1
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Gong S, Xiang K, Chen L, Zhuang H, Song Y, Chen J. Integrated bioinformatics analysis identified leucine rich repeat containing 15 and secreted phosphoprotein 1 as hub genes for calcific aortic valve disease and osteoarthritis. IET Syst Biol 2024; 18:77-91. [PMID: 38566328 PMCID: PMC11179158 DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and osteoarthritis (OA) are common diseases in the ageing population and share similar pathogenesis, especially in inflammation. This study aims to discover potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in patients with CAVD and OA. Three CAVD datasets and one OA dataset were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We used bioinformatics methods to search for key genes and immune infiltration, and established a ceRNA network. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to verify the expression of candidate genes in human and mice aortic valve tissues. Two key genes obtained, leucine rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15) and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), were further screened using machine learning and verified in human and mice aortic valve tissues. Compared to normal tissues, the infiltration of immune cells in CAVD tissues was significantly higher, and the expressions of LRRC15 and SPP1 were positively correlated with immune cells infiltration. Moreover, the ceRNA network showed extensive regulatory interactions based on LRRC15 and SPP1. The authors' findings identified LRRC15 and SPP1 as hub genes in immunological mechanisms during CAVD and OA initiation and progression, as well as potential targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Gong
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Kun Xiang
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Le Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Huanwei Zhuang
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Yaning Song
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Jinlan Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular SurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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2
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Mendonça JB, Fernandes PV, Fernandes DC, Rodrigues FR, Waghabi MC, Tilli TM. Unlocking Overexpressed Membrane Proteins to Guide Breast Cancer Precision Medicine. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1402. [PMID: 38611080 PMCID: PMC11011122 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent form of cancer affecting women worldwide. However, the effectiveness of current BC drugs is limited by issues such as systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and severe side effects. Consequently, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic targets and improved tumor tracking methods. This study aims to address these challenges by proposing a strategy for identifying membrane proteins in tumors that can be targeted for specific BC therapy and diagnosis. The strategy involves the analyses of gene expressions in breast tumor and non-tumor tissues and other healthy tissues by using comprehensive bioinformatics analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), UALCAN, TNM Plot, and LinkedOmics. By employing this strategy, we identified four transcripts (LRRC15, EFNA3, TSPAN13, and CA12) that encoded membrane proteins with an increased expression in BC tissue compared to healthy tissue. These four transcripts also demonstrated high accuracy, specificity, and accuracy in identifying tumor samples, as confirmed by the ROC curve. Additionally, tissue microarray (TMA) analysis revealed increased expressions of the four proteins in tumor tissues across all molecular subtypes compared to the adjacent breast tissue. Moreover, the analysis of human interactome data demonstrated the important roles of these proteins in various cancer-related pathways. Taken together, these findings suggest that LRRC15, EFNA3, TSPAN13, and CA12 can serve as potential biomarkers for improving cancer diagnosis screening and as suitable targets for therapy with reduced side effects and enhanced efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Badaró Mendonça
- Translational Oncology Platform, Center for Technological Development in Health, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Bioinnovation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Priscila Valverde Fernandes
- Divisão de Patologia (DIPAT), Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil; (P.V.F.); (D.C.F.); (F.R.R.)
| | - Danielle C. Fernandes
- Divisão de Patologia (DIPAT), Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil; (P.V.F.); (D.C.F.); (F.R.R.)
| | - Fabiana Resende Rodrigues
- Divisão de Patologia (DIPAT), Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20230-130, RJ, Brazil; (P.V.F.); (D.C.F.); (F.R.R.)
| | - Mariana Caldas Waghabi
- Laboratory of Applied Genomics and Bioinnovation, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC) Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Tatiana Martins Tilli
- Translational Oncology Platform, Center for Technological Development in Health, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathophysiology, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil
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3
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Mishra S, Sharma M, Singh MK, Pati S, Dehury B. Dissecting the Molecular Basis of Host Leucine-Rich Repeat Containing 15 Mediated Interaction with Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein: A Computational Approach. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8994-9001. [PMID: 37781985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The detection of leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15) as a connecting link with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) underscores the possibility of its involvement in differential restriction activity of SARS-CoV-2 pathways. However, the structure-function mechanism of LRRC15 involving the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and their mode of interaction is largely unknown. Using state-of-the-art AlphaFold2 and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, our findings provide evidences of alternative binding modes of RBD with LRR units of LRRC15 having varied affinities. Contribution of both the receptor binding regions in RBD, including receptor binding motif in accommodating the LRR domain, towards the C-terminal region, emphasizes its differential role in modulating host cell receptiveness for SARS-CoV-2, the innate immune system, as well as antiviral tone. However, further experimental validations are necessary for unravelling the unknown mechanism and distinctive features of this host receptor in the COVID-19 pandemic, involving both the transmembrane as well as cytoplasmic domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbani Mishra
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Mansi Sharma
- KIIT School of Biotechnology, Sikharchandi Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Singh
- Data Science Laboratory, National Brain Research Centre, Gurgaon, Haryana 122052, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Bioinformatics Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Nalco Square, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
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4
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Brichkina A, Polo P, Sharma SD, Visestamkul N, Lauth M. A Quick Guide to CAF Subtypes in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092614. [PMID: 37174079 PMCID: PMC10177377 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer represents one of the most desmoplastic malignancies and is characterized by an extensive deposition of extracellular matrix. The latter is provided by activated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are abundant cells in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. Many recent studies have made it clear that CAFs are not a singular cellular entity but represent a multitude of potentially dynamic subgroups that affect tumor biology at several levels. As mentioned before, CAFs significantly contribute to the fibrotic reaction and the biomechanical properties of the tumor, but they can also modulate the local immune environment and the response to targeted, chemo or radiotherapy. As the number of known and emerging CAF subgroups is steadily increasing, it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep up with these developments and to clearly discriminate the cellular subsets identified so far. This review aims to provide a helpful overview that enables readers to quickly familiarize themselves with field of CAF heterogeneity and to grasp the phenotypic, functional and therapeutic distinctions of the various stromal subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brichkina
