1
|
Ortinski PI, Reissner KJ, Turner J, Anderson TA, Scimemi A. Control of complex behavior by astrocytes and microglia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 137:104651. [PMID: 35367512 PMCID: PMC9119927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that glial cells influence behavior has been gaining a steady foothold in scientific literature. Out of the five main subtypes of glial cells in the brain, astrocytes and microglia have received an outsized share of attention with regard to shaping a wide spectrum of behavioral phenomena and there is growing appreciation that the signals intrinsic to these cells as well as their interactions with surrounding neurons reflect behavioral history in a brain region-specific manner. Considerable regional diversity of glial cell phenotypes is beginning to be recognized and may contribute to behavioral outcomes arising from circuit-specific computations within and across discrete brain nuclei. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of astrocyte and microglia activity on behavioral outcomes, with a specific focus on brain areas relevant to higher cognitive control, reward-seeking, and circadian regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P I Ortinski
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - K J Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Turner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - T A Anderson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, USA
| | - A Scimemi
- Department of Biology, State University of New York at Albany, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Jiang X, Jiang S, Cai X, Yu S, Pei G. Schwann cells promote prevascularization and osteogenesis of tissue-engineered bone via bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived endothelial cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:382. [PMID: 34233721 PMCID: PMC8261922 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue-engineered bone grafts (TEBGs) that undergo vascularization and neurotization evolve into functioning bone tissue. Previously, we verified that implanting sensory nerve tracts into TEBGs promoted osteogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms and interaction between seed cells were not explored. In this study, we hypothesized that neurotization may influence the osteogenesis of TEBGs through vascularization. Methods We cultured rat Schwann cells (SCs), aortic endothelial cells (AECs), and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and then obtained BM-MSC-derived induced endothelial cells (IECs) and induced osteoblasts (IOBs). IECs and AECs were cultured in an SC-conditioned medium (SC-CM) to assess proliferation, migration, capillary-like tube formation, and angiogenesis, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the supernatants were detected. We established an indirect coculture model to detect the expression of nestin and VEGF receptors in IECs and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 in SCs. Then, SCs, IECs, and IOBs were labeled and loaded into a β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold to induce prevascularization, and the scaffold was implanted into a 6-mm-long defect of rat femurs. Three groups were set up according to the loaded cells: I, SCs, and IECs (coculture for 3 days) plus IOBs; II, IECs (culture for 3 days) plus IOBs; III, IOBs. Nestin and TIMP-2 expression and osteogenesis of TEBGs were evaluated at 12 weeks post-implantation through histological and radiological assessments. Results We found that SC-CM promoted IEC proliferation, migration, capillary-like tube formation, and angiogenesis, but no similar effects were observed for AECs. IECs expressed nestin extensively, while AECs barely expressed nestin, and SC-CM promoted the VEGF secretion of IECs. In the coculture model, SCs promoted nestin and VEGF receptor expression in IECs, and IECs inhibited TIMP-2 expression in SCs. The promotion of prevascularized TEBGs by SCs and IECs in group I augmented new bone formation at 6 and 12 weeks. Nestin expression was higher in group I than in the other groups, while TIMP-2 expression was lower at 12 weeks. Conclusions This study demonstrated that SCs can promote TEBG osteogenesis via IECs and further revealed the related specific characteristics of IECs, providing preliminary cytological evidence for neurotization of TEBGs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02433-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiaorui Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Orthopaedics, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyu Cai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengji Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 17 Panjiayuannanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Guoxian Pei
- Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, No. 6019 Liuxian Street, Xili Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Riva M, Wouters R, Weerasekera A, Belderbos S, Nittner D, Thal DR, Baert T, Giovannoni R, Gsell W, Himmelreich U, Van Ranst M, Coosemans A. CT-2A neurospheres-derived high-grade glioma in mice: a new model to address tumor stem cells and immunosuppression. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.044552. [PMID: 31511246 PMCID: PMC6777368 DOI: 10.1242/bio.044552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, several promising treatments for high-grade gliomas (HGGs) failed to provide significant benefit when translated from the preclinical setting to patients. Improving the animal models is fundamental to overcoming this translational gap. To address this need, we developed and comprehensively characterized a new in vivo model based on the orthotopic implantation of CT-2A cells cultured in neurospheres (NS/CT-2A). Murine CT-2A methylcholanthrene-induced HGG cells (C57BL/6 background) were cultured in monolayers (ML) or NS and orthotopically inoculated in syngeneic animals. ML/CT-2A and NS/CT-2A tumors' characterization included the analysis of tumor growth, immune microenvironment, glioma stem cells (GSCs), vascularization and metabolites. The immuno-modulating properties of NS/CT-2A and ML/CT-2A cells on splenocytes were tested in vitro. Mice harboring NS/CT-2A tumors had a shorter survival than those harboring ML/CT-2A tumors (P=0.0033). Compared to standard ML/CT-2A tumors, NS/CT-2A tumors showed more abundant GSCs (P=0.0002 and 0.0770 for Nestin and CD133, respectively) and regulatory T cells (Tregs, P=0.0074), and a strong tendency towards an increased vascularization (P=0.0503). There were no significant differences in metabolites' composition between NS/ and ML/CT-2A tumors. In vitro, NS were able to drive splenocytes towards a more immunosuppressive status by reducing CD8+ T cells (P=0.0354) and by promoting Tregs (P=0.0082), macrophages (MF, P=0.0019) and their M2 subset (P=0.0536). Compared to standard ML/CT-2A tumors, NS/CT-2A tumors show a more aggressive phenotype with increased immunosuppression and GSCs proliferation. Because of these specific features, the NS/CT-2A model represents a clinically relevant platform in the search for new HGG treatments aimed at reducing immunosuppression and eliminating GSCs. Summary: The NS/CT-2A tumor model represents a valuable research platform for the study of innovative treatments aimed at eliminating GSCs and reversing the tumor-induced immunosuppression in HGGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Riva
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium .,Department of Neurosurgery, Erasme Hospital, Bruxelles 1070, Belgium
| | - Roxanne Wouters
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Akila Weerasekera
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sarah Belderbos
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - David Nittner
- Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics - InfraMouse, VIB, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dietmar R Thal
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, UZ-Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Thaïs Baert
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Kliniken Essen Mitte (KEM), Essen 2910, Germany
| | - Roberto Giovannoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Willy Gsell
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI, Department of Imaging and Pathology and Molecular Small Animal Imaging Center (MoSAIC), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - An Coosemans
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Leuven Cancer Institute, UZ Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Reeves C, Pradim-Jardim A, Sisodiya SM, Thom M, Liu JYW. Spatiotemporal dynamics of PDGFRβ expression in pericytes and glial scar formation in penetrating brain injuries in adults. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2019; 45:609-627. [PMID: 30636077 PMCID: PMC6767497 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aims Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of reactive cell types following brain injury is important for future therapeutic interventions. We have previously used penetrating cortical injuries following intracranial recordings as a brain repair model to study scar‐forming nestin‐expressing cells. We now explore the relationship between nestin‐expressing cells, PDGFRβ+ pericytes and Olig2+ glia, including their proliferation and functional maturation. Methods In 32 cases, ranging from 3 to 461 days post injury (dpi), immunohistochemistry for PDGFRβ, nestin, GFAP, Olig2, MCM2, Aquaporin 4 (Aq4), Glutamine Synthetase (GS) and Connexin 43 (Cx43) was quantified for cell densities, labelling index (LI) and cellular co‐expression at the injury site compared to control regions. Results PDGFRβ labelling highlighted both pericytes and multipolar parenchymal cells. PDGFRβ LI and PDGFRβ+/MCM2+ cells significantly increased in injury Zones at 10–13 dpi with migration of pericytes away from vessels with increased co‐localization of PDGRFβ with nestin compared to control regions (P < 0.005). Olig2+/MCM2+ cell populations peaked at 13 dpi with significantly higher cell densities at injury sites than in control regions (P < 0.01) and decreasing with dpi (P < 0.05). Cx43 LI was reduced in acute injuries but increased with dpi (P < 0.05) showing significant cellular co‐localization with nestin and GFAP (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001) but not PDGFRβ. Conclusions These findings indicate that PDGFRβ+ and Olig2+ cells contribute to the proliferative fraction following penetrating brain injuries, with evidence of pericyte migration. Dynamic changes in Cx43 in glial cell types with dpi suggest functional alterations during temporal stages of brain repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Reeves
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London.,Department of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - A Pradim-Jardim
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Sao Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - S M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London.,Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chesham Lane, Chalfont St Peter, Bucks, SL9 0RJ, UK
| | - M Thom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London.,Department of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London
