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Yu YH, Park DK, Yoo DY, Kim DS. Altered expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity in rat main olfactory bulb following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32317084 PMCID: PMC7196189 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.4.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures and caused by various factors and mechanisms. Malfunction of the olfactory bulb is frequently observed in patients with epilepsy. However, the morphological changes in the olfactory bulb during epilepsy-induced neuropathology have not been elucidated. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the expression of parvalbumin (PV), one of the calcium-binding proteins, and morphological changes in the rat main olfactory bulb (MOB) following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE). Pilocarpine-induced SE resulted in neuronal degeneration in the external plexiform layer (EPL) and glomerular layer (GL) of the MOB. PV immunoreactivity was observed in the neuronal somas and processes in the EPL and GL of the control group. However, six hours after pilocarpine administration, PV expression was remarkably decreased in the neuronal processes compared to the somas and the average number of PV-positive interneurons was significantly decreased. Three months after pilocarpine treatment, the number of PV-positive interneurons was also significantly decreased compared to the 6 hour group in both layers. In addition, the number of NeuN-positive neurons was also significantly decreased in the EPL and GL following pilocarpine treatment. In double immunofluorescence staining for PV and MAP2, the immunoreactivity for MAP2 around the PV-positive neurons was significantly decreased three months after pilocarpine treatment. Therefore, the present findings suggest that decreases in PV-positive GABAergic interneurons and dendritic density in the MOB induced impaired calcium buffering and reciprocal synaptic transmission. Thus, these alterations may be considered key factors aggravating olfactory function in patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Hee Yu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Dae-Kyoon Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
| | - Duk-Soo Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Korea
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2
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Jin C, Lin T, Shan L. Downregulation of Calbindin 1 by miR-454-3p Suppresses Cell Proliferation in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer In Vitro. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:119-127. [PMID: 30638403 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calbindin 1 (CALB1), a constituent Ca2+-binding protein, has been reported to prevent apoptotic death in tumor cells. However, the microRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism of CALB1 expression in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been reported so far. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, CALB1 was found to be overexpressed in NSCLC tissues through the immunohistochemistry assay. Higher CALB1 expression levels were significantly associated with the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. Moreover, higher expression of CALB1 predicts poor survival in NSCLC patients using the Kaplan-Meier plotter online analysis. In addition, miR-454-3p was predicted to target CALB1 using a software algorithm, validated by the luciferase assay, and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The authors further found that miR-454-3p was downregulated in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of CALB1 or upregulation of miR-454-3p significantly suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis as shown by CCK-8 and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that CALB1 is a direct target of miR-454-3p and downregulation of CALB1 by miR-454-3p suppressed NSCLC cell functions, which may shed light on its potential application in NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caijin Jin
- 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sanmen Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tao Lin
- 2 Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Sanmen People's Hospital, Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liqun Shan
- 3 Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province, China
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3
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Choi WS, Oh YJ. Calbindin-D28K Prevents Staurosporin-induced Bax Cleavage and Membrane Permeabilization. Exp Neurobiol 2014; 23:173-7. [PMID: 24963283 PMCID: PMC4065832 DOI: 10.5607/en.2014.23.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calbindin-D28K has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal cell death. Previously, we demonstrated that calbindin-D28K prevents staurosporine (STS)-induced caspase activation and subsequent apoptosis in a neuronal cell line. However, the role of calbindin-D28K in STS-induced activation of calpain and necrotic cell death was not identified. Staurosporine induced the elevation of intracellular calcium after 1 hr of treatment. Overexpression of calbindin-D28K and presence of a calcium chelator, BAPTA, prevented the increase of calcium in STS-treated cells. Cleavage of Bax by calpain was prevented by the overexpressed calbindin-D28K. Permeabilization of the plasma membrane, a factor in necrosis, as well as apoptotic change of the nucleolus induced by STS, was prevented by calbindin-D28K. Thus, our study suggests that calbindin-D28K may exert its protective functions by preventing calpain activation in necrotic cell death, in addition to its effect on the caspase-apoptosis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Seok Choi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea. ; Department of Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Young J Oh
