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Fang JR, Zhang YJ, Meng X, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhu LJ, Yao XS. Two new Nb-oxide indole alkaloids with β-hematin inhibitory activity from the stems and leaves of Rauvolfia dichotoma. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38247111 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2024.2302825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Rauvolfia dichotoma, a shrub of Apocynaceae, was collected from the Islands of SAO Tome and Principe and cultivated locally for medicinal purpose. Phytochemical investigation of 95% ethanol extract from the stems and leaves of R. dichotoma led to the isolation of two new Nb-oxide indole alkaloids, namely Nb-oxide-mitoridine (1) and Nb-oxide-raucaffricine (2), together with two known alkaloids (3-4) and eleven known lignans (5-15). Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive NMR and HR-ESI-MS data analysis. All compounds (except 13) were tested for their β-hematin inhibitory activity. Compounds 2, 4, 14, and 15 showed certain inhibitory activity, indicating that they may have an antimalarial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ru Fang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ling-Juan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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2
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Basilico N, Parapini S, D'Alessandro S, Misiano P, Romeo S, Dondio G, Yardley V, Vivas L, Nasser S, Rénia L, Russell BM, Suwanarusk R, Nosten F, Sparatore A, Taramelli D. Favorable Preclinical Pharmacological Profile of a Novel Antimalarial Pyrrolizidinylmethyl Derivative of 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline with Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Activities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050836. [PMID: 37238706 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The 4-aminoquinoline drugs, such as chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine or piperaquine, are still commonly used for malaria treatment, either alone (CQ) or in combination with artemisinin derivatives. We previously described the excellent in vitro activity of a novel pyrrolizidinylmethyl derivative of 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, named MG3, against P. falciparum drug-resistant parasites. Here, we report the optimized and safer synthesis of MG3, now suitable for a scale-up, and its additional in vitro and in vivo characterization. MG3 is active against a panel of P. vivax and P. falciparum field isolates, either alone or in combination with artemisinin derivatives. In vivo MG3 is orally active in the P. berghei, P. chabaudi, and P. yoelii models of rodent malaria with efficacy comparable, or better, than that of CQ and of other quinolines under development. The in vivo and in vitro ADME-Tox studies indicate that MG3 possesses a very good pre-clinical developability profile associated with an excellent oral bioavailability, and low toxicity in non-formal preclinical studies on rats, dogs, and non-human primates (NHP). In conclusion, the pharmacological profile of MG3 is in line with those obtained with CQ or the other quinolines in use and seems to possess all the requirements for a developmental candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche (DiSBIOC), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Misiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DISFARM), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Dondio
- Aphad Srl, Via della Resistenza 65, Buccinasco, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Livia Vivas
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Shereen Nasser
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bruce M Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rossarin Suwanarusk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot 63110, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DISFARM), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
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3
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Aksić J, Genčić M, Stojanović N, Radulović N, Zlatković D, Dimitrijević M, Stojanović-Radić Z, Srbljanović J, Štajner T, Jovanović L. New Iron Twist to Chloroquine─Upgrading Antimalarials with Immunomodulatory and Antimicrobial Features. J Med Chem 2023; 66:2084-2101. [PMID: 36661364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Herein, upgraded chloroquine (CQ) derivatives capable of overcoming Plasmodium resistance and, at the same time, suppressing excessive immune response and risk of concurrent bacteremia were developed. Twelve new ferrocene-CQ hybrids tethered with a small azathia heterocycle (1,3-thiazolidin-4-one, 1,3-thiazinan-4-one, or 5-methyl-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one) were synthesized and fully characterized. All hybrids were evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. Additional assays were performed on selected hybrids to gain insights into their mode of action. Although only hybrid 4a was more potent than the parent drug toward CQ-resistant Dd2 Plasmodium falciparum strain, several other hybrids (such as 6b, 6c, and 6d) manifested substantially improved antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Interesting structure-activity relationship data were obtained, hinting at future research for the development of new multitarget chemotherapies for malaria and other infectious diseases complicated by drug resistance, bacterial co-infection, and immune-driven pathology issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Aksić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000Niš, Serbia
| | - Marija Genčić
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000Niš, Serbia
| | - Nikola Stojanović
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, Bulevar Zorana D̵ind̵ića 81, 18000Niš, Serbia
| | - Niko Radulović
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000Niš, Serbia
| | - Dragan Zlatković
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000Niš, Serbia
| | - Marina Dimitrijević
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000Niš, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojanović-Radić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, 18000Niš, Serbia
| | - Jelena Srbljanović
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, 11129Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Štajner
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Centre for Parasitic Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Dr. Subotića 4, 11129Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Jovanović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000Novi Sad, Serbia
