell's elastic modulus decreases after treatment of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells with sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a bioactive lipid that influences cancer metastasis. When the cell is treated instead with lysophosphatidic acid, which facilitates actin stress fiber formation, neither energy dissipation nor modulus is noticeably affected. Integrating recent studies with our new observations, we ascribe these trends to possible SPC-induced reorganization primarily of keratin network to perinuclear region of cell; the intermediate filament fraction of the cytoskeleton thus appears to dominate deformability of the epithelial cell. Possible consequences of these results to cell mobility and cancer metastasis are postulated. We then turn attention to progressive changes in mechanical properties of the human red blood cell (RBC) infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We present, for the first time, continuous force-displacement curves obtained from in-vitro deformation of RBC with optical tweezers for different intracellular developmental stages of parasite. The shear modulus of RBC is found to increase up to 10-fold during parasite development, which is a noticeably greater effect than that from prior estimates. By integrating our new experimental results with published literature on deformability of Plasmodium-harbouring RBC, we examine the biochemical conditions mediating increases or decreases in modulus, and their implications for disease progression. Some general perspectives on connections among structure, single-cell mechanical properties and biological responses associated with pathogenic processes are also provided in the context of the two diseases considered in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 8-309, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA; Division of Biological Engineering and Affiliated Faculty of the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
| | - J Spatz
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J P Mills
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 8-309, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - A Micoulet
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, INF 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Room 8-309, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA
| | - C T Lim
- Division of Bioengineering and Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - M Beil
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Ulm, 89071 Ulm, Germany
| | - T Seufferlein
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Ulm, 89071 Ulm, Germany
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12
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Lee GH, Lee SJ, Jeong DY, Kim HY, Lee D, Lee T, Hwang JY, Park WK, Kong JY, Cho H, Gong YD. Discovery of a Novel 2,6-Difunctionalized 2H-Benzopyran Inhibitors Toward Sphingosylphosphorylcholine Synthetic Pathway as New Anti-inflammatory Target. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.8.2385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Song M, Lee D, Kim S, Bae JS, Lee J, Gong YD, Lee T, Lee S. Identification of Metabolites of N-(5-Benzoyl-2-(4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)thiazol-4-yl)pivalamide Including CYP3A4-Mediated C-Demethylation in Human Liver Microsomes with High-Resolution/High-Accuracy Tandem Mass. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1252-60. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Melo T, Maciel E, Oliveira MM, Domingues P, Domingues MRM. Study of sphingolipids oxidation by ESI tandem MS. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Busch T, Armacki M, Eiseler T, Joodi G, Temme C, Jansen J, von Wichert G, Omary MB, Spatz J, Seufferlein T. Keratin 8 phosphorylation regulates keratin reorganization and migration of epithelial tumor cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:2148-59. [PMID: 22344252 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.080127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion are largely dependent on the complex organization of the various cytoskeletal components. Whereas the role of actin filaments and microtubules in cell motility is well established, the role of intermediate filaments in this process is incompletely understood. Organization and structure of the keratin cytoskeleton, which consists of heteropolymers of at least one type 1 and one type 2 intermediate filament, are in part regulated by post-translational modifications. In particular, phosphorylation events influence the properties of the keratin network. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a bioactive lipid with the exceptional ability to change the organization of the keratin cytoskeleton, leading to reorganization of keratin filaments, increased elasticity, and subsequently increased migration of epithelial tumor cells. Here we investigate the signaling pathways that mediate SPC-induced keratin reorganization and the role of keratin phosphorylation in this process. We establish that the MEK-ERK signaling cascade regulates both SPC-induced keratin phosphorylation and reorganization in human pancreatic and gastric cancer cells and identify Ser431 in keratin 8 as the crucial residue whose phosphorylation is required and sufficient to induce keratin reorganization and consequently enhanced migration of human epithelial tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Busch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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16
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Ge D, Jing Q, Meng N, Su L, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Miao J, Zhao J. Regulation of apoptosis and autophagy by sphingosylphosphorylcholine in vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2827-33. [PMID: 21302284 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), an important cardiovascular mediator derived from sphingomyelin that has atheroprotective effects via actions on vascular endothelial cells (VECs) at normal levels in vivo. However, the underlying mechanism is not well known. To clarify this question, we first investigated the effect of SPC on VEC apoptosis and autophagy induced by deprivation of serum and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2). SPC at 5-20 µM inhibited apoptosis and induced autophagy in vitro. To understand the underlying mechanism, we investigated the role of integrin β4 in SPC-induced autophagy in VECs. SPC significantly decreased the level of integrin β4, whereas overexpression of integrin β4 inhibited SPC-induced autophagy. Moreover, knockdown of integrin β4 promoted VEC autophagy. To understand the downstream factors of integrin β4 in this process, we observed the effects of SPC on phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) activity and level of p53. PC-PLC activity and p53 level in cytoplasm was decreased during autophagy induced by SPC, and knockdown of integrin β4 inhibited the activity of PC-PLC and the cytoplasmic level of p53. SPC may promote autophagy via integrin β4. Moreover, PC-PLC and p53 may be the downstream factors of integrin β4 in autophagy of VECs deprived of serum and FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ge
