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Abstract
Of the numerous cytokines that have been isolated and characterized over the last several years, few have attracted as much attention as Interleukin-12 (IL-12). Since its discovery ten years ago, the intracellular signaling pathways activated by IL-12 have been identified, the individual components of the receptor cloned, and many of its effects on cellular immune function documented. Recombinant murine IL-12 has been subjected to extensive investigation in animal models of cancer and parasitic infection and shown great promise as an antitumor agent and a potential treatment for leishmaniasis. Preclinical data suggest that it may also be useful in the treatment of antibiotic-resistant tuberculosis and AIDS. Recombinant human IL-12 (rhIL-12) has recently entered Phase I and II clinical testing in cancer patients. The following is a brief review of the immunologic effects of IL-12, the results of animal studies, and data from recently completed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Mier
- Division of Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jared A. Gollob
- Division of Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael B. Atkins
- Division of Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Chen J, Elfiky A, Han M, Chen C, Saif MW. The Role of Src in Colon Cancer and Its Therapeutic Implications. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2014; 13:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Dasatinib is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) approved for clinical use in patients with imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph(+) ALL). Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) are medium to large cells with eccentric nuclei and abundant cytoplasm with coarse azurophilic granules. LGL lymphocytosis is caused by a proliferation of cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells and/or NK cells. In a proportion of CML and Ph(+) ALL patients, there is a significant expansion of LGLs during dasatinib therapy. LGL lymphocytosis is seen in some cases with fevers, colitis, and pleural effusions (PE), suggesting an aberrant immune response mediated by these LGLs. LGLs may participate in the elimination of the residual leukemic cells, and LGL clonal expansion is associated with excellent, long-lasting therapy responses in dasatinib-treated patients. For a more comprehensive analysis, we analyzed the morphologic, phenotypic, clinical, and functional features of the LGL subsets amplified in vivo during dasatinib therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yuan Qiu
- Department of Hematology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Jiangsu Province Hospital; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hematology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Jiangsu Province Hospital; Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Department of Hematology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Jiangsu Province Hospital; Nanjing, PR China
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Paydas S. Dasatinib, large granular lymphocytosis, and pleural effusion: useful or adverse effect? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 89:242-7. [PMID: 24210599 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dasatinib is a second generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for clinical use in first line and imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia and Philadelphia positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In addition to BCR-ABL1, dasatinib inhibits TEC kinases and SRC family kinases and is more potent than imatinib in the treatment of Ph+ leukemias. In the last 3 years, increases in cytotoxic T and natural-killer cells in peripheral blood samples have been reported in cases treated by dasatinib. The awareness of the clonal expansion of large granular lymphocytes and beneficial effect of these clonal cells increased the interest to dasatinib in cases receiving this drug. Clonal expansion of large granular lymphocytes is an important effect of dasatinib therapy, shown to be an off-target phenomenon associated with pleural effusion and better clinical response. The benefit of dasatinib-induced lymphocytosis and its underlying mechanism of this are important points for clinicians working in hematology and oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semra Paydas
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Oncology, Adana, Turkey.
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Capalbo D, Giardino G, Martino LD, Palamaro L, Romano R, Gallo V, Cirillo E, Salerno M, Pignata C. Genetic basis of altered central tolerance and autoimmune diseases: a lesson from AIRE mutations. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:344-62. [PMID: 23083345 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.697230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The thymus is a specialized organ that provides an inductive environment for the development of T cells from multipotent hematopoietic progenitors. Self-nonself discrimination plays a key role in inducing a productive immunity and in preventing autoimmune reactions. Tolerance represents a state of immunologic nonresponsiveness in the presence of a particular antigen. The immune system becomes tolerant to self-antigens through the two main processes, central and peripheral tolerance. Central tolerance takes place within the thymus and represents the mechanism by which T cells binding with high avidity self-antigens, which are potentially autoreactive, are eliminated through so-called negative selection. This process is mostly mediated by medullary thymic epithelia cells (mTECs) and medullary dendritic cells (DCs). A remarkable event in the process is the expression of tissue-specific antigens (TSA) by mTECs driven by the transcription factor autoimmune regulator (AIRE). Mutations in this gene result in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), a rare autosomal recessive disease (OMIM 240300). Thus far, this syndrome is the paradigm of a genetically determined failure of central tolerance and autoimmunty. Patients with APECED have a variable pattern of autoimmune reactions, involving different endocrine and nonendocrine organs. However, although APECED is a monogenic disorder, it is characterized by a wide variability of the clinical expression, thus implying a further role for disease-modifying genes and environmental factors in the pathogenesis. Studies on this polyreactive autoimmune syndrome contributed enormously to unraveling several issues of the molecular basis of autoimmunity. This review focuses on the developmental, functional, and molecular events governing central tolerance and on the clinical implication of its failure.
