1
|
Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Species dependence of A 3 adenosine receptor pharmacology and function. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:523-550. [PMID: 36538251 PMCID: PMC9763816 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to fully understand pharmacological differences between G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) species homologues are generally not pursued in detail during the drug development process. To date, many GPCRs that have been successfully targeted are relatively well-conserved across species in amino acid sequence and display minimal variability of biological effects. However, the A3 adenosine receptor (AR), an exciting drug target for a multitude of diseases associated with tissue injury, ischemia, and inflammation, displays as little as 70% sequence identity among mammalian species (e.g., rodent vs. primate) commonly used in drug development. Consequently, the pharmacological properties of synthetic A3AR ligands vary widely, not only in binding affinity, selectivity, and signaling efficacy, but to the extent that some function as agonists in some species and antagonists in others. Numerous heterocyclic antagonists that have nM affinity at the human A3AR are inactive or weakly active at the rat and mouse A3ARs. Positive allosteric modulators, including the imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine derivative LUF6000, are only active at human and some larger animal species that have been evaluated (rabbit and dog), but not rodents. A3AR agonists evoke systemic degranulation of rodent, but not human mast cells. The rat A3AR undergoes desensitization faster than the human A3AR, but the human homologue can be completely re-sensitized and recycled back to the cell surface. Thus, comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and awareness of potential A3AR species differences are critical in studies to further understand the basic biological functions of this unique AR subtype. Recombinant A3ARs from eight different species have been pharmacologically characterized thus far. In this review, we describe in detail current knowledge of species differences in genetic identity, G protein-coupling, receptor regulation, and both orthosteric and allosteric A3AR pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Costa DVS, Shin JH, Goldbeck SM, Bolick DT, Mesquita FS, Loureiro AV, Rodrigues-Jesus MJ, Brito GAC, Warren CA. Adenosine receptors differentially mediate enteric glial cell death induced by Clostridioides difficile Toxins A and B. Front Immunol 2023; 13:956326. [PMID: 36726986 PMCID: PMC9885079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased risk of intestinal dysfunction has been reported in patients after Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Enteric glial cells (EGCs), a component of the enteric nervous system (ENS), contribute to gut homeostasis. Previous studies showed that adenosine receptors, A2A and A2B, modulate inflammation during CDI. However, it is unknown how these receptors can modulate the EGC response to the C. difficile toxins (TcdA and TcdB). We investigated the effects of these toxins on the expression of adenosine receptors in EGCs and the role of these receptors on toxin-induced EGC death. Rat EGCs line were incubated with TcdA or TcdB alone or in combination with adenosine analogues 1h prior to toxins challenge. After incubation, EGCs were collected to evaluate gene expression (adenosine receptors and proinflammatory markers) and cell death. In vivo, WT, A2A, and A2B KO mice were infected with C. difficile, euthanized on day 3 post-infection, and cecum tissue was processed. TcdA and TcdB increased A2A and A3 transcripts, as well as decreased A2B. A2A agonist, but not A2A antagonist, decreased apoptosis induced by TcdA and TcdB in EGCs. A2B blocker, but not A2B agonist, diminished apoptosis in EGCs challenged with both toxins. A3 agonist, but not A3 blocker, reduced apoptosis in EGCs challenged with TcdA and TcdB. Inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) and CREB, both involved in the main signaling pathway driven by activation of adenosine receptors, decreased EGC apoptosis induced by both toxins. A2A agonist and A2B antagonist decreased S100B upregulation induced by C. difficile toxins in EGCs. In vivo, infected A2B KO mice, but not A2A, exhibited a decrease in cell death, including EGCs and enteric neuron loss, compared to infected WT mice, reduced intestinal damage and decreased IL-6 and S100B levels in cecum. Our findings indicate that upregulation of A2A and A3 and downregulation of A2B in EGCs and downregulation of A2B in intestinal tissues elicit a protective response against C. difficile toxins. Adenosine receptors appear to play a regulatory role in EGCs death and proinflammatory response induced by TcdA and TcdB, and thus may be potential targets of intervention to prevent post-CDI intestinal dysmotility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deiziane V S Costa
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Jae H Shin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sophia M Goldbeck
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - David T Bolick
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Flavio S Mesquita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea V Loureiro
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mônica J Rodrigues-Jesus
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Procopio MC, Lauro R, Nasso C, Carerj S, Squadrito F, Bitto A, Di Bella G, Micari A, Irrera N, Costa F. Role of Adenosine and Purinergic Receptors in Myocardial Infarction: Focus on Different Signal Transduction Pathways. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020204. [PMID: 33670488 PMCID: PMC7922652 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a dramatic event often caused by atherosclerotic plaque erosion or rupture and subsequent thrombotic occlusion of a coronary vessel. The low supply of oxygen and nutrients in the infarcted area may result in cardiomyocytes necrosis, replacement of intact myocardium with non-contractile fibrous tissue and left ventricular (LV) function impairment if blood flow is not quickly restored. In this review, we summarized the possible correlation between adenosine system, purinergic system and Wnt/β-catenin pathway and their role in the pathogenesis of cardiac damage following MI. In this context, several pathways are involved and, in particular, the adenosine receptors system shows different interactions between its members and purinergic receptors: their modulation might be effective not only for a normal functional recovery but also for the treatment of heart diseases, thus avoiding fibrosis, reducing infarcted area and limiting scaring. Similarly, it has been shown that Wnt/β catenin pathway is activated following myocardial injury and its unbalanced activation might promote cardiac fibrosis and, consequently, LV systolic function impairment. In this regard, the therapeutic benefits of Wnt inhibitors use were highlighted, thus demonstrating that Wnt/β-catenin pathway might be considered as a therapeutic target to prevent adverse LV remodeling and heart failure following MI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Procopio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Rita Lauro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Chiara Nasso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Scipione Carerj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Alessandra Bitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Gianluca Di Bella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonio Micari
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, A.O.U. Policlinic “G. Martino”, 98165 Messina, Italy;
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-221-3093; Fax: +39-090-221-23-81
| | - Francesco Costa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98165 Messina, Italy; (M.C.P.); (R.L.); (C.N.); (S.C.); (F.S.); (A.B.); (G.D.B.); (F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dormont F, Rouquette M, Mahatsekake C, Gobeaux F, Peramo A, Brusini R, Calet S, Testard F, Lepetre-Mouelhi S, Desmaële D, Varna M, Couvreur P. Translation of nanomedicines from lab to industrial scale synthesis: The case of squalene-adenosine nanoparticles. J Control Release 2019; 307:302-314. [PMID: 31260754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of nanoparticle-based delivery systems have become increasingly important for diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications. Yet, the numerous physical and chemical parameters that influence both the biological and colloidal properties of nanoparticles remain poorly understood. This complicates the ability to reliably produce and deliver well-defined nanocarriers which often leads to inconsistencies, conflicts in the published literature and, ultimately, poor translation to the clinics. A critical issue lies in the challenge of scaling-up nanomaterial synthesis and formulation from the lab to industrial scale while maintaining control over their diverse properties. Studying these phenomena early on in the development of a therapeutic agent often requires partnerships between the public and private sectors which are hard to establish. In this study, through the particular case of squalene-adenosine nanoparticles, we reported on the challenges encountered in the process of scaling-up nanomedicines synthesis. Here, squalene (the carrier) was functionalized and conjugated to adenosine (the active drug moiety) at an industrial scale in order to obtain large quantities of biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles. After assessing nanoparticle batch-to-batch consistency, we demonstrated that the presence of squalene analogs resulting from industrial scale-up may influence several features such as size, surface charge, protein adsorption, cytotoxicity and crystal structure. These analogs were isolated, characterized by multiple stage mass spectrometry, and their influence on nanoparticle properties further evaluated. We showed that slight variations in the chemical profile of the nanocarrier's constitutive material can have a tremendous impact on the reproducibility of nanoparticle properties. In a context where several generics of approved nanoformulated drugs are set to enter the market in the coming years, characterizing and solving these issues is an important step in the pharmaceutical development of nanomedicines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Dormont
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marie Rouquette
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Frédéric Gobeaux
- CEA Saclay, CNRS UMR 3685, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Arnaud Peramo
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Romain Brusini
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Serge Calet
- HOLOCHEM, Voie de l'Innovation, 27100 Val-de-Reuil, France
| | - Fabienne Testard
- CEA Saclay, CNRS UMR 3685, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sinda Lepetre-Mouelhi
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Didier Desmaële
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mariana Varna
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kazemi MH, Raoofi Mohseni S, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Anvari E, Ghalamfarsa G, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the immunopathogenesis and treatment of cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2032-2057. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Kazemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS); Tehran Iran
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Sahar Raoofi Mohseni
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK); Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine; Bushehr University of Medical Sciences; Bushehr Iran
| | - Enayat Anvari
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology; Ilam University of Medical Sciences; Ilam Iran
| | - Ghasem Ghalamfarsa
- Medicinal Plants Research Center; Yasuj University of Medical Sciences; Yasuj Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center; Tabriz University of Medical Sciences; Tabriz Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li S, Li X, Guo H, Liu S, Huang H, Liu N, Yang C, Tang P, Liu J. Intracellular ATP concentration contributes to the cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects of adenosine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76731. [PMID: 24098558 PMCID: PMC3789704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine (Ade) interacts with cells by two pathways: by activating cell surface receptors at nanomolar/micromolar concentrations; and by interfering with the homeostasis of the intracellular nucleotide pool at millimolar concentrations. Ade shows both cytotoxic and cytoprotective effects; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, the effects of adenosine-mediated ATP on cell viability were investigated. Adenosine treatment was found to be cytoprotective in the low intracellular ATP state, but cytotoxic under the normal ATP state. Adenosine-mediated cytotoxicity and cytoprotection rely on adenosine-derived ATP formation, but not via the adenosine receptor pathway. Ade enhanced proteasome inhibition-induced cell death mediated by ATP generation. These data provide a new pathway by which adenosine exerts dual biological effects on cell viability, suggesting an important role for adenosine as an ATP precursor besides the adenosine receptor pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujue Li
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Guo
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouting Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbiao Huang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshan Yang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tang
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Department of Pathophysiology, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Apoptotic effect of cisplatin and cordycepin on OC3 human oral cancer cells. Chin J Integr Med 2013; 20:624-32. [PMID: 23543357 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-013-1453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate apoptotic effects of cisplatin and cordycepin as single agent or in combination with cytotoxicity in oral cancer cells. METHODS The influences of cisplatin (2.5 μg/mL) and/or cordycepin treatment (10 or 100 μmol/L) to human OC3 oral cancer cell line were investigated by morphological observation for cell death appearance, methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) assay for cell viability, flow cytometry assay for cell apoptosis, and Western blotting for apoptotic protein expressions. RESULTS Data demonstrated that co-administration of cisplatin (2.5 μg/mL) and cordycepin (10 or 100 μmol/L) resulted in the enhancement of OC3 cell apoptosis compared to cisplatin or cordycepin alone treatment (24 h), respectively (P <0.05). In flow cytometry assay, percentage of cells arrested at subG1 phase with co-treatment of cordycepin and cisplatin (30%) was significantly higher than cisplatin (5%) or cordycepin (12%) alone group (P <0.05), confirming a synergistically apoptotic effect of cordycepin and cisplatin. In cellular mechanism study, co-treatment of cordycepin and cisplatin induced more stress-activated protein kinase/Jun terminal kinase (JNK), the expressions of caspase-7, and the cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) as compared to cisplatin or cordycepin alone treatment (P <0.05). CONCLUSION Cisplatin and cordycepin possess synergistically apoptotic effect through the activation of JNK/caspase-7/PARP pathway in human OC3 oral cancer cell line.
