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Molecular Changes on Maternal-Fetal Interface in Placental Abruption-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126612. [PMID: 34205566 PMCID: PMC8235312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental abruption is the separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before childbirth. It is an infrequent perinatal complication with serious after-effects and a marked risk of maternal and fetal mortality. Despite the fact that numerous placental abruption risk factors are known, the pathophysiology of this issue is multifactorial and not entirely clear. The aim of this review was to examine the current state of knowledge concerning the molecular changes on the maternal–fetal interface occurring in placental abruption. Only original research articles describing studies published in English until the 15 March 2021 were considered eligible. Reviews, book chapters, case studies, conference papers and opinions were excluded. The systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases identified 708 articles, 22 of which were analyzed. The available evidence indicates that the disruption of the immunological processes on the maternal–fetal interface plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of placental abruption. The features of chronic non-infectious inflammation and augmented immunological cytotoxic response were found to be present in placental abruption samples in the reviewed studies. Various molecules participate in this process, with only a few being examined. More advanced research is needed to fully explain this complicated process.
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Szubert S, Dziobek K, Wicherek Ł. High post-treatment serum soluble receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (sRCAS1) levels is associated with poor survival of patients with cervical cancer. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 46:499-506. [PMID: 31953916 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (sRCAS1) is responsible for induction of selective immunosuppression. In addition, preclinical studies have shown that sRCAS1 levels may reflect cancer aggressiveness. The main aim of our study was to analyze pre- and post-treatment levels of sRCAS1 in the sera of patients treated for cervical cancer and to evaluate whether the levels change during treatment and their impact on patient prognosis. METHODS The study included 49 patients suffering from cervical cancer. The early stage cervical cancer patients (14) were treated surgically, while the advanced stage patients (35) underwent radiochemotherapy. Serum sRCAS1 levels were evaluated both before and after intervention with the use of the ELISA method. RESULTS We have found that median serum sRCAS1 levels of patients before intervention were not significantly different from the levels assessed after intervention. There were also no differences when pre- and post-treatment levels were compared within the group of early and of advanced stage patients. Serum sRCAS1 levels were not influenced by either the histopathological type of the tumor or the methods of treatment. High post-intervention sRCAS1 levels indicated shortened OS when compared to low sRCAS1 levels. Neither pre-intervention sRCAS1 levels nor the alteration in sRCAS1 levels during treatment were associated with patient prognosis. In multivariate analysis, post-treatment sRCAS1 levels and clinical stage of cervical cancer remained as independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSION High post-treatment serum sRCAS1 level in cervical cancer patients seems to be a negative prognostic factor for patient overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Szubert
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Dziobek
- Center of Oncology, Gynecologic Oncology Department, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Krakow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Wicherek
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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EBAG9 modulates host immune defense against tumor formation and metastasis by regulating cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e126. [PMID: 25365482 PMCID: PMC4259964 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated antigen 9 (EBAG9) is a primary estrogen-responsive gene that we previously identified in MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the CpG genomic binding-site cloning technique. The expression of EBAG9 protein is often upregulated in malignant tumors, suggesting that this protein is involved in cancer pathophysiology. In the present study, we investigated the role of EBAG9 in host defense against implanted tumors in Ebag9-knockout (Ebag9KO) mice. MB-49 mouse bladder cancer cells were subcutaneously implanted into Ebag9KO and control mice. We found that tumor formation and metastasis to the lung by MB-49 cells were substantially reduced in Ebag9KO mice compared with control mice. The infiltration of CD8+, CD3+ and CD4+ T cells into the generated tumors was enhanced in Ebag9KO mice compared with controls. Notably, CD8+ T cells isolated from tumors in Ebag9KO mice exhibited substantial upregulation of immunity- and chemoattraction-related genes, including interleukin-10 receptor, interferon gamma, granzyme A, granzyme B and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 compared with CD8+ T cells from tumors in control mice. The CD8+ T cells isolated from tumors in Ebag9KO mice also exhibited enhanced degranulation and increased cytolytic activity. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of CD8+ T cells isolated from tumors in Ebag9KO host could repress tumor growth by MB-49 cells implanted in wild-type host. These results suggest that EBAG9 modulates tumor growth and metastasis by negatively regulating the adaptive immune response in host defense. EBAG9 could be a potential target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Ikeda K, Horie-Inoue K, Inoue S. Analysis of TFRNs associated with steroid hormone-related cancers. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1164:197-209. [PMID: 24927845 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0805-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen and androgen are important endocrine hormones that control physiological functions in reproductive organs and play roles in the generation and/or progression of steroid hormone-related cancers. Their cognate receptors function as hormone-dependent transcription factors, which directly regulate the expression of their target genes. Genome-wide analysis of hormone receptor-related networks will provide new insights into the understanding of the molecular mechanism orchestrated by estrogen and androgen receptors, and will enable the development of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of steroid hormone-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Ikeda
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, 350-1241, Japan
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Toxicogenomic and signaling pathway analysis of low-dose exposure to cadmium chloride in rat liver. Mol Cell Toxicol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-013-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ijichi N, Shigekawa T, Ikeda K, Miyazaki T, Horie-Inoue K, Shimizu C, Saji S, Aogi K, Tsuda H, Osaki A, Saeki T, Inoue S. Association of positive EBAG9 immunoreactivity with unfavorable prognosis in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen. Clin Breast Cancer 2013; 13:465-70. [PMID: 24119785 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is primarily a hormone-dependent tumor that is regulated by the status of the estrogen and progesterone receptors. We previously identified EBAG9 as an estrogen-responsive gene in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. Upregulation of EBAG9 expression has been observed in several malignant tumors such as advanced breast cancers, indicating that EBAG9 might contribute to tumor progression. PATIENTS AND METHODS In the present study, we generated a monoclonal antibody against EBAG9, and then performed immunohistochemical analysis of EBAG9 expression in specimens obtained from breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen as an adjuvant therapy. RESULTS EBAG9 immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of breast cancer cells and was significantly elevated in breast cancer samples from patients who relapsed during or after adjuvant tamoxifen treatment. Positive EBAG9 immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with poor patient prognosis. CONCLUSION These results suggest that EBAG9 expression in tumor regions is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ijichi