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Vásquez-Ocmín PG, Gallard JF, Van Baelen AC, Leblanc K, Cojean S, Mouray E, Grellier P, Guerra CAA, Beniddir MA, Evanno L, Figadère B, Maciuk A. Biodereplication of Antiplasmodial Extracts: Application of the Amazonian Medicinal Plant Piper coruscans Kunth. Molecules 2022; 27:7638. [PMID: 36364460 PMCID: PMC9656727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Improved methodological tools to hasten antimalarial drug discovery remain of interest, especially when considering natural products as a source of drug candidates. We propose a biodereplication method combining the classical dereplication approach with the early detection of potential antiplasmodial compounds in crude extracts. Heme binding is used as a surrogate of the antiplasmodial activity and is monitored by mass spectrometry in a biomimetic assay. Molecular networking and automated annotation of targeted mass through data mining were followed by mass-guided compound isolation by taking advantage of the versatility and finely tunable selectivity offered by centrifugal partition chromatography. This biodereplication workflow was applied to an ethanolic extract of the Amazonian medicinal plant Piper coruscans Kunth (Piperaceae) showing an IC50 of 1.36 µg/mL on the 3D7 Plasmodium falciparum strain. It resulted in the isolation of twelve compounds designated as potential antiplasmodial compounds by the biodereplication workflow. Two chalcones, aurentiacin (1) and cardamonin (3), with IC50 values of 2.25 and 5.5 µM, respectively, can be considered to bear the antiplasmodial activity of the extract, with the latter not relying on a heme-binding mechanism. This biodereplication method constitutes a rapid, efficient, and robust technique to identify potential antimalarial compounds in complex extracts such as plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-François Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Van Baelen
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 91400 Orsay, France
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), CEA, SIMoS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Karine Leblanc
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 91400 Orsay, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Mouray
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grellier
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM, UMR 7245), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP52, 57 Rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlos A. Amasifuén Guerra
- Dirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología (DRGB), Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Avenida La Molina N° 1981, La Molina, Lima 15024, Peru
| | | | - Laurent Evanno
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Figadère
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 91400 Orsay, France
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Zou Y, Julie N, Guo S, Tang Y, Zhang H, Xu Z, Wu W, Yuan Y, Wu Z, Guo W, Li C, Huang X, Xu Q, Deng C, Song J, Wang Q. The Effect of Artemisinin-Based Drugs vs Non-artemisinin-based Drugs on Gametophyte Carrying in the Body After the Treatment of Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:707498. [PMID: 35069184 PMCID: PMC8770988 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The WHO recommends Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs) as the first-line treatment for malaria. This meta-analysis aims to analyze the effects of artemisinin and its derivatives as well as non-artemisinin drugs on the gametophytes in the host during the treatment of falciparum malaria. Fourteen studies were included in this analysis, and the artemisinin combination drugs involved were: artemether-lumefantrine (AL), artemisinin (AST), artemether-benflumetol (AB), dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine + trimethoprim + primaquine (CV8), amodiaquine + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (ASP), pyronaridine-phosphate + dihydroartemisinin (PP-DHA), dihydroartemisinin (DHA), and mefloquine + artesunate (MA), with 1702 patients. The control intervention measures involved the following: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), mefloquine (MQ), atovaquone-proguanil (AT-PG), chloroquine + sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (C-SP), quinine (Q), pyronaridine-phosphate (PP), pyronaridine (PN), and mefloquine + primaquine (MP), with 833 patients. The effect of ACTs was more obvious (OR = 0.37, 95%CI: 0.22–0.62, p < 0.05). In the control group of second malaria attacks, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (RD = 1.16, 95%CI: 0.81–1.66, p < 0.05); there was no significant difference in treatment failure during follow-up (RD = -0.01, 95%CI: 0.04–0.03, p < 0.05). There were also very few serious adverse events in both groups. ACTs showed good therapeutic effects in preventing gametocythemia but did not control the recrudescence rate and overall cure, which indicated the effectiveness of the combination of antimalarial drugs. Further research is required to explore which compatibility method is most conducive to the development of clinical malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zou
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nadia Julie
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyuan Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yexiao Tang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Institute of Science and Technology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanting Wu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueming Yuan
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changqing Li
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Lung Diseases, Guangzhou Chest Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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The Role of the Iron Protoporphyrins Heme and Hematin in the Antimalarial Activity of Endoperoxide Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010060. [PMID: 35056117 PMCID: PMC8779033 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium has evolved to regulate the levels and oxidative states of iron protoporphyrin IX (Fe-PPIX). Antimalarial endoperoxides such as 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin and 1,2,4-trioxolane arterolane undergo a bioreductive activation step mediated by heme (FeII-PPIX) but not by hematin (FeIII-PPIX), leading to the generation of a radical species. This can alkylate proteins vital for parasite survival and alkylate heme into hematin–drug adducts. Heme alkylation is abundant and accompanied by interconversion from the ferrous to the ferric state, which may induce an imbalance in the iron redox homeostasis. In addition to this, hematin–artemisinin adducts antagonize the spontaneous biomineralization of hematin into hemozoin crystals, differing strikingly from artemisinins, which do not directly suppress hematin biomineralization. These hematin–drug adducts, despite being devoid of the peroxide bond required for radical-induced alkylation, are powerful antiplasmodial agents. This review addresses our current understanding of Fe-PPIX as a bioreductive activator and molecular target. A compelling pharmacological model is that by alkylating heme, endoperoxide drugs can cause an imbalance in the iron homeostasis and that the hematin–drug adducts formed have strong cytocidal effects by possibly reproducing some of the toxifying effects of free Fe-PPIX. The antiplasmodial phenotype and the mode of action of hematin–drug adducts open new possibilities for reconciliating the mechanism of endoperoxide drugs and for malaria intervention.