Collapse
|
8
|
Mlejnek P, Dolezel P, Frydrych I. Effects of synthetic A3 adenosine receptor agonists on cell proliferation and viability are receptor independent at micromolar concentrations. J Physiol Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23184730 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The question as to whether A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonists, N (6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N- methyluronamide (IB-MECA) and 2-chloro-N (6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA), could exert cytotoxic effects at high concentrations with or without the involvement of A3AR has been a controversial issue for a long time. The initial findings suggesting that A3AR plays a crucial role in the induction of cell death upon treatment with micromolar concentrations of IB-MECA or Cl-IB-MECA were revised, however, the direct and unequivocal evidence is still missing. Therefore, the sensitivity of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human recombinant A3AR (A3-CHO) and their counter partner wild-type CHO cells, which do not express any of adenosine receptors, to micromolar concentrations of IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA was studied. We observed that IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on cell proliferation due to the blockage of cell cycle progression at G1/S and G2/M transitions in both A3-CHO and CHO cells. Further analysis revealed that IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA attenuated the Erk1/2 signalling irrespectively to A3AR expression. In addition, Cl-IB-MECA induced massive cell death mainly with hallmarks of a necrosis in both cell lines. In contrast, IB-MECA affected cell viability only slightly independently of A3AR expression. IB-MECA induced cell death that exhibited apoptotic hallmarks. In general, the sensitivity of A3-CHO cells to micromolar concentrations of IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA was somewhat, but not significantly, higher than that observed in the CHO cells. These results strongly suggest that IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA exert cytotoxic effects at micromolar concentrations independently of A3AR expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Mlejnek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mlejnek P, Dolezel P, Kosztyu P. P-glycoprotein mediates resistance to A3 adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide in human leukemia cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:676-85. [PMID: 21520073 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We studied effects of 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA) on apoptosis induction in the K562/Dox cell line, which overexpressed P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1). We found that the K562/Dox cell line was significantly more resistant to Cl-IB-MECA than the maternal cell line K562, which did not express P-gp. Although both cell lines expressed the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR), cytotoxic effects of Cl-IB-MECA were not prevented by its selective antagonist MRS1523 (3-propyl-6-ethyl-5-[(ethylthio)carbonyl]-2 phenyl-4-propyl-3-pyridine carboxylate). Analysis of cell extracts revealed that the intracellular level of Cl-IB-MECA was significantly lower in the K562/Dox cell line than in the maternal cell line K562. The downregulation of P-gp expression using shRNA targeting ABCB1 gene led to increased intracellular level of Cl-IB-MECA and restored cell sensitivity to this drug. Similarly, valspodar (PSC-833), a specific inhibitor of P-gp, restored sensitivity of the K562/Dox cell line to Cl-IB-MECA with concomitant increase of intracellular level of Cl-IB-MECA in the resistant cell line, while it affected cytotoxicity of Cl-IB-MECA in the sensitive cell line only marginally. An enzyme based assay provided evidence for interaction of P-gp with Cl-IB-MECA. We further observed that cytotoxic effects of Cl-IB-MECA could be augmented by activation of extrinsic cell death pathway by Apo-2L (TRAIL) but not FasL or TNF-α. Our results revealed that Cl-IB-MECA induced an increase in expression of TRAIL receptors in K562 cells, which could sensitize cells to apoptosis induction via an extrinsic cell death pathway. Importantly, these effects were inversely related to P-gp expression. In addition, MRS1523 did not affect Cl-IB-MECA induced expression of TRAIL receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Mlejnek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chanyshev B, Shainberg A, Isak A, Litinsky A, Chepurko Y, Tosh DK, Phan K, Gao ZG, Hochhauser E, Jacobson KA. Anti-ischemic effects of multivalent dendrimeric A₃ adenosine receptor agonists in cultured cardiomyocytes and in the isolated rat heart. Pharmacol Res 2011; 65:338-46. [PMID: 22154845 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine released during myocardial ischemia mediates cardioprotective preconditioning. Multivalent drugs covalently bound to nanocarriers may differ greatly in chemical and biological properties from the corresponding monomeric agents. Here, we conjugated chemically functionalized nucleosides to poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimeric polymers and investigated their effects in rat primary cardiac cell cultures and in the isolated heart. Three conjugates of A₃ adenosine receptor (AR) agonists, chain-functionalized at the C2 or N⁶ position, were cardioprotective, with greater potency than monomeric agonist Cl-IB-MECA. Multivalent amide-linked MRS5216 was selective for A₁ and A₃ARs, and triazole-linked MRS5246 and MRS5539 (optionally containing fluorescent label) were A₃AR-selective. The conjugates protected ischemic rat cardiomyocytes, an effect blocked by an A₃AR antagonist MRS1523, and isolated hearts with significantly improved infarct size, rate of pressure product, and rate of contraction and relaxation. Thus, strategically derivatized nucleosides tethered to biocompatible polymeric carriers display enhanced cardioprotective potency via activation of A₃AR on the cardiomyocyte surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bella Chanyshev
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The study of the A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) represents a rapidly growing and intense area of research in the adenosine field. The present chapter will provide an overview of the expression patterns, molecular pharmacology and functional role of this A(3)AR subtype under pathophysiological conditions. Through studies utilizing selective A(3)AR agonists and antagonists, or A(3)AR knockout mice, it is now clear that this receptor plays a critical role in the modulation of ischemic diseases as well as in inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies. Therefore, the potential therapeutic use of agonists and antagonists will also be described. The discussion will principally address the use of such compounds in the treatment of brain and heart ischemia, asthma, sepsis and glaucoma. The final part concentrates on the molecular basis of A(3)ARs in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and includes a description of clinical trials with the selective agonist CF101. Based on this chapter, it is evident that continued research to discover agonists and antagonists for the A(3)AR subtype is warranted.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hussain A, Karjian P, Maddock H. The role of nitric oxide in A3 adenosine receptor-mediated cardioprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:97-104. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2009.00438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Hasegawa T, Bouïs D, Liao H, Visovatti SH, Pinsky DJ. Ecto-5' nucleotidase (CD73)-mediated adenosine generation and signaling in murine cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Circ Res 2008; 103:1410-21. [PMID: 19008478 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.108.180059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) catalyzes the terminal phosphohydrolysis of 5'-adenosine monophosphate and is widely expressed on endothelial cells where it regulates barrier function. Because it is also expressed on lymphocytes, we hypothesized that it modulates vascular immune regulation under homeostatic conditions and dysregulation under stress conditions such as cardiac allotransplantation. In a heterotopic cardiac allotransplantation model, CD73 deficiency in either donors or recipients resulted in decreased graft survival and the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy, suggesting a contribution of CD73 on both graft-resident and circulating cells in vasculopathy pathogenesis. Vascular perturbations incited by lack of CD73 included loss of graft barrier function and diminished graft expression of the A(2B) adenosine receptor (A(2B)AR), with a concordant exacerbation of the acute inflammatory and immune responses. The importance of CD73 in modulating endothelial-lymphocyte interaction was further demonstrated in allomismatched in vitro coculture experiments. Either genetic deletion or pharmacological blockade of CD73 increased transendothelial lymphocyte migration and inflammatory responses, suggesting that CD73 plays a critical role to suppress transendothelial leukocyte trafficking through its enzymatic activity. In addition, antagonism of A(2B)AR caused a significant increase in vascular leakage, and agonism of A(2B)AR resulted in marked prolongation of graft survival and suppression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy development. These data suggest a new paradigm in which phosphohydrolysis of adenosine monophosphate by CD73 on graft-resident or circulating cells diminishes transendothelial leukocyte trafficking and mitigates inflammatory and immune sequelae of cardiac transplantation via the A(2B)AR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Hasegawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Di Sole F, Cerull R, Babich V, Casavola V, Helmle-Roth C, Burckhardt G. Short- and long-term A3 adenosine receptor activation inhibits the Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 activity and expression in opossum kidney cells. J Cell Physiol 2008; 216:221-33. [PMID: 18286509 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The renal function of the A(3) adenosine receptor (A3AR) is poorly characterized. In this study, we report that the A3AR-selective agonist, 1-[2-chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purine-9-yl]-1-deoxy-N-methyl-b-D-ribofuranuronamide (2-Cl-IBMECA) regulates the Na+/H+ exchanger-3 (NHE3) in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. In opossum kidney (OK) cells, 2-Cl-IBMECA at high (10(-6) M) and low (10(-8) M) dose inhibits NHE3 by a multiphasic time course with an acute phase of NHE3 inhibition from 15 min to 1 h, followed by a chronic phase of NHE3 inhibition from 24 to 48 h. Pre-incubation with either the selective A3AR-antagonist MRS1523 (10(-7) M) or the protein kinase C inhibitor, Calphostin C (10(-8) M) completely blocked 10(-6) M 2-Cl-IBMECA-induced acute (15 min) and chronic (24 h) phases of NHE3 inhibition. In contrast, the acute inhibitory phase (15 min) of 10(-8) M 2-Cl-IBMECA was completely prevented only when Calphostin C (10(-8) M) was added in conjunction with the protein kinase A inhibitor, H89 (10(-7) M). Acute (15 or 30 min depending on the A3AR-agonist concentration) A3AR-dependent inhibition of NHE3 activity was accompanied by decrease in cell surface NHE3 protein with no change in total NHE3 antigen. Chronic (24 h) A3AR-mediated down-regulation of NHE3 was associated with reduction of surface NHE3, decreased total NHE3 protein (70%) and a paradoxical rise of NHE3 RNA (40%). In summary, these results indicate that A3AR directly regulates NHE3 at multiple levels in a complex pattern. A3AR-dependent short- and long-term inhibition of NHE3 may be a fundamental mechanism of net sodium and fluid balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Sole