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Tanaka H, Nakashima S, Usuda M. Rapid and sustained increase of large granular lymphocytes and rare cytomegalovirus reactivation during dasatinib treatment in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients. Int J Hematol 2012; 96:308-19. [PMID: 22767140 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1132-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We retrospectively investigated increases in large granular lymphocytes (LGL) in peripheral blood during dasatinib treatment in 25 chronic myelogenous leukemia patients. Fifteen of 25 patients (60 %) showed an increase in LGL. All 15 of these patients also showed an increase in NK cells, and 11 showed an increase in CD8(+) T cells. High frequencies of clonal rearrangements of TCR-β, -γ, and -δ genes were observed in LGL (+) patients, and at lower frequencies in LGL (-) patients as well. Clinical responses were favorable for all. With respect to their newly obtained complete molecular response after dasatinib treatment, LGL (+) patients showed higher response rates than did LGL (-) patients. In contrast, pleural effusions were more commonly observed in LGL (+) patients (60 %) than in LGL (-) patients (20 %). LGL counts significantly increased at 2 h after oral intake of dasatinib in all 25 patients. This was not observed in treatment with imatinib or nilotinib. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) C7-HRP tests were negative in all patients. Serum CMV-IgM antibodies were positive in only 2 of 25 patients without symptom of infection. Thus, LGL lymphocytosis during dasatinib treatment may be correlated with favorable molecular response, and with increased incidence of pleural effusions. In the clinical setting, CMV reactivation appears uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, 2-1-1 Kabeminami, Asakita-ku, Hiroshima 731-0293, Japan.
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Aloj G, Giardino G, Valentino L, Maio F, Gallo V, Esposito T, Naddei R, Cirillo E, Pignata C. Severe Combined Immunodeficiences: New and Old Scenarios. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:43-65. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2011.644607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kim DH, Kamel-Reid S, Chang H, Sutherland R, Jung CW, Kim HJ, Lee JJ, Lipton JH. Natural killer or natural killer/T cell lineage large granular lymphocytosis associated with dasatinib therapy for Philadelphia chromosome positive leukemia. Haematologica 2008; 94:135-9. [PMID: 19066329 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dasatinib, a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is known to modulate or suppress T-cell activation and proliferation. We report a series of 8 patients who developed chronic peripheral lymphocytosis, identified as natural killer cells or natural killer/T-cells based on their large granular lymphocyte morphologies and CD16(+), CD56(+), CD3(-) or CD3(+) immunophenotypic profiles, out of 18 patients receiving dasatinib therapy. All cases that developed large granular lymphocyte lymphocytosis achieved optimal molecular response (8/8 in large granular lymphocyte(+) patients vs. 3/10 in large granular lymphocyte(-) patients, p=0.002). A (51)Cr release assay demonstrated that natural killer cell cytotoxicity has been enhanced in a case of large granular lymphocyte lymphocytosis compared to normal healthy donors, and that natural killer cell cytotoxicity in dasatinib-responders was superior to that in non-responders. In summary, the present study suggests that natural killer or natural killer/T cell lineage large granular lymphocyte lymphocytosis develops in association with dasatinib therapy and that large granular lymphocyte might have a therapeutic effect on Ph(+) leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwan Kim
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Group, Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Watford WT, Hissong BD, Bream JH, Kanno Y, Muul L, O'Shea JJ. Signaling by IL-12 and IL-23 and the immunoregulatory roles of STAT4. Immunol Rev 2005; 202:139-56. [PMID: 15546391 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.00211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Produced in response to a variety of pathogenic organisms, interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are key immunoregulatory cytokines that coordinate innate and adaptive immune responses. These dimeric cytokines share a subunit, designated p40, and bind to a common receptor chain, IL-12R beta 1. The receptor for IL-12 is composed of IL-12R beta 1 and IL-12R beta 2, whereas IL-23 binds to a receptor composed of IL-12R beta 1 and IL-23R. Both cytokines activate the Janus kinases Tyk2 and Jak2, the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), as well as other STATs. A major action of IL-12 is to promote the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into T-helper (Th) 1 cells, which produce interferon (IFN)-gamma, and deficiency of IL-12, IL-12R subunits or STAT4 is similar in many respects. In contrast, IL-23 promotes end-stage inflammation. Targeting IL-12, IL-23, and their downstream signaling elements would therefore be logical strategies for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy T Watford