- Center for Tumor and Immune Biology, Clinics for Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Pierfrancesco Polo
- Center for Tumor and Immune Biology, Clinics for Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shrey Dharamvir Sharma
- Center for Tumor and Immune Biology, Clinics for Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Nico Visestamkul
- Center for Tumor and Immune Biology, Clinics for Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Lauth
- Center for Tumor and Immune Biology, Clinics for Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Philipps University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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5
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Loo L, Waller MA, Moreno CL, Cole AJ, Stella AO, Pop OT, Jochum AK, Ali OH, Denes CE, Hamoudi Z, Chung F, Aggarwal A, Low JKK, Patel K, Siddiquee R, Kang T, Mathivanan S, Mackay JP, Jochum W, Flatz L, Hesselson D, Turville S, Neely GG. Fibroblast-expressed LRRC15 is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 spike and controls antiviral and antifibrotic transcriptional programs. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001967. [PMID: 36757924 PMCID: PMC9910744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although ACE2 is the primary receptor for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, a systematic assessment of host factors that regulate binding to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has not been described. Here, we use whole-genome CRISPR activation to identify host factors controlling cellular interactions with SARS-CoV-2. Our top hit was a TLR-related cell surface receptor called leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15). LRRC15 expression was sufficient to promote SARS-CoV-2 spike binding where they form a cell surface complex. LRRC15 mRNA is expressed in human collagen-producing lung myofibroblasts and LRRC15 protein is induced in severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection where it can be found lining the airways. Mechanistically, LRRC15 does not itself support SARS-CoV-2 infection, but fibroblasts expressing LRRC15 can suppress both pseudotyped and authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection in trans. Moreover, LRRC15 expression in fibroblasts suppresses collagen production and promotes expression of IFIT, OAS, and MX-family antiviral factors. Overall, LRRC15 is a novel SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding receptor that can help control viral load and regulate antiviral and antifibrotic transcriptional programs in the context of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipin Loo
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Waller
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cesar L. Moreno
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexander J. Cole
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Oltin-Tiberiu Pop
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ann-Kristin Jochum
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute for Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Omar Hasan Ali
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher E. Denes
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zina Hamoudi
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Felicity Chung
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason K. K. Low
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karishma Patel
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rezwan Siddiquee
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taeyoung Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suresh Mathivanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wolfram Jochum
- Institute for Pathology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Institute for Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Center for Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Hesselson
- Centenary Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
| | - G. Gregory Neely
- Charles Perkins Centre, Dr. John and Anne Chong Lab for Functional Genomics, Centenary Institute, and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Shilts J, Crozier TWM, Teixeira-Silva A, Gabaev I, Gerber PP, Greenwood EJD, Watson SJ, Ortmann BM, Gawden-Bone CM, Pauzaite T, Hoffmann M, Nathan JA, Pöhlmann S, Matheson NJ, Lehner PJ, Wright GJ. LRRC15 mediates an accessory interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3001959. [PMID: 36735681 PMCID: PMC9897555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interactions between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human host factors enable the virus to propagate infections that lead to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The spike protein is the largest structural component of the virus and mediates interactions essential for infection, including with the primary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. We performed two independent cell-based systematic screens to determine whether there are additional proteins by which the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 can interact with human cells. We discovered that in addition to ACE2, expression of LRRC15 also causes spike protein binding. This interaction is distinct from other known spike attachment mechanisms such as heparan sulfates or lectin receptors. Measurements of orthologous coronavirus spike proteins implied the interaction was functionally restricted to SARS-CoV-2 by accessibility. We localized the interaction to the C-terminus of the S1 domain and showed that LRRC15 shares recognition of the ACE2 receptor binding domain. From analyzing proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics, we identify LRRC15 expression as being common in human lung vasculature cells and fibroblasts. Levels of LRRC15 were greatly elevated by inflammatory signals in the lungs of COVID-19 patients. Although infection assays demonstrated that LRRC15 alone is not sufficient to permit viral entry, we present evidence that it can modulate infection of human cells. This unexpected interaction merits further investigation to determine how SARS-CoV-2 exploits host LRRC15 and whether it could account for any of the distinctive features of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod Shilts
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas W. M. Crozier
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Teixeira-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ildar Gabaev
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. D. Greenwood
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel James Watson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian M. Ortmann
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M. Gawden-Bone
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tekle Pauzaite
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - James A. Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center – Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Matheson
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lehner
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin J. Wright
- Cell Surface Signalling Laboratory, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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7
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Berkowitz RL, Ostrov DA. The Elusive Coreceptors for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Viruses 2022; 15:67. [PMID: 36680105 PMCID: PMC9862613 DOI: 10.3390/v15010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with host coreceptors that participate in viral entry. Resolving the identity of coreceptors has important clinical implications as it may provide the basis for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccine candidates. The majority of characteristic mutations in variants of concern (VOCs) have occurred in the NTD and receptor binding domain (RBD). Unlike the RBD, mutations in the NTD have clustered in the most flexible parts of the spike protein. Many possible coreceptors have been proposed, including various sugars such as gangliosides, sialosides, and heparan sulfate. Protein coreceptors, including neuropilin-1 and leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15), are also proposed coreceptors that engage the NTD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David A. Ostrov