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
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Zhang Y, Zhu J, Hong X, Zhou Y, Ren K, Shu X, Wang Q. The membrane molecule RCAS1 induces immune cell apoptosis via the RCAS1-RCAS1R pathway. Int J Mol Med 2013; 31:1319-26. [PMID: 23563217 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated antigen receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (RCAS1) has been identified as an estrogen-responsive gene and reportedly acts as a ligand for a putative receptor present in a variety of human cell lines and peripheral lymphocytes, thus leading them to apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the biological function of RCAS1 in vitro in inducing the apoptosis of immune cells. We detected the expression of the RCAS1 receptor (RCAS1R) in the cell lines, and investigated the mechanisms behind the apoptosis induced by RCAS1. HeLa cells were transfected with recombinant adenovirus Ad-RCAS1. RCAS1 induced the apoptosis of activated T cells, K562 cells and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-activated Jurkat cells via the RCAS1-RCAS1R pathway. The expression of RCAS1R was induced. The intracellular overexpression of RCAS1 inhibited the growth of Jurkat and K562 cells. The expression of RCAS1 negatively correlated with the expression of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), but positively correlated with the expression of phosphorylated GSK3β (phGSK3β). RCAS1 expression was identified as a brown staining pattern in the breast cancer specimens. These findings may provide insight into the mechanisms through which tumor cells escape from immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- The Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Hiroi H, Momoeda M, Watanabe T, Ito M, Ikeda K, Tsutsumi R, Hosokawa Y, Koizumi M, Zenri F, Muramatsu M, Taketani Y, Inoue S. Expression and regulation of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2 (TRPM2) in human endometrium. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:146-52. [PMID: 23142700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To identify estrogen-responsive genes, we previously isolated estrogen receptor (ER)-binding DNA fragments from human genomic DNA using a recombinant ER protein. Six DNA fragments, each including a perfect palindromic estrogen response element (ERE), were obtained. The nucleotide sequence of one of the six fragments (E1 fragment) showed that the ERE of the E1 fragment is located in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2 (TRPM2). Here, we confirmed the estrogen-dependent enhancer activity of the ERE of the E1 fragment by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay. TRPM2 mRNA expression was investigated in human endometrium, cultured human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), and cultured human endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) using RT-PCR. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that TRPM2 mRNA expression in ESCs increased after 17β-estradiol (E2) treatment. This study demonstrated for the first time that TRPM2 is an estrogen-responsive gene expressed in human endometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiko Hiroi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Nagalingam A, Tighiouart M, Ryden L, Joseph L, Landberg G, Saxena NK, Sharma D. Med1 plays a critical role in the development of tamoxifen resistance. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:918-30. [PMID: 22345290 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathways that contribute to the development of tamoxifen resistance is a critical research priority as acquired tamoxifen resistance is the principal cause of poor prognosis and death of patients with originally good prognosis hormone-responsive breast tumors. In this report, we provide evidence that Med1, an important subunit of mediator coactivator complex, is spontaneously upregulated during acquired tamoxifen-resistance development potentiating agonist activities of tamoxifen. Phosphorylated Med1 and estrogen receptor (ER) are abundant in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells due to persistent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases. Mechanistically, phosphorylated Med1 exhibits nuclear accumulation, increased interaction with ER and higher tamoxifen-induced recruitment to ER-responsive promoters, which is abrogated by inhibition of Med1 phosphorylation. Stable knockdown of Med1 in tamoxifen-resistant cells not only reverses tamoxifen resistance in vitro but also in vivo. Finally, higher expression levels of Med1 in the tumor significantly correlated with tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive breast cancer patients on adjuvant tamoxifen monotherapy. In silico analysis of breast cancer, utilizing published profiling studies showed that Med1 is overexpressed in aggressive subsets. These findings provide what we believe is the first evidence for a critical role for Med1 in tamoxifen resistance and identify this coactivator protein as an essential effector of the tamoxifen-induced breast cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Nagalingam
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB 1, Room 145, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Tskitishvili E, Sharentuya N, Tsubouchi H, Kinugasa-Taniguchi Y, Kanagawa T, Shimoya K, Tomimatsu T, Kimura T. Maternal blood serum and plasma human tumor-associated antigen RCAS1 during the course of uncomplicated pregnancies: a prospective study. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 64:218-24. [PMID: 20482521 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00859.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM we aimed to investigate the expression of the tumor-associated RCAS1 protein in maternal blood of uncomplicated pregnancies. METHOD OF STUDY maternal blood was obtained from women with uncomplicated pregnancies (N = 43) at 11-13, 20-22, 32-34, 37-38 weeks of gestation, and immediately after delivery. Serum RCAS1 concentration was studied by ELISA, and plasma mRNA was subjected to real-time (RT)-PCR. RESULTS serum RCAS1 protein concentration was significantly up-regulated at 11-13 and 20-22 weeks than that at 32-34 weeks and after delivery. RCAS1 mRNA level was significantly increased at 11-13 weeks than that at 37-38 weeks. A significant positive correlation was defined between RCAS1 serum concentration at 11-13 weeks and gestational age at delivery and that between plasma RCAS1 mRNA levels at 37-38 weeks and umbilical cord blood base excess. A significant negative correlation was found between RCAS1 serum concentration at 37-38 weeks and umbilical cord blood pH at delivery. CONCLUSIONS RCAS1 protein might have importance in the development of uncomplicated pregnancies and for the prediction of pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterine Tskitishvili
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
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Tskitishvili E, Nakamura H, Kinugasa-Taniguchi Y, Kanagawa T, Shimoya K, Tomimatsu T, Kimura T. The effect of tumor-associated protein RCAS1 gene silencing on blood pressure and urinary protein excretion in pregnant mouse: a pilot study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:364.e6-364.e12. [PMID: 20579953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The level of tumor-associated receptor-binding cancer antigen that is expressed on SiSo cells (RCAS1) is decreased significantly in preeclamptic pregnancies. We hypothesized that RCAS1 protein gene silencing might affect blood pressure and proteinuria in pregnant mice. STUDY DESIGN On postcoital day 7.5, pregnant imprinting control region mice were subjected to the transfer of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against RCAS1 protein into the uterine cavity with the use of a hemagglutinating virus Japan envelope. Scramble siRNA was used as a negative control. Blood pressure and urine albumin/creatinine measurements were performed. The effect of the transferred siRNA was examined in uterine samples on postcoital day 8.5 with the use of Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses. RESULTS In the RCAS1 siRNA group, blood pressure significantly raised on postcoital days 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, and 15.5, whereas urine albumin/creatinine ratio was significantly increased on postcoital day 9.5 CONCLUSION Our results suggest the importance of RCAS1 protein in the pathophysiologic condition of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterine Tskitishvili
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita City, Osaka, Japan.