| | - J Y W Liu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London.,Department of Neuropathology, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London.,School of life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rat Hippocampal Neural Stem Cell Modulation Using PDGF, VEGF, PDGF/VEGF, and BDNF. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:4978917. [PMID: 31011333 PMCID: PMC6442450 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4978917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells have become the focus of many studies as they have the potential to differentiate into all three neural lineages. This may be utilised to develop new and novel ways to treat neurological conditions such as spinal cord and brain injuries, especially if the stem cells can be modulated in vivo without additional invasive surgical procedures. This research is aimed at investigating the effects of the growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor/platelet-derived growth factor on hippocampal-derived neural stem cells. Cell growth and differentiation were assessed using immunohistochemistry and glutaminase enzyme assay. Cells were cultured for 14 days and treated with different growth factors at two different concentrations 20 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL. At 2 weeks, cells were fixed, and immunohistochemistry was conducted to determine cellular differentiation using antibodies against GFAP, nestin, OSP, and NF200. The cell medium supernatant was also collected during treatment to determine glutaminase levels secreted by the cells as an indicator of neural differentiation. VEGF/PDGF at 100 ng/mL had the greatest influence on cellular proliferation of HNSC, which also stained positively for nestin, OSP, and NF200. In comparison, HNSC in other treatments had poorer cell health and adhesion. HNSC in all treatment groups displayed some differentiation markers and morphology, but this is most significant in the 100 ng/ml VEGF/PDGF treatment. VEGF/PDGF combination produced the optimal effect on the HNSCs inducing the differentiation pathway exhibiting oligodendrocytic and neuronal markers. This is a promising finding that should be further investigated in the brain and spinal cord injury.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nowak A, Dziegiel P. Implications of nestin in breast cancer pathogenesis (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 53:477-487. [PMID: 29901100 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review was to summarize the current knowledge of the involvement of nestin in breast cancer (BC) pathogenesis. Nestin is a member of the class VI family of intermediate filament proteins, originally identified as a marker of neural stem cells and subsequently demonstrated to be expressed in BC and other cancer types. In normal breast tissue, nestin is expressed in the basal/myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland. In BC, nestin identifies basal-like tumours and predicts aggressive behaviour and poor prognosis. Nestin expression has also been detected in BC stem cells and newly-formed tumour vessels, being a factor in promoting invasion and metastasis. The present review provides an up-to-date overview of the involvement of nestin in processes facilitating BC pathogenesis and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nowak
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nowak A, Grzegrzółka J, Kmiecik A, Piotrowska A, Matkowski R, Dzięgiel P. Role of nestin expression in angiogenesis and breast cancer progression. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:527-535. [PMID: 29345290 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin is an intermediate filament protein and a stem cell marker expressed in several tumours. There is growing evidence of an association between the expression level of nestin and the pathogenesis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Nestin is also expressed in newly forming tumour vessels and is a valuable marker of ongoing angiogenesis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of nestin expression in breast tumour cells and to determine whether this expression influences angiogenesis. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were carried out on 124 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast with a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies against nestin, CD31, CD34, SOX-18 and Ki‑67. We evaluated nestin expression in tumour and endothelial cells, Ki‑67 in tumour cells, and CD31, CD34 and SOX-18 in endothelial cells. Our results demonstrated that nestin expression in tumour cells correlated with the area and number of vessels expressing nestin, CD31, CD34 and SOX-18. We also found a positive correlation between nestin-expressing vessels and SOX-18-expressing vessels. Our results are consistent with those of previous studies, in which nestin expression in endothelial cells was shown to be strongly associated with triple-negative subtype, poorly differentiated G3 tumours, a higher proliferation index and a shorter overall survival. Nestin expression was also examined in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, SK-BR-3, MDA‑MB‑231 and BO2 cells) representing a different level of tumour aggressiveness and reflecting histological grade. A higher nestin protein level was observed in more aggressive MDA‑MB‑231 and BO2 cells than in MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nowak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jędrzej Grzegrzółka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kmiecik
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Piotrowska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Breast Unit, Department of Surgical Oncology, Lower Silesian Oncology Centre, 51-612 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zaman V, Turner DA, Shetty AK. Prolonged Postlesion Transplantation Delay Adversely Influences Survival of Both Homotopic and Heterotopic Fetal Hippocampal Cell Grafts in Kainate-Lesioned CA3 Region of Adult Hippocampus. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Zaman
- Departments of Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Medical Research and Surgery (Neurosurgery) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Dennis A. Turner
- Departments of Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Medical Research and Surgery (Neurosurgery) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| | - Ashok K. Shetty
- Departments of Surgery (Neurosurgery) and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
- Medical Research and Surgery (Neurosurgery) Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC 27705
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krüger K, Wik E, Knutsvik G, Nalwoga H, Klingen TA, Arnes JB, Chen Y, Mannelqvist M, Dimitrakopoulou K, Stefansson IM, Birkeland E, Aas T, Tobin NP, Jonassen I, Bergh J, Foulkes WD, Akslen LA. Expression of Nestin associates with BRCA1 mutations, a basal-like phenotype and aggressive breast cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1089. [PMID: 28439082 PMCID: PMC5430803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We here examined whether Nestin, by protein and mRNA levels, could be a predictor of BRCA1 related breast cancer, a basal-like phenotype, and aggressive tumours. Immunohistochemical staining of Nestin was done in independent breast cancer hospital cohorts (Series I-V, total 1257 cases). Also, TCGA proteomic data (n = 103), mRNA microarray data from TCGA (n = 520), METABRIC (n = 1992), and 6 open access breast cancer datasets (n = 1908) were analysed. Patients with Nestin protein expression in tumour cells more often had BRCA1 germline mutations (OR 8.7, p < 0.0005, Series III), especially among younger patients (<40 years at diagnosis) (OR 16.5, p = 0.003). Nestin protein positivity, observed in 9–28% of our hospital cases (Series I-IV), was independently associated with reduced breast cancer specific survival (HR = 2.0, p = 0.035) and was consistently related to basal-like differentiation (by Cytokeratin 5, OR 8.7–13.8, p < 0.0005; P-cadherin OR 7.0–8.9, p < 0.0005; EGFR staining, OR 3.7–8.2, p ≤ 0.05). Nestin mRNA correlated significantly with Nestin protein expression (ρ = 0.6, p < 0.0005), and high levels were seen in the basal-like intrinsic subtype. Gene expression signalling pathways linked to high Nestin were explored, and revealed associations with stem-like tumour features. In summary, Nestin was strongly associated with germline BRCA1 related breast cancer, a basal-like phenotype, reduced survival, and stemness characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Krüger
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Wik
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gøril Knutsvik
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hawa Nalwoga
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, P. O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tor A Klingen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Vestfold Hospital, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Jarle B Arnes
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ying Chen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Vestfold Hospital, Tønsberg, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Monica Mannelqvist
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Konstantina Dimitrakopoulou
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ingunn M Stefansson
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Even Birkeland
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Turid Aas
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Nicholas P Tobin
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO and Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William D Foulkes
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Departments of Oncology and Human Genetics, McGill University, 546 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S6, Canada
| | - Lars A Akslen