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Ibraheem ZO, Majid RA, Sidek HM, Noor SM, Yam MF, Abd Rachman Isnadi MF, Basir R. In Vitro Antiplasmodium and Chloroquine Resistance Reversal Effects of Andrographolide. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:7967980. [PMID: 31915453 PMCID: PMC6930765 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7967980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum is the worst catastrophe that has ever confronted the dedicated efforts to eradicate malaria. This urged for searching other alternatives or sensitizers that reverse chloroquine resistance. In this experiment, the potential of andrographolide to inhibit plasmodial growth and reverse CQ resistance was tested in vitro using the SYBRE green-1-based drug sensitivity assay and isobologram technique, respectively. Its safety level toward mammalian cells was screened as well against Vero cells and RBCs using MTT-based drug sensitivity and RBC hemolysis assays, respectively. Its effect against hemozoin formation was screened using β-hematin formation and heme fractionation assays. Its molecular characters were determined using the conventional tests for the antioxidant effect measurement and the in silico molecular characterization using the online free chemi-informatic Molinspiration software. Results showed that andrographolide has a moderate antiplasmodium effect that does not entitle it to be a substituent for chloroquine. Furthermore, andrographolide ameliorated the sensitivity of the parasite to chloroquine. Besides, it showed an indirect inhibitory effect against hemozoin formation within the parasite and augmented the chloroquine-induced inhibition of hemozoin formation. The study suggests that its chloroquine resistance reversal effect may be due to inhibition of chloroquine accumulation or due to its impact on the biological activity of the parasite. Overall, this in vitro study is a clue for the reliability of andrographolide to be added with chloroquine for reversal of chloroquine resistance and tolerance, but further in vivo studies are recommended to confirm this notion. In spite of its prominent and safe in vitro and in vivo growth inhibitory effect and its in vitro chloroquine resistance reversing effect, it is inapplicable to implement it in malaria chemotherapy to substitute chloroquine or to reverse its resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid O. Ibraheem
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Pharmacy, Al Rafidain University College, Al Mustansyria, Baghdad, Iraq
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Roslaini Abd Majid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hasidah Mohd Sidek
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sabariah Md Noor
- Department of Hemeatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Faruq Abd Rachman Isnadi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rusliza Basir
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Macedo TS, Villarreal W, Couto CC, Moreira DRM, Navarro M, Machado M, Prudêncio M, Batista AA, Soares MBP. Platinum(ii)-chloroquine complexes are antimalarial agents against blood and liver stages by impairing mitochondrial function. Metallomics 2018; 9:1548-1561. [PMID: 28960224 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00196g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine is an antimalarial agent with strong activity against the blood stage of Plasmodium infection, but with low activity against the parasite's liver stage. In addition, the resistance to chloroquine limits its clinical use. The discovery of new molecules possessing multistage activity and overcoming drug resistance is needed. One possible strategy to achieve this lies in combining antimalarial quinolones with the pharmacological effects of transition metals. We investigated the antimalarial activity of four platinum(ii) complexes composed of chloroquine and phosphine ligands, denoted as WV-90, WV-92, WV-93 and WV-94. In comparison with chloroquine, the complexes were less potent against the chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain but they were as active as chloroquine in inhibiting the chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of P. falciparum. Regarding selectivity, the complexes WV-90 and WV-93 displayed higher indexes. Unlike chloroquine, the complexes act as irreversible parasiticidal agents against trophozoites and the WV-93 complex displayed activity against the hepatic stage of P. berghei. The in vivo suppression activity against P. berghei in the Peters 4 day test displayed by the complexes was similar to that of chloroquine. However, the efficacy in an established P. berghei infection in the Thompson test was superior for the WV-93 complex compared to chloroquine. The complexes' antimalarial mechanism of action is initiated by inhibiting the hemozoin formation. While chloroquine efficiently inhibits hemozoin, parasites treated with the platinum complexes display residual hemozoin crystals. This is explained since the interaction of the platinum complexes with ferriprotoporphyrin is weaker than that of chloroquine. However, the complexes caused a loss of mitochondrial integrity and subsequent reduction in mitochondrial activity, and their effects on mitochondria were more pronounced than those in the chloroquine-treated parasites. The dual effect of the platinum complexes may explain their activity against the hemozoin-lacking parasites (hepatic stage), where chloroquine has no activity. Our findings indicate that the platinum(ii)-chloroquine complexes are multifunctional antimalarial compounds and reinforce the importance of metal complexes in antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís S Macedo
- FIOCRUZ, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, CEP 40296-710, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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9
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Sinha S, Sarma P, Sehgal R, Medhi B. Development in Assay Methods for in Vitro Antimalarial Drug Efficacy Testing: A Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:754. [PMID: 29123481 PMCID: PMC5662882 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of drug resistance are the major challenges in malaria eradication mission. Besides various strategies laid down by World Health Organization, such as vector management, source reduction, early case detection, prompt treatment, and development of new diagnostics and vaccines, nevertheless the need for new and efficacious drugs against malaria has become a critical priority on the global malaria research agenda. At several screening stages, millions of compounds are screened (1,000–2,000,000 compounds per screening campaign), before pre-clinical trials to select optimum lead. Carrying out in vitro screening of antimalarials is very difficult as different assay methods are subject to numerous sources of variability across different laboratories around the globe. Despite this, in vitro screening is an essential part of antimalarial drug development as it enables to resource various confounding factors such as host immune response and drug–drug interaction. Therefore, in this article, we try to illustrate the basic necessity behind in vitro study and how new methods are developed and subsequently adopted for high-throughput antimalarial drug screening and its application in achieving the next level of in vitro screening based on the current approaches (such as stem cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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10