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Temkin V, Karin M. From death receptor to reactive oxygen species and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase: the receptor-interacting protein 1 odyssey. Immunol Rev 2007; 220:8-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
16
|
El-Ani D, Zimlichman R, Mashiach Y, Shainberg A. Adenosine and TNF-alpha exert similar inotropic effect on heart cultures, suggesting a cardioprotective mechanism against hypoxia. Life Sci 2007; 81:803-13. [PMID: 17764703 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2007.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
When cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha; 3-50 ng/ml) or adenosine (1-100 microM), decreased hypoxic damage as was detected by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, MTT (3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) absorbance, ROS (reactive oxygen species) measurement or desmin immunostaining. This cardioprotection was not prevented in TNF-alpha-treated cultures by 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD). Our aim was to elucidate whether adenosine and TNF-alpha mediate a similar protective mechanism against hypoxia in primary heart cultures and in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Adenosine and TNF-alpha are known for their negative inotropic effects on the heart. We have suggested that deoxyglucose uptake reflects heart contractility in cell cultures; therefore, we assayed its accumulation under various conditions. Treatment for 20 min with adenosine, R-PIA [(-)-N(6)-phenylisopropyladenosine] (10 microM), or TNF-alpha reduced (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake in primary heart cultures and also in H9c2 cardiomyocytes by 30-50%. Isoproterenol accelerated (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake by 50%. Adenosine, R-PIA, or TNF-alpha attenuated the stimulatory effect of isoproterenol on (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake to control levels. Hypoxia reduced (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake by 50%, as in the treatment of the hypoxic cultures with TNF-alpha or adenosine. Glibenclamide (2 microM), 5-HD (300 microM), or diazoxide (50 microM) increased (3)H-deoxyglucose uptake by 50-80%. Adenosine (100 microM) and TNF-alpha (50 ng/ml) stimulated (86)Rb efflux. Glibenclamide attenuated this effect. We demonstrate that TNF-alpha, like adenosine, accelerated Ca(2+) uptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by 50-100% and therefore prevented cardiomyocyte Ca(2+) overload. Our findings further suggest that TNF-alpha, as well as adenosine, may mediate an adaptive effect in the heart by preventing Ca(2+) overload via activation of SR Ca-ATPase (SERCA(2)a).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia El-Ani
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Niemoeller OM, Bentzen PJ, Lang E, Lang F. Adenosine protects against suicidal erythrocyte death. Pflugers Arch 2007; 454:427-39. [PMID: 17285297 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-007-0218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Suicidal death of erythrocytes or eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling leading to phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. The cell membrane scrambling is triggered by an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) activity and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Phosphatidylserine exposure fosters adherence of affected erythrocytes to the vascular wall. Thus, microcirculation in ischemic tissues may be impaired by the appearance of eryptotic erythrocytes. Ischemia leads to release of adenosine, which in most tissues leads to vasodilation and protects against cell injury. The present experiments explored whether adenosine influences mechanisms underlying eryptosis. Erythrocyte phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated from annexin V binding, cell volume from forward scatter and cytosolic Ca(2+) activity from Fluo3 fluorescence. Glucose depletion (for 24 or 48 h) significantly increased annexin binding and decreased forward scatter, effects partially reversed by adenosine. The protective effect of adenosine reached statistical significance (s.d.) at > =30 microM. Low Cl(-) solution (Cl(-) exchanged by gluconate for 24 h) similarly increased annexin binding and decreased forward scatter, effects again reversed by adenosine (s.d. at > or =10 and 30 microM, respectively). Similarly, phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid (OA, 1 microM) and PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 3 microM) significantly enhanced annexin binding and decreased forward scatter. Adenosine significantly blunted the effects of OA and PMA on annexin V binding (s.d. at > or =30 and 10 microM, respectively) and the effect of OA on forward scatter (s.d. at > or =10 microM). In conclusion, adenosine inhibits eryptosis by a mechanism presumably effective downstream of PKC. The effect may participate in the maintenance of microcirculation in ischemic tissue.
Collapse
|
18
|
Merighi S, Benini A, Mirandola P, Gessi S, Varani K, Leung E, MacLennan S, Baraldi PG, Borea PA. Modulation of the Akt/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway by A₃ adenosine receptor. Purinergic Signal 2006; 2:627-32. [PMID: 18404465 PMCID: PMC2096659 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-006-9020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Downstream A₃ receptor signalling plays an important role in the regulation of cell death and proliferation. Therefore, it is important to determine the molecular pathways involved through A₃ receptor stimulation. The phosphatidylinositide-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) kinase (MEK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have central roles in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation. The crosstalk between these two pathways has also been investigated. The focus of this review centres on downstream mediators of A₃ adenosine receptor signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Benini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- Department of Human Anatomy, Pharmacology and Forensic Medicine, Human Anatomy Section, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edward Leung
- King Pharmaceuticals R&D, Cary, North Carolina USA
| | | | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17′9, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Inflammation, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu WC, Hsiao JR, Lian YY, Lin CY, Huang BM. The apoptotic effect of cordycepin on human OEC-M1 oral cancer cell line. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006; 60:103-11. [PMID: 17031645 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-006-0354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), a pure compound of Cordyceps sinensis, has been illustrated with anti-tumor effects. In the present study, the apoptotic effect of cordycepin on OEC-M1, a human oral squamous cancer cell line, was investigated by morphological observations, cell viability assay, annexin V-FITC analysis and flow cytometry methods. Results demonstrated that the number of rounded-up cell increased as treatment duration of cordycepin (100 microM) increased from 3 to 48 h, and the plasma membrane blebbing could be observed after 12 h treatment. In cell viability assay, cell surviving rate significantly decreased as the dosage and duration of cordycepin treatment increased (P < 0.05). Moreover, phosphatidylserine flipping on cell membrane could be detected with 3, 6 and 12 h cordycepin treatment, which indicated an early apoptotic phenomenon. Furthermore, cell cycle studies illustrated that the percentage of G1 phase cell declined as the dosages of cordycepin increased (10 microM to 5 mM), while the percentages of G2M and subG1 phase cell increased (P < 0.05) in 12, 24 and 48 h cordycepin treatment. These results further confirmed the apoptotic event. In conclusion, cordycepin significantly induced cell apoptotsis in OEC-M1 human oral squamous cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ciao Wu
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The adenosine A(3) receptor plays an important role in ischemic preconditioning. Activation of the adenosine A(3) receptor with its agonists induces both early and late pharmacological preconditioning through various mechanisms. As the first potent and selective adenosine A(3) receptor agonist, IB-MECA (N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methylcarboxamide) has been demonstrated to induce cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury when given before onset of ischemia by triggering pharmacological preconditioning. More importantly, IB-MECA can also protect the heart even when administered at the onset of reperfusion after ischemia, indicating a strong likelihood that the drug may be useful for the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction. However, since IB-MECA has been reported to have lethal effects at higher concentrations, and may cause systemic hypertension in some species, further studies are needed to find the best treatment strategy to increase its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhelong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zinman T, Shneyvays V, Tribulova N, Manoach M, Shainberg A. Acute, nongenomic effect of thyroid hormones in preventing calcium overload in newborn rat cardiocytes. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:220-31. [PMID: 16331687 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the acute effects of thyroid hormones (TH) T(3) and T(4), leading to improvement of myocardial function through activation of Ca(2+) extrusion mechanisms and, consequently, prevention of intracellular calcium overload. Extracellular calcium elevation from 1.8 to 3.8 mM caused immediate increase in intracellular calcium level ([Ca(2+)](i)) in newborn cardiomyocyte cultures. Administration of 10 or 100 nM T(3) or T(4) rapidly (within 10 sec) decreased [Ca(2+)](i) to its control level. Similar results were obtained when [Ca(2+)](i) was elevated by decreasing extracellular Na(+) concentration, causing backward influx of Ca(2+) through Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, or by administration of caffeine, releasing Ca(2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Under these conditions, T(3) or T(4) decreased [Ca(2+)](i). T(3) and T(4) also exhibited protective effects during ischemia. T(3) or T(4) presence during hypoxia for 120 min in culture medium restricted the increase of [Ca(2+)](i) and prevented the pathological effects of its overload. An inhibitor of SR Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a), thapsigargin, increases [Ca(2+)](i) and in its presence neither T(3) nor T(4) had any effect on the [Ca(2+)](i) level. The reduction of [Ca(2+)](i) level by T(3) and T(4) was also blocked in the presence of H-89 (a PKA inhibitor), and by calmodulin inhibitors. The effect of TH on the reduction of [Ca(2+)](i) was prevented by propranolol, indicating that the hormones exert their effect through interaction with adrenergic receptors. These results support our hypothesis that TH prevent calcium overload in newborn rat cardiomyocytes, most likely by a direct, acute, and nongenomic effect on