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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8
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Baurand PE, Balland J, Reynas C, Ramseyer M, Vivier D, Bellaye PS, Collin B, Paul C, Denat F, Asgarov K, Pallandre JR, Ringenbach L. Development of Anti-LRRC15 Small Fragments for Imaging Purposes Using a Phage-Display ScFv Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012677. [PMID: 36293532 PMCID: PMC9604383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15) is a membrane protein identified as a marker of CAF (cancer-associated fibroblast) cells whose overexpression is positively correlated with cancer grade and outcome. Nuclear molecular imaging (i.e., SPECT and PET) to track LRRC15 expression could be very useful in guiding further therapeutic strategies. In this study, we developed an ScFv mouse phage-display library to obtain small fragment antibodies against human LRRC15 for molecular imaging purposes. Mice were immunized with recombinant human LRRC15 (hLRRC15), and lymph node cells were harvested for ScFv (single-chain variable fragment) phage-display analysis. The built library was used for panning on cell lines with constitutive or induced expression after transfection. The choice of best candidates was performed by screening various other cell lines, using flow cytometry. The selected candidates were reformatted into Cys-ScFv or Cys-diabody by addition of cysteine, and cloned in mammalian expression vectors to obtain batches of small fragments that were further used in site-specific radiolabeling tests. The obtained library was 1.2 × 107 cfu/µg with an insertion rate >95%. The two panning rounds performed on cells permittedenrichment of 2 × 10−3. Screening with flow cytometry allowed us to identify 28 specific hLRRC15 candidates. Among these, two also recognized murine LRCC15 and were reformatted into Cys-ScFv and Cys-diabody. They were expressed transiently in a mammalian system to obtain 1.0 to 4.5 mg of Cys fragments ready for bioconjugation and radiolabeling. Thus, in this paper, we demonstrate the relevance of the phage-display ScFv library approach for the fast-track development of small antibodies for imaging and/or immunotherapy purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Emmanuel Baurand
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Jérémy Balland
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Chloé Reynas
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mélanie Ramseyer
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Delphine Vivier
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Plateforme D’imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques (PIRP), Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 1 Rue du Pr Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
- Plateforme D’imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques (PIRP), Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Centre Georges-François Leclerc, 1 Rue du Pr Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Catherine Paul
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie et Immunothérapie des Cancers, EPHE, PSL Research University, 75000 Paris, France
- LIIC, EA7269, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Franck Denat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Kamal Asgarov
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
- Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, INSERM CIC-BT1431, Besançon University Hospital, 25000 Besançon, France
- ITAC Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Jean-René Pallandre
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, RIGHT, Interactions Greffon-Hôte-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Laurence Ringenbach
- Diaclone SAS-Part of Medix Biochemica Group, 6 Rue Dr Jean-François-Xavier Girod, BP 1985, 25000 Besançon, France
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9
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Ray U, Pathoulas CL, Thirusangu P, Purcell JW, Kannan N, Shridhar V. Exploiting LRRC15 as a novel therapeutic target in cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1675-1681. [PMID: 35260879 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abundant fibrotic stroma is a typical feature of most solid tumors, and stromal activation promotes oncogenesis, therapy resistance, and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Therefore, targeting the tumor stroma in combination with standard-of-care therapies has become a promising therapeutic strategy in recent years. The leucine-rich repeat-containing protein (LRRC15) is involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and came into focus as a promising anti-cancer target owing to its overexpression in mesenchymal-derived tumors such as sarcoma, glioblastoma, and melanoma and in cancer-associated fibroblasts in the microenvironment of breast, head and neck, lung, and pancreatic tumors. Effective targeting of LRRC15 using specific antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) has the potential to improve the outcome of patients with LRRC15-positive cancers of mesenchymal origin or stromal desmoplasia. Moreover, LRRC15 expression may serve as a predictive biomarker that could be utilized in the preclinical assessment of cancer patients to support personalized clinical outcomes. This review focuses on the role of LRRC15 in cancer, including clinical trials involving LRRC15-targeted therapies, such as the ABBV-085 ADC for patients with LRRC15-positive tumors. This review spans perceived knowledge gaps and highlights the clinical avenues that need to be explored to provide better therapeutic outcomes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James W Purcell
- AbbVie (United States), South San Francisco, CA, United States
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10
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Yang Y, Wu H, Fan S, Bi Y, Hao M, Shang J. Cancer‑associated fibroblast‑derived LRRC15 promotes the migration and invasion of triple‑negative breast cancer cells via Wnt/β‑catenin signalling pathway regulation. Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:2. [PMID: 34726255 PMCID: PMC8600416 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive tumour subtype associated with poor prognosis. The function of leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 15 (LRRC15), a member of the leucine-rich repeat superfamily, in TNBC has not yet been elucidated. The aim of this study was to identify the combined role of LRRC15 and Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway in the development of TNBC. The expression of LRRC15 in TNBC tissues was analysed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Cell migration and invasion assays were conducted to study the function of LRRC15 in TNBC. The expression of Wnt/β-catenin signalling proteins was analysed via western blotting. The effect of LRRC15 on β-catenin nuclear localisation was measured by performing western blotting and luciferase assays. It was found that high LRRC15 expression was associated with poor prognosis in patients with TNBC. High expression of LRRC15 in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promoted cell migration and invasion in TNBC cells. In addition, TNBC cells with LRRC15 overexpression in CAFs showed an aberrant increase in β-catenin activity concomitant with nuclear localisation of β-catenin, which inhibited its degradation. These results showed that LRRC15 promoted tumour migration and invasion in TNBC cells by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxia Fan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Bi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Min Hao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Jian Shang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shandong 257091, P.R. China
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11