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Wolf J, Reimer TA, Schuck S, Rüder C, Gerlach K, Müller EC, Otto A, Dörken B, Rehm A. Role of EBAG9 protein in coat protein complex I-dependent glycoprotein maturation and secretion processes in tumor cells. FASEB J 2010; 24:4000-19. [PMID: 20570965 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-153452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins mature within the secretory pathway by the acquisition of glycans. Failure to maintain the proper distribution of the glycosylation machinery might lead to disease. High expression levels of the ubiquitous Golgi protein estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene 9 (EBAG9) in human tumors correlate with poor clinical prognosis, and EBAG9 overexpression in epithelial cell lines induces truncated glycans, typical of many carcinomas. Here, we addressed the pathogenetic link between EBAG9 expression and the alteration of the cellular glycome. We applied confocal microscopy, live imaging, pulse-chase labeling in conjunction with immunoprecipitation, and enzymatic activity assays in a variety of EBAG9-overexpressing or depleted epithelial tumor cell lines. EBAG9 shuttles between the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment and the cis-Golgi, and we demonstrate association of EBAG9 with coat protein complex I (COPI)-coated transport vesicles. EBAG9 overexpression imposes delay of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport and mislocalizes components of the ER quality control and glycosylation machinery. Conversely, EBAG9 down-regulation accelerates glycoprotein transport through the Golgi and enhances mannosidase activity. Thus, EBAG9 acts as a negative regulator of a COPI-dependent ER-to-Golgi transport pathway in epithelial cells and represents a novel pathogenetic principle in which interference with intracellular membrane trafficking results in the emergence of a tumor-associated glycome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Wolf
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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Tskitishvili E, Nakamura H, Kinugasa-Taniguchi Y, Kanagawa T, Kimura T, Tomimatsu T, Shimoya K. ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Temporal and Spatial Expression of Tumor-Associated Antigen RCAS1 in Pregnant Mouse Uterus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009; 63:137-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2009.00772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rüder C, Höpken UE, Wolf J, Mittrücker HW, Engels B, Erdmann B, Wollenzin S, Uckert W, Dörken B, Rehm A. The tumor-associated antigen EBAG9 negatively regulates the cytolytic capacity of mouse CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2184-203. [PMID: 19620783 PMCID: PMC2719940 DOI: 10.1172/jci37760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CTLs eliminate virus-infected and tumorigenic cells through exocytosis of cytotoxic agents from lytic granules. While insights into the intracellular mechanisms facilitating lytic granule release have been obtained through analysis of loss-of-function mutations in humans and mice, there is a paucity of information on negative regulators of secretory lysosome release at the molecular level. By generating and analyzing estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated antigen 9-KO (Ebag9 KO) mice, we show here that loss of EBAG9 confers CTLs with enhanced cytolytic capacity in vitro and in vivo. Although loss of EBAG9 did not affect lymphocyte development, it led to an increase in CTL secretion of granzyme A, a marker of lytic granules. This resulted in increased cytotoxicity in vitro and an enhanced cytolytic primary and memory T cell response in vivo. We further found that EBAG9 interacts with the adaptor molecule gamma2-adaptin, suggesting EBAG9 is involved in endosomal-lysosomal biogenesis and membrane fusion. Indeed, granzyme B was sorted to secretory lysosomes more efficiently in EBAG9-deficient CTLs than it was in WT CTLs, a finding consistent with the observed enhanced kinetics of cathepsin D proteolytic processing. While EBAG9 deficiency did not disrupt the formation of the immunological synapse, lytic granules in Ebag9-/- CTLs were smaller than in WT CTLs. These data suggest that EBAG9 is a tunable inhibitor of CTL-mediated adaptive immune response functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Rüder
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uta E. Höpken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Wolf
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Willi Mittrücker
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Boris Engels
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Erdmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Wollenzin
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité, Virchow Clinics, Berlin, Germany
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Sonoda K, Miyamoto S, Kobayashi H, Ogawa S, Okugawa K, Taniguchi S, Wake N. The Level of RCAS1 Expression Is Inversely Correlated With the Number of Vimentin-Positive Stromal Cells in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:838-43. [PMID: 19574770 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a5ff6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Sonoda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Hong X, Liu Y, Hu G, Zhao D, Shen J, Shen F, Cao X, Wang Q. EBAG9 inducing hyporesponsiveness of T cells promotes tumor growth and metastasis in 4T1 murine mammary carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:961-9. [PMID: 19445026 PMCID: PMC11158866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene 9 (EBAG9) has been identified as an estrogen-responsive gene and was recently identified as a tumor-promoting and prognostic factor for renal cell carcinoma. We investigated whether EBAG9 expression was correlated with primary tumor growth and distant tumor metastasis in a murine breast carcinoma model. Knockdown expression of EBAG9 by small interfering RNA significantly suppressed tumor growth and metastasis in vivo in a highly malignant, spontaneously metastasizing 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma model. 4T1 cells stably overexpressing EBAG9 developed larger and faster tumor growth and lung metastasis compared with parental 4T1 or 4T1 expressing vector alone. Strong specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and enhanced gamma-interferon and interleukin-2 productions were induced in mice that received EBAG9 small interfering RNA therapy. Gene silencing of EBAG9 prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice and induced more intensive infiltration of CD8+ T cells in tumor mass. EBAG9 induced apoptosis of T cells, enhanced glycogen synthase kinase 3beta phosphorylation and inhibited gamma-interferon production of T cells when T lymphocytes were cocultured with 4T1 cells overexpressing EBAG9. Furthermore, overexpression of EBAG9 in 4T1 cells was accompanied with enhanced expression of chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4, which might be involved in tumor metastasis. Taken together, our results suggested that EBAG9 promoted primary 4T1 mammary carcinoma growth and distant metastasis, and EBAG9 small interfering RNA exerted overt regression of tumor growth and metastasis. These findings might provide insights into the mechanism through which tumors evade immunosurveillance and provide a strategy for therapeutic intervention of cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Hong
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wnt-5a signaling restores tamoxifen sensitivity in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3919-24. [PMID: 19237581 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0809516106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One third of all breast cancers are estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) negative, carry a poor overall prognosis, and do not respond well to currently available endocrine therapies. New treatment strategies are therefore required. Loss of Wnt-5a has previously been correlated with loss of ERalpha in clinical breast cancer samples, and we sought to investigate this association further. Three breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and 4T1) lacking expression of ERalpha and Wnt-5a, and one breast cancer cell line (T47D) expressing both proteins were used in this study. Wnt-5a signaling was generated in ERalpha-negative cell lines via stimulation with either recombinant Wnt-5a protein or a Wnt-5a-derived hexapeptide (Foxy-5) possessing Wnt-5a signaling properties. ERalpha expression was restored at both mRNA and protein level, after treatment with recombinant Wnt-5a or Foxy-5. This restoration of expression occurred in parallel with a reduction in methylation of the ERalpha promoter. Up-regulated ERalpha could be activated, initiate transcription of progesterone receptor and pS2, and activate an estrogen response element reporter construct. Significantly, breast cancer cells re-expressing ERalpha responded to treatment with the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen, as measured by induction of apoptosis and cell growth inhibition. Finally, Foxy-5 also increased ERalpha expression in an in vivo model of ERalpha-negative breast cancer. This represents the first evidence that Wnt-5a signaling acts to re-establish ERalpha expression in ERalpha-negative breast cancer cells. Our data suggest that combinatorial therapy with Foxy-5 and tamoxifen should be considered as a future treatment possibility for ERalpha-negative breast cancer patients.
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Kumagai J, Urano T, Ogushi T, Takahashi S, Horie-Inoue K, Fujimura T, Azuma K, Muramatsu M, Ouchi Y, Kitamura T, Inoue S. EBAG9 is a tumor-promoting and prognostic factor for bladder cancer. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:799-805. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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The association between RCAS1 expression in laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer and its healthy stroma with cancer relapse. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:35. [PMID: 19175908 PMCID: PMC2639609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study has been to establish the level of RCAS1 - a membrane protein expressed in various cancer cells and able to induce apoptosis of CTLs and NK cells in pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer and its clear surgical margin - with respect to clinicopathological features and to patient's follow up and evaluate its possible role in cancer relapse. METHODS A total of 122 tissue samples were obtained: 51 samples from laryngeal and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, 51 samples from the clear surgical margins of these tumors, and 20 tissue samples derived from the healthy mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract mucosa of patients without cancerous tumors. Patients were observed for a total of 4 years following surgical treatment. The level of RCAS1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS RCAS1 was identified in all laryngeal and pharyngeal carcinomas and in almost all the clear surgical margin samples. The level of RCAS1 expression was significantly higher in the cancerous samples than in the clear surgical margins and was determined to be related to the grade of the cancer and the presence of lymph node metastases. In cases of cancer relapse, significantly higher levels of RCAS1 expression were observed in the clear surgical margins. CONCLUSION Selective cytotoxic immune cell suppression concomitant with tumor growth and associated with RCAS1 expression seems to be an important event connected with cancer relapse.