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Central Nervous System and Vertebrae Development in Horses: a Chronological Study with Differential Temporal Expression of Nestin and GFAP. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:61-78. [PMID: 27525635 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The neural system is one of the earliest systems to develop and the last to be fully developed after birth. This study presents a detailed description of organogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) at equine embryonic/fetal development between 19 and 115 days of pregnancy. The expression of two important biomarkers in the main structure of the nervous system responsible for neurogenesis in the adult individual, and in the choroid plexus, was demonstrated by Nestin and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) co-labeling. In the 29th day of pregnancy in the undifferentiated lateral ventricle wall, the presence of many cells expressing Nestin and few expressing GFAP was observed. After the differentiation of the lateral ventricle wall zones at 60 days of pregnancy, the subventricular zone, which initially had greater number of Nestin+ cells, began to show higher numbers of GFAP+ cells at 90 days of pregnancy. A similar pattern was observed for Nestin+ and GFAP+ cells during development of the choroid plexus. This study demonstrates, for the first time, detailed chronological aspects of the equine central nervous system organogenesis associated with downregulation of Nestin and upregulation of GFAP expression.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hjelm BE, Grunseich C, Gowing G, Avalos P, Tian J, Shelley BC, Mooney M, Narwani K, Shi Y, Svendsen CN, Wolfe JH, Fischbeck KH, Pierson TM. Mifepristone-inducible transgene expression in neural progenitor cells in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther 2016; 23:424-37. [PMID: 26863047 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous gene and cell therapy strategies are being developed for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Many of these strategies use constitutive expression of therapeutic transgenic proteins, and although functional in animal models of disease, this method is less likely to provide adequate flexibility for delivering therapy to humans. Ligand-inducible gene expression systems may be more appropriate for these conditions, especially within the central nervous system (CNS). Mifepristone's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier makes it an especially attractive ligand for this purpose. We describe the production of a mifepristone-inducible vector system for regulated expression of transgenes within the CNS. Our inducible system used a lentivirus-based vector platform for the ex vivo production of mifepristone-inducible murine neural progenitor cells that express our transgenes of interest. These cells were processed through a series of selection steps to ensure that the cells exhibited appropriate transgene expression in a dose-dependent and temporally controlled manner with minimal background activity. Inducible cells were then transplanted into the brains of rodents, where they exhibited appropriate mifepristone-inducible expression. These studies detail a strategy for regulated expression in the CNS for use in the development of safe and efficient gene therapy for neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B E Hjelm
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Grunseich
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - G Gowing
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Avalos
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Tian
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B C Shelley
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M Mooney
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - K Narwani
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y Shi
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J H Wolfe
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Stokes Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K H Fischbeck
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T M Pierson
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blanco VM, Chu Z, Vallabhapurapu SD, Sulaiman MK, Kendler A, Rixe O, Warnick RE, Franco RS, Qi X. Phosphatidylserine-selective targeting and anticancer effects of SapC-DOPS nanovesicles on brain tumors. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7105-18. [PMID: 25051370 PMCID: PMC4196187 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors, either primary (e.g., glioblastoma multiforme) or secondary (metastatic), remain among the most intractable and fatal of all cancers. We have shown that nanovesicles consisting of Saposin C (SapC) and dioleylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) are able to effectively target and kill cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. These actions are a consequence of the affinity of SapC-DOPS for phosphatidylserine, an acidic phospholipid abundantly present in the outer membrane of a variety of tumor cells and tumor-associated vasculature. In this study, we first characterize SapC-DOPS bioavailability and antitumor effects on human glioblastoma xenografts, and confirm SapC-DOPS specificity towards phosphatidylserine by showing that glioblastoma targeting is abrogated after in vivo exposure to lactadherin, which binds phosphatidylserine with high affinity. Second, we demonstrate that SapC-DOPS selectively targets brain metastases-forming cancer cells both in vitro, in co-cultures with human astrocytes, and in vivo, in mouse models of brain metastases derived from human breast or lung cancer cells. Third, we demonstrate that SapC-DOPS nanovesicles have cytotoxic activity against metastatic breast cancer cells in vitro, and prolong the survival of mice harboring brain metastases. Taken together, these results support the potential of SapC-DOPS for the diagnosis and therapy of primary and metastatic brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Blanco
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Zhengtao Chu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Subrahmanya D Vallabhapurapu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mahaboob K Sulaiman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ady Kendler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Olivier Rixe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Georgia Regents University, GRU Cancer Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ronald E Warnick
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati Brain Tumor Center, and Mayfield Clinic, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert S Franco
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xiaoyang Qi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Reactive astrogliosis is associated with many pathologic processes in the central nervous system, including gliomas. The glycoprotein podoplanin (PDPN) is upregulated in malignant gliomas. Using a syngeneic intracranial glioma mouse model, we show that PDPN is highly expressed in a subset of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes within and adjacent to gliomas. The expression of PDPN in tumor-associated reactive astrocytes was confirmed by its colocalization with the astrocytic marker S100β and with connexin43, a major astrocytic gap junction protein. To determine whether the increase in PDPN is a general feature of gliosis, we used 2 mouse models in which astrogliosis was induced either by a needle injury or ischemia and observed similar upregulation of PDPN in reactive astrocytes in both models. Astrocytic PDPN was also found to be coexpressed with nestin, an intermediate filament marker for neural stem/progenitor cells. Our findings confirm that expression of PDPN is part of the normal host response to brain injury and gliomas, and suggest that it may be a novel cell surface marker for a specific population of reactive astrocytes in the vicinity of gliomas and nonneoplastic brain lesions. The findings also highlight the heterogeneity of glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in reactive gliosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee S, Yang M, Kim J, Kim J, Son Y, Kwon S, Kim SH, Kim JC, Kang SS, Wang H, Shin T, Moon C. Nestin expression and glial response in the hippocampus of mice after trimethyltin treatment. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:1276-88. [PMID: 25139577 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nestin is a protein of embryonic intermediate filaments expressed by multipotent neural stem cells. In the present study, the nestin expression pattern in the mouse hippocampus 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 days after treatment with trimethyltin (TMT) was examined to explore the possible role played by nestin in chemically induced hippocampal injury. TMT treatment (2.5mg/kg, intraperitoneally) selectively injured the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mouse hippocampus. The level of hippocampal mRNA encoding nestin increased significantly 2 and 3 days post-treatment and thereafter decreased (at 4 and 8 days post-treatment). The level of nestin protein significantly increased 2 - 4 days post-treatment, particularly in the injured region of the DG, and predominantly in glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes in the hippocampal DG. Ki67-positive proliferating cells were increased following TMT treatment and co-localized with nestin-positive reactive astrocytes. Thus, we suggest that nestin contributes to remodeling of the chemically injured DG via glial scar formation and the alteration of neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sueun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyoung Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jinwook Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonghoon Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Choon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changjong Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Medical Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gong S, Seng Z, Wang W, Lv J, Dong Q, Yan B, Peng L, He X. Bosentan protects the spinal cord from ischemia reperfusion injury in rats through vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. Spinal Cord 2014; 53:19-23. [PMID: 25179655 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether Bosentan, an endothelin-A/-B dual receptor antagonist, could protect neurons after spinal cord ischemia reperfusion (SCIR) injury in rats and its underlying signaling pathway. SETTING Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, saline group (IRS, n=48) and Bosentan group (IRB, 5 mg kg(-1), n=48). After ischemia for 1 h with occlusion of the infrarenal aorta, spinal cord were reperfused for 6h, 12h, 24h, 3d, 5d, and 7d separately. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect protein expression of VEGF, VEGF receptor 1 (FLT-1) and VEGF receptor 2 (FLK-1). Gene expressions of VEGF and its receptors were evaluated using the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Compared with the IRS group, gene and protein expressions of VEGF, FLT-1 and FLK-1 were significantly increased (P<0.05), so was the concentration of VEGF in plasma (P<0.05). FLK-1 was expressed on spinal cord neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Z Seng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - W Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xi'an Red Cross Society Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - J Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Q Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - B Yan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - L Peng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - X He