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Singh P, Wang M, Mukherjee P, Lessard SG, Pannellini T, Carballo CB, Rodeo SA, Goldring MB, Otero M. Transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses uncovered Lrrc15 as a contributing factor to cartilage damage in osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21107. [PMID: 34702854 PMCID: PMC8548547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteoarthritis (OA), articular chondrocytes display phenotypic and functional changes associated with epigenomic alterations. These changes contribute to the disease progression, which is characterized by dysregulated reparative processes and abnormal extracellular matrix remodeling leading to cartilage degradation. Recent studies using a murine model of posttraumatic OA highlighted the contribution of changes in DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC) to OA progression. Here, we integrated transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses in cartilage after induction of OA to show that the structural progression of OA is accompanied by early transcriptomic and pronounced DNA methylation (5mC) changes in chondrocytes. These changes accumulate over time and are associated with recapitulation of developmental processes, including cartilage development, chondrocyte hypertrophy, and ossification. Our integrative analyses also uncovered that Lrrc15 is differentially methylated and expressed in OA cartilage, and that it may contribute to the functional and phenotypic alterations of chondrocytes, likely coordinating stress responses and dysregulated extracellular matrix remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Singh
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Mengying Wang
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Samantha G Lessard
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Tania Pannellini
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Camila B Carballo
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Scott A Rodeo
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Mary B Goldring
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Miguel Otero
- Hospital for Special Surgery, HSS Research Institute, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Hospital for Special Surgery, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, HSS Research Institute, Room 603, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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12
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Cui J, Dean D, Wei R, Hornicek FJ, Ulmert D, Duan Z. Expression and clinical implications of leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15) in osteosarcoma. J Orthop Res 2020; 38:2362-2372. [PMID: 32902907 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15) is a member of the leucine-rich repeat superfamily that is overexpressed in various cancers and associated with higher tumor grade and aggression. Despite its known tumorigenicity, its roles within osteosarcoma are unknown, prompting us to evaluate its expression and clinical significance within this rare yet aggressive cancer. Western blots showed differential expression of LRRC15 in the osteosarcoma cell lines MNNG/HOS, KHOS, 143B, MG63, Saos-2, and U2OS. We additionally validated this positive expression, as well as sublocalization to the cell membrane, with immunofluorescence. A tissue microarray constructed from 69 osteosarcoma patient tissues was immunohistochemically stained for LRRC15 expression, stratified, and used for clinicopathological analysis. Publicly available databases on LRRC15 expression, including RNA sequencing data from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments on Osteosarcoma (TARGET-OS) and the Gene Expression database of Normal and Tumor tissues 2 (GENT2) were also analyzed. We found 63 of the 69 (91.3%) patient tissues exhibited some degree of LRRC15 immunostaining, including no staining (6 of 69, 8.7%), 1+ staining (12 of 69, 17.4%), 2+ staining (25 of 69, 36.2%), and 3+ staining (26 of 69, 37.7%). The patients with osteosarcomas having elevated LRRC15 expression demonstrated comparatively increased metastasis, chemoresistance, and shorter 5-year survival rates. Our analysis of the TARGET-OS and GENT2 databases also showed increased LRRC15 gene expression in osteosarcoma. Taken together, our study supports LRRC15 as a prognostic biomarker and emerging therapeutic target in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncheng Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dylan Dean
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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13
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Souza MR, Ibelli AMG, Savoldi IR, Cantão ME, Peixoto JDO, Mores MAZ, Lopes JS, Coutinho LL, Ledur MC. Transcriptome analysis identifies genes involved with the development of umbilical hernias in pigs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232542. [PMID: 32379844 PMCID: PMC7205231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical hernia (UH) is one of the most frequent defects affecting pig production, however, it also affects humans and other mammals. UH is characterized as an abnormal protrusion of the abdominal contents to the umbilical region, causing pain, discomfort and reduced performance in pigs. Some genomic regions associated to UH have already been identified, however, no study involving RNA sequencing was performed when umbilical tissue is considered. Therefore, here, we have sequenced the umbilical ring transcriptome of five normal and five UH-affected pigs to uncover genes and pathways involved with UH development. A total of 13,216 transcripts were expressed in the umbilical ring tissue. From those, 230 genes were differentially expressed (DE) between normal and UH-affected pigs (FDR <0.05), being 145 downregulated and 85 upregulated in the affected compared to the normal pigs. A total of 68 significant biological processes were identified and the most relevant were extracellular matrix, immune system, anatomical development, cell adhesion, membrane components, receptor activation, calcium binding and immune synapse. The results pointed out ACAN, MMPs, COLs, EPYC, VIT, CCBE1 and LGALS3 as strong candidates to trigger umbilical hernias in pigs since they act in the extracellular matrix remodeling and in the production, integrity and resistance of the collagen. We have generated the first transcriptome of the pig umbilical ring tissue, which allowed the identification of genes that had not yet been related to umbilical hernias in pigs. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to identify the causal mutations, SNPs and CNVs in these genes to improve our understanding of the mechanisms of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayla Regina Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Ricardo Savoldi
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Animal, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mônica Corrêa Ledur
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Centro de Educação Superior do Oeste, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, UDESC, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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14
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Flowers E, Flentje A, Levine J, Olshen A, Hammer M, Paul S, Conley Y, Miaskowski C, Kober KM. A Pilot Study Using a Multistaged Integrated Analysis of Gene Expression and Methylation to Evaluate Mechanisms for Evening Fatigue in Women Who Received Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer. Biol Res Nurs 2019; 21:142-156. [PMID: 30701989 PMCID: PMC6700896 DOI: 10.1177/1099800418823286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fatigue is the most common symptom associated with cancer and its treatment. Investigation of molecular mechanisms associated with fatigue may identify new therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the relationships between gene expression and methylation status and evening fatigue severity in women with breast cancer who received chemotherapy. METHODS Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify evening fatigue phenotypes. In this analysis, the lowest (i.e., moderate, n = 7) and highest (i.e., very high, n = 29) fatigue-severity classes identified using LCA were analyzed via two stages. First, a total of 32,609 transcripts from whole blood were evaluated for differences in expression levels between the classes. Next, 637 methylation sites located within the putative transcription factor binding sites for those genes demonstrating differential expression were evaluated for differential methylation state between the classes. RESULTS A total of 89 transcripts in 75 unique genes were differentially expressed between the moderate (the lowest fatigue-severity class identified) and very high evening fatigue classes. In addition, 23 differentially methylated probes and three differentially methylated regions were found between the moderate and very high evening fatigue classes. CONCLUSIONS Using a multistaged integrated analysis of gene expression and methylation, differential methylation was identified in the regulatory regions of genes associated with previously hypothesized mechanisms for fatigue, including inflammation, immune function, neurotransmission, circadian rhythm, skeletal muscle energy, carbohydrate metabolism, and renal function as well as core biological processes including gene transcription and the cell-cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Flowers