- Institute of Developmental Biology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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17
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Kleger A, Liebau S, Lin Q, von Wichert G, Seufferlein T. The impact of bioactive lipids on cardiovascular development. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:916180. [PMID: 21876704 PMCID: PMC3159013 DOI: 10.4061/2011/916180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipids comprise a group of bioactive molecules with multiple biological functions. The cardinal members of this signalling molecule group are sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) which are, at least in part, homologous to each other. Bioactive lipids usually act via G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), but can also function as direct intracellular messengers. Recently, it became evident that bioactive lipids play a role during cellular differentiation development. SPC induces mesodermal differentiation of mouse ES cells and differentiation of promyelocytic leukemia cells, by a mechanism being critically dependent on MEK-ERK signalling. LPA stimulates the clonal expansion of neurospheres from neural stem/progenitor cells and induces c-fos via activation of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1) in ES cells. S1P acts on hematopoietic progenitor cells as a chemotactic factor and has also been found to be critical for cardiac and skeletal muscle regeneration. Furthermore, S1P promotes cardiogenesis and similarly activates Erk signalling in mouse ES cells. Interestingly, S1P may also act to maintain human stem cell pluripotency. Both LPA and S1P positively regulate the proliferative capacity of murine ES cells. In this paper we will focus on the differential and developmental impact of lysophospholipids on cardiovascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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18
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Park MK, Lee HJ, Shin J, Noh M, Kim SY, Lee CH. Novel participation of transglutaminase-2 through c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced keratin reorganization of PANC-1 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1021-9. [PMID: 21840417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is found at increased levels in the malignant ascites of tumor patients and induces perinuclear reorganization of keratin 8 (K8) filaments that contribute to the viscoelasticity of metastatic cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the role and molecular mechanisms of Tgase-2 in SPC-induced K8 phosphorylation and perinuclear reorganization in PANC-1 cells (PAN(WT)), and in PANC-1 cells that stably expressed shTgase-2 or Tgase-2 (PAN(shTg2) and PAN(Tg2)). SPC induces the expression of Tgase-2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Gene silencing of Tgase-2 or cystamine suppressed the SPC-induced phosphorylation and perinuclear reorganization of K8 and suppressed the SPC-induced migration of PANC-1 cells. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), SP600125, suppressed the SPC-induced phosphorylation of serine 431 in K8 and keratin reorganization. Next, we examined the effect of Tgase-2 on JNK activation of serine 431 phosphorylation in K8. Tgase-2 gene silencing suppressed the expression of active form JNK (pJNK). Constitutive or tetracyclin-induced conditional expression of Tgase-2 increased the levels of pJNK. Tgase-2 was coimmunoprecipitated with K8 and JNK. In addition, K8 was coimmunoprecipitated with Tgase-2 and JNK. JNK was also coimmunoprecipitated with K8 and Tgase-2. Overall, these results suggest that Tgase-2 is involved in SPC-induced phosphorylation and perinuclear reorganization of K8 by activating JNK and forming a triple complex with K8 and JNK. Therefore, SPC-induced Tgase-2 might be a new target for modulating keratin reorganization, metastasis of cancer cells and JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul, Korea
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Yi H, Lee SJ, Lee J, Myung CS, Park WK, Lim HJ, Lee GH, Kong JY, Cho H. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine attenuated β-amyloid production by reducing BACE1 expression and catalysis in PC12 cells. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:2083-90. [PMID: 21674237 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) is the main characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain and Aβ peptides are generated from proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-converting enzyme 1 (BACE1) and presenilin 1 (PS1). Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a choline-containing sphingolipid, showed suppressive effect on Aβ production in PC12 cells which stably express Swedish mutant of amyloid precursor protein (APPsw). SPC (> 3 μM) significantly lowered the accumulation of Aβ40/42 and the expression of BACE1. However, the transcriptions of other APP processing enzymes like ADAM10 and PS1 were not affected by the SPC addition. Meanwhile, phosphocholine (PC) or other lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosyl-1-phosphate (S1P), did not alter BACE1 expression. Down-regulatory effect of SPC on BACE1 expression appeared to be mediated by NF-κB which is known to suppress the trans-activation of BACE1 promoter in PC12 cells. Here, the nuclear tanslocation of NF-κB was enhanced by SPC treatment in immune-fluorescent image analysis and NF-κB reporter assay. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of BACE1 and BACE2 were dose-dependently inhibited by SPC displaying IC₅₀ values of 2.79 μM and 12.05 μM, respectively. Overall, these data suggest that SPC has the potential to ameliorate Aβ pathology in neurons by down-regulating the BACE1-mediated amyloidogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoseok Yi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Korea
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Development of a sphingosylphosphorylcholine detection system using RNA aptamers. Molecules 2010; 15:5742-55. [PMID: 20729797 PMCID: PMC6257670 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15085742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a lysosphingolipid that exerts multiple functions, including acting as a spasmogen, as a mitogenic factor for various types of cells, and sometimes as an inflammatory mediator. Currently, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is used for the quantitation of SPC. However, because of the complicated procedures required it may not be cost effective, hampering its regular usage in a routine practical SPC monitoring. In this report, we have generated RNA aptamers that bind to SPC with high affinity using an in vitro selection procedure and developed an enzyme-linked aptamer assay system using the minimized SPC aptamer that can successfully distinguish SPC from the structurally related sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). This is the first case of the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) process being performed with a lysosphingolipid. The SPC aptamers would be valuable tools for the development of aptamer-based medical diagnosis and for elucidating the biological role of SPC.