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Fosser NS, Ronco L, Bejarano A, Paganelli AR, Ríos H. Calbindin-D28k and calretinin in chicken inner retina during postnatal development and neuroplasticity by dim red light. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 73:530-42. [PMID: 23447106 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Members of the family of calcium binding proteins (CBPs) are involved in the buffering of calcium (Ca2+) by regulating how Ca2+ can operate within synapses or more globally in the entire cytoplasm and they are present in a particular arrangement in all types of retinal neurons. Calbindin D28k and calretinin belong to the family of CBPs and they are mainly co-expressed with other CBPs. Calbindin D28k is expressed in doubles cones, bipolar cells and in a subpopulation of amacrine and ganglion neurons. Calretinin is present in horizontal cells as well as in a subpopulation of amacrine and ganglion neurons. Both proteins fill the soma at the inner nuclear layer and the neuronal projections at the inner plexiform layer. Moreover, calbindin D28k and calretinin have been associated with neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system. During pre and early postnatal visual development, the visual system shows high responsiveness to environmental influences. In this work we observed modifications in the pattern of stratification of calbindin immunoreactive neurons, as well as in the total amount of calbindin through the early postnatal development. In order to test whether or not calbindin is involved in retinal plasticity we analyzed phosphorylated p38 MAPK expression, which showed a decrease in p-p38 MAPK, concomitant to the observed decrease of calbindin D28k. Results showed in this study suggest that calbindin is a molecule related with neuroplasticity, and we suggest that calbindin D28k has significant roles in neuroplastic changes in the retina, when retinas are stimulated with different light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Sebastián Fosser
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias Prof. E. De Robertis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Paraguay 2155, 2do. piso, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1121ABG, Argentina
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Braunewell KH. The visinin-like proteins VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 in Alzheimer's disease-old wine in new bottles. Front Mol Neurosci 2012; 5:20. [PMID: 22375104 PMCID: PMC3284765 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2012.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal Ca2+-sensor (NCS) proteins VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 have been implicated in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) show association of genetic variants of VILIP-1 (VSNL1) and VILIP-3 (HPCAL1) with AD+P (+psychosis) and late onset AD (LOAD), respectively. In AD brains the expression of VILIP-1 and VILIP-3 protein and mRNA is down-regulated in cortical and limbic areas. In the hippocampus, for instance, reduced VILIP-1 mRNA levels correlate with the content of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid plaques, the pathological characteristics of AD, and with the mini mental state exam (MMSE), a test for cognitive impairment. More recently, VILIP-1 was evaluated as a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker and a prognostic marker for cognitive decline in AD. In CSF increased VILIP-1 levels correlate with levels of Aβ, tau, ApoE4, and reduced MMSE scores. These findings tie in with previous results showing that VILIP-1 is involved in pathological mechanisms of altered Ca2+-homeostasis leading to neuronal loss. In PC12 cells, depending on co-expression with the neuroprotective Ca2+-buffer calbindin D28K, VILIP-1 enhanced tau phosphorylation and cell death. On the other hand, VILIP-1 affects processes, such as cyclic nucleotide signaling and dendritic growth, as well as nicotinergic modulation of neuronal network activity, both of which regulate synaptic plasticity and cognition. Similar to VILIP-1, its interaction partner α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is severely reduced in AD, causing severe cognitive deficits. Comparatively little is known about VILIP-3, but its interaction with cytochrome b5, which is part of an antioxidative system impaired in AD, hint toward a role in neuroprotection. A current hypothesis is that the reduced expression of visinin-like protein (VSNLs) in AD is caused by selective vulnerability of subpopulations of neurons, leading to the death of these VILIP-1-expressing neurons, explaining its increased CSF levels. While the Ca2+-sensor appears to be a good biomarker for the detrimental effects of Aβ in AD, its early, possibly Aβ-induced, down-regulation of expression may additionally attenuate neuronal signal pathways regulating the functions of dendrites and neuroplasticity, and as a consequence, this may contribute to cognitive decline in early AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl H Braunewell