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA, USA
| | - Annesa Flentje
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA, USA
| | - Jon Levine
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA, USA
| | - Adam Olshen
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA, USA
| | - Marilyn Hammer
- Department of Nursing, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven Paul
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA, USA
| | - Yvette Conley
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburg, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Christine Miaskowski
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA, USA
| | - Kord M. Kober
- School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco,
CA, USA
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15
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Wang Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Lv L, Zhang X, Zhang P, Zhou Y. LRRC15 promotes osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by modulating p65 cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018. [PMID: 29523191 PMCID: PMC5845373 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a reliable resource for bone regeneration and tissue engineering, but the molecular mechanisms of differentiation remain unclear. The tumor antigen 15-leucine-rich repeat containing membrane protein (LRRC15) is a transmembrane protein demonstrated to play important roles in cancer. However, little is known about its role in osteogenesis. This study was to evaluate the functions of LRRC15 in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Methods Osteogenic-induction treatment and the ovariectomized (OVX) model were performed to investigate the potential relationship between LRRC15 and MSC osteogenesis. A loss-of-function study was used to explore the functions of LRRC15 in osteogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro and in vivo. NF-κB pathway inhibitor BAY117082, siRNA, nucleocytoplasmic separation, and ChIP assays were performed to clarify the molecular mechanism of LRRC15 in bone regulation. Results Our results first demonstrated that LRRC15 expression was upregulated upon osteogenic induction, and the level of LRRC15 was significantly decreased in OVX mice. Both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments detected that LRRC15 was required for osteogenesis of MSCs. Mechanistically, LRRC15 inhibited transcription factor NF-κB signaling by affecting the subcellular localization of p65. Further studies indicated that LRRC15 regulated osteogenic differentiation in a p65-dependent manner. Conclusions Taken together, our findings reveal that LRRC15 is an essential regulator for osteogenesis of MSCs through modulating p65 cytoplasmic/nuclear translocation, and give a novel hint for MSC-mediated bone regeneration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0809-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejun Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yunsong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Longwei Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China. .,National Engineering Lab for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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16
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Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. CANCER DRUG DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78154-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Chen YJ, Chang WA, Hsu YL, Chen CH, Kuo PL. Deduction of Novel Genes Potentially Involved in Osteoblasts of Rheumatoid Arthritis Using Next-Generation Sequencing and Bioinformatic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112396. [PMID: 29137139 PMCID: PMC5713364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of osteoblasts in peri-articular bone loss and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has gained much attention, and microRNAs are hypothesized to play critical roles in the regulation of osteoblast function in RA. The aim of this study is to explore novel microRNAs differentially expressed in RA osteoblasts and to identify genes potentially involved in the dysregulated bone homeostasis in RA. RNAs were extracted from cultured normal and RA osteoblasts for sequencing. Using the next generation sequencing and bioinformatics approaches, we identified 35 differentially expressed microRNAs and 13 differentially expressed genes with potential microRNA–mRNA interactions in RA osteoblasts. The 13 candidate genes were involved mainly in cell–matrix adhesion, as classified by the Gene Ontology. Two genes of interest identified from RA osteoblasts, A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) and leucin rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15), were found to express more consistently in the related RA synovial tissue arrays in the Gene Expression Omnibus database, with the predicted interactions with miR-183-5p and miR-146a-5p, respectively. The Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified AKAP12 as one of the genes involved in protein kinase A signaling and the function of chemotaxis, interconnecting with molecules related to neovascularization. The findings indicate new candidate genes as the potential indicators in evaluating therapies targeting chemotaxis and neovascularization to control joint destruction in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-An Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Lin Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
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18
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He J, Zhou Z, Reed M, Califano A. Accelerated parallel algorithm for gene network reverse engineering. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:83. [PMID: 28950860 PMCID: PMC5615246 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background The Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Accurate Cellular Networks (ARACNE) represents one of the most effective tools to reconstruct gene regulatory networks from large-scale molecular profile datasets. However, previous implementations require intensive computing resources and, in some cases, restrict the number of samples that can be used. These issues can be addressed elegantly in a GPU computing framework, where repeated mathematical computation can be done efficiently, but requires extensive redesign to apply parallel computing techniques to the original serial algorithm, involving detailed optimization efforts based on a deep understanding of both hardware and software architecture. Result Here, we present an accelerated parallel implementation of ARACNE (GPU-ARACNE). By taking advantage of multi-level parallelism and the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) parallel kernel-call library, GPU-ARACNE successfully parallelizes a serial algorithm and simplifies the user experience from multi-step operations to one step. Using public datasets on comparable hardware configurations, we showed that GPU-ARACNE is faster than previous implementations and is able to reconstruct equally valid gene regulatory networks. Conclusion Given that previous versions of ARACNE are extremely resource demanding, either in computational time or in hardware investment, GPU-ARACNE is remarkably valuable for researchers who need to build complex regulatory networks from large expression datasets, but with limited budget on computational resources. In addition, our GPU-centered optimization of adaptive partitioning for Mutual Information (MI) estimation provides lessons that are applicable to other domains. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0458-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, 1130 St Nicholas Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, New York, 10027, NY, USA
| | - Michael Reed
- Department of Computer Science, New York, 10027, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, 1130 St Nicholas Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA.