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Nakamura K, Salomonis N, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S, Conklin BR. G(i)-coupled GPCR signaling controls the formation and organization of human pluripotent colonies. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7780. [PMID: 19936228 PMCID: PMC2777408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reprogramming adult human somatic cells to create human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell colonies involves a dramatic morphological and organizational transition. These colonies are morphologically indistinguishable from those of pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are required in diverse developmental processes, but their role in pluripotent colony morphology and organization is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that Gi-coupled GPCR signaling contributes to the characteristic morphology and organization of human pluripotent colonies. Methodology/Principal Findings Specific and irreversible inhibition of Gi-coupled GPCR signaling by pertussis toxin markedly altered pluripotent colony morphology. Wild-type hES and hiPS cells formed monolayer colonies, but colonies treated with pertussis toxin retracted inward, adopting a dense, multi-layered conformation. The treated colonies were unable to reform after a scratch wound insult, whereas control colonies healed completely within 48 h. In contrast, activation of an alternative GPCR pathway, Gs-coupled signaling, with cholera toxin did not affect colony morphology or the healing response. Pertussis toxin did not alter the proliferation, apoptosis or pluripotency of pluripotent stem cells. Conclusions/Significance Experiments with pertussis toxin suggest that Gi signaling plays a critical role in the morphology and organization of pluripotent colonies. These results may be explained by a Gi-mediated density-sensing mechanism that propels the cells radially outward. GPCRs are a promising target for modulating the formation and organization of hiPS and hES cell colonies and may be important for understanding somatic cell reprogramming and for engineering pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Nakamura
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Abstract
S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate) and SPC (sphingosylphosphorylcholine) have been recently recognized as important mediators of cell signalling, regulating basic cellular processes such as growth,differentiation, apoptosis, motility and Ca2+ homoeostasis.Interestingly, they can also act as first and second messengers. Although their activation of cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors has been studied extensively, not much is known about heir intracellular mechanism of action, and their target proteins are yet to be identified. We hypothesized that these sphingolipids might bind to CaM (calmodulin), the ubiquitous intracellular Ca2+sensor. Binding assays utilizing intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence of the protein, dansyl-labelled CaM and surface plasmon resonance revealed that SPC binds to both apo- and Ca2+-saturated CaM selectively, when compared with the related lysophospholipid mediators S1P, LPA (lysophosphatidic acid) and LPC (lysophosphatidylcholine). Experiments carried out with the model CaM-binding domain melittin showed that SPC dissociates the CaM-target peptide complex, suggesting an inhibitory role. The functional effect of the interaction was examined on two target enzymes, phosphodiesterase and calcineurin, and SPC inhibited the Ca2+/CaM-dependent activity of both. Thus we propose that CaM might be an intracellular receptor for SPC, and raise the possibility of a novel endogenous regulation of CaM.
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The signaling mechanism of the sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced contraction in cat esophageal smooth muscle cells. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 30:1608-18. [PMID: 18254249 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the signaling pathway on sphingosinephosphorylcholine (SPC) -induced contraction in cat esophageal smooth muscle cells. SPC induced in a dose-dependent manner contractile effect. We have previously shown that lysophospholipid (LPL) receptor subtypes including the S1P1, S1P2, S1P3, and S1P5 receptor are present in esophageal smooth muscle. Only EDG-5 (S1P2) receptor antibody penetration into permeablilized cells inhibited the SPC-induced contraction. Pertussis toxin (PTX) and specific antibodies to G(i1), G(i2), G(i3) and G(o) inhibited the contraction, implying that SPC-induced contraction depends on PTX-sensitive G(i1), G(i2), G(i3), and G(o) protein. A phospholipase inhibitor U73122 and incubation of permeabilized cells with PLC-beta3 antibody inhibited SPC-induced contraction. The PKC-mediated contraction may be isozyme specific since only PKCepsilon antibody inhibited the contraction. Preincubation with MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked the SPC-induced contraction, but p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 did not. Cotreatment with GF109203X and PD98059 did not show synergistic effects, suggesting that these two kinases are involved in the same signaling pathway in the SPC-induced contraction. The data suggest that S1P-induced contraction in feline esophageal smooth muscle cells depends on activation of the G(i1), G(i2), G(i3) and G(o) proteins and the PLCbeta3 isozyme via the S1P2 receptor, leading to stimulation of a PKCE pathway, which subsequently activates a p44/p42 MAPK pathway.
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Nixon GF, Mathieson FA, Hunter I. The multi-functional role of sphingosylphosphorylcholine. Prog Lipid Res 2008; 47:62-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Konno N, Nakamura A, Ikeno Y, Cheon SH, Kitamoto K, Arioka M. Novel neurotrophic effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine in cerebellar granule neurons and in PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 364:163-8. [PMID: 17935698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.09.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a choline-containing naturally occurring derivative of sphingolipid involved in various biological processes. Here we show that SPC displays neurotrophic effects in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and in PC12 cells. When CGNs were cultured under non-depolarizing condition, they exhibited condensed and fragmented nuclei typical of apoptotic phenotype. SPC added to the culture medium rescued cells from undergoing apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic effect of SPC was dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that Ca2+ influx occurs upon SPC treatment. In PC12 cells, SPC displayed nerve growth factor-like neuritogenic effect which was sensitive to the presence of Ca2+ channel blocker and Ca2+ withdrawal from the medium. These results suggest that SPC plays novel neurotrophic effects in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Konno
- Department of Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Afrasiabi E, Blom T, Balthasar S, Törnquist K. Antiproliferative effect of sphingosylphosphorylcholine in thyroid FRO cancer cells mediated by cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 274:43-52. [PMID: 17606321 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Among the group of bioactive sphingolipids, sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) has been known to induce both antiproliferative and proliferative effects depending on cell type. In the present investigation we show that SPC (1-10 microM) reduced the proliferation of FRO cells (an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line) in a concentration dependent manner. The effect was pertussis toxin insensitive, and independent of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, p38 kinase, or jun kinase. In addition to inhibiting the migration of FRO cells, application of SPC induced a rapid (<10 min) rounding of the cells, which was dependent on extracellular sodium. However, DAPI staining and caspase-3 analysis could not reveal any apoptotic effects of SPC. Furthermore, when cells treated with SPC for 24h were washed and replated, they continued to grow, albeit somewhat slower than control cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a significant increase in the population of cells in the G2-M phase, and a reduction in S phase. SPC reduced the phosphorylation of Akt with about 50% and evoked a substantial decrease in the amount of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. In cells treated with the PI3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin, both migration and proliferation were inhibited, as well as the amount of phosphorylated MAP kinase. Treatment of the cells with either SPC or wortmannin increased the levels of p21, but decreased that of cyclin B1 and Cdc2. Taken together, SPC is an effective suppressor of thyroid cancer cell proliferation and migration, and this effect is, in part, mediated by inhibition of both the PI3K-Akt and the MAP kinase signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Afrasiabi