- Molecular Immunology & Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820, USA
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Kang BY, Kim E, Kim TS. Regulatory mechanisms and their therapeutic implications of interleukin-12 production in immune cells. Cell Signal 2005; 17:665-73. [PMID: 15722191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies with neutralizing anti-interleukin (IL)-12 antibodies and IL-12-deficient mice have suggested that endogenous IL-12 plays an important role in the normal host defense against infection by a variety of intracellular microorganisms. However, IL-12 also appears to play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or rheumatic arthritis. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how IL-12 is produced and its production is regulated at the molecular level. IL-12 production is differentially regulated through multiple pathways, which can be classified as follows: nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and other transcription factors, p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)-modulating molecules, cell membrane ion channels and pumps, nitric oxide (NO), and receptors. In this review we describe the regulatory mechanisms of IL-12 production in immune cells and also some agents to control IL-12 production for the treatment of immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok Yun Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-ku, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
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Watford WT, Moriguchi M, Morinobu A, O'Shea JJ. The biology of IL-12: coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:361-8. [PMID: 12948519 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play critical roles in regulating all aspects of immune responses, including lymphoid development, homeostasis, differentiation, tolerance and memory. Interleukin (IL)-12 is especially important because its expression during infection regulates innate responses and determines the type and duration of adaptive immune response. IL-12 induces interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by NK, T cells, dendritic cells (DC), and macrophages. IL-12 also promotes the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into T helper 1 (Th1) cells that produce IFN-gamma and aid in cell-mediated immunity. As IL-12 is induced by microbial products and regulates the development of adaptive immune cells, IL-12 plays a central role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity. IL-12 and the recently identified cytokines, IL-23 and IL-27, define a family of related cytokines that induce IFN-gamma production and promote T cell expansion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy T Watford
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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12
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Parihar R, Dierksheide J, Hu Y, Carson WE. IL-12 enhances the natural killer cell cytokine response to Ab-coated tumor cells. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:983-92. [PMID: 12370276 PMCID: PMC151155 DOI: 10.1172/jci15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor activity of recombinant mAb's directed against tumor cell growth receptors has generally been considered to result from direct antiproliferative effects, the induction of apoptosis, or possibly Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated against tumor targets. However, it remains unclear to what degree these mechanisms actually aid in the clearance of Ab-coated tumor cells in vivo. We show here that NK cells secrete a distinct profile of potent immunostimulatory cytokines in response to dual stimulation with Ab-coated tumor cells and IL-12. This response could not be duplicated by costimulation with other ILs and was significantly enhanced in the presence of monocytes. Cytokine production was dependent upon synergistic signals mediated by the activating receptor for the Fc portion of IgG (FcgammaRIII) and the IL-12 receptor expressed on NK cells. Coadministration of Ab-coated tumor cells and IL-12 to BALB/c mice resulted in enhanced circulating levels of NK cell-derived cytokines with the capacity to augment anti-tumor immunity. These findings suggest that, in addition to mediating cellular cytotoxicity and apoptosis, the anti-tumor activity of mAb's might also result from activation of a potent cytokine secretion program within immune effectors capable of recognizing mAb-coated targets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/therapeutic use
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptors, IgG/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- STAT4 Transcription Factor
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Trastuzumab
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Parihar