Ca(2+) transport into the SR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Zinman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wolber C, Fozard JR. The receptor mechanism mediating the contractile response to adenosine on lung parenchymal strips from actively sensitised, allergen-challenged Brown Norway rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2005; 371:158-68. [PMID: 15778904 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-004-1012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Parenchymal strips prepared from lungs removed from actively sensitised Brown Norway rats challenged with allergen show hyperresponsiveness to adenosine. The response is mast cell mediated and a preliminary pharmacological analysis suggested the involvement of a receptor (or receptors) that could not be classified as any of the known adenosine receptor subtypes. We present a further analysis of the response. Male Brown Norway (BN) rats, actively sensitised to ovalbumin (OA), were challenged intratracheally with OA and killed 3 h later to provide parenchymal strip preparations. The augmented contractile responses to adenosine were partially blocked by the 5-HT receptor antagonist, methysergide, or the A(1) receptor antagonist, DPCPX, and abolished in the presence of both antagonists. Responses to high concentrations of the A(1) receptor agonist, CPA were, like those to adenosine, augmented on tissues from allergen-challenged animals and blocked by a combination of methysergide and DPCPX. The A(3) receptor agonist, Cl-IB-MECA, did not contract the tissue, but partially blocked the response to adenosine. A combination of Cl-IB-MECA and methysergide induced a similar degree of blockade to that seen with either drug given alone. Combination of Cl-IB-MECA and/or methysergide with DPCPX abolished the response to adenosine. The effects of the A(3) receptor agonist, inosine, were augmented on tissues from allergen-challenged animals and markedly inhibited by disodium cromoglycate, methysergide or Cl-IB-MECA. Responses to adenosine were abolished when parenchymal strips were taken from rats pretreated 48 h previously with pertussis toxin. 8-SPT, CGS 15943, XAC, MRS 1754, DPCPX and theophylline, at concentrations which inhibit the A(1) A(2A) and/or A(2B) receptors but have negligible affinity for the rat A(3) receptor, inhibited responses to adenosine, but high concentrations were required and blockade was incomplete. MRS 1523 and MRS 1191, which are antagonists at the rat A(3) receptor, had no effect on the response to adenosine. The present results support and clarify our earlier conclusion that an atypical receptor mechanism mediates contraction of the parenchymal strip prepared from the lungs of actively sensitised BN rats challenged with allergen to adenosine. The response arises from a combined effect of adenosine on the A(1) receptor and a receptor with similarities to the A(3) receptor, but where Cl-IB-MECA behaves as an antagonist and MRS 1523 and MRS 1191 are inactive at concentrations that substantially exceed their affinities for the rat A(3) receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Wolber
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rivo J, Zeira E, Galun E, Matot I. Activation of A3 adenosine receptor provides lung protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with reduction in apoptosis. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:1941-8. [PMID: 15575895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been described in various models of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury, including lung transplantation. A3 adenosine receptor (AR) has been linked to a variety of apoptotic processes. The effect of A3AR activation on lung injury and apoptosis, following IR, has not been reported to date. In a spontaneously breathing cat model, in which the left lower lobe of the lung was isolated and subjected to 2 h of ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion, we tested the effect of IB-MECA, a selective A3AR agonist, on lung apoptosis and injury. Significant increase in the extent of apoptosis was observed following lung reperfusion. IB-MECA, administered before IR, and before or with reperfusion, markedly (p < 0.01) attenuated indices of injury and apoptosis including the percentage of injured alveoli, wet/dry weight ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) positive cells, and caspase 3 activity and expression. The protective effects of IB-MECA were completely blocked by pretreatment with the selective A3AR antagonist MRS-1191. In summary, even when given after the onset of ischemia, the A3AR agonist IB-MECA conferred a powerful protection against reperfusion lung injury, which was associated with decreased apoptosis. This suggests a potentially important role for A3AR in lung IR injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rivo
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah University Medical Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shneyvays V, Zinman T, Shainberg A. Analysis of calcium responses mediated by the A3 adenosine receptor in cultured newborn rat cardiac myocytes. Cell Calcium 2004; 36:387-96. [PMID: 15451622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular calcium signaling cascade induced by adenosine A(3) receptor activation was studied in this work. It was found that adenosine A(3) receptor activation (and not A(1) or A(2A) adenosine receptors activation) leads to an increase in cytosolic calcium and its further extrusion. A selective A(3) agonist Cl-IB-MECA (2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide) induced an increase in cytoplasmic calcium in a dose-dependent manner, and was independent on extracellular calcium. The Ca(2+) signal in newborn cardiomyocytes, induced by A(3) receptor activation, is dependent on a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein. The action of Cl-IB-MECA was not inhibited by an inhibitor of phospholipase C (PLC), and by antagonists to inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptor. In contrast, inhibition of ryanodine receptor prevented calcium elevation induced by this agonist. It was shown that extrusion of the elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) was achieved via activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+)-reuptake and of sarcolemmal Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX). The increase in the SR Ca(2+)-uptake and NCX Ca(2+) efflux were sufficient not only for compensation of Ca(2+) release from SR after A(3) receptor activation, but also for an effective prevention of extensive increase in intracellular Ca(2+) and may provide mechanism against cellular Ca(2+) overload. In cells with elevated [Ca(2+)](i) (due to increase of [Ca(2+)](o)), adenosine or Cl-IB-MECA decreased the [Ca(2+)](i) toward diastolic control level, whereas agonist of A(1) receptor was ineffective. The protective effect of A(3) receptor agonist was abolished in the presence of selective A(3) receptor antagonist MRS1523.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shneyvays
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Das S, Cordis GA, Maulik N, Das DK. Pharmacological preconditioning with resveratrol: role of CREB-dependent Bcl-2 signaling via adenosine A3 receptor activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 288:H328-35. [PMID: 15345477 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00453.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that resveratrol, a grape-derived polyphenolic phytoalexin, provides pharmacological preconditioning (PC) of the heart through a NO-dependent mechanism. Because adenosine receptors play a role in PC, we examined whether they play any role in resveratrol PC. Rats were randomly assigned to groups perfused for 15 min with 1) Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KHB) only; 2) KHB containing 10 microM resveratrol; 3) 10 microM resveratrol + 1 microM 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPT; adenosine A(1) receptor blocker); 4) 10 microM resveratrol + 1 microM 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC; adenosine A(2a) receptor blocker); 5) 10 microM resveratrol + 1 microM 3-ethyl-5-benzyl-2-methyl-4-phenylethynyl-6-phenyl-1,4-(+/-)-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (MRS-1191; adenosine A(3) receptor blocker); or 6) 10 microM resveratrol + 3 microM 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride [LY-294002, phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase inhibitor], and groups perfused with adenosine receptor blockers alone. Hearts were then subjected to 30-min ischemia followed by 2-h reperfusion. The results demonstrated significant cardioprotection with resveratrol evidenced by improved ventricular recovery and reduced infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. CPT and MRS 1191, but not CSC, abrogated the cardioprotective abilities of resveratrol, suggesting a role of adenosine A(1) and A(3) receptors in resveratrol PC. Resveratrol induced expression of Bcl-2 and caused its phosphorylation along with phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), Akt, and Bad. CPT blocked phosphorylation of Akt and Bad without affecting CREB, whereas MRS 1191 blocked phosphorylation of all compounds, including CREB. LY-294002 partially blocked the cardioprotective abilities of resveratrol. The results indicate that resveratrol preconditions the heart through activation of adenosine A(1) and A(3) receptors, the former transmitting a survival signal through PI3-kinase-Akt-Bcl-2 signaling pathway and the latter protecting the heart through a CREB-dependent Bcl-2 pathway in addition to an Akt-Bcl-2 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samarjit Das
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Univ. of Connecticut, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030-1110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Raza SM, Fuller GN, Rhee CH, Huang S, Hess K, Zhang W, Sawaya R. Identification of Necrosis-Associated Genes in Glioblastoma by cDNA Microarray Analysis. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:212-21. [PMID: 14734472 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-0155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the field of cancer research, there has been a paucity of interest in necrosis, whereas studies focusing on apoptosis abound. In neuro-oncology, this is particularly surprising because of the importance of necrosis as a hallmark of glioblastoma (GBM), the most malignant and most common primary brain tumor, and the fact that the degree of necrosis has been shown to be inversely related to patient survival. It is therefore of considerable interest and importance to identify genes and gene products related to necrosis formation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used a nylon cDNA microarray to analyze mRNA expression of 588 universal cellular genes in 15 surgically resected human GBM samples with varying degrees of necrosis. Gene expression was correlated with the degree of necrosis using rank correlation coefficients. The expression of identified genes was compared with their expression in tissue samples from 5 anaplastic astrocytomas (AAs). Immunostaining was used to determine whether genes showing the most positive correlation with necrosis were increasingly expressed in tumor tissues, as grade of necrosis increased. RESULTS The hybridization results indicated that 26 genes showed significant correlation with the amount of necrosis. All 26 genes had functions associated with either Ras, Akt, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nuclear factor kappaB, apoptosis, procoagulation, or hypoxia. Nine genes were positively correlated with necrosis grade, and 17 genes were negatively correlated with necrosis grade. There were significant differences in the median expression levels of 3 of the 26 genes between grade III necrosis GBM and anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) samples; all but 1 of the genes had elevated expression when comparing necrosis grade III with AA samples. Two factors, the ephrin type A receptor 1 and the prostaglandin E(2) receptor EP4 subtype, not previously considered in this context, were highlighted because of their particularly high (positive) correlation coefficients; immunostaining showed the products of these two genes to be localized in perinecrotic and necrotic regions and to be overexpressed in grade III GBMs, but not AAs. These two molecules also showed significant correlation with survival of GBM patients (P = 0.0034) in a combined model. CONCLUSIONS The application of cDNA expression microarray analysis has identified specific genes and patterns of gene expression that may help elucidate the molecular basis of necrogenesis in GBM. Additional studies will be required to further investigate and confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaan M Raza