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, BioCity, Artillerigatan 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Ceballos A, Sabatté J, Nahmod K, Martínez D, Salamone G, Vermeulen M, Maggini J, Salomón H, Geffner J. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine activates dendritic cells, stimulating the production of interleukin-12. Immunology 2007; 121:328-36. [PMID: 17371542 PMCID: PMC2265955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with other lysophospholipid mediators such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid, little is known about the physiological significance of the related bioactive lysosphingolipid sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), which is present in high-density lipoprotein particles. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of SPC on human immature dendritic cells (DCs). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry assays revealed that DCs express two putative receptors for SPC, ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor 1 and G-protein-coupled receptor 4. Exposure to SPC induced a rapid and transient increase in intracellular free calcium concentrations but did not stimulate endocytosis or chemotaxis of DCs. SPC increased the expression of HLA-DR, CD86 and CD83 and improved the T-cell priming ability of DCs, as well as the ability of DCs to stimulate the production of interferon-gamma by allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells during the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Consistent with these results, we also observed that SPC stimulated the production of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 by DCs. Taken together, our results support the notion that the accumulation of SPC in peripheral tissues during the course of inflammatory processes may favour the development of T helper type 1 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ceballos
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, Buenos Aires University School of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Sabatté
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, Buenos Aires University School of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karen Nahmod
- Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego Martínez
- Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Salamone
- Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica Vermeulen
- Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julián Maggini
- Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio Salomón
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, Buenos Aires University School of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Geffner
- National Reference Center for AIDS, Department of Microbiology, Buenos Aires University School of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Hematologic Research, National Academy of MedicineBuenos Aires, Argentina
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Kwon YB, Kim CD, Kim BJ, Kim MY, Park CS, Yoon TJ, Seo YJ, Suhr KB, Park JK, Lee JH. Anti-angiogenic effect of tetraacetyl-phytosphingosine. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:311-7. [PMID: 17359337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a search for the wound healing accelerators, we found that tetraacetyl-phytosphingosine (TAPS), a sphingolipid metabolite produced by phytosphingosine acetylation, has significant inhibitory potential on healing of rabbit ear wound. As angiogenesis is fundamental to proper wound healing, we examined the effect of TAPS on angiogenesis using human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured in vitro. TAPS markedly decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced chemotactic migration and capillary-like tube formation. Recognizing its inhibitory potential on angiogenesis, we further investigated the action mechanism of TAPS. TAPS significantly inhibited VEGF-induced proteolytic enzyme production, including matrix metalloproteinase-2, urokinase-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. TAPS also suppressed VEGF-induced phosphorylation of p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In addition, TAPS abolished VEGF-induced intracellular calcium increase, measured using laser scanning confocal microscopy. Together, these results suggest that TAPS exerts its inhibitory action on angiogenesis through the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and intracellular calcium increase, thereby affecting the process of wound healing negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Bin Kwon
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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30
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Torkhovskaya TI, Ipatova OM, Zakharova TS, Kochetova MM, Khalilov EM. Lysophospholipid receptors in cell signaling. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:125-31. [PMID: 17367289 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that different phospholipids are involved in regulation of various cell processes and cell-cell interactions. Lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine) and a number of lysosphingolipids play particular roles in these regulations. Their effects are mediated by specific G-protein-coupled receptors. G-Protein coupled signal transduction to the cell nucleus involving a chain of intracellular protein kinases induces the main effects in cells--growth, proliferation, survival, or apoptosis. This review summarizes recent data on various groups of lysophospholipid receptors and their cell signal transduction pathways.
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Huang F, Mehta D, Predescu S, Kim KS, Lum H. A novel lysophospholipid- and pH-sensitive receptor, GPR4, in brain endothelial cells regulates monocyte transmigration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:25-34. [PMID: 17364894 DOI: 10.1080/10623320601177288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abundant evidence documents the highly proinflammatory actions of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). Further, LPC, found in high amounts in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), is implicated as an atherogenic factor. In endothelial cells, LPC impairs endothelial barrier function through GPR4, a novel receptor hypothesized to be sensitive to LPC and protons. The authors investigated the stimulation by LPC or low pH of GPR4 in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) and whether the activated GPR4 regulates in vitro monocyte transmigration. The results indicated that HBMECs stimulated by LPC (5 microM), but not low pH, showed a twofold increase in monocyte transmigration. Using retroviruses containing siRNA to GPR4, a > 60% reduction of GPR4 expression resulted in blockade of the LPC-stimulated transmigration. The inhibited response was restored by co-expression with an small interference RNA (siRNA)-resistant, but functional, GPR4 mutant construct. To investigate potential signaling mechanisms, the siRNA-mediated knockdown of GPR4 also prevented LPC-induced RhoA activation. C3 transferase, a Rho inhibitor, prevented approximately approximately 65% of the LPC-stimulated transmigration. LPC also increased MLC phosphorylation by 5 min, which was inhibited by the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632 (10 microM) or ML-7 (myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor). The findings indicate that the proinflammatory and atherogenic LPC stimulated endothelial GPR4, which promoted monocyte transmigration through a RhoA-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Dyatlovitskaya EV. The role of lysosphingolipids in the regulation of biological processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:479-84. [PMID: 17573701 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907050033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes data on the role of lysosphingolipids (glucosyl- and galactosylsphingosines, sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingosine-1-phosphocholine) in the regulation of various biological processes in normal and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Dyatlovitskaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997 Russia.