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham AL, USA
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Mouton-Liger F, Thomas S, Rattenbach R, Magnol L, Larigaldie V, Ledru A, Herault Y, Verney C, Créau N. PCP4 (PEP19) overexpression induces premature neuronal differentiation associated with Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent kinase II-δ activation in mouse models of Down syndrome. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2779-802. [PMID: 21491429 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pcp4/pep19 is a modulator of Ca(2+) -CaM, a key molecule for calcium signaling, expressed in postmitotic neuroectoderm cells during mouse embryogenesis. The PCP4 gene is located on human chromosome 21 and is present in three copies in Down syndrome (DS). To evaluate the consequences of three copies of this gene on the development of these cells in the nervous system, we constructed a transgenic (TgPCP4) mouse model, with one copy of human PCP4, and investigated the effects in this model and in the Ts1Cje, a mouse model of DS. During embryogenesis, we analyzed 1) the level of pcp4 transcript and protein in the two models; 2) the extent of colabeling for markers of neuronal differentiation (βIII-tubulin, Map2c, calbindin, and calretinin) and pcp4 by immunofluorescence analysis and overall protein levels of these markers by Western blotting; and 3) the rate of activation of CaMKII, a Ca(2+) -CaM target, to evaluate the impact of pcp4 overexpression on the Ca(2+) -CaM signaling pathway. We showed that three copies of the pcp4 gene induced the overexpression of transcripts and proteins during embryogenesis. Pcp4 overexpression 1) induced precocious neuronal differentiation, as shown by the distribution and levels of early neuronal markers; and 2) was associated with an increase in CaMKIIδ activation, confirming involvement in neuronal differentiation in vivo via a Pcp4-Ca(2+) -CaM pathway. TgPCP4 and Ts1Cje mice developed similar modifications, demonstrating that these mechanisms may account for abnormal neuronal development in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mouton-Liger
- Functional Adaptive Biology (BFA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EAC4413, Université Paris Diderot-Paris7, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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7
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Garred MM, Wang MM, Guo X, Harrington CA, Lein PJ. Transcriptional responses of cultured rat sympathetic neurons during BMP-7-induced dendritic growth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21754. [PMID: 21765909 PMCID: PMC3135585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrites are the primary site of synapse formation in the vertebrate nervous system; however, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the initial formation of primary dendrites. Embryonic rat sympathetic neurons cultured under defined conditions extend a single functional axon, but fail to form dendrites. Addition of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) triggers these neurons to extend multiple dendrites without altering axonal growth or cell survival. We used this culture system to examine differential gene expression patterns in naïve vs. BMP-treated sympathetic neurons in order to identify candidate genes involved in regulation of primary dendritogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine the critical transcriptional window during BMP-induced dendritic growth, morphometric analysis of microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2)-immunopositive processes was used to quantify dendritic growth in cultures exposed to the transcription inhibitor actinomycin-D added at varying times after addition of BMP-7. BMP-7-induced dendritic growth was blocked when transcription was inhibited within the first 24 hr after adding exogenous BMP-7. Thus, total RNA was isolated from sympathetic neurons exposed to three different experimental conditions: (1) no BMP-7 treatment; (2) treatment with BMP-7 for 6 hr; and (3) treatment with BMP-7 for 24 hr. Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays were used to identify differential gene expression under these three culture conditions. BMP-7 significantly regulated 56 unique genes at 6 hr and 185 unique genes at 24 hr. Bioinformatic analyses implicate both established and novel genes and signaling pathways in primary dendritogenesis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides a unique dataset that will be useful in generating testable hypotheses regarding transcriptional control of the initial stages of dendritic growth. Since BMPs selectively promote dendritic growth in central neurons as well, these findings may be generally applicable to dendritic growth in other neuronal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Garred