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20
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Fujimura T, Takahashi S, Urano T, Xiaoqiang L, Ogushi T, Muramatsu M, Ouchi Y, Kitamura T, Homma Y, Inoue S. Estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene 9 expression and its clinical significance in human testicular cancer. Int J Urol 2009; 16:329-32. [PMID: 19207611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2008.02233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously demonstrated that estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene 9 (EBAG9) is a tumor promoting factor in renal cell carcinoma (Ogushi T, Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 3700). Here, we evaluated EBAG9 expression and its clinical significance in normal and malignant human testicular tissues. METHODS We investigated the expression of EBAG9 in 90 testicular specimens (28 benign testicular tissue and 62 testicular germ cell tumor samples) by immunohistochemistry using rabbit polyclonal anti-EBAG9 antibody. RESULTS Positive immunostaining of EBAG9 in the cytoplasm was found in 32 (52%) cancerous lesions, whereas the immunoreactivity of EBAG9 was weak in benign testicular tissues. Serum lactate dehydrogenaze (LDH) level was significantly higher in EBAG9-positive cases (715.0 +/- 727.3) compared with the negative cases (221.4 +/- 126.8) (P = 0.0016). The EBAG9-positive cases among the patients with advanced clinical stage (Stage II and III) more frequently belonged to the intermediate or poor risk group in the International Germ Cell Consensus Prognostic Classification System (IGCCPCS), compared with the EBAG9-negative cases (P = 0.0012). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increased expression of EBAG9 may play a significant role in cancer progression and aggressiveness in testicular germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Fujimura
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Switching of chromatin-remodelling complexes for oestrogen receptor-alpha. EMBO Rep 2008; 9:563-8. [PMID: 18451880 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2008.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The female sex steroid hormone oestrogen stimulates both cell proliferation and cell differentiation in target tissues. These biological actions are mediated primarily through nuclear oestrogen receptors (ERs). The ligand-dependent transactivation of ERs requires several nuclear co-regulator complexes; however, the cell-cycle-dependent associations of these complexes are poorly understood. By using a synchronization system, we found that the transactivation function of ERalpha at G2/M was lowered. Biochemical approaches showed that ERalpha associated with two discrete classes of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling complex in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. The components of the NuRD-type complex were identified as G2/M-phase-specific ERalpha co-repressors. Thus, our results indicate that the transactivation function of ERalpha is cell-cycle dependent and is coupled with a cell-cycle-dependent association of chromatin-remodelling complexes.
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22
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A functional screen for genes involved in Xenopus pronephros development. Mech Dev 2008; 125:571-86. [PMID: 18472403 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In Xenopus, the pronephros is the functional larval kidney and consists of two identifiable components; the glomus, the pronephric tubules, which can be divided into four separate segments, based on marker gene expression. The simplicity of this organ, coupled with the fact that it displays the same basic organization and function as more complex mesonephros and metanephros, makes this an attractive model to study vertebrate kidney formation. In this study, we have performed a functional screen specifically to identify genes involved in pronephros development in Xenopus. Gain-of-function screens are performed by injecting mRNA pools made from a non-redundant X. tropicalis full-length plasmid cDNA library into X. laevis eggs, followed by sib-selection to identify the single clone that caused abnormal phenotypes in the pronephros. Out of 768 egg and gastrula stage cDNA clones, 31 genes, approximately 4% of the screened clones, affected pronephric marker expression examined by whole mount in situ hybridization or antibody staining. Most of the positive clones had clear expression patterns in pronephros and predicted/established functions highly likely to be involved in developmental processes. In order to carry out a more detailed study, we selected Sox7, Cpeb3, P53csv, Mecr and Dnajc15, which had highly specific expression patterns in the pronephric region. The over-expression of these five selected clones indicated that they caused pronephric abnormalities with different temporal and spatial effects. These results suggest that our strategy to identify novel genes involved in pronephros development was highly successful, and that this strategy is effective for the identification of novel genes involved in late developmental events.
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Sharma D, Saxena NK, Davidson NE, Vertino PM. Restoration of tamoxifen sensitivity in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells: tamoxifen-bound reactivated ER recruits distinctive corepressor complexes. Cancer Res 2006; 66:6370-8. [PMID: 16778215 PMCID: PMC2925469 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast tumors expressing estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) respond well to therapeutic strategies using selective ER modulators, such as tamoxifen. However, approximately 30% of invasive breast cancers are hormone independent because they lack ER expression due to hypermethylation of ER promoter. Treatment of ER-negative breast cancer cells with demethylating agents [5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC)] and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (trichostatin A) leads to expression of ER mRNA and functional protein. Here, we examined whether epigenetically reactivated ER is a target for tamoxifen therapy. Following treatment with trichostatin A and 5-aza-dC, the formerly unresponsive ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells became responsive to tamoxifen. Tamoxifen-mediated inhibition of cell growth in these cells is mediated at least in part by the tamoxifen-bound ER. Tamoxifen-bound reactivated ER induces transcriptional repression at estrogen-responsive genes by ordered recruitment of multiple distinct chromatin-modifying complexes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show recruitment of two different corepressor complexes to ER-responsive promoters in a mutually exclusive and sequential manner: the nuclear receptor corepressor-HDAC3 complex followed by nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation complex. The mechanistic insight provided by this study might help in designing therapeutic strategies directed toward epigenetic mechanisms in the prevention or treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipali Sharma
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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24
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Campbell EA, O'Hara L, Catalano RD, Sharkey AM, Freeman TC, Johnson MH. Temporal expression profiling of the uterine luminal epithelium of the pseudo-pregnant mouse suggests receptivity to the fertilized egg is associated with complex transcriptional changes. Hum Reprod 2006; 21:2495-513. [PMID: 16790611 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/del195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular basis of changes underlying the altered sensitivity of the uterine luminal epithelium (LE) to the embryo over the peri-implantation period is not fully understood. METHODS Microarray analysis was performed on purified LE isolated from the pseudo-pregnant mouse uterus at 12-h intervals from pre-receptivity through the implantation window to refractoriness. The aim was to identify genes whose expression changes in the LE during this period. RESULTS A total of 447 transcripts were identified whose abundance changed more than 2-fold in the LE but which did not change in the underlying stroma (S) and glands. Six major patterns of changing expression were noted. Of the 447 genes, 140 were expressed in LE at least 15-fold higher than in S and glandular epithelium (GE) (101 of these more than 20-fold). Detailed spatiotemporal expression profiles were derived for several genes previously implicated in implantation (including Edg7, Ptgs1, Pla2g4a and Alox15). CONCLUSIONS Functional changes in LE receptivity are characterized by changing constellations of gene expression. Pre-receptivity has a different molecular footprint to refractoriness. Because we have used the pseudo-pregnant mouse model, these changes are driven solely by endocrine signals rather than events downstream of embryo attachment. Some of these genes have been described in previous microarray studies on endometrium, but for the majority, this is the first time they have been implicated in implantation. The 140 genes enriched in the LE greatly expand the list of epithelial markers and provide many novel candidates for further studies to identify genes playing important roles in receptivity and embryo attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Campbell
- Department of Anatomy, MRC Rosalind Franklin Centre for Genomics Research, Cambridge, UK
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25