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Kwon YB, Lee YS, Sohn KC, Piao YJ, Back SJ, Seo YJ, Suhr KB, Park JK, Kim CD, Lee JH. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced interleukin-6 production is mediated by protein kinase C and p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase in human dermal fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2007; 46:91-9. [PMID: 17321112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) has been reported as a novel lipid mediator that exerts various actions on wound healing process. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to evaluate the involvement of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in SPC-induced wound healing acceleration. METHODS We performed immunohistochemical analysis to demonstrate the IL-6 induction by SPC. To analyze the signaling events, skin fibroblasts were treated with SPC, and then RT-PCR, ELISA and Western blot analyses were carried out. RESULTS SPC markedly induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in rabbit ear wound. SPC also induced IL-6 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in human dermal fibroblasts cultured in vitro. SPC rapidly phosphorylated p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Pretreatment with PD 98059, a specific MAPK kinase 1/2 inhibitor, markedly suppressed SPC-induced IL-6 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Protein kinase C (PKC) activation by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) potentiated IL-6 mRNA expression, whereas PKC inhibition by bisindolylmaleimide blocked SPC-induced p42/44 ERK phosphorylation and IL-6 expression. Over-expression of PKCalpha markedly induced the IL-6 expression and p42/44 ERK activation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SPC-induced IL-6 production is mediated by PKC-dependent p42/44 ERK activation in human dermal fibroblasts cultured in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Bin Kwon
- Department of Dermatology and Research Institute for Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 640 Daesa-dong, Daejeon 301-040, Republic of Korea
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Kleger A, Busch T, Liebau S, Prelle K, Paschke S, Beil M, Rolletschek A, Wobus A, Wolf E, Adler G, Seufferlein T. The bioactive lipid sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and human promyelocytic leukaemia cells. Cell Signal 2007; 19:367-77. [PMID: 16978842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is the major component of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) in blood plasma. The bioactive lipid acts mainly via G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Similar to ligands of other GPCRs, SPC has multiple biological roles including the regulation of proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, wound healing and heart rate. Lysophospholipids and their receptors have also been implicated in cell differentiation. A potential role of SPC in stem cell or tumour cell differentiation has been elusive so far. Here we examined the effect of SPC on the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells and of human NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells, a well established tumour differentiation model. Our data show that mouse embryonic stem cells and NB4 cells express the relevant GPCRs for SPC. We demonstrate both at the level of morphology and of gene expression that SPC induces neuronal and cardiac differentiation of mouse ES cells. Furthermore, SPC induces differentiation of NB4 cells by a mechanism which is critically dependent on the activity of the MEK-ERK cascade. Thus, the bioactive lipid SPC is a novel differentiation inducing agent both for mouse ES cells, but also of certain human tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Ulm, Robert Koch Strasse 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Jeon ES, Lee MJ, Sung SM, Kim JH. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces apoptosis of endothelial cells through reactive oxygen species-mediated activation of ERK. J Cell Biochem 2007; 100:1536-47. [PMID: 17131361 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in MS1 pancreatic islet endothelial cells. In the present study, we explored the physiological significance of the SPC-induced ROS generation in endothelial cells. SPC induced cell death of MS1 cells at higher than 10 microM concentration through a caspase-3-dependent pathway. SPC treatment induced sustained activation of an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), in contrast to transient activation of ERK in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, which stimulated proliferation of MS1 cells. Both the SPC-induced cell death and ERK activation were abolished by pretreatment of the cells with the MEK inhibitor U0126 or by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of MEK1 (DN-MEK1). Pretreatment of the cells with N-acetylcysteine, an antioxidant, completely prevented the SPC-induced ROS generation, apoptosis, and ERK activation, whereas the ROS generation was not abrogated by treatment with U0126. Consistent with these results, SPC induced cell death of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through ROS-mediated activation of ERK. These results suggest that the SPC-induced generation of ROS plays a crucial role in the cell death of endothelial cells through ERK-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Su Jeon
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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Jeon ES, Moon HJ, Lee MJ, Song HY, Kim YM, Bae YC, Jung JS, Kim JH. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into smooth-muscle-like cells through a TGF-beta-dependent mechanism. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4994-5005. [PMID: 17105765 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into diverse cell types including adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic lineages. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) induces differentiation of human adipose-tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hATSCs) to smooth-muscle-like cell types. SPC increased the expression levels of several smooth-muscle-specific genes, such as those for alpha-smooth-muscle actin (alpha-SMA), h1-calponin and SM22alpha, as effectively as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1) and TGF-beta3. SPC elicited delayed phosphorylation of Smad2 after 24 hours exposure, in contrast to rapid phosphorylation of Smad2 induced by TGF-beta treatment for 10 minutes. Pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin or U0126, an MEK inhibitor, markedly attenuated the SPC-induced expression of beta-SMA and delayed phosphorylation of Smad2, suggesting that the Gi/o-ERK pathway is involved in the increased expression of alpha-SMA through induction of delayed Smad2 activation. In addition, SPC increased secretion of TGF-beta1 through an ERK-dependent pathway, and the SPC-induced expression of alpha-SMA and delayed phosphorylation of Smad2 were blocked by SB-431542, a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase inhibitor, or anti-TGF-beta1 neutralizing antibody. Silencing of Smad2 expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) abrogated the SPC-induced expression of alpha-SMA. These results suggest that SPC-stimulated secretion of TGF-beta1 plays a crucial role in SPC-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation through a Smad2-dependent pathway. Both SPC and TGF-beta increased the expression levels of serum-response factor (SRF) and myocardin, transcription factors involved in smooth muscle differentiation. siRNA-mediated depletion of SRF or myocardin abolished the alpha-SMA expression induced by SPC or TGF-beta. These results suggest that SPC induces differentiation of hATSCs to smooth-muscle-like cell types through G(i/o)-ERK-dependent autocrine secretion of TGF-beta, which activates a Smad2-SRF/myocardin-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Su Jeon