- Gene Microarray Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Wang
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina A. Harrington
- Gene Microarray Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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8
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Bradham CA, Oikonomou C, Kühn A, Core AB, Modell JW, McClay DR, Poustka AJ. Chordin is required for neural but not axial development in sea urchin embryos. Dev Biol 2009; 328:221-33. [PMID: 19389361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The oral-aboral (OA) axis in the sea urchin is specified by the TGFbeta family members Nodal and BMP2/4. Nodal promotes oral specification, whereas BMP2/4, despite being expressed in the oral territory, is required for aboral specification. This study explores the role of Chordin (Chd) during sea urchin embryogenesis. Chd is a secreted BMP inhibitor that plays an important role in axial and neural specification and patterning in Drosophila and vertebrate embryos. In Lytechinus variegatus embryos, Chd and BMP2/4 are functionally antagonistic. Both are expressed in overlapping domains in the oral territory prior to and during gastrulation. Perturbation shows that, surprisingly, Chd is not involved in OA axis specification. Instead, Chd is required both for normal patterning of the ciliary band at the OA boundary and for development of synaptotagmin B-positive (synB) neurons in a manner that is reciprocal with BMP2/4. Chd expression and synB-positive neural development are both downstream from p38 MAPK and Nodal, but not Goosecoid. These data are summarized in a model for synB neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Bradham
- Biology Department, Boston University, 24 Cummington, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Calbindin-D28K prevents drug-induced dopaminergic neuronal death by inhibiting caspase and calpain activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 371:127-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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10
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Ding EL, Mehta S, Fawzi WW, Giovannucci EL. Interaction of estrogen therapy with calcium and vitamin D supplementation on colorectal cancer risk: reanalysis of Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1690-4. [PMID: 18092326 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although calcium and vitamin-D intake were consistently shown to be inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk in several large prospective studies and protective against adenoma and cancer in multiple randomized trials, the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) of calcium and low-dose vitamin-D supplementation trial found no overall effects on colorectal cancer. However, the previous report did not recognize an important biologic interaction with estrogen therapy. We investigated the treatment interaction of estrogen with calcium and vitamin-D on risk of colorectal cancer via a reanalysis of primary data results from the WHI calcium and vitamin-D supplementation trial (1,000 mg elemental calcium, 400 IU of vitamin-D3, or placebo), reanalyzing results from women concurrently randomized to estrogen interventions and placebo. Results indicate that concurrent estrogen therapy was a strong effect modifier of calcium and vitamin-D supplementation on colorectal cancer risk. While calcium plus vitamin-D supplementation among women concurrently assigned to estrogen therapies suggested increased risk (Hazard Ratio = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.96-2.33), among women concurrently assigned to placebos arms of the estrogen trials, calcium plus vitamin-D indicated suggestive benefits (HR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.46-1.09) (p-for-estrogen-interaction = 0.018). Consistent interaction was also found by reported estrogen use (p interaction = 0.037). Results indicate contrasting effects of calcium and vitamin-D by concurrent estrogen therapy on colorectal cancer risk. Although further clinical and mechanistic studies are warranted, the potential clinical implications of the apparent interaction of estrogen therapy with calcium and vitamin-D supplementation should be recognized. Important biological mechanisms related to the key membrane receptor megalin and estrogen-dependent protein calbindin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Ding