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Dutsch-Wicherek M, Tomaszewska R, Strek P, Wicherek L, Skladzien J. The analysis of RCAS1 and DFF-45 expression in nasal polyps with respect to immune cells infiltration. BMC Immunol 2006; 7:4. [PMID: 16551346 PMCID: PMC1448183 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-7-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nasal polyp constitutes a benign growth process in the nasal and sinus mucosa. RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells) is a protein expressed mainly by various human cancer cells. It is not only the marker of cancer process and its expression can also be observed in physiological processes. It is responsible for the regulation of immune cells activity. DFF45 (DNA fragmenting factor) has been described as a substrate for caspase-3. DFF45 seems to play an important role in the onset of apoptotic process by acting probably through the regulation of DNA fragmentation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of nasal polyps to regulate the cytotoxic immune response and to determine their resistance to apoptosis. Results The higher RCAS1 level was identified in lymphocytic nasal polyps, the medium one in eosinophilic while the lowest was identified in neutrophilic. DFF-45 expression was higher in eosinophilic than in neutrophilic and lymphocytic nasal polyps. Conclusion The changes in DFF-45 level in nasal polyps might indicate a different resistance to apoptosis mediated by immune cells. The alterations in RCAS1 expression indicate that nasal polyps have the ability to regulate the cytotoxic immune response. The breaking of resistance to immune mediated apoptosis in nasal polyps might have a new therapeutic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pawel Strek
- ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Wicherek
- Gynecology and Infertility Department, the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Skladzien
- ENT Head and Neck Surgery Department, the Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Wicherek L, Dutsch-Wicherek M, Mak P, Klimek M. The Role of RCAS1 and oxytocinase in immune tolerance during pregnancy. Fetal Diagn Ther 2005; 20:420-5. [PMID: 16113565 DOI: 10.1159/000086824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine and compare the level of RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed in SiSo cells) in placentas at term as well as oxytocinase/cystine amino peptidase (CAP) serum level a few days before labor in order to evaluate their possible role in the regulation of maternal immune response during pregnancy and in initiation of labor. METHODS We estimated the RCAS1 content in 44 placental tissue samples, using Western blot method. We also assessed CAP serum level by its enzymatic activity, using L-cystine-di-beta-naphthylamide as a synthetic substrate. The statistical analysis was performed using Shapiro-Wilk procedure. Student's t test was applied to compare the differences between parametric data. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS RCAS1 was found in all placental tissue samples examined. The differences in the RCAS1 relative amount depended on the onset of labor, with the highest level in induced labor and the lowest in spontaneous labor. The differences were also observed in the CAP serum level with the highest level in pregnant women whose labor was induced. CONCLUSIONS We have observed a link between the expression of the two proteins examined and the onset of the labor. Therefore, we posit that RCAS1 and CAP may play a role in the downregulation of the maternal immune response during pregnancy and may participate in the initiation of the labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wicherek
- Department of Gynecology and Infertility of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Wicherek L, Klimek M, Dutsch-Wicherek M, Kolodziejski L, Skotniczny K. The molecular changes during placental detachment. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 125:171-5. [PMID: 16099585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES RCAS1 is a membrane protein that plays a role in the maintenance of maternal immune tolerance during pregnancy. The work presented here demonstrates the results of RCAS1 expression in placenta in cases of placental abruption and patients with retained placental tissue during the third stage of labor. STUDY DESIGN The placenta tissue samples were obtained during vaginal and cesarean delivery (derived from 117 pregnancies). Pregnant women were divided into four groups according to the onset of labor and the time of placental detachment in term labors. The samples were analyzed by the Western blot method. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk procedure. The Mann-Whitney test and Student's t-test were applied to compare the differences between parametric data. RESULTS The average relative amount of RCAS1 observed in those patients with retained placental tissue was statistically significantly higher than in the patients with placental abruption. CONCLUSION The differences observed in placental RCAS1 levels confirm the participation of this protein in the inhibition of maternal immune response during gestation. The present results also indicate that RCAS1 participates in the changes in the maternal immune system that take place during parturition and reinforce its potential involvement in the mechanism of placental abruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wicherek
- Department of Gynecology and Infertility Clinic of Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernika Street, 30-005 Krakow, Poland.
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Wicherek L, Klimek M, Czekierdowski A, Popiela TJ, Galazka K, Tetlak T, Gilowski A, Dutsch-Wicherek M. The placental RCAS1 expression during stillbirth. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2005; 3:24. [PMID: 15963226 PMCID: PMC1184098 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-3-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Independently of the fetal death cause the beginning and course of stillbirth is closely related with the growing cytotoxic activity at the maternal-fetal interface. RCAS1 participates in the inhibition of maternal immune response during pregnancy. The alterations of RCAS1 protein expression in placental cells seem to determine the beginning of the labor and participate in the placental abruption. The aim of the present study was to investigate RCAS1 expression in placentas obtained following stillbirths or normal term births. METHODS RCAS1 expression was evaluated by Western blot method with the use of monoclonal anti-RCAS1 antibody in 67 placental tissue samples. Pregnant women were divided into four groups according to the mode of labor onset--spontaneous or induced, and the type of labor, stillbirth or labor at term. Placental beta-Actin expression was chosen as a control protein. Relative amounts of placental RCAS1 were compared with the use of Student's t-test, whereas beta-Actin control data were compared with the use of Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS The average relative amount of RCAS1 was significantly lower in women with induced stillbirths than in women with induced labor at term. Similarly, significantly lower RCAS1 placental levels were observed in patients with spontaneous stillbirths than in women with spontaneous labor at term. Significant differences in RCAS1 expression were also observed with the respect to the beginning of the stillbirth: spontaneous and induced. Lowest RCAS1 placental levels were observed in women with spontaneous stillbirth. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results indicate that the alterations of RCAS1 expression in the human placenta may be involved in the changes of maternal immune system that take place during stillbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wicherek
- Department of Gynecology and Infertility of Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernik Str, 31–501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek Klimek
- Department of Gynecology and Infertility of Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernik Str, 31–501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Czekierdowski
- Ist Department of Gynecology of the Medical University in Lublin, 16 Staszica Str, 20–081 Lublin Poland
| | - Tadeusz J Popiela
- Radiology Department of Jagiellonian University, 19 Kopernik Str, 31–501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krystyna Galazka
- Department of Pathomorphology Jagiellonian University, 17 Grzegórzecka, 31–531 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Tetlak
- Department of Gynecology and Infertility of Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernik Str, 31–501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gilowski
- Department of Gynecology and Infertility of Jagiellonian University, 23 Kopernik Str, 31–501 Krakow, Poland