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Astrocyte activation is suppressed in both normal and injured brain by FGF signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2987-95. [PMID: 25002516 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320401111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, astrocytes are multifunctional cells that react to insults and contain damage. However, excessive or sustained reactive astrocytes can be deleterious to functional recovery or contribute to chronic inflammation and neuronal dysfunction. Therefore, astrocyte activation in response to damage is likely to be tightly regulated. Although factors that activate astrocytes have been identified, whether factors also exist that maintain astrocytes as nonreactive or reestablish their nonreactive state after containing damage remains unclear. By using loss- and gain-of-function genetic approaches, we show that, in the unperturbed adult neocortex, FGF signaling is required in astrocytes to maintain their nonreactive state. Similarly, after injury, FGF signaling delays the response of astrocytes and accelerates their deactivation. In addition, disrupting astrocytic FGF receptors results in reduced scar size without affecting neuronal survival. Overall, this study reveals that the activation of astrocytes in the normal and injured neocortex is not only regulated by proinflammatory factors, but also by factors such as FGFs that suppress activation, providing alternative therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
17
|
Figley SA, Liu Y, Karadimas SK, Satkunendrarajah K, Fettes P, Spratt SK, Lee G, Ando D, Surosky R, Giedlin M, Fehlings MG. Delayed administration of a bio-engineered zinc-finger VEGF-A gene therapy is neuroprotective and attenuates allodynia following traumatic spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96137. [PMID: 24846143 PMCID: PMC4028194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI) there are drastic changes that occur in the spinal microvasculature, including ischemia, hemorrhage, endothelial cell death and blood-spinal cord barrier disruption. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is a pleiotropic factor recognized for its pro-angiogenic properties; however, VEGF has recently been shown to provide neuroprotection. We hypothesized that delivery of AdV-ZFP-VEGF--an adenovirally delivered bio-engineered zinc-finger transcription factor that promotes endogenous VEGF-A expression--would result in angiogenesis, neuroprotection and functional recovery following SCI. This novel VEGF gene therapy induces the endogenous production of multiple VEGF-A isoforms; a critical factor for proper vascular development and repair. Briefly, female Wistar rats--under cyclosporin immunosuppression--received a 35 g clip-compression injury and were administered AdV-ZFP-VEGF or AdV-eGFP at 24 hours post-SCI. qRT-PCR and Western Blot analysis of VEGF-A mRNA and protein, showed significant increases in VEGF-A expression in AdV-ZFP-VEGF treated animals (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). Analysis of NF200, TUNEL, and RECA-1 indicated that AdV-ZFP-VEGF increased axonal preservation (p<0.05), reduced cell death (p<0.01), and increased blood vessels (p<0.01), respectively. Moreover, AdV-ZFP-VEGF resulted in a 10% increase in blood vessel proliferation (p<0.001). Catwalk™ analysis showed AdV-ZFP-VEGF treatment dramatically improves hindlimb weight support (p<0.05) and increases hindlimb swing speed (p<0.02) when compared to control animals. Finally, AdV-ZFP-VEGF administration provided a significant reduction in allodynia (p<0.01). Overall, the results of this study indicate that AdV-ZFP-VEGF administration can be delivered in a clinically relevant time-window following SCI (24 hours) and provide significant molecular and functional benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Figley
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, and Spinal Program, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, and Spinal Program, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spyridon K Karadimas
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, and Spinal Program, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kajana Satkunendrarajah
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, and Spinal Program, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Fettes
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, and Spinal Program, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Kaye Spratt
- Department of Therapeutic Development, Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Gary Lee
- Department of Therapeutic Development, Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Dale Ando
- Department of Therapeutic Development, Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Richard Surosky
- Department of Therapeutic Development, Sangamo BioSciences, Pt. Richmond, California, United States of America
| | - Martin Giedlin
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Department of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Research Institute, and Spinal Program, Krembil Neuroscience Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Büchele F, Döbrössy M, Hackl C, Jiang W, Papazoglou A, Nikkhah G. Two-step grafting significantly enhances the survival of foetal dopaminergic transplants and induces graft-derived vascularisation in a 6-OHDA model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 68:112-25. [PMID: 24780496 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Following transplantation of foetal primary dopamine (DA)-rich tissue for neurorestaurative treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), only 5-10% of the functionally relevant DAergic cells survive both in experimental models and in clinical studies. The current work tested how a two-step grafting protocol could have a positive impact on graft survival. DAergic tissue is divided in two portions and grafted in two separate sessions into the same target area within a defined time interval. We hypothesized that the first graft creates a "DAergic" microenvironment or "nest" similar to the perinatal substantia nigra that stimulates and protects the second graft. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats were sequentially transplanted with wild-type (GFP-, first graft) and transgenic (GFP+, second graft) DAergic cells in time interims of 2, 5 or 9days. Each group was further divided into two sub-groups receiving either 200k (low cell number groups: 2dL, 5dL, 9dL) or 400k cells (high cell number groups: 2dH, 5dH, 9dH) as first graft. During the second transplantation, all groups received the same amount of 200k GFP+ cells. Controls received either low or high cell numbers in one single session (standard protocol). Drug-induced rotations, at 2 and 6weeks after grafting, showed significant improvement compared to the baseline lesion levels without significant differences between the groups. Rats were sacrificed 8weeks after transplantation for post-mortem histological assessment. Both two-step groups with the time interval of 2days (2dL and 2dH) showed a significantly higher survival of DAergic cells compared to their respective standard control group (2dL, +137%; 2dH, +47%). Interposing longer intervals of 5 or 9days resulted in the loss of statistical significance, neutralising the beneficial two-step grafting effect. Furthermore, the transplants in the 2dL and 2dH groups had higher graft volume and DA-fibre-density values compared to all other two-step groups. They also showed intense growth of GFP+ vessels - completely absent in control grafts - in regions where the two grafts overlap, indicating second-graft derived angiogenesis. In summary, the study shows that two-step grafting with a 2days time interval significantly increases DAergic cell survival compared to the standard protocol. Furthermore, our results demonstrate, for the first time, a donor-derived neoangiogenesis, leading to a new understanding of graft survival and development in the field of cell-replacement therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Büchele
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, General Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Máté Döbrössy
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, General Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christina Hackl
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, General Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wei Jiang
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, General Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anna Papazoglou
- Laboratory of Stereotaxy and Interventional Neurosciences, Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, General Neurosurgery, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany; Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Cellular and Systemic Neurophysiology, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Guido Nikkhah
- Stereotactical Neurosurgery, University Hospital Clinics, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun Y, Zhang H, Hu R, Sun J, Mao X, Zhao Z, Chen Q, Zhang Z. The expression and significance of neuronal iconic proteins in podocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93999. [PMID: 24699703 PMCID: PMC3974844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that there are many common cell biological features shared by neurons and podocytes; however, the mechanism of podocyte foot process formation remains unclear. Comparing the mechanisms of process formation between two cell types should provide useful guidance from the progress of neuron research. Studies have shown that some mature proteins of podocytes, such as podocin, nephrin, and synaptopodin, were also expressed in neurons. In this study, using cell biological experiments and immunohistochemical techniques, we showed that some neuronal iconic molecules, such as Neuron-specific enolase, nestin and Neuron-specific nuclear protein, were also expressed in podocytes. We further inhibited the expression of Neuron-specific enolase, nestin, synaptopodin and Ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase-1 by Small interfering RNA in cultured mouse podocytes and observed the significant morphological changes in treated podocytes. When podocytes were treated with Adriamycin, the protein expression of Neuron-specific enolase, nestin, synaptopodin and Ubiquitin carboxy terminal hydrolase-1 decreased over time. Meanwhile, the morphological changes in the podocytes were consistent with results of the Small interfering RNA treatment of these proteins. The data demonstrated that neuronal iconic proteins play important roles in maintaining and regulating the formation and function of podocyte processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Ruimin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianyong Sun
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xing Mao