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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McCann JC, Ames BN. Is there convincing biological or behavioral evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to brain dysfunction? FASEB J 2007; 22:982-1001. [PMID: 18056830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-9326rev] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D insufficiency is common in the United States; the elderly and African-Americans are at particularly high risk of deficiency. This review, written for a broad scientific readership, presents a critical overview of scientific evidence relevant to a possible causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and adverse cognitive or behavioral effects. Topics discussed are 1) biological functions of vitamin D relevant to cognition and behavior; 2) studies in humans and rodents that directly examine effects of vitamin D inadequacy on cognition or behavior; and 3) immunomodulatory activity of vitamin D relative to the proinflammatory cytokine theory of cognitive/behavioral dysfunction. We conclude there is ample biological evidence to suggest an important role for vitamin D in brain development and function. However, direct effects of vitamin D inadequacy on cognition/behavior in human or rodent systems appear to be subtle, and in our opinion, the current experimental evidence base does not yet fully satisfy causal criteria. Possible explanations for the apparent inconsistency between results of biological and cognitive/behavioral experiments, as well as suggested areas for further research are discussed. Despite residual uncertainty, recommendations for vitamin D supplementation of at-risk groups, including nursing infants, the elderly, and African-Americans appear warranted to ensure adequacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C McCann
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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12
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Oh JE, Karlmark KR, Shin JH, Pollak A, Freilinger A, Hengstschläger M, Lubec G. Differentiation of neuroblastoma cell line N1E-115 involves several signaling cascades. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:333-48. [PMID: 16018577 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-005-2607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
No systematic searches for differential expression of signaling proteins (SP) in undifferentiated vs. differentiated cell lineages were published and herein we used protein profiling for this purpose. The NIE-115 cell line was cultivated and an aliquot was differentiated with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), that is known to lead to a neuronal phenotype. Cell lysates were prepared, run on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by MALDI-TOF-TOF identification of proteins and maps of identified SPs were generated. Seven SPs were comparable, 27 SPs: GTP-binding/Ras-related proteins, kinases, growth factors, calcium binding proteins, phosphatase-related proteins were observed in differentiated NIE-115 cells and eight SPs of the groups mentioned above were observed in undifferentiated cells only. Switching-on/off of several individual SPs from different signaling cascades during the differentiation process is a key to understand mechanisms involved. The findings reported herein are challenging in vitro and in vivo studies to confirm a functional role for deranged SPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-eun Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18, A 1090, Vienna, Austria
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13
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O'Driscoll CM, Gorman AM. Hypoxia induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells that is mediated through adenosine A2A receptors. Neuroscience 2005; 131:321-9. [PMID: 15708476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Development of the nervous system is a complex process, involving coordinated regulation of diverse cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation and synaptogenesis. Disturbances to brain development such as pre- and perinatal hypoxia have been linked to behavioural and late onset of neurological disorders. This study examines the effect of hypoxia on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Hypoxia not only caused a rapid induction of neurite outgrowth, but also synergistically enhanced nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth up to 24 h. Transactivation of TrkA receptors was ruled out since the TrkA inhibitor K252a did not block hypoxia-induced neurite outgrowth. Adenosine deaminase prevented hypoxia-induced neurite outgrowth indicating that the effect is mediated by adenosine. Use of the specific adenosine A2A receptor agonist CGS21680 and antagonist 8-3(chlorostyryl)caffeine demonstrated that activation of this receptor is critical for hypoxia-induced neurite outgrowth. Hypoxia-induced neurite outgrowth was blocked by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor, MDL-12,330A, indicating a role for activation of this enzyme in the pathway. Hypoxia was further shown to cause a decrease in growth-associated protein (GAP)-43 levels and a lack of induction of betaIII tubulin, in contrast to NGF treatment which resulted in increased cellular levels of both of these proteins. These findings suggest that hypoxia induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells via a pathway distinct from that activated by NGF. Thus, exposure to hypoxia at critical stages of development may contribute to aberrant neurite outgrowth and could be a factor in the pathogenesis of certain delayed developmental neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M O'Driscoll
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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14