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Zaid OI, Majid RA, Hasidah MS, Sabariah MN, Al-Zihiry K, Rahi S, Basir R. Anti-plasmodial and Chloroquine Resistance Suppressive Effects of Embelin. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:S48-S55. [PMID: 28479726 PMCID: PMC5407116 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.203982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergence of chloroquine (CQ) resistance among different strains of Plasmodium falciparum is the worst catastrophe that has ever perplexed the dedicated efforts to eradicate malaria. This urged the scientists to search for new alternatives or sensitizers to augment its antiplasmodium effect. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this experiment, the potential of embelin, isolated from Embelia ribes, to inhibit the growth and sensitize CQ action was screened using SYBRE-green-I based drug sensitivity and isobologram assays, respectively. Its effect on red blood cells stability was screened to assess its safety. To explore its molecular mechanism, its effect on plasmodial Hemozoin and the in vitro β-hematin formation was screened as well. Furthermore, its anti-oxidant activity was measured using the conventional in vitro tests and its molecular characters were obtained using Molispiration program. RESULTS The results showed that its anti-plasmodial effect was weaker than CQ but synergism was obtained when they were combined at ratios lower than 5:5 CQ/embelin. Furthermore, β-hematin formation was inhibited by embelin without showing any synergism after mixing with CQ. CONCLUSION Overall, embelin is not ideal to be suggested as a conventional antiplasmodium but it has a potential to ameliorate CQ resistance. Furthermore, its action is not related to its impact on hemozoin formation. Further, investigations are recommended to illustrate its detailed mechanism of action. Abbreviation used: CQ-DV-PBS-HEPES: Chloroquine-Digestive vacuole-Phosphate-buffer-saline-4-(2-hydroxyethyl-1-piperazin-ethan-sulphoni-acid), EDTA: Ethylen-diamin-tetra-acetic-acid, g.m.wt: Gram molecular weight, cMCM: Complete-malaria-culture-medium, Hct: Hematocrite, PRBCs: Parasitized-redblood-cells, nRBCs: Normal-red-blood-cells, RT: Room temperature, IC: Inhibitory concentration, FIC: Fractional inhibitory concentration, iCM: Incomplete-culturemedium, BSA: Bovin serum albumin, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazy, BHT: Butylatedhydroxyl-toleuen, PSA: Polar surface area, ClogP: Log partition coefficient (octanol/water), GPCR: G-protein-coupled-receptors, DMSO: Dimethylsulphoxide, NaOH: Sodium hydroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- O I Zaid
- Pharmacology unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R Abd Majid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M S Hasidah
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M N Sabariah
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - K Al-Zihiry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sattar Rahi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R Basir
- Pharmacology unit, Department of Human Anatomy, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Antimalarials with Benzothiophene Moieties as Aminoquinoline Partners. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030343. [PMID: 28245583 PMCID: PMC6155332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe and life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites that are spread to humans through bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Here, we report on the efficacy of aminoquinolines coupled to benzothiophene and thiophene rings in inhibiting Plasmodium falciparum parasite growth. Synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimalarial activity and toxicity, in vitro and in mice. Benzothiophenes presented in this paper showed improved activities against a chloroquine susceptible (CQS) strain, with potencies of IC50 = 6 nM, and cured 5/5 Plasmodium berghei infected mice when dosed orally at 160 mg/kg/day × 3 days. In the benzothiophene series, the examined antiplasmodials were more active against the CQS strain D6, than against strains chloroquine resistant (CQR) W2 and multidrug-resistant (MDR) TM91C235. For the thiophene series, a very interesting feature was revealed: hypersensitivity to the CQR strains, resistance index (RI) of <1. This is in sharp contrast to chloroquine, indicating that further development of the series would provide us with more potent antimalarials against CQR strains.
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12
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Xiao SH, Sun J. Schistosoma hemozoin and its possible roles. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:171-183. [PMID: 28012717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
More than 95years ago Schistosoma pigment had been deemed as a degradation product of haemoglobin. Until the 1950s, scientists initiated to pay attention to understand the hematophagous habit of schistosomes, and to study the degradation of haemoglobin as well as the formation of hemozoin inside the gut of the worms. For a long time, the formation of hemozoin in both Plasmodium and in Schistosoma was considered to be the major route of heme detoxification, and hemozoin served a role in waste disposal. At the beginning of this century, the chemical structure of Schistosoma pigment was confirmed to be identical to that of malarial pigment (hemozoin) and its synthetic analogue, β-hematin. Since then, studies on Schistosoma hemozoin have been investigated by some workers and the results showed that Schistosoma hemozoin may play important roles in pathogenicity, immune modulation, iron supply for egg formation, and interaction with some anti-schistosomal drugs. In this review, we briefly review and discuss the hematophagous habit of schistosomes, degradation of haemoglobin, formation of hemozoin in the worm gut, and possible roles of hemozoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Xiao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis, and Filariasis, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Jun Sun
- Institute for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Development, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
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13
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Chloroquine-containing organoruthenium complexes are fast-acting multistage antimalarial agents. Parasitology 2016; 143:1543-56. [PMID: 27439976 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report the pharmacological activity of organoruthenium complexes containing chloroquine (CQ) as a chelating ligand. The complexes displayed intraerythrocytic activity against CQ-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum, with potency and selectivity indexes similar to those of CQ. Complexes displayed activity against all intraerythrocytic stages, but moderate activity against Plasmodium berghei liver stages. However, unlike CQ, organoruthenium complexes impaired gametocyte viability and exhibited fast parasiticidal activity against trophozoites for P. falciparum. This functional property results from the ability of complexes to quickly induce oxidative stress. The parasitaemia of P. berghei-infected mice was reduced by treatment with the complex. Our findings demonstrated that using chloroquine for the synthesis of organoruthenium complexes retains potency and selectivity while leading to an increase in the spectrum of action and parasite killing rate relative to CQ.