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration of Pusan National University and the Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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Urs AN, Dammer E, Sewer MB. Sphingosine regulates the transcription of CYP17 by binding to steroidogenic factor-1. Endocrinology 2006; 147:5249-58. [PMID: 16887917 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor (SF1, Ad4BP, NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor that is essential for steroid hormone biosynthesis and endocrine development. Recent crystallographic studies have found that phospholipids are ligands for SF1. In the present study, our aim was to identify endogenous ligands for SF1 and characterize their functional significance in mediating cAMP-dependent transcription of human CYP17. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we show that in H295R adrenocortical cells, SF1 is bound to sphingosine (SPH) and lyso-sphingomyelin (lysoSM) under basal conditions and that cAMP stimulation decreases the amount of SPH and lysoSM bound to the receptor. Silencing both acid and neutral ceramidases using small interfering RNA induces CYP17 mRNA expression, suggesting that SPH acts as an inhibitory ligand. SPH antagonized the ability of cAMP and the coactivator steroid receptor coactivator-1 to increase CYP17 reporter gene activity. These studies demonstrate that SPH is a bonafide endogenous ligand for SF1 and a negative regulator of CYP17 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti N Urs
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA
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Li S, Tanaka H, Wang HH, Yoshiyama S, Kumagai H, Nakamura A, Brown DL, Thatcher SE, Wright GL, Kohama K. Intracellular signal transduction for migration and actin remodeling in vascular smooth muscle cells after sphingosylphosphorylcholine stimulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H1262-72. [PMID: 16899767 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00901.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular mechanisms underlying migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) toward sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) were analyzed in light of the hypothesis that remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton should be involved. After SPC stimulation, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including p38 MAPK (p38) and p42/44 MAPK (p42/44), were found to be phosphorylated. Migration of cells toward SPC was reduced in the presence of SB-203580, an inhibitor of p38, but not PD-98059, an inhibitor of p42/44. Pertussis toxin (PTX), a Giprotein inhibitor, induced an inhibitory effect on p38 phosphorylation and VSMC migration. Myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation occurred after SPC stimulation with or without pretreatment with SB-203580 or PTX. The MLC kinase inhibitor ML-7 and the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 inhibited MLC phosphorylation but only partially inhibited SPC-directed migration. Complete inhibition was achieved with the addition of SB-203580. After SPC stimulation, the actin cytoskeleton formed thick bundles of actin filaments around the periphery of cells, and the cells were surrounded by elongated filopodia, i.e., magunapodia. The peripheral actin bundles consisted of α- and β-actin, but magunapodia consisted exclusively of β-actin. Such a remodeling of actin was reversed by addition of SB-203580 and PTX, but not ML-7 or Y-27632. Taken together, our biochemical and morphological data confirmed the regulation of actin remodeling and suggest that VSMCs migrate toward SPC, not only by an MLC phosphorylation-dependent pathway, but also by an MLC phosphorylation-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Dyatlovitskaya EV, Kandyba AG. Sphingolipids in tumor metastases and angiogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:347-53. [PMID: 16615853 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906040018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review article summarizes data on the involvement of sphingolipids (sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingosine-1-phosphocholine, neutral glycosphingolipids, and gangliosides) in tumor metastases and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Dyatlovitskaya
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia.
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Alewijnse AE, Michel MC. Sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine: two of a kind? Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:347-8. [PMID: 16402045 PMCID: PMC1616987 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingosylphosphorylcholine are structurally related signalling molecules. Although they share some biological effects, it is debated whether this involves the same receptors. In this issue, Mathieson and Nixon report that these two lipids activate the same transcription factor but do so via distinct signalling pathways. Against this background, we discuss some of the potential pitfalls in studies comparing the effects of the two sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Alewijnse
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Meibergdreef 15, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Meibergdreef 15, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
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Jeon ES, Song HY, Kim MR, Moon HJ, Bae YC, Jung JS, Kim JH. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine induces proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells via activation of JNK. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:653-64. [PMID: 16339111 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500508-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) has been implicated in a variety of cellular responses, including proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we demonstrate that d-erythro-SPC, but not l-threo-SPC, stereoselectively stimulated the proliferation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs), with a maximal increase at 5 microM, and increased the intracellular concentration of Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) in hADSCs, which do not express known SPC receptors (i.e., OGR1, GPR4, G2A, and GPR12). The SPC-induced proliferation and increase in [Ca(2+)](i) were sensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX) and the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122, suggesting that PTX-sensitive G proteins, Gi or Go, and PLC are involved in SPC-induced proliferation. In addition, SPC treatment induced the phosphorylation of c-Jun and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and SPC-induced proliferation was completely prevented by pretreatment with the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-specific inhibitor SP600125 but not with the MEK-specific inhibitor U0126. Furthermore, the SPC-induced proliferation and JNK activation were completely attenuated by overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of JNK2, and the SPC-induced activation of JNK was inhibited by pretreatment with PTX or U73122. Treatment of hADSCs with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor antagonist, Ki16425, had no impact on the SPC-induced increase in [Ca(2+)](i). However, SPC-induced proliferation was partially, but significantly, attenuated by pretreatment of the cells with Ki16425.These results indicate that SPC stimulates the proliferation of hADSCs through the Gi/Go-PLC-JNK pathway and that LPA receptors may be responsible in part for the SPC-induced proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Su Jeon
- Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration, Pusan National University, Busan 602-739, Republic of Korea
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Piao YJ, Lee CH, Zhu MJ, Kye KC, Kim JM, Seo YJ, Suhr KB, Park JK, Kim CD, Lee JH. Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator in sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced angiogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:356-62. [PMID: 15854129 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) has been shown to accelerate wound healing. As angiogenesis is fundamental to proper wound healing, we examined the effect of SPC on angiogenesis using a well-established rat aortic ring assay. SPC significantly stimulated the sprouting of endothelial cells from rat aortic ring. Recognizing its potential effect on angiogenesis, we further investigated the action of SPC using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured in vitro. SPC significantly accelerated the closure of in vitro wound. In addition, SPC markedly enhanced the chemotactic migration and capillary-like tube formation. Subsequently, we examined whether SPC affected the production of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), an important regulator of angiogenesis, and found that SPC stimulated the expression of uPA at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Consistent with these results, SPC increased the activity of cell-surface-associated plasminogen activator. Pretreatment with antiuPA antibody significantly diminished both the chemotactic migration and capillary-like tube formation, indicating the potential importance of uPA in SPC-induced angiogenesis. Together, these results suggest that SPC may affect angiogenesis in the wound-healing process via regulation of uPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jun Piao