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Medical College, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goc J, Liu JYW, Sisodiya SM, Thom M. A spatiotemporal study of gliosis in relation to depth electrode tracks in drug-resistant epilepsy. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 39:2151-62. [PMID: 24666402 PMCID: PMC4211361 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Key questions remain regarding the processes governing gliogenesis following central nervous system injury that are critical to understanding both beneficial brain repair mechanisms and any long-term detrimental effects, including increased risk of seizures. We have used cortical injury produced by intracranial electrodes (ICEs) to study the time-course and localization of gliosis and gliogenesis in surgically resected human brain tissue. Seventeen cases with ICE injuries of 4–301 days age were selected. Double-labelled immunolabelling using a proliferative cell marker (MCM2), markers of fate-specific transcriptional factors (PAX6, SOX2), a microglial marker (IBA1) and glial markers (nestin, GFAP) was quantified in three regions: zone 1 (immediate vicinity: 0–350 μm), zone 2 (350–700 μm) and zone 3 (remote ≥2000 μm) in relation to the ICE injury site. Microglial/macrophage cell densities peaked at 28–30 days post-injury (dpi) with a significant decline in proliferating microglia with dpi in all zones. Nestin-expressing cells (NECs) were concentrated in zones 1 and 2, showed the highest regenerative capacity (MCM2 and PAX6 co-expression) and were intimately associated with capillaries within the organizing injury cavity. There was a significant decline in nestin/MCM2 co-expressing cells with dpi in zones 1 and 2. Nestin-positive fibres remained in the chronic scar, and NECs with neuronal morphology were noted in older injuries. GFAP-expressing glia were more evenly distributed between zones, with no significant decline in density or proliferative capacity with dpi. Colocalization between nestin and GFAP in zone 1 glial cells decreased with increasing dpi. In conclusion, NECs at acute injury sites are a proliferative, transient cell population with capacity for maturation into astrocytes with possible neuronal differentiation observed in older injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Goc
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Adorjan I, Bindics K, Galgoczy P, Kalman M. Phases of intermediate filament composition in Bergmann glia following cerebellar injury in adult rat. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2095-104. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
22
|
Puschmann TB, Zandén C, Lebkuechner I, Philippot C, de Pablo Y, Liu J, Pekny M. HB-EGF affects astrocyte morphology, proliferation, differentiation, and the expression of intermediate filament proteins. J Neurochem 2013; 128:878-89. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Till B. Puschmann
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Carl Zandén
- SMIT Center and Bionano Systems Laboratory; Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2); Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Isabell Lebkuechner
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Camille Philippot
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Yolanda de Pablo
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Johan Liu
- SMIT Center and Bionano Systems Laboratory; Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2); Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Milos Pekny
- Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation; Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; Parkville Victoria Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Berry SE, Andruszkiewicz P, Chun JL, Hong J. Nestin expression in end-stage disease in dystrophin-deficient heart: implications for regeneration from endogenous cardiac stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:848-61. [PMID: 24068741 PMCID: PMC3808200 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nestin(+) cardiac stem cells differentiate into striated cells following myocardial infarct. Transplantation of exogenous stem cells into myocardium of a murine model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) increased proliferation of endogenous nestin(+) stem cells and resulted in the appearance of nestin(+) striated cells. This correlated with, and may be responsible for, prevention of dilated cardiomyopathy. We examined nestin(+) stem cells in the myocardium of dystrophin/utrophin-deficient (mdx/utrn(-/-)) mice, a model for DMD. We found that 92% of nestin(+) interstitial cells expressed Flk-1, a marker present on cardiac progenitor cells that differentiate into the cardiac lineage, and that a subset expressed Sca-1, present on adult cardiac cells that become cardiomyocytes. Nestin(+) interstitial cells maintained expression of Flk-1 but lost Sca-1 expression with age and were present in lower numbers in dystrophin-deficient heart than in wild-type heart. Unexpectedly, large clusters of nestin(+) striated cells ranging in size from 20 to 250 cells and extending up to 500 μm were present in mdx/utrn(-/-) heart near the end stage of disease. These cells were also present in dystrophin-deficient mdx/utrn(+/-) and mdx heart but not wild-type heart. Nestin(+) striated cells expressed cardiac troponin I, desmin, and Connexin 43 and correlated with proinflammatory CD68(+) macrophages. Elongated nestin(+) interstitial cells with striations were observed that did not express Flk-1 or the late cardiac marker cardiac troponin I but strongly expressed the early cardiac marker desmin. Nestin was also detected in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. These data indicate that new cardiomyocytes form in dystrophic heart, and nestin(+) interstitial cells may generate them in addition to other cells of the cardiac lineage.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antigens, Ly/genetics
- Antigens, Ly/metabolism
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Connexin 43/genetics
- Connexin 43/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dystrophin/deficiency
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Heart/physiopathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/physiology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/genetics
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/metabolism
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/pathology
- Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne/physiopathology
- Myocardial Infarction/genetics
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/physiology
- Nestin/biosynthesis
- Nestin/genetics
- Nestin/metabolism
- Regeneration/genetics
- Regeneration/physiology
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/physiology
- Utrophin/deficiency
- Utrophin/genetics
- Utrophin/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. Berry
- Department of Comparative Biosciences
- Institute for Genomic Biology
- Neuroscience Program, and
| | | | - Ju Lan Chun
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jun Hong
- Department of Comparative Biosciences
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carbon nanomaterials for nerve tissue stimulation and regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 34:35-49. [PMID: 24268231 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology offers new perspectives in the field of innovative medicine, especially for reparation and regeneration of irreversibly damaged or diseased nerve tissues due to lack of effective self-repair mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS, respectively) of the human body. Carbon nanomaterials, due to their unique physical, chemical and biological properties, are currently considered as promising candidates for applications in regenerative medicine. This chapter discusses the potential applications of various carbon nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, nanofibers and graphene for regeneration and stimulation of nerve tissue, as well as in drug delivery systems for nerve disease therapy.
Collapse
|
25
|
Cho JM, Shin YJ, Park JM, Kim J, Lee MY. Characterization of nestin expression in astrocytes in the rat hippocampal CA1 region following transient forebrain ischemia. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:131-40. [PMID: 23869260 PMCID: PMC3713277 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.2.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that nestin facilitates cellular structural remodeling in vasculature-associated cells in response to ischemic injury. The current study was designed to investigate the potential role of post-ischemic nestin expression in parenchymal astrocytes. With this aim, we characterized ischemia-induced nestin expression in the CA1 hippocampal region, an area that undergoes a delayed neuronal death, followed by a lack of neuronal generation after transient forebrain ischemia. Virtually all of the nestin-positive cells in the ischemic CA1 hippocampus were reactive astrocytes. However, induction of nestin expression did not correlate simply with astrogliosis, but rather showed characteristic time- and strata-dependent expression patterns. Nestin induction in astrocytes of the pyramidal cell layer was rapid and transient, while a long-lasting induction of nestin was observed in astrocytes located in the CA1 dendritic subfields, such as the stratum oriens and radiatum, until at least day 28 after ischemia. There was no detectable expression in the stratum lacunosum moleculare despite the evident astroglial reaction. Almost all of the nestin-positive cells also expressed a transcription factor for neural/glial progenitors, i.e., Sox-2 or Sox-9, and some cells were also positive for Ki-67. However, all of the nestin-positive astrocytes expressed the calcium-binding protein S100β, which is known to be expressed in a distinct, post-mitotic astrocyte population. Thus, our data indicate that in the ischemic CA1 hippocampus, nestin expression was induced in astroglia that were becoming reactive, but not in a progenitor/stem cell population, suggesting that nestin may allow for the structural remodeling of these cells in response to ischemic injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Death Disease Research Center, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wittko-Schneider IM, Schneider FT, Plate KH. Brain homeostasis: VEGF receptor 1 and 2-two unequal brothers in mind. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:1705-25. [PMID: 23475067 PMCID: PMC3632714 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), initially thought to act specifically on the vascular system, exert trophic effects on neural cells during development and adulthood. Therefore, the VEGF system serves as a promising therapeutic target for brain pathologies, but its simultaneous action on vascular cells paves the way for harmful side effects. To circumvent these deleterious effects, many studies have aimed to clarify whether VEGFs directly affect neural cells or if the effects are mediated secondarily via other cell types, like vascular cells. A great number of reports have shown the expression and function of VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), mainly VEGFR-1 and -2, in neural cells, where VEGFR-2 has been described as the major mediator of VEGF-A signals. This review aims to summarize and compare the divergent roles of VEGFR-1 and -2 during CNS development and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ina M Wittko-Schneider
- Neuroscience Center, Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Heinrich-Hoffmann Strasse 7, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ara J, Shukla P, Frank M. Enhanced expression of the Flt-1 and Flk-1 receptor tyrosine kinases in a newborn piglet model of ischemic tolerance. J Neurochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Ara
- Department of Pediatrics; Drexel University College of Medicine and Saint Christopher's Hospital for Children; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Panchanan Shukla
- Department of Pediatrics; Drexel University College of Medicine and Saint Christopher's Hospital for Children; Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Melissa Frank