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Parihar R, Dierksheide J, Hu Y, Carson WE. IL-12 enhances the natural killer cell cytokine response to Ab-coated tumor cells. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0215950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Schaeffer M, Schneiderbauer M, Weidler S, Tavares R, Warmuth M, de Vos G, Hallek M. Signaling through a novel domain of gp130 mediates cell proliferation and activation of Hck and Erk kinases. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:8068-81. [PMID: 11689697 PMCID: PMC99973 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.23.8068-8081.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2001] [Accepted: 08/16/2001] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces the activation of the Src family kinase Hck, which is associated with the IL-6 receptor beta-chain, gp130. Here we describe the identification of an "acidic" domain comprising amino acids 771 to 811 of gp130 as a binding region for Hck, which mediates proliferative signaling. The deletion of this region of gp130 (i.e., in deletion mutant d771-811) resulted in a significant reduction of Hck kinase activity and cell proliferation upon stimulation of gp130 compared to wild-type gp130. In addition, d771-811 disrupted the growth factor-stimulated activation of Erk and the dephosphorylation of Pyk2. Based on these findings, we propose a novel, acidic domain of gp130, which is responsible for the activation of Hck, Erk, and Pyk2 and signals cell proliferation upon growth factor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schaeffer
- Medizinische Klinik III, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, and Klinische Kooperationsgruppe Gentherapie, National Research Center for Health and Environment (GSF), D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Importance of the MKK6/p38 pathway for interleukin-12–induced STAT4 serine phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.5.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractInterleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key immunoregulatory cytokine that promotes Th1 differentiation and cell-mediated immune responses. The transcription factor STAT4 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 4) is an important element in mediating IL-12 signals, as evidenced by the fact that STAT4−/− mice display impaired responsiveness to IL-12 and deficient Th1 differentiation. STAT4 is inducibly phosphorylated on tyrosine and serine in response to IL-12, but the kinase(s) responsible for the latter event is unknown. Here we show that IL-12 induces STAT4 phosphorylation on serine 721 and that mutation of serine 721 interferes with STAT4 transcriptional activity. In addition, we show that mutation of tyrosine 693 abrogates IL-12–induced STAT4 tyrosine phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. Although the site surrounding serine 721 is an optimum consensus sequence for mitogen-activated family of protein kinases (MAPKs)-mediated phosphorylation, we demonstrate that IL-12 does not induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in T and natural killer (NK) cells and that IL-12–induced STAT4 transcriptional activity is not affected by these kinases. Rather, we show that IL-12 induces p38 activation. Moreover, we demonstrate that p38α and its upstream activator, MKK6, phosphorylate STAT4 on serine 721, and are required for STAT4 full transcriptional activity induced by IL-12, establishing the MKK6/p38α/STAT4 pathway as an important mediator of IL-12 actions.
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Importance of the MKK6/p38 pathway for interleukin-12–induced STAT4 serine phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v96.5.1844.h8001844_1844_1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key immunoregulatory cytokine that promotes Th1 differentiation and cell-mediated immune responses. The transcription factor STAT4 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 4) is an important element in mediating IL-12 signals, as evidenced by the fact that STAT4−/− mice display impaired responsiveness to IL-12 and deficient Th1 differentiation. STAT4 is inducibly phosphorylated on tyrosine and serine in response to IL-12, but the kinase(s) responsible for the latter event is unknown. Here we show that IL-12 induces STAT4 phosphorylation on serine 721 and that mutation of serine 721 interferes with STAT4 transcriptional activity. In addition, we show that mutation of tyrosine 693 abrogates IL-12–induced STAT4 tyrosine phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. Although the site surrounding serine 721 is an optimum consensus sequence for mitogen-activated family of protein kinases (MAPKs)-mediated phosphorylation, we demonstrate that IL-12 does not induce extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in T and natural killer (NK) cells and that IL-12–induced STAT4 transcriptional activity is not affected by these kinases. Rather, we show that IL-12 induces p38 activation. Moreover, we demonstrate that p38α and its upstream activator, MKK6, phosphorylate STAT4 on serine 721, and are required for STAT4 full transcriptional activity induced by IL-12, establishing the MKK6/p38α/STAT4 pathway as an important mediator of IL-12 actions.