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14
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Wicht KJ, Combrinck JM, Smith PJ, Hunter R, Egan TJ. Identification and SAR Evaluation of Hemozoin-Inhibiting Benzamides Active against Plasmodium falciparum. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6512-30. [PMID: 27299916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Quinoline antimalarials target hemozoin formation causing a cytotoxic accumulation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX (Fe(III)PPIX). Well-developed SAR models exist for β-hematin inhibition, parasite activity, and cellular mechanisms for this compound class, but no comparably detailed investigations exist for other hemozoin inhibiting chemotypes. Here, benzamide analogues based on previous HTS hits have been purchased or synthesized. Only derivatives containing an electron deficient aromatic ring and capable of adopting flat conformations, optimal for π-π interactions with Fe(III)PPIX, inhibited β-hematin formation. The two most potent analogues showed nanomolar parasite activity, with little CQ cross-resistance, low cytotoxicity, and high in vitro microsomal stability. Selected analogues inhibited hemozoin formation in Plasmodium falciparum causing high levels of free heme. In contrast to quinolines, introduction of amine side chains did not lead to benzamide accumulation in the parasite. These data reveal complex relationships between heme binding, free heme levels, cellular accumulation, and in vitro activity of potential novel antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jill M Combrinck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.,Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Roger Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town , Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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15
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Terzić N, Konstantinović J, Tot M, Burojević J, Djurković-Djaković O, Srbljanović J, Štajner T, Verbić T, Zlatović M, Machado M, Albuquerque IS, Prudêncio M, Sciotti RJ, Pecic S, D'Alessandro S, Taramelli D, Šolaja BA. Reinvestigating Old Pharmacophores: Are 4-Aminoquinolines and Tetraoxanes Potential Two-Stage Antimalarials? J Med Chem 2015; 59:264-81. [PMID: 26640981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and antiplasmodial activities of various substituted aminoquinolines coupled to an adamantane carrier are described. The compounds exhibited pronounced in vitro and in vivo activity against Plasmodium berghei in the Thompson test. Tethering a fluorine atom to the aminoquinoline C(3) position afforded fluoroaminoquinolines that act as intrahepatocytic parasite inhibitors, with compound 25 having an IC50 = 0.31 μM and reducing the liver load in mice by up to 92% at 80 mg/kg dose. Screening our peroxides as inhibitors of liver stage infection revealed that the tetraoxane pharmacophore itself is also an excellent liver stage P. berghei inhibitor (78: IC50 = 0.33 μM). Up to 91% reduction of the parasite liver load in mice was achieved at 100 mg/kg. Examination of tetraoxane 78 against the transgenic 3D7 strain expressing luciferase under a gametocyte-specific promoter revealed its activity against stage IV-V Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes (IC50 = 1.16 ± 0.37 μM). To the best of our knowledge, compounds 25 and 78 are the first examples of either an 4-aminoquinoline or a tetraoxane liver stage inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Terzić
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy , 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Konstantinović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mikloš Tot
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jovana Burojević
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Jelena Srbljanović
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade , Dr. Subotića 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Štajner
- Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade , Dr. Subotića 4, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Verbić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mario Zlatović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marta Machado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês S Albuquerque
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa , 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard J Sciotti
- Experimental Therapeutics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University , New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano , 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano , 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Bogdan A Šolaja
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade , Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
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16
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Tempera C, Franco R, Caro C, André V, Eaton P, Burke P, Hänscheid T. Characterization and optimization of the haemozoin-like crystal (HLC) assay to determine Hz inhibiting effects of anti-malarial compounds. Malar J 2015; 14:403. [PMID: 26458401 PMCID: PMC4603294 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The haem-haemozoin biocrystallization pathway is an attractive target where several efficacious and safe anti-malarial drugs act. Consequently, in vitro haemozoin (Hz) inhibition assays have been developed to identify novel compounds. However, results may differ between assays and often require complex methods or sophisticated infrastructure. The recently reported growth of haemozoin-like crystals (HLC) appears to be a simple alternative although the endproduct is structurally different to Hz. This study set out to characterize this assay in depth, optimize it, and assess its performance. Methods The HLC assay was used as previously described but a range of different growth conditions were examined. Obtained HLCs were investigated and compared to synthetic (sHz) and natural haemozoin (nHz) using scanning electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). Interactions of HLC with quinolines was analysed using RS. Inhibitory effects of currently used anti-malarial drugs under four final growth conditions were established. Results HLC growth requires Mycoplasma Broth Base, Tween 80, pancreatin, and lysed blood or haemin. HLCs are similar to nHz and sHz in terms of solubility, macroscopic and microscopic appearance although PXRD, FTIR and RS confirm that the haem aggregates of HLCs are structurally different. RS reveals that CQ seems to interact with HLCs in similar ways as with Hz. Inhibition of quinoline drugs ranged from 62.5 µM (chloroquine, amodiaquine, piperaquine) to 500 µM in mefloquine. Conclusions The HLC assay provides data on inhibiting properties of compounds. Even if the end-product is not structurally identical to Hz, the inhibitory effects appear consistent with those obtained with sHz assays, as illustrated by the results obtained for quinolines. The assay is simple, inexpensive, robust, reproducible and can be performed under basic laboratory conditions with a simple visual positive/negative read-out. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0913-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Tempera
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Franco
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Caro
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Vânia André
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Peter Eaton
- , Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Peter Burke
- STERIS Corporation, 5960 Heisley Road, Mentor, OH, 44060, USA.