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Jeon HK, Jin HS, Lee DH, Choi WS, Moon CK, Oh YJ, Lee TH. Proteome Analysis Associated with Cadmium Adaptation in U937 Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:31575-83. [PMID: 15152011 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m400823200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a well known environmental toxicant and carcinogen. To identify proteins involved in cellular adaptive responses to cadmium, we established cadmium-adapted U937 cells that exhibit resistance to cadmium-induced apoptosis, and we performed comparative proteome analysis of these cells with parental cells that were either untreated or treated with cadmium. Newly identified proteins that were changed in expression level in both adapted cells and cadmium-treated parental cells included proteins implicated in cell proliferation and malignant transformation. Most interesting, a calcium-binding protein calbindin-D(28k) was increased only in the adapted cells but not in cadmium-exposed parental cells. The level of calbindin-D(28k) increased by the degree of cadmium adaptation and was stably maintained without selective pressure of cadmium. Cadmium-adapted U937 cells were resistant to the toxic effects of cytosolic calcium rise by cadmium treatment and by depletion of intracellular calcium stores, suggesting that enhanced calcium buffering by up-regulated calbindin-D(28k) may be responsible for acquiring resistance to cadmium-induced apoptosis. We demonstrated that overexpression of calbindin-D(28k) in MN9D neuronal cells resulted in reduced cadmium-induced apoptosis. Our study documents for the first time that cells respond to long term cadmium exposure by increasing calbindin-D(28k) expression, thereby attenuating cadmium-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Jeon
- Department of Biology and Protein Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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15
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Eom DS, Choi WS, Oh YJ. Bcl-2 enhances neurite extension via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 314:377-81. [PMID: 14733915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that Bcl-2 may play an active role in neuronal differentiation. Here, we showed a marked neurite extension in MN9D dopaminergic neuronal cells overexpressing Bcl-2 (MN9D/Bcl-2) or Bcl-X(L) (MN9D/Bcl-X(L)). We found a specific increase in phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) accompanied by neurite extension in MN9D/Bcl-2 but not in MN9D/Bcl-X(L) cells. Consequently, neurite extension in MN9D/Bcl-2 but not in MN9D/Bcl-X(L) cells was suppressed by treatment with SP600125, a specific inhibitor of JNK. Inhibition of other mitogen-activated protein kinases-including p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase-did not affect Bcl-2-mediated neurite extension in MN9D cells. While the expression levels of such protein markers of maturation as SNAP-25, phosphorylated NF-H, and neuron-specific enolase were increased in MN9D/Bcl-2 cells, only upregulation of SNAP-25 was inhibited after treatment with SP600125. Thus, the JNK signal activated by Bcl-2 seems to play an important role during morphological and certain biochemical differentiation in cultured dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Seok Eom
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University College of Science, 120-749 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu Y, Porta A, Peng X, Gengaro K, Cunningham EB, Li H, Dominguez LA, Bellido T, Christakos S. Prevention of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in osteocytes and osteoblasts by calbindin-D28k. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:479-90. [PMID: 15040837 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.0301242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2003] [Revised: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study show for the first time that calbindin-D28k can prevent glucocorticoid-induced bone cell death. The anti-apoptotic effect of calbindin-D28k involves inhibition of glucocorticoid induced caspase 3 activation as well as ERK activation. INTRODUCTION Recent studies have indicated that deleterious effects of glucocorticoids on bone involve increased apoptosis of osteocytes and osteoblasts. Because the calcium-binding protein calbindin-D28k has been reported to be anti-apoptotic in different cell types and in response to a variety of insults, we investigated whether calbindin-D28k could protect against glucocorticoid-induced cell death in bone cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apoptosis was induced by addition of dexamethasone (dex; 10-6 M) for 6 h to MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells as well as to osteoblastic cells. Apoptosis percentage was determined by examining the nuclear morphology of transfected cells. Caspase 3 activity was evaluated in bone cells and in vitro. SELDI mass spectrometry (MS) was used to examine calbindin-D28k-caspase 3 interaction. Phosphorylation of calbindin-D28k was examined by 32P incorporation as well as by MALDI-TOF MS. ERK activation was determined by Western blot. RESULTS The pro-apoptotic effect of dex in MLO-Y4 cells was completely inhibited in cells transfected with calbindin-D28k cDNA (5.6% apoptosis in calbindin-D28k transfected cells compared with 16.2% apoptosis in vector-transfected cells, p < 0.05). Similar results were observed in osteoblastic cells. We found that dex-induced apoptosis in bone cells was accompanied by an increase in caspase 3 activity. This increase in caspase 3 activity was inhibited in the presence of calbindin-D28k. In vitro assays indicated a concentration-dependent inhibition of caspase 3 by calbindin-D28k (Ki = 0.22 microM). Calbindin-D28k was found to inhibit caspase 3 specifically because the activity of other caspases was unaffected by calbindin-D28k. The anti-apoptotic effect of calbindin-D28k in response to dex was also reproducibly associated with an increase in the phosphorylation of ERK 1 and 2, suggesting that calbindin-D28k affects more than one signal in the glucocorticoid-induced apoptotic pathway. CONCLUSION Calbindin-D28k, a natural non-oncogenic protein, could be an important target in the therapeutic intervention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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Ugarte SD, Lin E, Klann E, Zigmond MJ, Perez RG. Effects of GDNF on 6-OHDA-induced death in a dopaminergic cell line: modulation by inhibitors of PI3 kinase and MEK. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:105-12. [PMID: 12815714 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with the selective death of dopaminergic neurons. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) can protect dopaminergic neurons in several parkinsonian models. We used the dopaminergic cell line MN9D to explore the mechanisms underlying GDNF-mediated protection against the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). MN9D cell viability was decreased 24 hr after a 15-min exposure to 6-OHDA (50-1000 microM) as revealed by staining with Hoechst reagent and Trypan blue. The addition of GDNF (10 ng/ml) before, during, and after exposure to 6-OHDA significantly increased the number of viable cells as assessed by Hoechst staining. In contrast, 6-OHDA-induced cell membrane damage was unaffected as measured by Trypan blue exclusion. The PI3K specific inhibitor LY294002 (10-50 microM) blocked GDNF-mediated protection against nuclear condensation, as did the MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 (5- 20 microM). These studies suggest that GDNF can protect dopaminergic cells against some but not all aspects of 6-OHDA-induced toxicity by acting through both PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana D Ugarte
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Sang Choe E, Warrier B, Soo Chun J, Cheol Park J, Lee CH. EDTA-induced activation of Ca-regulated proteins in the vaginal mucosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 68:159-67. [PMID: 14661261 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of EDTA on the expression and topologic localization of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (ERK, JNK, and p38), along with nitric oxide synthase (NOS), I-KappaB, and p53 were examined to elucidate the host response provoked by the intravaginal application of a female controlled drug delivery system (FcDDS) containing a spermicidal/microbicidal agent and EDTA. Immunohistochemical and immunoblotting studies were conducted to identify and quantitate the EDTA-inducible proteins in vaginal mucosa. The content of nitrite, which is one of the primary stable breakdown products of nitric oxide (NO), was determined to correlate the expression of NOS with NO formation in HeLa cervical carcinoma cell line. The immunohistochemical study demonstrated that the modulation of the calcium gradient by EDTA activated MAP kinases (ERK and JNK) in the rabbit vaginal mucosa. The results of Western immunoblot study demonstrated differential expression of MAP kinases (ERK and JNK) with EDTA treatment, whereas the expression of NOS and NF-KappaB was not affected by EDTA. There was no significant difference in nitrite production in the HeLa cell line upon exposure to EDTA compared with the control, which was consistent with the results of the Western blot study. The results of this work support that the regulation of MAP kinase was affected by calcium, which is controlled by chelation activity of EDTA. The specific tissue responses exerted by the loading components of a biomaterial-based system should be fully taken into consideration for its intravaginal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biology, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, Korea