- Department of Pediatrics; Drexel University College of Medicine and Saint Christopher's Hospital for Children; Philadelphia PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Short- and long-term unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in rats show different changes in characteristics of spontaneous firing of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Exp Brain Res 2012; 224:15-24. [PMID: 23283416 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of the medial forebrain bundle induces hemiparkinsonism in rats and is a well established animal model of Parkinson's disease. In this study, we assessed the spontaneous activity of substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) neurons in unilateral 6-OHDA- or sham-treated rats. Extracellular single cell recordings revealed a bilaterally decreased firing rate in short-term 6-OHDA-lesioned rats (8-10 weeks post lesion) while no rate differences were evident in long-term lesioned animals (5-8 months post lesion) in vivo under chloral hydrate anaesthesia. However, firing pattern of the SNr neurons (indicated by interspike interval (ISI) histogram parameters: coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis) was significantly altered only after long-term lesion: 53.8 % of the recorded cells in the ipsilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned SNr fired in a bursting pattern (compared to 5.9-16.7 % in contralateral SNr or sham controls). Additionally, behavioural effects of the lesion were assessed 4 weeks post lesion by the forelimb adjusting stepping test. A decreased number of adjusting steps with the contralateral forepaw, as well as an increased performance with the ipsilateral paw was found for the 6-OHDA-lesioned rats as compared to sham controls. Furthermore, stepping values were negatively correlated with the ISI parameters after long-term lesion, while there were no correlations with the short-term groups. Firing rate was not correlated regardless of the time frame. In conclusion, long-term changes in firing pattern may represent a neuronal correlate of the 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonism and may be useful for the interpretation of 6-OHDA-induced motor deficits and compensatory mechanisms as well.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kaneko Y, Tajiri N, Yu S, Hayashi T, Stahl CE, Bae E, Mestre H, Franzese N, Rodrigues A, Rodrigues MC, Ishikawa H, Shinozuka K, Hethorn W, Weinbren N, Glover LE, Tan J, Achyuta AH, van Loveren H, Sanberg PR, Shivsankar S, Borlongan CV. Nestin overexpression precedes caspase-3 upregulation in rats exposed to controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury. CELL MEDICINE 2012; 4:55-63. [PMID: 23101029 DOI: 10.3727/215517912x639306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of biological mechanisms and treatment options for traumatic brain injury (TBI) is limited. Here, we employed quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analyses to determine the dynamic expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis in an effort to provide insights into the therapeutic window for developing regenerative strategies for TBI. For this purpose, young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to experimental TBI using a controlled cortical impactor, then euthanized 1-48 hours after TBI for QRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. QRT-PCR revealed that brains from TBI exposed rats initially displayed nestin mRNA expression that modestly increased as early as 1-hour post-TBI, then significantly peaked at 8 hours, but thereafter reverted to pre-TBI levels. On the other hand, caspase-3 mRNA expression was slightly elevated at 8 hours post-TBI, which did not become significantly upregulated until 48 hours. Immunofluorescent microscopy revealed a significant surge in nestin immunoreactive cells in the cortex, corpus callosum, and subventricular zone at 24 hours post-TBI, whereas a significant increase in the number of active caspase-3 immunoreactive cells was only found in the cortex and not until 48 hours. These results suggest that the injured brain attempts to repair itself via cell proliferation immediately after TBI, but that this endogenous regenerative mechanism is not sufficient to abrogate the secondary apoptotic cell death. Treatment strategies designed to amplify cell proliferation and to prevent apoptosis are likely to exert maximal benefits when initiated at the acute phase of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kaneko
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Skarda J, Kolar Z, Janikova M, Radova L, Kolek V, Fridman E, Kopolovic J. Analysis of the prognostic impact of nestin expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2012; 156:135-42. [PMID: 22837134 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2012.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
31
|
Guo Y, Liu S, Wang P, Zhao S, Wang F, Bing L, Zhang Y, Ling EA, Gao J, Hao A. Expression profile of embryonic stem cell-associated genes Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog in human gliomas. Histopathology 2012; 59:763-75. [PMID: 22014056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog, three core regulatory factors maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), are coexpressed in human gliomas, and whether their expression might be linked to carcinogenesis and the formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). METHODS AND RESULTS Forty cases of human glioma were examined. The expression of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog was analysed by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot. We found a positive correlation between the expression levels of Oct4, Sox2 and Nanog and tumour malignancy. Immunohistochemistry showed that Oct4 and Nanog were expressed in both the nuclei and the cytoplasm of glioma cells, whereas Sox2 was expressed only in the nuclei. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that a majority of Oct4-positive cells coexpressed Sox2 and Nanog. More than 50% of Oct4-positive cells coexpressed the putative CSC markers CD133 and Nestin. Moreover, some cells exhibited Oct4 and Nanog immunoexpression in the cytoplasm, but the frequency of positive cells did not correlate with tumour malignancy. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest that ESC-associated pathways are activated in human gliomas and that these may be involved in glioma progression, a role that is distinct from that in ESCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Histology and Embryology, Shandong University School of Medicine, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Anderson PJ, Watts H, Hille C, Philpott K, Clark P, Gentleman MCS, Jen LS. Glial and endothelial blood-retinal barrier responses to amyloid-beta in the neural retina of the rat. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 2:801-16. [PMID: 19668434 PMCID: PMC2699783 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s3967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of an intravitreal or subretinal injection of soluble or aggregated forms of Abeta(1-42) on retinal nestin-immunoreactivity (-IR) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IR in astrocytes and Müller glial cells and the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) were tested in the in vivo rat vitreal-retinal model. Retinas were exposed for 1, 2, 3, 5 or 30 days. We present novel data demonstrating that aggregated Abeta(1-42) up-regulates nestin-IR in astrocytes and Müller cells, with a graded response directly related to the length of pre-injection aggregation time. Similar results were obtained with GFAP-IR, but the signal was weaker. An intravitreal injection of aggregated Abeta(1-42) led to VEGF-IR up-regulation, particularly in the GCL and to a lesser extent in the INL. VEGFR1-IR (Flt1) was also increased, particularly in Müller cells and this was accompanied by marked leakage of albumin into the retinal parenchyma of the injected eye, but not in the contralateral eye.
Collapse
|
33
|
Immunohistological markers for proliferative events, gliogenesis, and neurogenesis within the adult hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 345:1-19. [PMID: 21647561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Biologists long believed that, once development is completed, no new neurons are produced in the forebrain. However, as is now firmly established, new neurons can be produced at least in two specific forebrain areas: the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampal formation. Neurogenesis within the adult DG occurs constitutively throughout postnatal life, and the rate of neurogenesis within the DG can be altered under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The process of adult neurogenesis within the DG is a multi-step process (proliferation, differentiation, migration, targeting, and synaptic integration) that ends with the formation of a post-mitotic functionally integrated new neuron. Various markers are expressed during specific stages of adult neurogenesis. The availability of such markers allows the time-course and fate of newly born cells to be followed within the DG in a detailed and precise fashion. Several of the available markers (e.g., PCNA, Ki-67, PH3, MCM2) are markers for proliferative events, whereas others are more specific for early phases of neurogenesis and gliogenesis within the adult DG (e.g., nestin, GFAP, Sox2, Pax6). In addition, markers are available allowing events to be distinguished that are related to later steps of gliogenesis (e.g., vimentin, BLBP, S100beta) or neurogenesis (e.g., NeuroD, PSA-NCAM, DCX).
Collapse
|
34
|
Idoate MA, Díez Valle R, Echeveste J, Tejada S. Pathological characterization of the glioblastoma border as shown during surgery using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence. Neuropathology 2011; 31:575-82. [PMID: 21355891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2011.01202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thirty consecutive surgical patients with glioblastoma, were operated upon using fluorescence induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid as guidance. The fluorescent quality of the tissue was used to take biopsies from the tumor center, from the invasive area around it and from adjacent normal-looking tissue. These samples were analyzed with HE, Ki-67 and nestin. Nestin expression in tissue surrounding glioblastoma cases was compared to tissue surrounding vascular lesions, metastasis and hippocampal sclerosis. The rate of gross total resection assessed by volumetric MRI was 83%. Using HE examination as the gold standard, fluorescence identified solid tumor with 100% positive predictive value, invasive areas with 97%, and normal tissue with 67% negative predictive value. Ki67 stained some cells in 69% of the non-fluorescent samples around the tumor. There was always strong nestin expression around the tumor but it was similar to control cases in non-glioma lesions with subacute expansion. 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence guidance is very reliable and can help to study the tumor-brain interface. Nestin expression is strong and constant in the tissue around the tumor, but is mostly an acute glial reaction, not specific of the neoplasm. Nestin staining is not recommended as a tumor stem cell marker.