| | - Thomas Hänscheid
- Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal. .,Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Microbiologia, Lisbon, Portugal.
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17
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Szechner B, Jaromin A, Parapini S, Basilico N, Grzeszczyk B, Furman B, Chmielewski M. Glycosyl hydroperoxides: a new class of potential antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3033-9. [PMID: 26022082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by the antimalarial properties observed in organic peroxides, an extensive series of glycosyl hydroperoxides was prepared with the aim of identifying new bioactive molecules. Selected compounds were tested against a Plasmodium falciparum culture (chloroquine-susceptible strain D10 and chloroquine-resistant strain W2). Screening results indicated that the factors critical for antimalarial activity were the presence of a hydroperoxide moiety and solubility in water at pH 5.0. Moreover, the ability to inhibit β-hematin formation in vitro has been evaluated (BHIA Assay).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Szechner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14A, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal, 36 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal, 36 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Grzeszczyk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Furman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Chmielewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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18
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Opsenica IM, Verbić TŽ, Tot M, Sciotti RJ, Pybus BS, Djurković-Djaković O, Slavić K, Šolaja BA. Investigation into novel thiophene- and furan-based 4-amino-7-chloroquinolines afforded antimalarials that cure mice. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2176-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Young RM, Adendorff MR, Wright AD, Davies-Coleman MT. Antiplasmodial activity: The first proof of inhibition of heme crystallization by marine isonitriles. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Sola I, Castellà S, Viayna E, Galdeano C, Taylor MC, Gbedema SY, Pérez B, Clos MV, Jones DC, Fairlamb AH, Wright CW, Kelly JM, Muñoz-Torrero D. Synthesis, biological profiling and mechanistic studies of 4-aminoquinoline-based heterodimeric compounds with dual trypanocidal-antiplasmodial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5156-67. [PMID: 25678015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dual submicromolar trypanocidal-antiplasmodial compounds have been identified by screening and chemical synthesis of 4-aminoquinoline-based heterodimeric compounds of three different structural classes. In Trypanosoma brucei, inhibition of the enzyme trypanothione reductase seems to be involved in the potent trypanocidal activity of these heterodimers, although it is probably not the main biological target. Regarding antiplasmodial activity, the heterodimers seem to share the mode of action of the antimalarial drug chloroquine, which involves inhibition of the haem detoxification process. Interestingly, all of these heterodimers display good brain permeabilities, thereby being potentially useful for late stage human African trypanosomiasis. Future optimization of these compounds should focus mainly on decreasing cytotoxicity and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sola
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Castellà
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Viayna
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Galdeano
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Y Gbedema
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1 DP, United Kingdom; Department of Pharmaceutics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Victòria Clos
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deuan C Jones
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alan H Fairlamb
- Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Wright
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD7 1 DP, United Kingdom
| | - John M Kelly
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Pancotti A, Parapini S, Dell'Agli M, Gambini L, Galli C, Sangiovanni E, Basilico N, Bosisio E, Taramelli D, Romeo S. Discovery of oxybisbenzoylamides as a new class of antimalarial agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00115c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new antimalarial pharmacophore has been obtained starting from previously described dual inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum.
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22
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Imperatore C, Persico M, Aiello A, Luciano P, Guiso M, Sanasi MF, Taramelli D, Parapini S, Cebrián-Torrejón G, Doménech-Carbó A, Fattorusso C, Menna M. Marine inspired antiplasmodial thiazinoquinones: synthesis, computational studies and electrochemical assays. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09302c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An original approach, starting from marine derived compounds and combining chemical, computational and electrochemical methods, evidenced the thiazinoquinone scaffold as a new chemotype active againstP. falciparum.