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Germack R, Dickenson JM. Characterization of ERK1/2 signalling pathways induced by adenosine receptor subtypes in newborn rat cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:329-39. [PMID: 14751870 PMCID: PMC1574201 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2003] [Revised: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Adenosine A(1), A(2A), and A(3) receptors (ARs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) play a major role in myocardium protection from ischaemic injury. In this study, we have characterized the adenosine receptor subtypes involved in ERK1/2 activation in newborn rat cardiomyocytes. 2. Adenosine (nonselective agonist), CPA (A(1)), CGS 21680 (A(2A)) or Cl-IB-MECA (A(3)), all increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The combined maximal response of the selective agonists was similar to adenosine alone. Theophylline (nonselective antagonist) inhibited completely adenosine-mediated ERK1/2 activation, whereas a partial inhibition was obtained with DPCPX (A(1)), ZM 241385 (A(2A)), and MRS 1220 (A(3)). 3. PD 98059 (MEK1; ERK kinase inhibitor) abolished all agonist-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Pertussis toxin (PTX, G(i/o) blocker) inhibited completely CPA- and partially adenosine- and Cl-IB-MECA-induced ERK1/2 activation. Genistein (tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and Ro 318220 (protein kinase C, PKC inhibitor) partially reduced adenosine, CPA and Cl-IB-MECA responses, without any effect on CGS 21680-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. H89 (protein kinase A, PKA inhibitor) abolished completely CGS 21680 and partially adenosine and Cl-IB-MECA responses, without any effect on CPA response. 4. Cl-IB-MECA-mediated increases in cAMP accumulation suggest that A(3)AR-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation involves adenylyl cyclase activation via phospholipase C (PLC) and PKC stimulation. 5. In summary, we have shown that ERK1/2 activation by adenosine in cardiomyocytes results from an additive stimulation of A(1), A(2A), and A(3)ARs, which involves G(i/o) proteins, PKC, and tyrosine kinase for A(1) and A(3)ARs, and Gs and PKA for A(2A)ARs. Moreover, the A(3)AR response also involves a cAMP/PKA pathway via PKC activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renée Germack
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Trincavelli ML, Falleni A, Chelli B, Tuscano D, Costa B, Gremigni V, Lucacchini A, Martini C. A(2A) adenosine receptor ligands and proinflammatory cytokines induce PC 12 cell death through apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1953-62. [PMID: 14599553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A(2A) adenosine receptor-mediated signaling affects a variety of important processes in the central nervous system both in physiological and pathological conditions, and has been indicated as possible novel therapeutic target in several nervous system diseases. In the present work, cell death induction was investigated after neuronal PC 12 cell treatment with proinflammatory cytokines and adenosine receptor ligands. Interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta, 500 U/mL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha, 1000 U/mL) and the non selective adenosine receptor agonist, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), caused a significant reduction of cell viability with a maximal effect within 3-48 hr. Moreover, an addictive effect was detected when the cells were simultaneously treated with Interleukin-1-beta and NECA for 3 hr. To investigate the adenosine receptor subtypes involved in PC 12 cell death, the effects of several adenosine receptor agonists/antagonists were evaluated. The endogenous nucleoside, adenosine, and the selective A(2A) adenosine receptor agonist, 2-(carboxyethylphenylethylamino)adenosine-5'-carboxamide (CGS21680) reduced PC 12 cell viability. This effect was counteracted by the selective A(2A) adenosine receptor antagonist, 7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5c]pyrimidine (SCH58261), but not by selective A(2B) adenosine receptor antagonist N-(4-acethylphenyl)-2-[4-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-2,6-dioxo-1,3-dipropyl-1H-purin-8-yl)phenoxy]acetamide (MRS1706), suggesting the specific involvement of A(2A) adenosine receptor subtype in adenosine-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, the selective A(1) adenosine receptor agonist, N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), did not induce any significant effect on cell viability. By ELISA immunoassay cell death detection and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) we demonstrated that A(2A) adenosine receptor ligands and cytokines induced cell death through an apoptotic pathway. In conclusion, our results showed that A(2A) adenosine receptors are involved in the control of PC 12 cell survival/death and may contribute to modulate cellular activity in response to tissue damage associated with inflammatory mediator production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Trincavelli
- Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lavi R, Shainberg A, Friedmann H, Shneyvays V, Rickover O, Eichler M, Kaplan D, Lubart R. Low energy visible light induces reactive oxygen species generation and stimulates an increase of intracellular calcium concentration in cardiac cells. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:40917-22. [PMID: 12851407 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303034200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Low energy visible light (LEVL) irradiation has been shown to exert some beneficial effects on various cell cultures. For example, it increases the fertilizing capability of sperm cells, promotes cell proliferation, induces sprouting of neurons, and more. To learn about the mechanism of photobiostimulation, we studied the relationship between increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and reactive oxygen species production following LEVL illumination of cardiomyocytes. We found that visible light causes the production of O2. and H2O2 and that exogenously added H2O2 (12 microm) can mimic the effect of LEVL (3.6 J/cm2) to induce a slow and transient increase in [Ca2+]i. This [Ca2+]i elevation can be reduced by verapamil, a voltage-dependent calcium channel inhibitor. The kinetics of [Ca2+]i elevation and morphologic damage following light or addition of H2O2 were found to be dose-dependent. For example, LEVL, 3.6 J/cm2, which induced a transient increase in [Ca2+]i, did not cause any cell damage, whereas visible light at 12 J/cm2 induced a linear increase in [Ca2+]i and damaged the cells. The linear increase in [Ca2+]i resulting from high energy doses of light could be attenuated into a non-linear small rise in [Ca2+]i by the presence of extracellular catalase during illumination. We suggest that the different kinetics of [Ca2+]i elevation following various light irradiation or H2O2 treatment represents correspondingly different adaptation levels to oxidative stress. The adaptive response of the cells to LEVL represented by the transient increase in [Ca2+]i can explain LEVL beneficial effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Lavi
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wen LT, Knowles AF. Extracellular ATP and adenosine induce cell apoptosis of human hepatoma Li-7A cells via the A3 adenosine receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 140:1009-18. [PMID: 14530217 PMCID: PMC1574113 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Extracellular ATP is a potent signaling molecule that modulates a myriad of cellular functions through the activation of P2 purinergic receptors and is cytotoxic to a variety of cells at higher concentrations. The mechanism of ATP-elicited cytotoxicity is not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of extracellular ATP on the human hepatoma Li-7A cells. 2. We observed a time- and dose-dependent growth inhibition of Li-7A cells by ATP, which is accompanied by an increase in the active form of caspase-3 as well as increased cleavage of its substrate, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. The cytotoxic effect of extracellular ATP was not mediated by the P2X7 receptor, since (1).the effect was not abolished by the P2X7 receptor antagonists oxidized ATP and KN-62, and (2).extracellular ADP, AMP, and adenosine were also cytotoxic. 3. We found that ATP and ADP were degraded to adenosine by Li-7A cells and that treatment of Li-7A cells by adenosine resulted in growth inhibition and caspase-3 activation, indicating that adenosine is the apoptotic agent. Using adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists, as well as inhibitors of adenosine transport and deamination, we showed that the cytotoxic effect of adenosine is specifically mediated by the A3 receptor even though transcripts of A1, A2A, A2B, and a splice variant of the P2X7 receptors were detected in Li-7A cells by RT-PCR. 4. Cytotoxicity caused by exogenous ATP and adenosine was completely abolished by the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK, demonstrating the central role of caspase-3 in apoptosis of Li-7A cells.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenine/pharmacology
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors
- Adenosine Diphosphate/pharmacology
- Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Biological Transport/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Caspase 3
- Caspases/genetics
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coformycin/pharmacology
- Dipyridamole/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Nucleosides/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Time Factors
- Uridine Triphosphate/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long T Wen