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Zhang S, Kaplan MH. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for IL-12-induced IFN-gamma expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:1374-80. [PMID: 10903740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.3.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is a central immunoregulatory cytokine that promotes cell-mediated immune responses and the differentiation of naive CD4+ cells into Th1 cells. We and others have demonstrated that the Stat4 is critical for IFN-gamma production by activated T cells and Th1 cells. However, several studies have suggested that other pathways may be involved in IL-12-stimulated IFN-gamma expression. In this report we demonstrate that IL-12 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6 (MKK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), but not p44/42 (ERK) or stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK. The activation of p38 MAPK is required for normal induction of IFN-gamma mRNA and IFN-gamma secretion by IL-12 in activated T cells and Th1 cells. Importantly, IL-12-stimulated p38 MAPK effector functions occur through a Stat4-independent mechanism and correlate with increased serine phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-2. The requirement for p38 MAPK in IL-12 function suggests that this pathway may be an important in vivo target for the anti-inflammatory actions of p38 MAPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Yamamoto K, Shibata F, Miura O, Kamiyama R, Hirosawa S, Miyasaka N. Physical interaction between interleukin-12 receptor beta 2 subunit and Jak2 tyrosine kinase: Jak2 associates with cytoplasmic membrane-proximal region of interleukin-12 receptor beta 2 via amino-terminus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257:400-4. [PMID: 10198225 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine, composed of p40 and p35 subunits, that exerts its biological effects by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Two human IL-12 receptor proteins, designated IL-12R beta 1 and IL-12R beta 2, have been previously identified. IL-12R beta 2 has box 1 motif, box 2 motif, and three tyrosine residues in its cytoplasmic domain. In response to IL-12, Jak2 and Tyk2, family members of Janus family protein tyrosine kinases, are phosphorylated in PHA-activated T lymphocytes. The present study demonstrates that Jak2 binds to the cytoplasmic membrane-proximal region of IL-12R beta 2, and box 2 motif and tyrosine residues in the cytoplasmic domain were not required for binding. The amino-terminus of Jak2 is necessary for association with IL-12R beta 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Naeger LK, McKinney J, Salvekar A, Hoey T. Identification of a STAT4 binding site in the interleukin-12 receptor required for signaling. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:1875-8. [PMID: 9890938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.4.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of the various STAT SH2 domains for different tyrosine-containing peptides enables cytokines to activate different signaling pathways and to induce distinct patterns of gene expression. We show that STAT4 has a unique peptide specificity and binds to the peptide sequence pYLPSNID (where pY represents phosphotyrosine). This motif is found at tyrosine residue 800 in the beta2 subunit of the interleukin-12 receptor and is required for DNA binding and transcriptional activity of STAT4. Our data demonstrate that transfection of interleukin-12 receptor beta1 and beta2 subunits is sufficient for STAT4 activation but not for STAT1 or STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Naeger
- Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trinchieri
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Pahlavani MA, Harris MD, Richardson A. Activation of p21ras/MAPK signal transduction molecules decreases with age in mitogen-stimulated T cells from rats. Cell Immunol 1998; 185:39-48. [PMID: 9636681 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction is ubiquitously involved in the initiation of physiological signals that lead to growth and proliferation of cells. The signaling cascade mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is considered essential for T cell growth and function. Therefore, it was of interest to determine the influence of age on the induction of MAPK in mitogen-activated T cells. T cells from young (4-6 months) and old (24-26 months) rats responded to concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation by increasing MAPK, c-jun amino terminal kinase (JNK), and p21ras activities. The time course of induction of MAPK/JNK and p21ras activities was similar in T cells isolated from young and old rats. The induction of JNK activity did not change significantly with age; however, the induction of MAPK and p21ras activities was significantly less (50 to 65%) in T cells from old rats than in T cells from young rats. Although the relative protein levels of p42 and p44 MAPK did not change with age, the proportion of the phosphorylated p44 MAPK decreased with age. In addition, it was found that the in vitro kinase activities of the T cell receptor-associated protein tyrosine kinase Lck (p56Lck) and ZAP-70 but not Fyn (p59Fyn) were lower in T cells from old rats than in T cells from young rats. The decline in activities of these signaling molecules with age was not associated with changes in their corresponding protein levels. Thus, our results demonstrate that aging alters the activation of the signal transduction cascade that leads to T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Pahlavani
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Audie L. Murphy Veterans Hospital, San Antonio, Texas 78284, USA
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Abstract
Src family protein tyrosine kinases are activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors and participate in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of receptor-induced biological activities. While several of these kinases have evolved to play distinct roles in specific receptor pathways, there is considerable redundancy in the functions of these kinases, both with respect to the receptor pathways that activate these kinases and the downstream effectors that mediate their biological activities. This chapter reviews the evidence implicating Src family kinases in specific receptor pathways and describes the mechanisms leading to their activation, the targets that interact with these kinases, and the biological events that they regulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Tsuji-Takayama K, Matsumoto S, Koide K, Takeuchi M, Ikeda M, Ohta T, Kurimoto M. Interleukin-18 induces activation and association of p56(lck) and MAPK in a murine TH1 clone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 237:126-30. [PMID: 9266843 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL-18) was identified as an inducer of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by stimulated T cells. In this study, we used an ovalbumin-responsive murine Th1 clone (OVA#4), in which DNA synthesis was reportedly enhanced after IL-18 treatment in the presence of a non-mitogenic TCR/CD3 stimulus, to examine signal transduction pathways. In the presence of the stimulus, IL-18 induced the appearance of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and herbimycin A inhibited DNA synthesis. It is suggested that protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) mediated signaling is induced by IL-18. Specifically, IL-18 induced phosphorylation of phosphorylates p56(lck) (LCK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). IL-18 alone induced the kinase activities of both LCK and MAPK, and the activities were increased by the TCR/CD3 stimulus. Simultaneously, IL-18 induced the association of LCK with MAPK and this was also increased by the TCR/CD3 stimulus. The activation of the LCK-MAPK pathway correlated with enhanced DNA synthesis in OVA#4 cells. These results suggest that the LCK-MAPK pathway is involved in IL-18 signaling and that IL-18 may play an important role in modification of TCR/CD3-mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tsuji-Takayama
- Fujisaki Institute, Hayashibara Biochemical Laboratories, Inc., Okayama, Japan.