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Ogushi T, Takahashi S, Takeuchi T, Urano T, Horie-Inoue K, Kumagai J, Kitamura T, Ouchi Y, Muramatsu M, Inoue S. Estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated antigen 9 is a tumor-promoting and prognostic factor for renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3700-6. [PMID: 15867365 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated antigen 9 (EBAG9) has been identified as a primary estrogen-responsive gene in human breast cancer MCF7 cells. A high expression of EBAG9 has been observed in invasive breast cancer and advanced prostate cancer, suggesting a tumor-promoting role of the protein in malignancies. Here we show that intratumoral (i.t.) administration of small interfering RNA against EBAG9 exerted overt regression of tumors following s.c. implantation of murine renal cell carcinoma (RCC) Renca cells. Overexpression of EBAG9 did not promote the proliferation of culture Renca cells; however, the inoculated Renca cells harboring EBAG9 (Renca-EBAG9) in BALB/c mice grew faster and developed larger tumors compared with Renca cells expressing vector alone (Renca-vector). After renal subcapsular implantation, Renca-EBAG9 tumors significantly enlarged compared with Renca-vector tumors in BALB/c mice, whereas both Renca-EBAG9 and Renca-vector tumors were developed with similar volumes in BALB/c nude mice. No apparent difference was observed in specific cytotoxic T-cell responses against Renca-EBAG9 and Renca-vector cells; nonetheless, the number of infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes was decreased in Renca-EBAG9 subcapsular tumors. Furthermore, immunohistochemical study of EBAG9 in 78 human RCC specimens showed that intense and diffuse cytoplasmic immunostaining was observed in 87% of the cases and positive EBAG9 immunoreactivity was closely correlated with poor prognosis of the patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that high EBAG9 expression was an independent prognostic predictor for disease-specific survival (P = 0.0485). Our results suggest that EBAG9 is a crucial regulator of tumor progression and a potential prognostic marker for RCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/physiology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/physiology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Cell Growth Processes/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Ogushi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Reimer TA, Anagnostopoulos I, Erdmann B, Lehmann I, Stein H, Daniel P, Dörken B, Rehm A. Reevaluation of the 22-1-1 antibody and its putative antigen, EBAG9/RCAS1, as a tumor marker. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:47. [PMID: 15904507 PMCID: PMC1164403 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor-associated antigens are appreciated as diagnostic markers, but they have also prompted tremendous efforts to develop tumor-specific immunotherapy. A previously cloned tumor-associated antigen, EBAG9, was initially defined by reactivity with the monoclonal antibody 22-1-1. Functionally, the EBAG9-encoded gene-product was believed to induce apoptosis in activated immune cells. However, using a cell-biological approach we identified EBAG9 as a Golgi-resident modulator of O-linked glycan expression, the latter product was then recognized by the 22-1-1 antibody. Secondly, EBAG9 expression was found physiologically in all murine tissues examined. This raised the question if EBAG9 is tumor-specific and mediates apoptosis itself or through O-linked glycans generated, among them the cognate 22-1-1 antigen Tn. Methods We have used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of 22-1-1 and EBAG9 in various tissues. Correlation between expression of both antigens in cell lines was analysed by immunoblot and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was studied by using flow cytometry and Caspase-Glo™ 3/7 assay kit. Cellular distribution of EBAG9 was analysed by electron and confocal microscopy. Results Here, we compared expression of the 22-1-1 and EBAG9-defined antigens in normal and neoplastic tissues in situ. In contrast to 22-1-1 staining, EBAG9 is a ubiquitously expressed antigen in all normal and cancerous tissues. Functional studies on the role of 22-1-1 reactive material did not support any evidence for apoptosis induction. Employing electron and confocal microscopy, a refined subcellular localization of EBAG9 at the Golgi was obtained. Conclusion We suggest that the estrogen-inducible EBAG9 gene-product and the 22-1-1 defined antigen are structurally and functionally separate antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Brefeldin A/pharmacology
- Carcinoma/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Caspase 3
- Caspase 7
- Caspases/biosynthesis
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Golgi Apparatus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Electron
- Mouth Neoplasms/metabolism
- Nocodazole/pharmacology
- Polysaccharides/chemistry
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Subcellular Fractions
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Reimer
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ioannis Anagnostopoulos
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Pathology, Germany
| | - Bettina Erdmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Electronmicroscopy, Germany
| | - Insa Lehmann
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Stein
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Department of Pathology, Germany
| | - Peter Daniel
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Germany
| | - Bernd Dörken
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Germany
| | - Armin Rehm
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Berlin, Germany
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Klinik, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Germany
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31
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Rüder C, Reimer T, Delgado-Martinez I, Hermosilla R, Engelsberg A, Nehring R, Dörken B, Rehm A. EBAG9 adds a new layer of control on large dense-core vesicle exocytosis via interaction with Snapin. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:1245-57. [PMID: 15635093 PMCID: PMC551489 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-09-0817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated exocytosis is subject to several modulatory steps that include phosphorylation events and transient protein-protein interactions. The estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene9 (EBAG9) gene product was recently identified as a modulator of tumor-associated O-linked glycan expression in nonneuronal cells; however, this molecule is expressed physiologically in essentially all mammalian tissues. Particular interest has developed toward this molecule because in some human tumor entities high expression levels correlated with clinical prognosis. To gain insight into the cellular function of EBAG9, we scored for interaction partners by using the yeast two-hybrid system. Here, we demonstrate that EBAG9 interacts with Snapin, which is likely to be a modulator of Synaptotagmin-associated regulated exocytosis. Strengthening of this interaction inhibited regulated secretion of neuropeptide Y from PC12 cells, whereas evoked neurotransmitter release from hippocampal neurons remained unaltered. Mechanistically, EBAG9 decreased phosphorylation of Snapin; subsequently, association of Snapin with synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25) and SNAP23 was diminished. We suggest that the occurrence of SNAP23, Snapin, and EBAG9 also in nonneuronal cells might extend the modulatory role of EBAG9 to a broad range of secretory cells. The conjunction between EBAG9 and Snapin adds an additional layer of control on exocytosis processes; in addition, mechanistic evidence is provided that inhibition of phosphorylation has a regulatory function in exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin Rüder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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32
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Okamura Y, Haraguchi T, Morimoto M, Okuda M, Une S, Nakaichi M, Taura Y. Expression of a tumor-associated antigen, RCAS1, in canine mammary tumors. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 66:651-8. [PMID: 15240939 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (RCAS1), one of novel cancer cell-surface antigens, is strongly expressed in invasive cancers. RCAS1 inhibits the in vitro growth of lymphocytes such as T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and induces apoptotic cell death. We investigated the expression of RCAS1 in canine mammary tumor cell lines and tumor cells by immunohistochemistry, and also in situ deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. All canine mammary tumor cell lines expressed RCAS1 at both the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein level. Immunohistochemically, RCAS1 was negative in 100% of normal mammary glands, but was expressed in 100% of malignant tumors examined. In most malignant mammary tumors, RCAS1 was localized in the cytoplasm with no polarity of expression. In benign mammary tumors, it was detected on the luminal surface of the tumor cell. RCAS1 expression or localization was significantly correlated with malignancy. In situ DNA fragmentation of CD3-positive TILs was observed in RCAS1-expressing tumors. RCAS1-expressing tumors, indicating a possible induction of apoptotic cell death in TILs through RCAS1 expression. These observations suggest that RCAS1 probably plays an important role in tumor progression and escape from immune surveillance in canine mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Okamura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Japan
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33