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19
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Winther M, Walmod PS. Neural cell adhesion molecules belonging to the family of leucine-rich repeat proteins. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:315-95. [PMID: 25300143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) are motifs that form protein-ligand interaction domains. There are approximately 140 human genes encoding proteins with extracellular LRRs. These encode cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), proteoglycans, G-protein-coupled receptors, and other types of receptors. Here we give a brief description of 36 proteins with extracellular LRRs that all can be characterized as CAMs or putative CAMs expressed in the nervous system. The proteins are involved in multiple biological processes in the nervous system including the proliferation and survival of cells, neuritogenesis, axon guidance, fasciculation, myelination, and the formation and maintenance of synapses. Moreover, the proteins are functionally implicated in multiple diseases including cancer, hearing impairment, glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. Thus, LRR-containing CAMs constitute a large group of proteins of pivotal importance for the development, maintenance, and regeneration of the nervous system.
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20
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Berezin V, Walmod PS, Filippov M, Dityatev A. Targeting of ECM molecules and their metabolizing enzymes and receptors for the treatment of CNS diseases. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2014; 214:353-88. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63486-3.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Satoh K, Akatsu H, Yamamoto T, Kosaka K, Yokota H, Yamada T. Mitsugumin 29 is transcriptionally induced in senile plaque-associated astrocytes. Brain Res 2012; 1441:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Cooper PR, McLachlan JL, Simon S, Graham LW, Smith AJ. Mediators of inflammation and regeneration. Adv Dent Res 2011; 23:290-5. [PMID: 21677081 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511405389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the molecular response under caries lesions requires a robust and reliable transcript isolation system, and analysis of data indicated that collection of extracted teeth in either liquid nitrogen/RNA-stabilizing solution facilitated this. Subsequent transcriptional analysis indicated higher general activity in carious pulps, while characterization of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and S100 proteins, highlighted increasing expression levels associated with both microbial front progression and elevated cellular immune response. Analysis of the pleiotropic hormone adrenomedullin (ADM) indicated that transcript and protein levels are increased in pulpal tissue during caries, and that protein levels sequestered in dentin due to primary dentinogenesis are comparable with those of TGF-β1. Expression analysis of a leucine-rich-repeat-containing protein (LRRC15/Lib) indicated that this highly conserved molecule was up-regulated during caries, is transcriptionally regulated by pro-inflammatory stimuli, and is relatively abundant in mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, UK.
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23
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Mohamed A, Posse de Chaves E. Aβ internalization by neurons and glia. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:127984. [PMID: 21350608 PMCID: PMC3042623 DOI: 10.4061/2011/127984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the brain, the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) exists extracellularly and inside neurons. The intracellular accumulation of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease brain has been questioned for a long time. However, there is now sufficient strong evidence indicating that accumulation of Aβ inside neurons plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Intraneuronal Aβ originates from intracellular cleavage of APP and from Aβ internalization from the extracellular milieu. We discuss here the different molecular mechanisms that are responsible for Aβ internalization in neurons and the links between Aβ internalization and neuronal dysfunction and death. A brief description of Aβ uptake by glia is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7
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24
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Tumor antigen LRRC15 impedes adenoviral infection: implications for virus-based cancer therapy. J Virol 2008; 82:5933-9. [PMID: 18385238 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02273-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses for gene or oncolytic therapy are under development. Notable among these strategies is adenoviral delivery of the tumor suppressor p53. Since all therapeutics have limitations in certain settings, we have undertaken retroviral suppressor screens to identify genes conferring resistance to adenovirus-delivered p53. These studies identified the tumor antigen LRRC15, which is frequently overexpressed in multiple tumor types, as a repressor of cell death due to adenoviral p53. LRRC15, however, does not impede p53 function per se but impedes adenoviral infection. Specifically, LRRC15 causes redistribution of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor away from the cell surface. This effect is manifested in less adenoviral binding to the surfaces of LRRC15-expressing cells. This discovery, therefore, not only is important for understanding adenoviral biology but also has potentially important implications for adenovirus-based anticancer therapeutics.