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Merighi S, Mirandola P, Varani K, Gessi S, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Borea PA. A glance at adenosine receptors: novel target for antitumor therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 100:31-48. [PMID: 14550503 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine can be released from a variety of cells throughout the body, as the result of increased metabolic rates, in concentrations that can have a profound impact on the vasculature, immunoescaping, and growth of tumor masses. It is recognized that the concentrations of this nucleoside are increased in cancer tissues. Therefore, it is not surprising that adenosine has been shown to be a crucial factor in determining the cell progression pathway, either during apoptosis or during cytostatic state. From the perspective of cancer, the most important question then may be "Can activation and/or blockade of the pathways downstream of the adenosine receptor contribute to tumor development?" Rigorous examinations of the role of adenosine in in vivo and in vitro systems need to be investigated. The present review therefore proposes multiple adenosine-sustained ways that could prime tumor development together with the critical combinatorial role played by adenosine receptors in taking a choice between proliferation and death. This review proposes that adenosine acts as a potent regulator of normal and tumor cell growth. It is hypothesized that this effect is dependent on extracellular adenosine concentrations, cell surface expression of different adenosine receptor subtypes, and signal transduction mechanisms activated following the binding of specific agonists. We venture to suggest that the clarification of the role of adenosine and its receptors in cancer development may hold great promise for the treatment of chemotherapy in patients affected by malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Merighi S, Mirandola P, Varani K, Gessi S, Capitani S, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Borea PA. Pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine derivatives sensitize melanoma cells to the chemotherapic drugs: taxol and vindesine. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:739-48. [PMID: 12948854 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have evaluated the "in vitro" modulatory activity of a series of pyrazolotriazolopyrimidine derivatives (PTP-d) in sensitizing malignant melanoma cells to the chemotherapic drugs: taxol and vindesine. To that end, we have described the impact of chemotherapeutic agents on the cell cycle and on the induction of apoptosis when used alone or in combination with PTP-d. We have demonstrated that four PTP-d reduced chemotherapic drugs EC(50) doses of the G(2)/M accumulation with an average of 1.7-fold for taxol and 9.5-fold for vindesine when challenged on A375 human melanoma cell line. This sensitization activity was also confirmed by analyzing the apoptosis degree induced by the chemotherapic drugs. Interestingly, PTP-d had no effects on the response to cytotoxic agents by skin-derived human keratinocyte cells, NCTC 2544. Therefore, we have investigated the signaling pathway sustaining the sensitizing effect of PTP-d, providing functional evidence that active compounds are able to inhibit multidrug resistance-associated ATP-binding cassette drug transporter. These results suggested that PTP-d hold great promise for the treatment of multidrug resistance in cancers, leading to potential new therapies for melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jacobson KA, Kim HS, Ravi G, Kim SK, Lee K, Chen A, Chen W, Kim SG, Barak D, Liang BT, Gao ZG. Engineering of A3 adenosine and P2Y nucleotide receptors and their ligands. Drug Dev Res 2003; 58:330-339. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
34
|
Activation of Adenosine A1 and A3 Receptors Protects Mitochondria during Hypoxia in Cardiomyocytes by Distinct Mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0355-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
35
|
Maddock HL, Mocanu MM, Yellon DM. Adenosine A(3) receptor activation protects the myocardium from reperfusion/reoxygenation injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 283:H1307-13. [PMID: 12234780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00851.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion induces both necrotic and apoptotic cell death. The ability of adenosine to attenuate reperfusion-induced injury (RI) and the role played by adenosine receptors are unclear. We therefore studied the role of the A(3) receptor (A(3)R) in ameliorating RI using the specific A(3)R agonist 1-[2-chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxi-N-methyl-b-D-ribofuranuronamide (2-Cl-IB-MECA). Isolated rat hearts and cardiomyocytes were subjected to ischemia or simulated ischemia, followed by reperfusion/reoxygenation. The end points were percent infarction/risk zone and annexin-V (apoptosis) and/or propidium iodide positivity (necrosis), respectively. In isolated hearts, 2-Cl-IB-MECA significantly limited infarct size (44.2 +/- 2.7% in control vs. 21.9 +/- 2.4% at 1 nM and 35.8 +/- 3.3% at 0.1 nM, P < 0.05). In isolated myocytes, apoptosis and necrosis were significantly reduced compared with controls (5.7 +/- 2.6% vs. 17.1 +/- 1.3% and 13.7 +/- 2.0% vs. 23.1 +/- 1.5%, respectively, P < 0.0001). In both models, the beneficial effects were abrogated using the A(3)R antagonist MRS-1191. The involvement of A(2a) receptor activation was also examined. This is the first study to demonstrate that A(3)R activation at reperfusion limits myocardial injury in the isolated rat heart and improves survival in isolated myocytes, possibly by antiapoptotic and antinecrotic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Maddock
- The Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Studies, Division of Cardiology, University College London Hospitals and Medical School, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Merighi S, Mirandola P, Milani D, Varani K, Gessi S, Klotz KN, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors as mediators of both cell proliferation and cell death of cultured human melanoma cells. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:923-33. [PMID: 12406340 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine displays contradictory effects on cell growth: it improves cell proliferation, but it may also induce apoptosis and impair cell survival. Following the pharmacologic characterization of adenosine receptor expression on the human melanoma cell line A375, we chose A375 as our cellular model to define how the extracellular adenosine signals are conveyed from each receptor. By using selective adenosine receptor agonists or antagonists, we found that A2A stimulation reduced cell viability and cell clone formation, whereas, at the same time, it improved cell proliferation. In support of this finding we demonstrated that the stimulation of A2A adenosine receptors stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cell clone reproduced deleterious effects observed in human melanoma cells. A3 stimulation counteracted A2A-induced cell death but also reduced cell proliferation. Furthermore, we found that A3 stimulation ensures cell survival. We demonstrated that adenosine triggers a survival signal via A3 receptor activation and it kills the cell through A2A receptor inducing a signaling pathway that involves protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fixler D, Tirosh R, Zinman T, Shainberg A, Deutsch M. Differential aspects in ratio measurements of [Ca(2+)](i) relaxation in cardiomyocyte contraction following various drug treatments. Cell Calcium 2002; 31:279-87. [PMID: 12098217 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4160(02)00056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study is concerned with the analysis of the time dependency of [Ca(2+)](i), monitored by indo-1-AM, via the ratiometric time response curve R(t) as measured during contractions of spontaneous or electrical stimulated cardiomyocytes (in culture). A mathematical formulation which describes the relaxation phase of R(t) was developed. By fitting formulation to the measured data of R(t), the extraction of characteristic parameters is feasible, which may reflect the factors regulating intracellular Ca concentration. The usefulness of the suggested formulation was examined by monitoring changes induced in those parameters following the exposure of the myocytes to different drugs, among which are: caffeine, ryanodine, thapsigargin db, cyclic AMP, isoprenaline, doxorubicin, and Cl-IB-MECA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Fixler
- Physics Department, The Biophysical Interdisciplinary Center for the Research and the Technology of the Cellome and The Jerome Schottenstein Center for Early Detection of Cancer, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Shneyvays V, Mamedova LK, Korkus A, Shainberg A. Cardiomyocyte resistance to doxorubicin mediated by A(3) adenosine receptor. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:493-507. [PMID: 12056854 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2002.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that the activation of A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)R) in newborn cultured cardiomyocytes by highly selective agonist Cl-IB-MECA (2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide) induces protection against the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin (DOX) cardiotoxicity. The present study was undertaken to further characterize the cardioprotective action of A(3)R activation by revealing the structural changes in cardiomyocytes elicited upon exposure to DOX. Morphological observations (ultrastructural and immunocytochemical) indicate that after DOX treatment, the cardiomyocytes undergo destructive alterations, and protective action of A(3)R is not connected with its anti-apoptotic activity. A(3)R activation appeared to prevent destructive alterations of cardiomyocyte mitochondria and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential. In DOX-treated cardiomyocytes, appearance of disorganized desmin and contractile filaments was related to detrimental alterations in the mitochondrial structure, in particular their position and transmembrane potential. In intact cardiomyocytes, diazoxide, a selective mitochondrial K(ATP) channel opener, induced an increase in ATP synthesis within 15 min of application. Similar effect was obtained by activation of adenosine A(1)R. However, A(3)R agonist Cl-IB-MECA did not affect ATP synthesis. Neither A(1)R agonist CCPA (2-chloro-N(6)-cyclopentyladenosine) nor diazoxide protected cardiomyocytes from the detrimental effects of DOX. Thus, the opening of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels does not seem to be effective during the slow development of anthracycline cytotoxicity. Our results indicate that DOX increases the activity of lysosomes, which may contribute to cell injury in an "oncotic" manner and also demonstrate the proinflammatory potency of the drug. Furthermore, the decreased acidification of cytoplasm upon activation of A(3)R may attenuate the ongoing inflammatory response. The present study identifies a novel role for A(3)R selective agonist Cl-IB-MECA and suggests its importance in regulating cardiac cellular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shneyvays
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesangial cell apoptosis is a mechanism of resolution of glomerular hypercellularity in inflammatory forms of glomerular injury in which adenosine (ADO) was shown to play an anti-inflammatory role. This, and the observation that mesangial cell have ADO receptors prompted us to determine whether ADO induces mesangial cell apoptosis and to explore underlying mechanisms. METHODS Cultured mouse mesangial cell were incubated in the presence or absence of ADO or ADO receptor agonists (R-PIA, NECA, IB-MECA, CGS26180) or antagonists (DPCPX, DPSPX, MRS1191) for 48 hours. Cell death was assessed by trypan blue exclusion analysis. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS ADO and the A3 ADO receptor agonist IB-MECA induced mesangial cell death, which was markedly attenuated by the A3 receptor antagonist MRS1191. The A1 receptor agonist R-PIA, A2 receptor agonist NECA or the A2a receptor agonist CGS-12680 had no effect. The IB-MECA-induced mesangial cell death was due to apoptosis. This occurred via a cAMP independent mechanism. RT-PCR analysis revealed presence of A3, A1 and A2b but lack of A2a receptor transcripts in MC total RNA. Western blot analysis of mesangial cell lysates revealed expression the A3 receptor protein only. CONCLUSION The observations indicate that ADO induces mesangial cell apoptosis via stimulation of the A3 receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhao