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Zhang H, Yi X, Sun X, Yin N, Shi B, Wu H, Wang D, Wu G, Shang Y. Differential gene regulation by the SRC family of coactivators. Genes Dev 2004; 18:1753-65. [PMID: 15256502 PMCID: PMC478195 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SRCs (steroid receptor coactivators) are required for nuclear receptor-mediated transcription and are also implicated in the transcription initiation by other transcription factors, such as STATs and NFkappaB. Despite phenotypic manifestations in gene knockout mice for SRC-1, GRIP1, and AIB1 of the SRC (Steroid Receptor Coactivator) family indicating their differential roles in animal physiology, there is no clear evidence, at the molecular level, to support a functional specificity for these proteins. We demonstrated in this report that two species of SRC coactivators, either as AIB1:GRIP1 or as AIB1:SRC-1 are recruited, possibly through heterodimerization, on the promoter of genes that contain a classical hormone responsive element (HRE). In contrast, on non-HRE-containing gene promoters, on which steroid receptors bind indirectly, either GRIP1 or SRC-1 is recruited as a monomer, depending on the cellular abundance of the protein. Typically, non-HRE-containing genes are early genes activated by steroid receptors, whereas HRE-containing genes are activated later. Our results also showed that SRC proteins contribute to the temporal regulation of gene transcription. In addition, our experiments revealed a positive correlation between AIB1/c-myc overexpression in ER+ breast carcinoma samples, suggesting a possible mechanism for AIB1 in breast cancer carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100083, China
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34
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Akahira JI, Aoki M, Suzuki T, Moriya T, Niikura H, Ito K, Inoue S, Okamura K, Sasano H, Yaegashi N. Expression of EBAG9/RCAS1 is associated with advanced disease in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:2197-202. [PMID: 15164121 PMCID: PMC2409481 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor-binding fragment associated gene 9, EBAG9, is an oestrogen-responsive gene that was identified in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. It is identical to RCAS 1, a cancer cell surface antigen possibly involved in immune escape. In the present study, we examined the expression of EBAG9/RCAS1 in human epithelial ovarian cancer using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). A total of 90 epithelial ovarian cancer cases were examined immunohistochemically by means of the antibodies for EBAG9 and ERα. The correlation between EBAG9 immunoreactivity and clinicopathological parameters was examined. mRNA expression of EBAG9 and ERα were evaluated by RT–PCR in 22 cases. The expression for EBAG9 and ERα was examined by immunoblotting in 12 ovarian cancer cell lines. EBAG9 immunoreactivity was detected in the surface and cytoplasm of carcinoma cells in 46 out of 90 cases (51.1%). EBAG9 expression was significantly higher in serous histology (P=0.0402) and advanced disease (P=0.0206). No significant relationship was detected between EBAG9 immunoreactivity and overall survival (P=0.689). There was a highly significant correlation between EBAG9 and ER immunoreactivity (P<0.0001). The EBAG9 mRNA was detected in 20 out of 22 cases. In all of the cases that were positive for ERα mRNA, they were also positive for EBAG9 mRNA. Immunoreactive band corresponding to EBAG9 was detected in 11 out of 12 of ovarian cancer cell lines, and was consistent with ERα expression. In conclusion, the wide distribution of EBAG9 and its relation to advanced disease suggest that this protein may play important roles in epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-I Akahira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
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35
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Suzuki T, Miki Y, Moriya T, Shimada N, Ishida T, Hirakawa H, Ohuchi N, Sasano H. Estrogen-related receptor alpha in human breast carcinoma as a potent prognostic factor. Cancer Res 2004; 64:4670-6. [PMID: 15231680 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha) was identified as a gene related to estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and belongs to a class of nuclear orphan receptors. ERRalpha binds to estrogen responsive element(s) (ERE) and is considered to be involved in modulation of estrogenic actions. However, biological significance of ERRalpha remains largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the expression of ERRalpha in human breast carcinoma tissues using immunohistochemistry (n = 102) and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (n = 30). ERRalpha immunoreactivity was detected in the nuclei of carcinoma cells in 55% of breast cancers examined, and relative immunoreactivity of ERRalpha was significantly (P = 0.0041) associated with the mRNA level. Significant associations were detected between ERalpha and ERE-containing estrogen-responsive genes, such as pS2 (P < 0.0001) and EBAG9/RCAS1 (P = 0.0214), in breast carcinoma tissues. However, no significant association was detected between ERalpha and pS2 (P = 0.1415) in the ERRalpha-positive cases (n = 56) or between ERalpha and EBAG9/RCAS1 (P = 0.8271) in the ERRalpha-negative group (n = 46). ERRalpha immunoreactivity was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence and adverse clinical outcome by both uni- (P = 0.0097 and P = 0.0053, respectively) and multi- (P = 0.0215 and P = 0.0118, respectively) variate analyses. A similar tendency was also detected in the group of breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen therapy after surgery. Results from our study suggest that ERRalpha possibly modulates the expression of ERE-containing estrogen-responsive genes, and ERRalpha immunoreactivity is a potent prognostic factor in human breast carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aromatase/biosynthesis
- Aromatase/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal/pathology
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Estrogen Receptor alpha
- Estrogens/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Tamoxifen/therapeutic use
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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36
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Takahashi S, Urano T, Tsuchiya F, Fujimura T, Kitamura T, Ouchi Y, Muramatsu M, Inoue S. EBAG9/RCAS1 expression and its prognostic significance in prostatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:310-5. [PMID: 12845666 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene 9 (EBAG9) has been identified as a primary estrogen-responsive gene from MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (Watanabe T, et al., Mol Cell Biol 1998;18:442-9). EBAG9 is identical with RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells), which has been reported as a cancer cell surface antigen implicated in immune escape (Nakashima M, et al., Nat Med 1999;5:938-42). In our present study, we examined EBAG9 expression in human prostatic tissues and investigated its prognostic significance in patients with prostatic cancer. EBAG9 expression in normal prostatic epithelial cells and PC-3, DU145 and LNCaP cancer cells was determined by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemic analysis was performed in 21 benign and 81 malignant prostatic specimens, and patients' charts were reviewed for clinical, pathologic and survival data. EBAG9 was abundantly expressed in the prostate cancer cells compared to the normal epithelial cells. Strong and diffuse immunostaining in the cytoplasm of EBAG9 was found in 44 of 81 (54%) cancerous tissue samples. EBAG9 expression significantly correlated with advanced pathologic stages and high Gleason score (p = 0.0305 and < 0.0001, respectively). EBAG9 was more frequently expressed at sites of capsular penetration (79%) and lymph node metastasis (100%) compared to intracapsular primary tumors (54%) (p = 0.0264 and 0.0048, respectively). Positive EBAG9 immunoreactivity significantly correlated with poor PSA failure-free survival (p = 0.0059). EBAG9/RCAS1 may play a significant role in cancer progression via an immune escape system. Immunodetection of EBAG9/RCAS1 expression can be a negative prognostic indicator for patients with prostatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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37
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Aoki T, Inoue S, Imamura H, Fukushima J, Takahashi S, Urano T, Hasegawa K, Ogushi T, Ouchi Y, Makuuchi M. EBAG9/RCAS1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: correlation with tumour dedifferentiation and proliferation. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:1552-61. [PMID: 12855262 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The oestrogen-responsive gene, EBAG9, whose product is identical to the cancer cell surface antigen RCAS1, is reported to be associated with tumour progression and invasiveness in various carcinomas. In this study, we examined the expression of EBAG9/RCAS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with special reference to its relationship with the stepwise evolution of HCC. Expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting analysis in 143 HCCs, as well as in non-cancerous liver tissues. After which, the association between enhanced EBAG9/RCAS1 expression and various clinicopathological parameters including Ki-67 labelling index (LI), a marker of proliferative activity, was evaluated. There was a constant low level of EBAG9/RCAS1 expression in non-cancerous liver tissues, with a regular cytoplasmic distribution. Positive immunoreactivity for EBAG9/RCAS1 was detected on the surface and in the cytoplasm of 84 HCC tumours, with an irregular staining pattern. Enhanced EBAG9/RCAS1 expression was correlated with a lower degree of differentiation and Ki-67 LI. Interestingly, expression was enhanced specifically in the less differentiated lesions within 'nodule-in-nodule' tumours. In conclusion, EBAG9/RCAS1 was associated with HCC tumour dedifferentiation and increased proliferative activity. Its exact functional role remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Aoki