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Okabayashi S, Kimura N. Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses of LGI3 in monkey brain: LGI3 accumulates in aged monkey brains. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:819-30. [PMID: 17786549 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich glioma inactivated (LGI) 3 encodes a leucine-rich repeat protein. The precise function of LGI3, however, remains unknown. We have previously shown that amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) upregulates LGI3 and that Abeta and LGI3 colocalize on plasma membranes of cultured rat astrocytes. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses of LGI3 using various aged monkey brains. Immunohistochemistry showed that LGI3 was present in almost all neural cells and mainly localized at plasma membranes and nuclei. In aged monkey brains, we found that LGI3 accumulated on or near the plasma membranes of neurons, and colocalized with endocytosis-associated proteins and lipid raft markers. Double immunohistochemistry also showed that LGI3 colocalized with Abeta in astrocytes of aged brains. Moreover, Western blot analyses revealed that LGI3 may be cleaved in brain. Additionally, in aged monkeys LGI3 accumulated in microsomal and nuclear brain fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Okabayashi
- Laboratory of Disease Control, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0843, Japan
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26
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Fadloun A, Kobi D, Pointud JC, Indra AK, Teletin M, Bole-Feysot C, Testoni B, Mantovani R, Metzger D, Mengus G, Davidson I. The TFIID subunit TAF4 regulates keratinocyte proliferation and has cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous tumour suppressor activity in mouse epidermis. Development 2007; 134:2947-58. [PMID: 17626060 DOI: 10.1242/dev.005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The TAF4 subunit of transcription factor TFIID was inactivated in the basal keratinocytes of foetal and adult mouse epidermis. Loss of TAF4 in the foetal epidermis results in reduced expression of the genes required for skin barrier function, leading to early neonatal death. By contrast, TAF4 inactivation in adult epidermis leads to extensive fur loss and an aberrant hair cycle characterised by a defective anagen phase. Although the mutant epidermis contains few normal anagen-phase hair follicles, many genes expressed at this stage are strongly upregulated indicating desynchronised and inappropriate gene expression. The TAF4 mutant adult epidermis also displays interfollicular hyperplasia associated with a potent upregulation of several members of the EGF family of mitogens. Moreover, loss of TAF4 leads to malignant transformation of chemically induced papillomas and the appearance of invasive melanocytic tumours. Together, our results show that TAF4 is an important regulator of keratinocyte proliferation and has cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous tumour suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anas Fadloun
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/ULP, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch Cédex, France
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27
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Møller M, Sparre T, Bache N, Roepstorff P, Vorum H. Proteomic analysis of day–night variations in protein levels in the rat pineal gland. Proteomics 2007; 7:2009-18. [PMID: 17514675 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pineal gland secretes the hormone melatonin. This secretion exhibits a circadian rhythm with a zenith during night and a nadir during day. We have performed proteome analysis of the superficial pineal gland in rats during daytime and nighttime. The proteins were extracted and subjected to 2-DE. Of 1747 protein spots revealed by electrophoresis, densitometric analysis showed the up-regulation of 25 proteins during nighttime and of 35 proteins during daytime. Thirty-seven of the proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The proteins up-regulated during the night are involved in the Krebs cycle, energy transduction, calcium binding, and intracellular transport. During the daytime, enzymes involved in glycolysis, electron transport, and also the Krebs cycle were up-regulated as well as proteins taking part in RNA binding and RNA processing. Our data show a prominent day-night variation of the protein levels in the rat pineal gland. Some proteins are up-regulated during the night concomitant with the melatonin secretion of the gland. Other proteins are up-regulated during the day indicating a pineal metabolism not related to the melatonin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Møller
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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28
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Kimura N, Ishii Y, Suzaki S, Negishi T, Kyuwa S, Yoshikawa Y. Abeta upregulates and colocalizes with LGI3 in cultured rat astrocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2007; 27:335-50. [PMID: 17387609 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-006-9127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1. The leucine-rich glioma inactivated (LGI) family of genes encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein, proteins that are thought to be specifically involved in protein-protein and protein-matrix interactions. Since amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) has been previously shown to induce the expression of another LRR-encoding gene in neural cells, we assessed how Abeta affects LGI gene expression in rat primary cerebral cortical cultures and astrocyte cultures. Both RT-PCR and Western Blotting analyses revealed that Abeta robustly induced the expression of LGI3 in rat astrocyte cultures.2. Western Blotting analyses also showed that both glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) significantly increased coincidentally with the Abeta-induced upregulation of LGI3. Immunocytochemistry showed that LGI3 colocalized with Abeta at plasma membranes and also with internalized Abeta in astrocytes. These findings suggest that activated LGI3 may be involved in the astroglial response against Abeta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Disease Control, Tsukuba Primate Research Center, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, 1-1 Hachimandai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 35-0843, Japan.
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Satoh K, Hata M, Takahara S, Tsuzaki H, Yokota H, Akatsu H, Yamamoto T, Kosaka K, Yamada T. A novel membrane protein, encoded by the gene covering KIAA0233, is transcriptionally induced in senile plaque-associated astrocytes. Brain Res 2006; 1108:19-27. [PMID: 16854388 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposition and senile plaque-associated astrocytes are common neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the molecular mechanisms by which Abeta contributes to the progression of neuropathologic changes have not been entirely established, there is little doubt that the association of Abeta with astrocytes, the predominant cell type in brain, significantly influences exacerbation of the disease. In an effort to identify astrocyte-derived molecules that may be intimately associated with progression of AD, we identified a novel Abeta-induced rat gene, designated Mib, whose human counterpart covers KIAA0233. Mib-transfected C6 cells express Mib protein in the endoplasmic reticulum and endplasmic reticulum-Golgi-intermediate compartment. To evaluate roles of Mib in AD, we investigated its expression in the AD brain. In non-AD brains, Mib mRNA has been detected in neurons but not in quiescent astrocytes. On the contrary, in AD brains, Mib mRNA is expressed in activated astrocytes associated with senile plaques, but not expressed in neurons around lesions. From these observations, Mib appears to be a novel Abeta-responsive gene that may play a role in astrocyte inflammatory activation around senile plaques in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Satoh
- The Fifth Frontier Project, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8640, Japan.