Collapse
|
35
|
Filous AR, Miller JH, Coulson-Thomas YM, Horn KP, Alilain WJ, Silver J. Immature astrocytes promote CNS axonal regeneration when combined with chondroitinase ABC. Dev Neurobiol 2011; 70:826-41. [PMID: 20629049 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of injured adult CNS axons is inhibited by formation of a glial scar. Immature astrocytes are able to support robust neurite outgrowth and reduce scarring, therefore, we tested whether these cells would have this effect if transplanted into brain injuries. Utilizing an in vitro spot gradient model that recreates the strongly inhibitory proteoglycan environment of the glial scar we found that, alone, immature, but not mature, astrocytes had a limited ability to form bridges across the most inhibitory outer rim. In turn, the astrocyte bridges could promote adult sensory axon re-growth across the gradient. The use of selective enzyme inhibitors revealed that MMP-2 enables immature astrocytes to cross the proteoglycan rim. The bridge-building process and axon regeneration across the immature glial bridges were greatly enhanced by chondroitinase ABC pretreatment of the spots. We used microlesions in the cingulum of the adult rat brains to test the ability of matrix modification and immature astrocytes to form a bridge for axon regeneration in vivo. Injured axons were visualized via p75 immunolabeling and the extent to which these axons regenerated was quantified. Immature astrocytes coinjected with chondroitinase ABC-induced axonal regeneration beyond the distal edge of the lesion. However, when used alone, neither treatment was capable of promoting axonal regeneration. Our findings indicate that when faced with a minimal lesion, neurons of the basal forebrain can regenerate in the presence of a proper bridge across the lesion and when levels of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in the glial scar are reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Filous
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Antidepressant imipramine induces human astrocytes to differentiate into cells with neuronal phenotype. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 13:603-15. [PMID: 20356437 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have expanded our conception of the role of astrocytes in neurogenesis, proposing that these cells may contribute to this phenomenon not only as a source of trophic substances, but also as stem cells themselves. We recently observed in vitro that human mature astrocytes can be induced to differentiate into cells with a neuronal phenotype. Antidepressant drugs have been shown to increase neurogenesis in the adult rodent hippocampus. In order to better understand the role of astroglia in antidepressant-induced neurogenesis, primary astrocyte cultures were treated with the antidepressant imipramine. Cell morphology was rapidly modified by treatment. In fact, whereas untreated astrocytes showed large, flat morphology, after a few hours of treatment cells exhibited a round-shaped cell body with long, thin processes. The expression of neuronal markers was analysed by immunocytochemistry, Western Blot and RT-PCR at different treatment times. Results showed an increase in neuronal markers such as neurofilament and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), whereas glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nestin expression were not significantly modified by treatment. Similar results were obtained with fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Hes1 mRNA significantly increased after 2 h of treatment, suggesting involvement of this transcription factor in this process. These results confirm the role of astrocytes in neurogenesis and suggest that these cells may represent one of the targets of antidepressants.
Collapse
|
37
|
Kitai R, Horita R, Sato K, Yoshida K, Arishima H, Higashino Y, Hashimoto N, Takeuchi H, Kubota T, Kikuta KI. Nestin expression in astrocytic tumors delineates tumor infiltration. Brain Tumor Pathol 2010; 27:17-21. [PMID: 20425043 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-009-0261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nestin is an intermediate filament protein expressed in undifferentiated cells during central nervous system development, and glioma is known to be a highly infiltrative tumor. We determined whether nestin was expressed in astrocytic tumors and could identify infiltrating tumor cells. We screened 65 archival, paraffin-embedded adult astrocytic tumors using immunohistochemical staining and computerized overlaid photographs. Normal biopsied brains and metastatic brain tumors were also examined. The intensity of nestin expression corresponded to the tumor grade. All 33 glioblastoma cases showed positive and extensive staining, which was less positive in diffuse astrocytoma. Overlaid images showed that nestin immunostaining delineated tumor invasion into adjacent gray and white matter. Nestin is a useful marker for examining the infiltration of malignant cells into surrounding tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Kitai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui University, Matsuoka, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mani N, Khaibullina A, Krum JM, Rosenstein JM. Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances migration of astroglial cells in subventricular zone neurosphere cultures. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:248-57. [PMID: 19705456 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial and neuronal survival factor and a mitogen for endothelial cells and astrocytes in both explant and in vivo injury models. In the CNS, interplay between the vasculature and neural stem progenitor (NSP) cells is required for the maintenance of angiogenic/neurogenic coordination in the germinal niche in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. Using an in vitro SVZ neurosphere (NS) model, this study aimed to understand the direct effects of VEGF and its receptor signaling on neonatal NSP cell growth and migration. Our data indicate that VEGF administration, compared with untreated or brain-derived neurotrophic factor-treated NS, significantly increased growth and migratory capacity of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)(+) and nestin(+) NSP cells and in secondary cultures induced a stellate astrocyte morphology. Blockade of both VEGF, which is normally expressed in some NS cells, and its flt-1 receptor signaling by neutralizing antibodies caused morphological changes specifically in GFAP(+) cells and disrupted sphere formation and outward migration. These cells did not appear as conventional polygonal astrocytes; their process growth was severely restricted, and overall migration was reduced by up to 76% of control cultures. Blockade of VEGF's flk-1 receptor reduced VEGF expression and caused a lesser, though significant, decrease (29%) in NSP (GFAP(+)) cell migration. The results show that both VEGF and, in particular, flt-1 receptor signaling are critical to the proper configuration of the NS and its subsequent development. VEGF is also an important growth and migratory factor particularly for GFAP(+) cells developing in SVZ-derived NS in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Mani
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
A tumor-specific cellular environment at the brain invasion border of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas. Virchows Arch 2010; 456:287-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-009-0873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
40
|
Glia activation induced by peripheral administration of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in rat brains. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2009; 5:473-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2009.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Revised: 12/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
41
|
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha impairs neuronal differentiation but not proliferation of hippocampal neural precursor cells: Role of Hes1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 43:127-35. [PMID: 19840854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which influences neuronal survival and function yet there is limited information available on its effects on hippocampal neural precursor cells (NPCs). We show that TNFalpha treatment during proliferation had no effect on the percentage of proliferating cells prepared from embryonic rat hippocampal neurosphere cultures, nor did it affect cell fate towards either an astrocytic or neuronal lineage when cells were then allowed to differentiate. However, when cells were differentiated in the presence of TNFalpha, significantly reduced percentages of newly born and post-mitotic neurons, significantly increased percentages of astrocytes and increased expression of TNFalpha receptors, TNF-R1 and TNF-R2, as well as expression of the anti-neurogenic Hes1 gene, were observed. These data indicate that exposure of hippocampal NPCs to TNFalpha when they are undergoing differentiation but not proliferation has a detrimental effect on their neuronal lineage fate, which may be mediated through increased expression of Hes1.
Collapse
|
42
|
Nestin modulates glucocorticoid receptor function by cytoplasmic anchoring. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6084. [PMID: 19562035 PMCID: PMC2698154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin is the characteristic intermediate filament (IF) protein of rapidly proliferating progenitor cells and regenerating tissue. Nestin copolymerizes with class III IF-proteins, mostly vimentin, into heteromeric filaments. Its expression is downregulated with differentiation. Here we show that a strong nestin expression in mouse embryo tissue coincides with a strong accumulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a key regulator of growth and differentiation in embryonic development. Microscopic studies on cultured cells show an association of GR with IFs composed of vimentin and nestin. Cells lacking nestin, but expressing vimentin, or cells expressing vimentin, but lacking nestin accumulate GR in the nucleus. Completing these networks with an exogenous nestin, respectively an exogenous vimentin restores cytoplasmic anchoring of GR to the IF system. Thus, heteromeric filaments provide the basis for anchoring of GR. The reaction pattern with phospho-GR specific antibodies and the presence of the chaperone HSC70 suggest that specifically the unliganded receptor is anchored to the IF system. Ligand addition releases GR from IFs and shifts the receptor into the nucleus. Suppression of nestin by specific shRNA abolishes anchoring of GR, induces its accumulation in the nucleus and provokes an irreversible G1/S cell cycle arrest. Suppression of GR prior to that of nestin prevents entry into the arrest. The data give evidence that nestin/vimentin specific anchoring modulates growth suppression by GR. We hypothesize that expression of nestin is a major determinant in suppression of anti-proliferative activity of GR in undifferentiated tissue and facilitates activation of this growth control in a precise tissue and differentiation dependent manner.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ruiz de Almodovar C, Lambrechts D, Mazzone M, Carmeliet P. Role and therapeutic potential of VEGF in the nervous system. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:607-48. [PMID: 19342615 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the nervous and vascular systems constitutes primary events in the evolution of the animal kingdom; the former provides electrical stimuli and coordination, while the latter supplies oxygen and nutrients. Both systems have more in common than originally anticipated. Perhaps the most striking observation is that angiogenic factors, when deregulated, contribute to various neurological disorders, such as neurodegeneration, and might be useful for the treatment of some of these pathologies. The prototypic example of this cross-talk between nerves and vessels is the vascular endothelial growth factor or VEGF. Although originally described as a key angiogenic factor, it is now well established that VEGF also plays a crucial role in the nervous system. We describe the molecular properties of VEGF and its receptors and review the current knowledge of its different functions and therapeutic potential in the nervous system during development, health, disease and in medicine.