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daesa-dong, Daejeon, Korea
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Zhu MJ, Kim CD, Kwon YB, Kye KC, Chen YY, Lee WH, Lee S, Lim JS, Seo YJ, Suhr KB, Park JK, Lee JH. Induction of connective tissue growth factor expression by sphingosylphosphorylcholine in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:509-14. [PMID: 15946238 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite that can enhance wound healing. In an effort to find downstream effectors of SPC, we performed microarray analysis and found that the expression of the gene for connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was significantly affected in human skin fibroblasts cultured in vitro. Northern blot analysis showed that SPC markedly induced CTGF mRNA expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Consistent with this result, Western blot analysis also showed that SPC significantly induced the CTGF production. Pretreatment with cycloheximide did not prevent the CTGF induction by SPC, indicating that SPC stimulates CTGF mRNA expression without the increased synthesis of a regulatory protein. Inhibition by pretreatment with Y27632, but not by PD98059 (a mitogen-activated protein kinase 1/2 inhibitor) and LY294002 (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor), indicated that rho-kinase pathway was involved in SPC-induced CTGF expression. Together, these results reveal the potential importance of CTGF induction as a downstream event in SPC-induced cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ji Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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Björklund S, Palmberg S, Rask S, Westerdahl AC, Törnquist K. Effects of sphingosine 1-phosphate on calcium signaling, proliferation and S1P2 receptor expression in PC Cl3 rat thyroid cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2005; 231:65-74. [PMID: 15713536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) regulates diverse biological processes, including mitosis, by binding to the S1P family of G-protein coupled receptors. The aim of the study was to determine the pattern of S1P receptor expression and to investigate the effects of S1P on intracellular calcium levels and proliferation in the rat thyroid cell line PC Cl(3). S1P(2) and S1P(3) mRNA and proteins were detected in PC Cl(3) cells, as well as in FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells. In addition, S1P(5) mRNA was present at low levels, but not S1P(1) or S1P(4). In PC Cl(3) cells, S1P invoked calcium release from intracellular stores, but not calcium entry. The Ca(2+) release was mediated by phospholipase C and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. S1P attenuated the TSH-evoked cAMP increase in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. S1P per se did not affect the proliferation of the cells, but attenuated the proliferation evoked by a combination of insulin and TSH. Furthermore, S1P attenuated the PMA-evoked proliferation. S1P(2) expression was positively regulated by insulin and PMA. S1P itself transiently upregulated S1P(2) receptor mRNA, while TSH had a net downregulating effect on S1P(2) expression. In summary, S1P modulates central intracellular signaling cascades and is antiproliferative in PC Cl(3) cells. S1P(2) receptor expression is modulated by insulin and TSH, two central growth factors in thyroid cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Björklund
- Department of Biology, Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20 520 Turku, Finland
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Kim KS, Ren J, Jiang Y, Ebrahem Q, Tipps R, Cristina K, Xiao YJ, Qiao J, Taylor KL, Lum H, Anand-Apte B, Xu Y. GPR4 plays a critical role in endothelial cell function and mediates the effects of sphingosylphosphorylcholine. FASEB J 2005; 19:819-21. [PMID: 15857892 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-2988fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is critical for many physiological and pathological processes. We show here that the lipid sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) induces angiogenesis in vivo and GPR4 is required for the biological effects of SPC on endothelial cells (EC). In human umbilical vein EC, down-regulation of GPR4 specifically inhibits SPC-, but not sphingosine-1-phosphate-, or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced tube formation. Re-introduction of GPR4 fully restores the activity of SPC. In microvascular EC, GPR4 plays a pivotal role in cell survival, growth, migration, and tube formation through both SPC-dependent and -independent pathways. The biological effects resulting from SPC/GPR4 interactions involve the activation of both phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and Akt. Moreover, the effects of SPC on EC require SPC induced trans-phosphorylation and activation of the VEGF receptor 2. These results identify SPC and its receptor, GPR4, as critical regulators of the angiogenic potential of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Sik Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Suresh S, Spatz J, Mills JP, Micoulet A, Dao M, Lim CT, Beil M, Seufferlein T. Connections between single-cell biomechanics and human disease states: gastrointestinal cancer and malaria. Acta Biomater 2005; 1:15-30. [PMID: 16701777 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2004.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 09/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigate connections between single-cell mechanical properties and subcellular structural reorganization from biochemical factors in the context of two distinctly different human diseases: gastrointestinal tumor and malaria. Although the cell lineages and the biochemical links to pathogenesis are vastly different in these two cases, we compare and contrast chemomechanical pathways whereby intracellular structural rearrangements lead to global changes in mechanical deformability of the cell. This single-cell biomechanical response, in turn, seems to mediate cell mobility and thereby facilitates disease progression in situations where the elastic modulus increases or decreases due to membrane or cytoskeleton reorganization. We first present new experiments on elastic response and energy dissipation under repeated tensile loading of epithelial pancreatic cancer cells in force- or displacement-control. Energy dissipation from repeated stretching significantly increases and the cell's elastic modulus decreases after treatment of Panc-1 pancreatic cancer cells with sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a bioactive lipid that influences cancer metastasis. When the cell is treated instead with lysophosphatidic acid, which facilitates actin stress fiber formation, neither energy dissipation nor modulus is noticeably affected. Integrating recent studies with our new observations, we ascribe these trends to possible SPC-induced reorganization primarily of keratin network to perinuclear region of cell; the intermediate filament fraction of the cytoskeleton thus appears to dominate deformability of the epithelial cell. Possible consequences of these results to cell mobility and cancer metastasis are postulated. We then turn attention to progressive changes in mechanical properties of the human red blood cell (RBC) infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We present, for the first time, continuous force-displacement curves obtained from in-vitro deformation of RBC with optical tweezers for different intracellular developmental stages of parasite. The shear modulus of RBC is found to increase up to 10-fold during parasite development, which is a noticeably greater effect than that from prior estimates. By integrating our new experimental results with published literature on deformability of Plasmodium-harbouring RBC, we examine the biochemical conditions mediating increases or decreases in modulus, and their implications for disease progression. Some general perspectives on connections among structure, single-cell mechanical properties and biological responses associated with pathogenic processes are also provided in the context of the two diseases considered in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Suresh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Division of Bioengineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