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Frederick M, Grimm E, Krohn E, Smid C, Yu TK. Cytokine-induced cytotoxic function expressed by lymphocytes of the innate immune system: distinguishing characteristics of NK and LAK based on functional and molecular markers. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1997; 17:435-47. [PMID: 9282823 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1997.17.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several molecular events are now identifiable during the activation, recognition, and killing by natural killer (NK) cells that are distinct from those differentiated in response to cytokines during the generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells or during lymphocyte proliferation. Because LAK and MHC-unrestricted killing activities also include the prototypic NK targets as part of their broad recognition spectra, accurate identification of the complete function being studied is critical. In many publications, past and present, only NK-sensitive target cells were used (K562, Molt-4, others), and, therefore, the results do not necessarily indicate whether the effectors are NK or have differentiated into LAK cells. Such a consideration becomes critical when the effectors are grown in interleukin-2 (IL-2), and an attempt is made to define receptor recognition, signal transduction pathways, and specificity at the molecular level. In some instances, effector cells are likely to have stopped, therefore merely expressing NK activity, and have also acquired LAK function. The identified receptors may not have been unique to NK cells or NK function. Not until the targets employed are also confirmed to be NK sensitive, and the effectors do not kill NK-resistant targets can the results of molecular studies be proposed to represent aspects unique to NK. Reports of the use of IL-2-expanded NK clones are most likely providing data concerning the biology of LAK and not of classic NK. The classic NK activity surveying our blood apparently performs an important function, including the ability to respond rapidly to certain cytokines and to acquire additional functions and receptors for use in destroying a vast array of target cells. It is critical for scientists to appreciate the functional distinctions and to identify the molecules and pathways unique to each of these curious cytolytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Frederick
- Department of Tumor Biology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Zou J, Presky DH, Wu CY, Gubler U. Differential associations between the cytoplasmic regions of the interleukin-12 receptor subunits beta1 and beta2 and JAK kinases. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6073-7. [PMID: 9038232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.9.6073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the cytoplasmic regions of interleukin-12 receptors (IL-12R) beta1 and beta2 in stimulating proliferation was examined. The transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of IL-12Rbeta1 or IL-12Rbeta2 were fused to the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, yielding chimeric receptors E12R1 and E12R2, respectively. These chimeras were stably transfected into BaF3 cells, a factor-dependent murine pro-B cell line. Only E12R2 or E12R1+E12R2 transfectants were capable of EGF-dependent proliferation. EGF-dependent phosphorylation of E12R2, JAK2, Tyk2, and STAT3 was observed. JAK2 was phosphorylated in E12R1-, E12R2-, and E12R1+E12R2-expressing cells. However, direct associations were detectable only between E12R2 and JAK2. Tyk2 phosphorylation was observed only in cells expressing E12R1 or E12R1+E12R2. In parallel with this activation pattern, direct interactions only between Tyk2 and E12R1 were demonstrable. Phosphorylation of STAT3 was observed in cells expressing E12R1, E12R2, and E12R1+E12R2. The expression levels of STAT4 protein in BaF3 cells are undetectable by the methods employed here; therefore, STAT4 phosphorylation was not observed. Taken together, the data indicate that differential interactions take place between the cytoplasmic regions of the two IL-12R subunits and JAK2/Tyk2 and that the cytoplasmic region of IL-12Rbeta2 alone is capable of delivering a proliferative signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zou
- Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110-1199, USA
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Bacon CM, Cho SS, O'Shea JJ. Signal transduction by interleukin-12 and interleukin-2. A comparison and contrast. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 795:41-59. [PMID: 8958916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C M Bacon
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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