Collapse
|
44
|
Talbot S, Théberge-Turmel P, Liazoghli D, Sénécal J, Gaudreau P, Couture R. Cellular localization of kinin B1 receptor in the spinal cord of streptozotocin-diabetic rats with a fluorescent [Nalpha-Bodipy]-des-Arg9-bradykinin. J Neuroinflammation 2009; 6:11. [PMID: 19323833 PMCID: PMC2667487 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The kinin B1 receptor (B1R) is upregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, bacterial endotoxins and hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress. In animal models of diabetes, it contributes to pain polyneuropathy. This study aims at defining the cellular localization of B1R in thoracic spinal cord of type 1 diabetic rats by confocal microscopy with the use of a fluorescent agonist, [Nα-Bodipy]-des-Arg9-BK (BdABK) and selective antibodies. Methods Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ; 65 mg/kg, i.p.). Four days post-STZ treatment, B1R expression was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and autoradiography. The B1R selectivity of BdABK was determined by assessing its ability to displace B1R [125I]-HPP-desArg10-Hoe140 and B2R [125I]-HPP-Hoe 140 radioligands. The in vivo activity of BdABK was also evaluated on thermal hyperalgesia. Results B1R was increased by 18-fold (mRNA) and 2.7-fold (binding sites) in the thoracic spinal cord of STZ-treated rats when compared to control. BdABK failed to displace the B2R radioligand but displaced the B1R radioligand (IC50 = 5.3 nM). In comparison, IC50 values of B1R selective antagonist R-715 and B1R agonist des-Arg9-BK were 4.3 nM and 19 nM, respectively. Intraperitoneal BdABK and des-Arg9-BK elicited dose-dependent thermal hyperalgesia in STZ-treated rats but not in control rats. The B1R fluorescent agonist was co-localized with immunomarkers of microglia, astrocytes and sensory C fibers in the spinal cord of STZ-treated rats. Conclusion The induction and up-regulation of B1R in glial and sensory cells of the spinal cord in STZ-diabetic rats reinforce the idea that kinin B1R is an important target for drug development in pain processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Talbot
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Succursale Downtown, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Andreiuolo F, Junier MP, Hol EM, Miquel C, Chimelli L, Leonard N, Chneiweiss H, Daumas-Duport C, Varlet P. GFAPδ immunostaining improves visualization of normal and pathologic astrocytic heterogeneity. Neuropathology 2009; 29:31-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
46
|
Zhang P, Li J, Liu Y, Chen X, Kang Q. Transplanted human embryonic neural stem cells survive, migrate, differentiate and increase endogenous nestin expression in adult rat cortical peri-infarction zone. Neuropathology 2009; 29:410-21. [PMID: 19170896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2008.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of stem cells is a potential therapeutic strategy for stroke damage. The survival, migration, and differentiation of transplanted human embryonic neural stem cells in the acute post-ischemic environment were characterized and endogenous nestin expression after transplantation was investigated. Human embryonic neural stem cells obtained from the temporal lobe cortex were cultured and labeled with fluorescent 1,1'-dioctadecy-6,6'-di (4-sulfopheyl)-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanin (DiI) in vitro. Labeled cells were transplanted into cortical peri-infarction zones of adult rats 24 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Survival, migration, and differentiation of grafted cells were quantified in immunofluorescence-stained sections from rats sacrificed at 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation. Endogenous nestin-positive cells in the cortical peri-infarction zone were counted at serial time points. The cells transplanted into the cortical peri-infarction zone displayed the morphology of living cells and became widely located around the ischemic area. Moreover, some of the transplanted cells expressed nestin, GFAP, or NeuN in the peri-infarction zone. Furthermore, compared with the control group, endogenous nestin-positive cells in the peri-infarction zone had increased significantly 7 days after cell transplantation. These results confirm the survival, migration, and differentiation of transplanted cells in the acute post-ischemic environment and enhanced endogenous nestin expression within a brief time window. These findings indicate that transplantation of neural stem cells into the peri-infarction zone may be performed as early as 24 h after ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Key Academic Subject of Physiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sung CO, Suh YL. Different pattern of expression of nestin in the non-specific form of dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors compared to the simple and complex forms. J Neurooncol 2008; 92:7-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
48
|
Etienne-Manneville S. Polarity proteins in glial cell functions. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2008; 18:488-94. [PMID: 18840525 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2008] [Revised: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells, which include myelinating oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells and astrocytes, fulfil a large variety of functions that are critical for the development, functioning and regeneration of neurons. Some of these glial functions have been shown to require polarization of the intracellular machinery. Although the initial signals leading to glial cell polarization during development and in the adult are not completely elucidated, crucial molecules such as proteins of the extracellular matrix and their membrane receptors have been identified. A general picture of the intracellular signalling pathways controlling polarity in glial cells is also emerging and shows that highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed polarity proteins are involved.
Collapse
|
49
|
Veselska R, Hermanova M, Loja T, Chlapek P, Zambo I, Vesely K, Zitterbart K, Sterba J. Nestin expression in osteosarcomas and derivation of nestin/CD133 positive osteosarcoma cell lines. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:300. [PMID: 18925963 PMCID: PMC2588620 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nestin was originally identified as a class VI intermediate filament protein that is expressed in stem cells and progenitor cells in the mammalian CNS during development. This protein is replaced in the adult organism by other intermediate filament proteins; however, nestin may be re-expressed under certain pathological conditions such as ischemia, inflammation, brain injury, and neoplastic transformation. Nestin has been detected in many kinds of tumors, especially in tumors derived from the CNS. Co-expression of nestin and the CD133 surface molecule is considered to be a marker for cancer stem cells in neurogenic tumors. Our work was aimed at a detailed study of nestin expression in osteosarcomas and osteosarcoma-derived cell lines. Methods Using immunodetection methods, we examined nestin in tumor tissue samples from 18 patients with osteosarcomas. We also successfully established permanent cell lines from the tumor tissue of 4 patients and immunodetection of nestin and CD133 was performed on these cell lines. Results Nestin-positive tumor cells were immunohistochemically detected in all of the examined osteosarcomas, but the proportion of these cells that were positively stained as well as the intensity of staining varied. Nestin-positive cells were rarely observed in 2 tumor samples, and the remaining 16 tumor samples showed various nestin expression patterns ranging from very sporadic occurrence to an overwhelming proportion of cells with strong positive staining. Three of the established osteosarcoma cell lines were demonstrated to be nestin-positive, and only one cell line showed no expression of nestin; this finding corresponds with the rare occurrence of nestin-positive cells in the respective tumor sample. Moreover, three of these osteosarcoma cell lines were undoubtedly proven to be Nes+/CD133+. Conclusion Our results represent the first evidence of nestin expression in osteosarcomas and suggest the possible occurrence of cells with a stem-like phenotype in these tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Veselska
- Laboratory of Tumor Biology and Genetics, Institute of Experimental Biology, School of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Peng H, Shah W, Holland P, Carbonetto S. Integrins and dystroglycan regulate astrocyte wound healing: the integrin beta1 subunit is necessary for process extension and orienting the microtubular network. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 68:559-74. [PMID: 18188865 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Monolayers of astrocytes in culture respond to a scrape wound by orienting towards the wound and extending processes that will repair it. We show here that they also upregulate the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, laminin, and chondroitin sulfated proteoglycan, that are deposited in astrocytic scars in vivo. We have previously shown that the major functional ECM receptors on astrocytes are dystroglycan (DG) plus integrins alpha1beta1, alpha5beta1, alpha6beta1, and alphavbeta3. Consistent with this, laminin fragments that activate alpha1beta1 integrin, alpha6beta1 integrin, and DG all contribute to attachment. During astrocyte attachment, or process extension, integrins and DG are found at the leading edge of the lammelipodium, though they change in distribution with the extent of attachment and the alpha and beta subunits of DG can be spatially uncoupled. Functionally, inhibitory antibodies to DG and integrin alpha1beta1 or the RGD peptide all inhibit process extension, showing that ligand engagement of integrins and DG contribute to process extension. Astrocytes differentiated from DG or beta1 null ES cells respond very differently to wounding. The former fail to extend process and cell polarization is disrupted partially. However, beta1 null astrocytes not only fail to extend processes perpendicular to the wound, but cell polarization is completely disrupted and cells migrate randomly into the wound. We conclude that integrins are essential for astrocyte polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Peng
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|