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Alewijnse AE, Peters SLM, Michel MC. Cardiovascular effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate and other sphingomyelin metabolites. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 143:666-84. [PMID: 15504747 PMCID: PMC1575924 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon various stimuli, cells metabolize sphingomyelin from the cellular plasma membrane to form sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) or ceramide. The latter can be further metabolized to sphingosine and then sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Apart from local formation, S1P and SPC are major constituents of blood plasma. All four sphingomyelin metabolites (SMM) can act upon intracellular targets, and at least S1P and probably also SPC can additionally act upon G-protein-coupled receptors. While the molecular identity of the SPC receptors remains unclear, several subtypes of S1P receptors have been cloned and their distribution in cardiovascular tissues is described. In the heart SMM can alter intracellular Ca(2+) release, particularly via the ryanodine receptor, and conductance of various ion channels in the plasma membrane, particularly I(K(Ach)). While the various SMM differ somewhat in their effects, the above alterations of ion homeostasis result in reduced cardiac function in most cases, and ceramide and/or sphingosine may be the mediators of the negative inotropic effects of tumour necrosis factor. In the vasculature, SMM mainly act as acute vasoconstrictors in most vessels, but ceramide can be a vasodilator. SMM-induced vasoconstriction involves mobilization of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, influx of extracellular Ca(2+) via L-type channels and activation of a rho-kinase. Extended exposure to SMM, particularly S1P, promotes several stages of the angiogenic process like endothelial cell activation, migration, proliferation, tube formation and vascular maturation. We propose that SMM are an important class of endogenous modulators of cardiovascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid E Alewijnse
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan L M Peters
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence:
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Imokawa G. Autocrine and paracrine regulation of melanocytes in human skin and in pigmentary disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 17:96-110. [PMID: 15016298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2003.00126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently melanogenic paracrine or autocrine cytokine networks have been discovered in vitro between melanocytes and other types of skin cells. These include endothelin (ET)-1, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, membrane-type stem cell factor (SCF) and growth-related oncogene-alpha for interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes, and hepatocyte growth factor and soluble type SCF for interactions between fibroblasts and melanocytes. These networks are also associated with corresponding receptors expressed on melanocytes, including ET B receptor and the SCF receptor, c-KIT. Consistent with in vitro findings on the melanogenic paracrine or autocrine cytokine networks, we have found that the up- or down-regulation of such networks is intrinsically involved in vivo in the stimulation of melanocyte functions in several epidermal hyper- or hypo-pigmentary disorders. These are ET-1/ET B receptor as well as membrane type SCF/c-KIT for ultraviolet B-melanosis, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor for ultraviolet A-melanosis, ET-1/ET B receptor as well as membrane type SCF for lentigo senilis, growth related oncogene-alpha for Riehl's melanosis, sphingosylphosphorylcholine for hyperpigmentation in atopic dermatitis, ET-1 for seborrhoeic keratosis, soluble type SCF as well as hepatocyte growth factor for dermatofibroma and café-au-lait macules, and c-KIT for vitiligo vulgaris. These unveiled regulatory mechanisms involved in the abnormal up- or down-regulated levels of lesional melanocyte function provide new insights into therapeutic tools utilizing blockage of responsible cytokine networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genji Imokawa
- Kao Biological Science Laboratories, Akabane Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi, Japan.
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Li Y, Uruno T, Haudenschild C, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN, Zhan X. Interaction of cortactin and Arp2/3 complex is required for sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced endothelial cell remodeling. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:107-21. [PMID: 15242766 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2004] [Revised: 03/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) induces capillary formation of endothelial cells on Matrigel in accompany with actin assembly and accumulation of cortactin and Arp2/3 complex at the cell-leading edge. Suppression of cortactin expression with a cortactin antisense oligo significantly impaired S1P-induced capillary formation, migration of endothelial cells, and actin assembly at the cell periphery. Overexpression of wild-type cortactin tagged by green fluorescent protein (GFP) increased the S1P-induced tube formation and cell motility, whereas the cells overexpressing the mutant formed poorly capillary network and became less motile in response to S1P. Analysis of distribution in Triton X-100 insoluble fractions demonstrated that the cortactin mutant inhibited the association of wild-type cortactin and Arp2/3 complex with the actin-enriched complex. Furthermore, actin polymerization at and distribution of Arp2/3 complex as well as endogenous cortactin into the cell-leading edge mediated by S1P was disturbed. These data suggest that the interaction between cortactin and Arp2/3 complex plays an important role in S1P-mediated remodeling of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory for the Biomedical Sciences, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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50
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Kye KC, Chae EK, Piao YJ, Park S, Park JK, Kim CD, Lee JH, Suhr KB. Signaling events during induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by sphingosylphosphorylcholine in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 122:1365-71. [PMID: 15175025 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.22615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite that can enhance wound healing. In a search for effectors downstream of SPC in the wound-healing process, we found that the expression of the gene for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was significantly affected. ELISA and western blot analyses showed that SPC markedly induced PAI-1 production in human dermal fibroblasts cultured in vitro. Inhibition by pre-treatment with pertussis toxin (PTx), but not by tyrphostin A47 (a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor), indicated that PTx-sensitive G proteins were involved in SPC-induced PAI-1 expression. SPC elicited a rapid and transient increase in intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i), measured using laser scanning confocal microscopy, which was partly mediated through PTx-sensitive G proteins. Pre-treatment with thapsigargin, but not with EGTA, abolished SPC-induced PAI-1 expression, indicating the importance of Ca2+ release from internal stores. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) induced the expression of PAI-1, and pre-treatment with Ro 31-8220 (a PKC inhibitor) markedly suppressed SPC-induced PAI-1 expression. SPC-induced PAI-1 expression was also significantly suppressed by PD98059 (a specific MAPK kinase 1/2 inhibitor). Consistent with this result, SPC stimulated the phosphorylation of p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Together, these results suggest that SPC induces PAI-1 production through a G protein-coupled calcium increase and downstream kinase signaling events in cultured human dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chae Kye
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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