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhao TC, Kukreja RC. Late preconditioning elicited by activation of adenosine A(3) receptor in heart: role of NF- kappa B, iNOS and mitochondrial K(ATP) channel. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002; 34:263-77. [PMID: 11945020 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of adenosine A(3) receptor (A(3)AR) protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the heart. However, the downstream signaling mechanisms leading to its delayed anti-ischemic effects remain unclear. We hypothesized that A(3)AR stimulation protects the heart via activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Mice were treated with selective A(3)AR agonist, N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl) adenosine-5;-N-methyluronamide (IB-MECA). Twenty-four h later, hearts were perfused in Langendorff mode and subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. IB-MECA caused post-ischemic reduction in necrosis and improvement in myocardial performance which was abolished by A(3)AR antagonist, MRS1191. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated increased NF-kappa B binding in nuclear extracts following A(3)AR stimulation, which was diminished by MRS1191 and NF-kappa B inhibitor, pyrrolidinediethyldithiocarbamate (PDTC). The cardioprotection was abrogated by PDTC and targeted ablation of p50 subunit of NF-kappa B in mice. The inhibition of iNOS with S-methylisothiourea and targeted disruption of the iNOS gene also abolished the protective effect of A(3)AR stimulation. Expression of iNOS mRNA and NO production were enhanced after 6 and 24 h respectively of IB-MECA treatment. MRS1191 and PDTC blocked IB-MECA induced NO production after A(3)AR stimulation. MitoK(ATP) channel blocker, 5-hydroxydecanoate abolished the protective effect of A(3)AR. For the first time, we have provided direct evidence of an essential role of NF- kappa B activation and iNOS in A(3)AR-induced late preconditioning. Selective activation of A(3)AR with IB-MECA can be used to trigger long-lasting ischemic protection in the heart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting C Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim SG, Ravi G, Hoffmann C, Jung YJ, Kim M, Chen A, Jacobson KA. p53-Independent induction of Fas and apoptosis in leukemic cells by an adenosine derivative, Cl-IB-MECA. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:871-80. [PMID: 11911839 PMCID: PMC4811183 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00839-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) agonists have been reported to influence cell death and survival. The effects of an A(3)AR agonist, 1-[2-chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxy-N-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranonamide (Cl-IB-MECA), on apoptosis in two human leukemia cell lines, HL-60 and MOLT-4, were investigated. Cl-IB-MECA (> or =30 microM) increased the apoptotic fractions, as determined using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and activated caspase 3 and poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase. Known messengers coupled to A(3)AR (phospholipase C and intracellular calcium) did not seem to play a role in the induction of apoptosis. Neither dantrolene nor BAPTA-AM affected the Cl-IB-MECA-induced apoptosis. Cl-IB-MECA failed to activate phospholipase C in HL-60 cells, while UTP activated it through endogenous P2Y(2) receptors. Induction of apoptosis during a 48hr exposure to Cl-IB-MECA was not prevented by the A(3)AR antagonists [5-propyl-2-ethyl-4-propyl-3-(ethylsulfanylcarbonyl)-6-phenylpyridine-5-carboxylate] (MRS 1220) or N-[9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]benzeneacetamide (MRS 1523). Furthermore, higher concentrations of MRS 1220, which would also antagonize A(1) and A(2A) receptors, were ineffective in preventing the apoptosis. Although Cl-IB-MECA has been shown in other systems to cause apoptosis through an A(3)AR-mediated mechanism, in these cells it appeared to be an adenosine receptor-independent effect, which required prolonged incubation. In both HL-60 and MOLT-4 cells, Cl-IB-MECA induced the expression of Fas, a death receptor. This induction of Fas was not dependent upon p53, because p53 is not expressed in an active form in either HL-60 or MOLT-4 cells. Cl-IB-MECA-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells was augmented by an agonistic Fas antibody, CH-11, and this increase was suppressed by the antagonistic anti-Fas antibody ZB-4. Therefore, Cl-IB-MECA induced apoptosis via a novel, p53-independent up-regulation of Fas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gon Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gnana Ravi
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yun-Jin Jung
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Min Kim
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aishe Chen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 8A, Room B1A-19, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shainberg A, Safran N, Balas N, Zinman T, Isaac A, Schwab K, Akabayov B, Shneyvays V. The role of A1/A3 adenosine receptor activation in reduction of cardiomyocyte injury caused by hypoxic stress and in induction of apoptosis in rat cardiomyocyte cultures. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 486:201-5. [PMID: 11783485 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46843-3_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Shainberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gessi S, Varani K, Merighi S, Cattabriga E, Iannotta V, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Borea PA. A(3) adenosine receptors in human neutrophils and promyelocytic HL60 cells: a pharmacological and biochemical study. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:415-24. [PMID: 11809867 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.2.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This work compares the pharmacological and biochemical properties of A(3) adenosine receptors in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) and promyelocytic HL60 cells. The gene expression of A(3) receptors was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction experiments, whereas the amount of A(3) subtype on the plasma membrane was quantified by using the high-affinity and selective A(3) antagonist [(3)H]5N-(4-methoxyphenyl-carbamoyl)amino-8-propyl-2-(2-furyl)pyrazolo-[4,3-e]1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine ([(3)H]MRE 3008F20). Saturation experiments reveal a single high-affinity binding site with K(D) values of 2.3 +/- 0.3, 2.6 +/- 0.4 nM, and B(max) values of 430 +/- 35, 345 +/- 31 fmol/mg of protein for PMNs and HL60 cells, respectively. Competition of radioligand binding by adenosine ligands displays a rank order of potency typical of the A(3) subtype. EC(50) values of N(6)-(3-iodo-benzyl)-2-chloro-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA) for inhibition of cAMP levels via A(3) receptors are in good agreement with the binding data; furthermore, the response is potently inhibited by MRE 3008F20. In contrast, the high micromolar concentrations of Cl-IB-MECA and MRE 3008F20 in stimulating and blocking Ca(2+) mobilization, respectively, are not completely consistent with the involvement of an A(3) receptor. Furthermore, an important finding of this work is that the inhibition of PMNs oxidative burst is predominantly A(2A)-mediated, even though an effect of A(3) subtype could not be excluded. This conclusion is based on potent blockade of Cl-IB-MECA-mediated inhibition of oxidative burst by SCH 58261 and a minor but significant blockade by MRE 3008F20. In conclusion, HL60 cells express A(3) receptors similar to those in PMNs, thus providing a useful model for investigation of biochemical pathways leading to A(3) receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Balas N, Arad M, Rabinowitz B, Shainberg A. Modulation of cardiac A1-adenosine receptors in rats following treatment with agents affecting heart rate. Mol Cell Biochem 2002; 231:107-16. [PMID: 11952152 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014412814735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Effects of chronic treatment affecting heart rate on A1 adenosine receptor levels and their functions were studied. Treatment of rats with isoproterenol for 10 days accelerated heart rate and increased the level of adenosine receptors, in both the atria and ventricles. Negative dromotropic response of isolated heart to adenosine was enhanced in isoproterenol-treated rats. Similar results were obtained following treatment with atropine sulfate, or swimming training but not after treatment with thyroxine. On the other hand, treatment with amiodarone, which normally causes a decrease in heart rate, also increased the level of adenosine receptors in both atria and ventricles. The sensitivity of the isolated heart to the negative dromotropic and chronotropic effects of adenosine was not enhanced in the amiodarone treated rats. Similar results were obtained following treatment with propranolol, while treatment with PTU (6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil) increased adenosine sensitivity in the isolated heart. It was concluded that the levels of A1 adenosine receptors in the heart correspond to heart rate, and to cardiac efficiency. While an increase in heart rate was followed by up-regulation of A1 adenosine receptors, a decrease in heart rate caused a moderate elevation of these receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nissim Balas