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23
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Barteselli A, Parapini S, Basilico N, Mommo D, Sparatore A. Synthesis and evaluation of the antiplasmodial activity of novel indeno[2,1-c]quinoline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5757-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Barnett
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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25
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Edaye S, Reiling SJ, Leimanis ML, Wunderlich J, Rohrbach P, Georges E. A 2-amino quinoline, 5-(3-(2-(7-chloroquinolin-2-yl)ethenyl)phenyl)-8-dimethylcarbamyl-4,6-dithiaoctanoic acid, interacts with PfMDR1 and inhibits its drug transport in Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 195:34-42. [PMID: 24914817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major disease in the tropics where chemotherapy remains the main mode of treatment and as such the rise and spread of drug-resistant malaria can lead to human tragedy. Two membrane transport proteins, PfMDR1 (Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1) and PfCRT (P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter), have been shown to cause resistance to several antimalarials. Both PfMDR1 and PfCRT are localized to the digestive vacuolar membrane and appear to regulate the transport of drugs and physiological metabolites. In this study we have used MK571, a 2-amino quinoline, to explore its interaction with PfMDR1 and PfCRT in chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of P. falciparum. Our results show that chloroquine-resistant strains (e.g., K1, Dd2, and 7G8) are consistently more sensitive to MK571 than chloroquine-sensitive strains (e.g., 3D7, 106/1 and D10). This association, however, was not maintained with the chloroquine-resistant strain FCB which IC50 value was similar to chloroquine-sensitive strains. Moreover, the susceptibility of chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains to MK571 does not correlate with mutated PfCRT, nor is it reversible with verapamil; but correlates with mutations in PfMDR1. Furthermore, MK571 appears to target the parasite's digestive vacuole (DV), as demonstrated by the ability of MK571 to: (1) block the accumulation of the fluorescent dye Fluo-4 AM, a PfMDR1 substrate, into the digestive vacuole; (2) reduce the transvacuolar pH gradient; and (3) inhibit the formation of β-hematin in vitro. Moreover, the presence of non-toxic concentrations of MK571 sensitized both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant parasites to mefloquine and halofantrine, likely by competing against PfMDR1-mediated sequestering of the drugs into the DV compartment and away from the drugs' cytosolic targets. Our data, nevertheless, found only a minimal decrease in MK571 IC50 value in FCB parasite which second pfmdr1 copy was inactivated via gene disruption. Taken together, the findings of this study suggest that MK571 interacts with native and mutant PfMDR1 and modulates the import of drugs or solutes into the parasite's DV and, as such, MK571 may be a useful tool in the characterization of PfMDR1 drug interactions and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Edaye
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah J Reiling
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mara L Leimanis
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Juliane Wunderlich
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Petra Rohrbach
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elias Georges
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Paulo A, Figueiras M, Machado M, Charneira C, Lavrado J, Santos SA, Lopes D, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Nogueira F, Moreira R. Bis-alkylamine Indolo[3,2-b]quinolines as Hemozoin Ligands: Implications for Antimalarial Cytostatic and Cytocidal Activities. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3295-313. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500075d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paulo
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Figueiras
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Machado
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Charneira
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Lavrado
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Santos
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dinora Lopes
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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27
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Gorka AP, Jacobs LM, Roepe PD. Cytostatic versus cytocidal profiling of quinoline drug combinations via modified fixed-ratio isobologram analysis. Malar J 2013; 12:332. [PMID: 24044530 PMCID: PMC3874740 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug combination therapy is the frontline of malaria treatment. There is an ever-accelerating need for new, efficacious combination therapies active against drug resistant malaria. Proven drugs already in the treatment pipeline, such as the quinolines, are important components of current combination therapy and also present an attractive test bank for rapid development of new concepts. Methods The efficacy of several drug combinations versus chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains was measured using both cytostatic and cytocidal potency assays. Conclusions These screens identify quinoline and non-quinoline pairs that exhibit synergy, additivity, or antagonism using the fixed-ratio isobologram method and find tafenoquine – methylene blue combination to be the most synergistic. Also, interestingly, for selected pairs, additivity, synergy, or antagonism defined by quantifying IC50 (cytostatic potency) does not necessarily predict similar behaviour when potency is defined by LD50 (cytocidal potency). These data further support an evolving new model for quinoline anti-malarials, wherein haem and haemozoin are the principle target for cytostatic activity, but may not be the only target relevant for cytocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gorka
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, & Molecular Biology, and Center for Infectious Disease, Georgetown University, 37th and 'O' Sts, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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28
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Malaria pigment crystals as magnetic micro-rotors: key for high-sensitivity diagnosis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1431. [PMID: 23478535 PMCID: PMC3594758 DOI: 10.1038/srep01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to develop new methods for the high-sensitivity diagnosis of malaria has initiated a global activity in medical and interdisciplinary sciences. Most of the diverse variety of emerging techniques are based on research-grade instruments, sophisticated reagent-based assays or rely on expertise. Here, we suggest an alternative optical methodology with an easy-to-use and cost-effective instrumentation based on unique properties of malaria pigment reported previously and determined quantitatively in the present study. Malaria pigment, also called hemozoin, is an insoluble microcrystalline form of heme. These crystallites show remarkable magnetic and optical anisotropy distinctly from any other components of blood. As a consequence, they can simultaneously act as magnetically driven micro-rotors and spinning polarizers in suspensions. These properties can gain importance not only in malaria diagnosis and therapies, where hemozoin is considered as drug target or immune modulator, but also in the magnetic manipulation of cells and tissues on the microscopic scale.