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Bastianelli E. Distribution of calcium-binding proteins in the cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2003; 2:242-62. [PMID: 14964684 DOI: 10.1080/14734220310022289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcium plays a fundamental role in the cell as second messenger and is principally regulated by calcium-binding proteins. Although these proteins share in common their ability to bind calcium, they belong to different subfamilies. They present, in general, specific developmental and distribution patterns. Most Purkinje cells express the fast and slow calcium buffer proteins calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin, whereas basket, stellate and Golgi cells the slow buffer parvalbumin only. They are, almost all, calretinin negative. Granule, Lugaro and unipolar brush cells present an opposite immunoreactivity profile, most of them being calretinin positive while lacking calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin. The developmental pattern of appearance of these proteins seems to follow the maturation of neurons. Calbindin-D28k appears early, shortly after cessation of mitosis when neurons become ready to start migration and differentiation while parvalbumin is expressed later in parallel with an increase in neuronal activity. The other proteins are generally detected later. During development, some of these proteins, like calretinin, are transiently expressed in specific cellular subpopulations. The function of these proteins is not fully understood, although strong evidence supports a prominent role in physiological settings with altered calcium concentrations. These proteins regulate and are regulated by intracellular calcium level. For example, they may directly or indirectly enable sensitization or desensitization of calcium channels, and may further block calcium entry into the cells, like the calcium-sensor proteins, that have been shown to be potent and specific modulators of ion channels, which may allow for feedback control of current function and hence signaling. The absence of calcium buffer proteins results in marked abnormalities in cell firing; with alterations in simple and complex spikes or transformation of depressing synapses into facilitating synapses. Calcium-binding protein implication in resistance to degeneration is still a controversial issue. Neurons rich in calcium-binding proteins, especially calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin, seem to be relatively resistant to degeneration in a variety of acute and chronic disorders. However other data support that an absence of calcium-binding proteins may also have a neuroprotective effect. It is not unlikely that neurons may face a dual action mechanism where a decrease in calcium-binding proteins has a first short-term beneficial effect while it becomes detrimental for the cell over the long term.
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Takeda K, Ichijo H. Neuronal p38 MAPK signalling: an emerging regulator of cell fate and function in the nervous system. Genes Cells 2002; 7:1099-111. [PMID: 12390245 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.2002.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), together with extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), constitute the MAPK family. Multiple intracellular signalling pathways that converge on MAPKs exist in all eukaryotic cells and play pivotal roles in a wide variety of cellular functions. p38 MAPKs and JNKs, also termed stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), are preferentially activated by various cytotoxic stresses and cytokines and appear to be potent regulators of stress-induced apoptosis. Whereas JNKs have been shown to play pivotal roles in the regulation of neuronal apoptosis, the role of p38 MAPKs in the nervous system is poorly understood. However, accumulating evidence from mammalian cell culture systems and the strong genetic tool C. elegans suggests that neuronal p38 signalling has diverse functions beyond the control of cell death and survival. This review focuses on possible roles for the p38 pathway in the nervous system, with principal emphasis placed on the roles in neuronal cell fate decision and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Takeda
- Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
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Seo BB, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Flotte TR, Yagi T, Matsuno-Yagi A. A single-subunit NADH-quinone oxidoreductase renders resistance to mammalian nerve cells against complex I inhibition. Mol Ther 2002; 6:336-41. [PMID: 12231169 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2002.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest that dysfunction of mitochondrial proton-translocating NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Development of methods to correct complex I defects seems important. We have previously shown that the single-subunit NADH dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Ndi1P) can work as a replacement for complex I in mammalian cells. Using a recombinant adeno-associated virus vector carrying the NDI1 gene, we now demonstrated that the Ndi1 enzyme was successfully expressed in the dopaminergic cell lines rat PC12 and mouse MN9D. The cells expressing the Ndi1 protein were resistant to known inhibitors of complex I, such as rotenone and pyridaben. In addition, the NDI1-transduced cells were still capable of morphological maturation as examined by induction of neurite outgrowth. Also, it was possible to infect the cells after the maturation. The expressed Ndi1 protein was located both in cell bodies and in neurites and was functionally active. It is conceivable that the NDI1 gene will be a promising tool in the treatment of neurodegenerative conditions caused by complex I inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Boo Seo
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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