- The Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhao Z, Yaar R, Ladd D, Cataldo LM, Ravid K. Overexpression of A3 adenosine receptors in smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle is lethal to embryos. Microvasc Res 2002; 63:61-9. [PMID: 11749073 DOI: 10.1006/mvre.2001.2366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The profile of expression of the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) and its importance during embryo development were explored. To this end, different ages of mouse embryos (8.5 days and older) were subjected to in situ hybridization with an A3AR riboprobe. No expression was found in any embryonic tissue except for the aorta and heart of 15.5-day embryos. To investigate further the role of the A3AR gene in development, we overexpressed this gene in A3AR knockout and wild-type mice by using the SM22 alpha promoter. This promoter is active in smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle lineages during early embryogenesis (at 8.5 days or earlier), becoming restricted to vascular and visceral smooth muscle cells in late fetal development and adult mice. We observed that moderate copy number incorporation (four copies) of the A3AR gene driven by the SM22 alpha promoter is sufficient to induce lethality at an early stage of embryo development. Remains of 8.5-day transgenic embryos were collected, including fragmented DNA. Hence, we speculate that A3AR homeostasis is critical for embryo viability and proper development. This finding is intriguing in view of the reported effects of sustained activation of the A3AR on induction of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in cultured myocytes and other cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Appel E, Kazimirsky G, Ashkenazi E, Kim SG, Jacobson KA, Brodie C. Roles of BCL-2 and caspase 3 in the adenosine A3 receptor-induced apoptosis. J Mol Neurosci 2001; 17:285-92. [PMID: 11859924 PMCID: PMC5567771 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:17:3:285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Selective A3 adenosine receptor agonists have been shown to induce apoptosis in a variety of cell types. In this study we examined the effects of adenosine receptor agonists selective for A1, A2A, or A3 receptors on the induction of apoptosis in primary cultures of rat astrocytes and in C6 glial cells. Treatment of the cells with the A3 receptor agonist Cl-IB-MECA (10 microM) induced apoptosis in both cell types. The effects of Cl-IB-MECA were partially antagonized by the A3 receptor-selective antagonist MRS 1191. In contrast, the A1 and A2A receptor agonists, CPA and CGS 21680, respectively, did not have significant effects on apoptosis in these cells. Cl-IB-MECA reduced the expression of endogenous Bcl-2, whereas it did not affect the expression of Bax. Overexpression of Bcl-2 in C6 cells abrogated the induction of apoptosis induced by the A3 agonist. Cl-IB-MECA also induced an increase in caspase 3 activity and caspase inhibitors decreased the apoptosis induced by the A3 agonist. These findings suggest that intense activation of the A3 receptor is pro-apoptotic in glial cells via bcl2 and caspase-3 dependent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Appel
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnosis Research Center, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 52900
| | - Gila Kazimirsky
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnosis Research Center, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 52900
| | - Ely Ashkenazi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hadassa Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Seong Gon Kim
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810
| | - Chaya Brodie
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnosis Research Center, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 52900
- Author to whom all correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cerniway RJ, Yang Z, Jacobson MA, Linden J, Matherne GP. Targeted deletion of A(3) adenosine receptors improves tolerance to ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse myocardium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2001; 281:H1751-8. [PMID: 11557567 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.2001.281.4.h1751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptors (A(3)ARs) have been implicated in regulating mast cell function and in cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury. The physiological role of A(3)ARs is unclear due to the lack of widely available selective antagonists. Therefore, we examined mice with targeted gene deletion of the A(3)AR together with pharmacological studies to determine the role of A(3)ARs in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. We evaluated the functional response to 15-min global ischemia and 30-min reperfusion in isovolumic Langendorff hearts from A(3)AR(-/-) and wild-type (A(3)AR(+/+)) mice. Loss of contractile function during ischemia was unchanged, but recovery of developed pressure in hearts after reperfusion was improved in A(3)AR(-/-) compared with wild-type hearts (80 +/- 3 vs. 51 +/- 3% at 30 min). Tissue viability assessed by efflux of lactate dehydrogenase was also improved in A(3)AR(-/-) hearts (4.5 +/- 1 vs. 7.5 +/- 1 U/g). The adenosine receptor antagonist BW-A1433 (50 microM) decreased functional recovery following ischemia in A(3)AR(-/-) but not in wild-type hearts. We also examined myocardial infarct size using an intact model with 30-min left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and 24-h reperfusion. Infarct size was reduced by over 60% in A(3)AR(-/-) hearts. In summary, targeted deletion of the A(3)AR improved functional recovery and tissue viability during reperfusion following ischemia. These data suggest that activation of A(3)ARs contributes to myocardial injury in this setting in the rodent. Since A(3)ARs are thought to be present on resident mast cells in the rodent myocardium, we speculate that A(3)ARs may have proinflammatory actions that mediate the deleterious effects of A(3)AR activation during ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R J Cerniway
- Department of Pediatrics and the Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fishman P, Bar-Yehuda S, Barer F, Madi L, Multani AS, Pathak S. The A3 adenosine receptor as a new target for cancer therapy and chemoprotection. Exp Cell Res 2001; 269:230-6. [PMID: 11570815 DOI: 10.1006/excr.2001.5327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, acts as a regulatory molecule, by binding to specific G-protein-coupled A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) cell surface receptors. We have recently demonstrated that adenosine induces a differential effect on tumor and normal cells. While inhibiting in vitro tumor cell growth, it stimulates bone marrow cell proliferation. This dual activity was mediated through the A3 adenosine receptor. This study showed that a synthetic agonist to the A3 adenosine receptor, 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyl-uronamide (Cl-IB-MECA), at nanomolar concentrations, inhibited tumor cell growth through a cytostatic pathway, i.e., induced an increase number of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle and decreased the telomeric signal. Interestingly, Cl-IB-MECA stimulates murine bone marrow cell proliferation through the induction of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor. Oral administration of Cl-IB-MECA to melanoma-bearing mice suppressed the development of melanoma lung metastases (60.8 +/- 6.5% inhibition). In combination with cyclophosphamide, a synergistic anti-tumor effect was achieved (78.5 +/- 9.1% inhibition). Furthermore, Cl-IB-MECA prevented the cyclophosphamide-induced myelotoxic effects by increasing the number of white blood cells and the percentage of neutrophils, demonstrating its efficacy as a chemoprotective agent. We conclude that A3 adenosine receptor agonist, Cl-IB-MECA, exhibits systemic anticancer and chemoprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Fishman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Tumor Immunology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, 49100, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gessi S, Varani K, Merighi S, Morelli A, Ferrari D, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Spalluto G, Borea PA. Pharmacological and biochemical characterization of A3 adenosine receptors in Jurkat T cells. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:116-26. [PMID: 11522603 PMCID: PMC1572937 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2001] [Revised: 05/24/2001] [Accepted: 06/25/2001] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The present work was devoted to the study of A3 adenosine receptors in Jurkat cells, a human leukemia line. 2. The A3 subtype was found by means of RT-PCR experiments and characterized by using the new A3 adenosine receptor antagonist [3H]-MRE 3008F20, the only A3 selective radioligand currently available. Saturation experiments revealed a single high affinity binding site with K(D) of 1.9+/-0.2 nM and B(max) of 1.3+/-0.1 pmol mg(-1) of protein. 3. The pharmacological profile of [3H]-MRE 3008F20 binding on Jurkat cells was established using typical adenosine ligands which displayed a rank order of potency typical of the A3 subtype. 4. Thermodynamic data indicated that [3H]-MRE 3008F20 binding to A3 subtype in Jurkat cells was entropy- and enthalpy-driven, according with that found in cells expressing the recombinant human A3 subtype. 5. In functional assays the high affinity A3 agonists Cl-IB-MECA and IB-MECA were able to inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation and stimulate Ca(2+) release from intracellular Ca(2+) pools followed by Ca(2+) influx. 6. The presence of the other adenosine subtypes was investigated in Jurkat cells. A1 receptors were characterized using [3H]-DPCPX binding with a K(D) of 0.9+/-0.1 nM and B(max) of 42+/-3 fmol mg(-1) of protein. A2A receptors were studied with [3H]-SCH 58261 binding and revealed a K(D) of 2.5+/-0.3 nM and a B(max) of 1.4+/-0.2 pmol mg(-1) of protein. 7. In conclusion, by means of the first antagonist radioligand [3H]-MRE 3008F20 we could demonstrate the existence of functional A3 receptors on Jurkat cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Morelli
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Davide Ferrari
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Edward Leung
- King Pharmaceutical Research, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | | | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Italy
- University of Ferrara, ‘Centro Nazionale di Eccellenza per lo Sviluppo di Metodologie Innovative per lo Studio ed il Trattamento delle Patologie Infiammatorie'
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Shneyvays V, Mamedova L, Zinman T, Jacobson K, Shainberg A. Activation of A(3)adenosine receptor protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001; 33:1249-61. [PMID: 11444927 PMCID: PMC10792614 DOI: 10.1006/jmcc.2001.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine exerts a marked protective effect on the heart during cardiac ischemia. This protection is mediated by binding to the A(1)and A(3)subtypes of adenosine receptor (A(1)R and A(3)R, respectively). The objective of the present study was to investigate whether activation of A(1)and A(3)adenosine receptors may reduce doxorubicin-induced damage to cardiomyocytes in culture. Cultured cardiomyocytes from newborn rats were treated with 0.5--5 microm doxorubicin (DOX) for 18 h and then incubated in drug-free medium for an additional 24 h. This treatment resulted in cell damage and lactate dehydrogenase release, even after low (0.5 microm) doses of the drug, and increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Activation of A(3)-subtype but not A(1)-subtype receptors attenuated doxorubicin-cardiotoxicity after drug treatment for 18 h followed by 24 h incubation in drug-free medium. Modulation of intracellular calcium mediated by activation of A(3)R, but not by A(1)R, in cultured myocytes suggested an important pathophysiological significance of this subtype of adenosine receptors. Protection by A(3)R agonist Cl-IB-MECA (2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide) following DOX treatment is evident in: (1) decreases in intracellular calcium overloading and abnormalities in Ca(2+)transients; (2) reduction of free-radical generation and lipid peroxidation; (3) attenuation of mitochondrial damage by protection of the terminal link (COX-complex) of respiratory chain; (4) attenuation of the decrease in ATP production and irreversible cardiomyocyte damage. Cardioprotection caused by Cl-IB-MECA was antagonized considerably by the selective A(3)adenosine receptor antagonist MRS1523.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Shneyvays
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - L. Mamedova
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - T. Zinman
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - K. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A. Shainberg
- Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|