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Engelsberg A, Hermosilla R, Karsten U, Schülein R, Dörken B, Rehm A. The Golgi protein RCAS1 controls cell surface expression of tumor-associated O-linked glycan antigens. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:22998-3007. [PMID: 12672804 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301361200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunology has received a large impetus from the identification of tumor-associated antigens. Among them, a monoclonal antibody, 22.1.1, was instrumental in defining a novel tumor-associated antigen that was termed "receptor binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells" (RCAS1). RCAS1 was proposed to induce growth arrest and apoptosis on activated immune cells, mediated by a putative death receptor. Structurally, RCAS1 was predicted to exist as a type II transmembrane protein and in a soluble form. Here, we analyzed occurrence, membrane topology, and subcellular localization of the RCAS1-encoded gene product. RCAS1 was shown to be a ubiquitously expressed type III transmembrane protein with a Golgi-predominant localization. Monoclonal antibody 22.1.1 failed to recognize RCAS1, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy. Instead, we showed that the cognate 22.1.1 epitope is identical with the tumor-associated O-linked glycan Tn (N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, GalNAc). Overexpression of RCAS1 in cell lines that are negative for 22.1.1 surface staining led to the generation of Tn and the closely related TF (Thomsen-Friedenreich, Galbeta1-3GalNAc) antigen, thus providing a functional link to the generation of the 22.1.1 epitope. We suggest that RCAS1 modulates surface expression of tumor-associated, normally cryptic O-linked glycan structures and contributes indirectly to the antigenicity of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Engelsberg
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumorimmunology, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Wu L, Wu Y, Gathings B, Wan M, Li X, Grizzle W, Liu Z, Lu C, Mao Z, Cao X. Smad4 as a transcription corepressor for estrogen receptor alpha. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:15192-200. [PMID: 12576474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212332200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiestrogen compounds exhibit a variety of different effects in different tissues and are widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis, breast cancer, and other diseases. Upon examining the molecular mechanisms, we found that Smad4, a common signal transducer in the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway, functions as a transcription corepressor for human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). Endogenous ERalpha was co-immunoprecipitated with Smad4, and the interaction was induced by antiestrogen ligands such as tamoxifen, raloxifene, and droloxifen, which was confirmed in chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Smad4 and ERalpha form a complex when ERalpha binds to the estrogen-responsive element within the estrogen target gene promoter. Importantly, the expression of Smad4 inhibits both antiestrogen-induced luciferase activity and estrogen downstream target gene transcription in breast cancer cells. Mapping of the interaction domains indicates that the activation function 1 (AF1) domain of ERalpha is essential for its interaction with Smad4, while the MH1 domain and linker region of Smad4 are essential for the interaction. Our findings represent a novel mechanism that TGF-beta may regulate cell fate through Smad4-mediated cross-talk with estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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40
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Johnston CM, Newall AET, Brockdorff N, Nesterova TB. Enox, a novel gene that maps 10 kb upstream of Xist and partially escapes X inactivation. Genomics 2002; 80:236-44. [PMID: 12160738 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dosage compensation in mammals is accomplished by the transcriptional silencing of a single X chromosome in female cells, a process termed X inactivation. A cytogenetically defined region of the X chromosome, the X-inactivation center (Xic), is necessary in cis for this process. Although the precise nature of the Xic remains unknown, a key component, the Xist gene, has been shown to be essential for X inactivation. In XX somatic cells, Xist RNA is specifically transcribed from the inactive X chromosome, which is otherwise essentially heterochromatic. Previous studies aimed at defining the proximal limit of the Xic have indicated that it lies within 30 kb upstream of the Xist promoter. Here we describe a novel gene, Enox (expressed neighbor of Xist), that maps to an unmethylated CpG island 10 kb upstream of Xist. Enox transcripts are antisense relative to Xist, highly heterogeneous, and apparently noncoding. In female somatic tissue Enox partially escapes from X inactivation. We discuss the implications of these findings in relation to our understanding of the Xic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette M Johnston
- X Inactivation Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Faculty of Medicine ICSTM, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, UK
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41
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Rousseau J, Têtu B, Caron D, Malenfant P, Cattaruzzi P, Audette M, Doillon C, Tremblay JP, Guérette B. RCAS1 is associated with ductal breast cancer progression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:1544-9. [PMID: 12054692 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RCAS1/EBAG9 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells/ estrogen receptor-binding fragment-associated gene 9), an estrogen-transcribed protein, has been shown to be expressed in a wide variety of cancers, including uterine, ovarian, and lung cancer cells. Soluble and membranous RCAS1 proteins may play a role in the immune escape of tumor cells by promoting T lymphocyte inhibition of growth and apoptosis. In the present report, the presence of RCAS1 was revealed in human ductal breast cancer biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Its cytoplasmic expression was exhibited in cancer cells obtained from tumor biopsies and in breast cancer cell lines. RCAS1 significantly correlated with tumor grade. In addition, RCAS1 was identified in MCF7 culture supernatants. Those observations suggest that RCAS1 is a new marker for breast cancer progression and a possible mechanism for breast cancer immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rousseau
- Oncology and Molecular Endocrinology Research Center, CHUL's Research Center and Laval University, 2705, boul. Laurier, Bureau T2-33, Sainte-Foy, Qué.,Canada G1V 4G2
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42
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Abstract
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) mimic estrogen action in certain tissues while opposing it in others. The therapeutic effectiveness of SERMs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene in breast cancer depends on their antiestrogenic activity. In the uterus, however, tamoxifen is estrogenic. Here, we show that both tamoxifen and raloxifene induce the recruitment of corepressors to target gene promoters in mammary cells. In endometrial cells, tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, acts like estrogen by stimulating the recruitment of coactivators to a subset of genes. The estrogen-like activity of tamoxifen in the uterus requires a high level of steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) expression. Thus cell type- and promoter-specific differences in coregulator recruitment determine the cellular response to SERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Shang
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, and Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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43
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Suzuki T, Inoue S, Kawabata W, Akahira J, Moriya T, Tsuchiya F, Ogawa S, Muramatsu M, Sasano H. EBAG9/RCAS1 in human breast carcinoma: a possible factor in endocrine-immune interactions. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1731-7. [PMID: 11742495 PMCID: PMC2363964 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.2176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
EBAG9 has been recently identified as an oestrogen responsive gene in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. EBAG9 is identical to RCAS1, a cancer cell surface antigen possibly involved in immune escape. In this study, we examined the expression of EBAG9/RCAS1 in human breast carcinomas using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). EBAG9 immunoreactivity was also associated with various clinicopathological parameters, including intratumoural infiltration of inflammatory cells, to examine the biological significance of EBAG9 in human breast carcinomas. EBAG9 immunoreactivity was detected in the entire surface and cytoplasm of carcinoma cells in 82 out of 91 invasive ductal carcinomas (90.1%). In non-neoplastic mammary glands, EBAG9 immunoreactivity was weakly present on the luminal surface of epithelial cells. Results from RT-PCR (n = 7) were consistent with those of immunohistochemistry. EBAG9 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER) alpha labelling index (P = 0.0081), and inversely associated with the degree of intratumoural infiltration of mononuclear cells (P = 0.0020), or CD3(+) T lymphocytes (P = 0.0025). This study suggests that EBAG9 is produced via ER in carcinoma cells and inhibits the intratumoural infiltration of T lymphocytes in the context of a possible endocrine-immune interaction in human breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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