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Chen Y, Aulia S, Li L, Tang BL. AMIGO and friends: An emerging family of brain-enriched, neuronal growth modulating, type I transmembrane proteins with leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and cell adhesion molecule motifs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 51:265-74. [PMID: 16414120 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 10/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeats (LRR) are protein-protein interaction domains (20-29 amino acid residues in length) found in proteins with diverse structure and functions. We note here an emerging group of central nervous system-enriched, type I surface proteins with an ectodomain containing LRR repeats and motifs found in cell adhesion molecules. Members of this group include the Amphoterin-induced gene and ORF-1 (AMIGO-1), LRR and Ig domain containing Nogo Receptor interacting protein I (LINGO-1) and the netrin-G1 ligand NGL-1. The above proteins carry, in addition to the LRR repeats, an immunoglobin (Ig)-like segment in their ectodomain. Two other related families of molecules, the NLRRs and the FLRTs, have in addition, a fibronectin type III repeat. The LRR domain distinguishes these molecules from the more extensively studied Ig-like family of cell adhesion molecules, and the transmembrane domain differentiate them from the family of secreted extracellular proteoglycans with LRRs. Functionally, many members of this group of proteins could modulate neurite outgrowth of neurons, at least in vitro. LINGO-1, initially discovered as a component of the Nogo-66 receptor complex which inhibits neurite growth, also regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Current knowledge and recent findings pertaining to the functions of this interesting group of proteins in the nervous system are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Programme in Neurobiology and Aging, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Satoh K, Hata M, Shimizu T, Yokota H, Akatsu H, Yamamoto T, Kosaka K, Yamada T. Lib, transcriptionally induced in senile plaque-associated astrocytes, promotes glial migration through extracellular matrix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:631-6. [PMID: 16098915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to identify astrocyte-derived molecules that may be intimately associated with progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Lib, a type I transmembrane protein belonging to leucine-rich repeat superfamily, has been identified as a distinctly inducible gene, responsive to beta-amyloid as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in astrocytes. To evaluate the roles of Lib in AD, we investigated Lib expression in AD brain. In non-AD brain, Lib mRNA has been detected in neurons but not in quiescent astrocytes. On the contrary, in AD brain, Lib mRNA is expressed in activated astrocytes associated with senile plaques, but not expressed in neurons around lesions. Lib-expressing glioma cells displayed promotion of migration ability through reconstituted extracellular matrix and recombinant Lib protein bound to constituents of extracellular matrix. These observations suggest that Lib may contribute to regulation of cell-matrix adhesion interactions with respect to astrocyte recruitment around senile plaques in AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Satoh
- The Fifth Frontier Project, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8640, Japan.
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Abstract
Despite the presence of more than 400 genes that encode receptor-like kinases (RLKs) in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, very little is known about the range of biological processes that they control, or the mechanisms by which they function. This review focuses on the most recent findings from studies of several leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) class RLKs in A. thaliana, and their implications for our understanding of plant receptor function and signaling. We compare the biological functions of plant and animal LRR-containing receptors, and the potential commonalities in the signaling mechanisms employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Diévart
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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Reynolds PA, Smolen GA, Palmer RE, Sgroi D, Yajnik V, Gerald WL, Haber DA. Identification of a DNA-binding site and transcriptional target for the EWS-WT1(+KTS) oncoprotein. Genes Dev 2003; 17:2094-107. [PMID: 12923058 PMCID: PMC196452 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is defined by a chimeric transcription factor, resulting from fusion of the N-terminal domain of the Ewing's sarcoma gene EWS to the three C-terminal zinc fingers of the Wilms' tumor suppressor WT1. Although DNA-binding sites have been defined for the uninterrupted WT1 zinc finger domains, the most prevalent isoforms of both WT1 and EWS-WT1 have an insertion of three amino acids [lysine, threonine, and serine (KTS)], which abrogates binding to known consensus sequences and transactivation of known target genes. Here, we used cDNA subtractive hybridization to identify an endogenous gene, LRRC15, which is specifically up-regulated after inducible expression of EWS-WT1(+KTS) in cancer cell lines, and is expressed within primary DSRCT cells. The chimeric protein binds in vitro and in vivo to a specific element upstream of LRRC15, leading to dramatic transcriptional activation. Mutagenesis studies define the optimal binding site of the (+KTS) isoform of EWS-WT1 as 5'-GGAGG(A/G)-3'. LRRC15 encodes a leucine-rich transmembrane protein, present at the leading edge of migrating cells, the expression of which in normal tissues is restricted to the invasive cytotrophoblast layer of the placenta; small interfering (siRNA)-mediated suppression of LRRC15 expression in breast cancer cells leads to abrogation of invasiveness in vitro. Together, these observations define the consequence of (KTS) insertion within WT1-derived zinc fingers, and identify a novel EWS-WT1 transcriptional target implicated in tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Reynolds
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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