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29
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Pasini EM, van den Ierssel D, Vial HJ, Kocken CHM. A novel live-dead staining methodology to study malaria parasite viability. Malar J 2013; 12:190. [PMID: 23758788 PMCID: PMC3680332 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is a major health and socio-economical problem in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. Several methodologies have been used to assess parasite viability during the adaption of field strains to culture or the assessment of drug potential, but these are in general not able to provide an accurate real-time assessment of whether parasites are alive or dead. Methods Different commercial dyes and kits were assessed for their potential to allow for the real-time detection of whether a blood stage malaria parasite is dead or alive. Results Here, a methodology is presented based on the potential-sensitive mitochondrial probe JC-1, which allows for the real-time visualization of live (red staining) and/or dead (absence of red staining) blood stage parasites in vitro and ex vivo. This method is applicable across malaria parasite species and strains and allows to visualize all parasite blood stages including gametocytes. Further, this methodology has been assessed also for use in drug sensitivity testing. Conclusions The JC-1 staining approach is a versatile methodology that can be used to assess parasite viability during the adaptation of field samples to culture and during drug treatment. It was found to hold promise in the assessment of drugs expected to lead to delayed death phenotypes and it currently being evaluated as a method for the assessment of parasite viability during the adaptation of patient-derived Plasmodium vivax to long-term in vitro culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Pasini
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Lange Kleiweg 161, GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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30
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Gorka AP, de Dios A, Roepe PD. Quinoline drug-heme interactions and implications for antimalarial cytostatic versus cytocidal activities. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5231-46. [PMID: 23586757 DOI: 10.1021/jm400282d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Historically, the most successful molecular target for antimalarial drugs has been heme biomineralization within the malarial parasite digestive vacuole. Heme released from catabolized host red blood cell hemoglobin is toxic, so malarial parasites crystallize heme to nontoxic hemozoin. For years it has been accepted that a number of effective quinoline antimalarial drugs (e.g., chloroquine, quinine, amodiaquine) function by preventing hemozoin crystallization. However, recent studies over the past decade have revealed a surprising molecular diversity in quinoline-heme molecular interactions. This diversity shows that even closely related quinoline drugs may have quite different molecular pharmacology. This paper reviews the molecular diversity and highlights important implications for understanding quinoline antimalarial drug resistance and for future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P Gorka
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, and Center for Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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31
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Šegan S, Trifković J, Verbić T, Opsenica D, Zlatović M, Burnett J, Šolaja B, Milojković-Opsenica D. Correlation between structure, retention, property, and activity of biologically relevant 1,7-bis(aminoalkyl)diazachrysene derivatives. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 72:231-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Aguiar ACC, Rocha EMMD, Souza NBD, França TCC, Krettli AU. New approaches in antimalarial drug discovery and development: a review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:831-45. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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33
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Cytostatic versus cytocidal activities of chloroquine analogues and inhibition of hemozoin crystal growth. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 57:356-64. [PMID: 23114783 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01709-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We report an improved, nonhazardous, high-throughput assay for in vitro quantification of antimalarial drug inhibition of β-hematin (hemozoin) crystallization performed under conditions that are more physiological relative to previous assays. The assay uses the differential detergent solubility of crystalline and noncrystalline forms of heme and is optimized via the use of lipid catalyst. Using this assay, we quantify the effect of pH on the crystal growth-inhibitory activities of current quinoline antimalarials, evaluate the catalytic efficiencies of different lipids, and test for a possible correlation between hemozoin inhibition by drugs versus their antiplasmodial activity. Consistent with several previous reports, we found a good correlation between hemozoin inhibition potency versus cytostatic antiplasmodial potency (50% inhibitory concentration) for a series of chloroquine (CQ) analogues. However, we found no correlation between hemozoin inhibition potency and cytocidal antiplasmodial potency (50% lethal dose) for the same drugs, suggesting that cellular targets for these two layers of 4-aminoquinoline drug activity differ. This important concept is also explored further for QN and its stereoisomers in the accompanying paper (A. P. Gorka, K. S. Sherlach, A. C. de Dios, and P. D. Roepe, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57:365-374, 2013).
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34
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Casagrande M, Barteselli A, Basilico N, Parapini S, Taramelli D, Sparatore A. Synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of new heteroaryl derivatives of 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5965-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Antiplasmodial activities of 4-aminoquinoline–statine compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5915-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Gemma S, Camodeca C, Sanna Coccone S, Joshi BP, Bernetti M, Moretti V, Brogi S, Bonache de Marcos MC, Savini L, Taramelli D, Basilico N, Parapini S, Rottmann M, Brun R, Lamponi S, Caccia S, Guiso G, Summers RL, E. Martin R, Saponara S, Gorelli B, Novellino E, Campiani G, Butini S. Optimization of 4-Aminoquinoline/Clotrimazole-Based Hybrid Antimalarials: Further Structure–Activity Relationships, in Vivo Studies, and Preliminary Toxicity Profiling. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6948-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300802s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gemma
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sanna Coccone
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Bhupendra P. Joshi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Bernetti
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Vittoria Moretti
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Savini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmacologiche
e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche,
Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmacologiche
e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel,
Switzerland and University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reto Brun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel,
Switzerland and University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvio Caccia
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via la Masa
19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Guiso
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via la Masa
19, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Robert L. Summers
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Rowena E. Martin
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200,
Australia
| | - Simona Saponara
- Dipartimento di
Neuroscienze, University of Siena, via
A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Beatrice Gorelli
- Dipartimento di
Neuroscienze, University of Siena, via
A. Moro, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Thomas V, Góis A, Ritts B, Burke P, Hänscheid T, McDonnell G. A novel way to grow hemozoin-like crystals in vitro and its use to screen for hemozoin inhibiting antimalarial compounds. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41006. [PMID: 22815894 PMCID: PMC3399802 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemozoin crystals are normally formed in vivo by Plasmodium parasites to detoxify free heme released after hemoglobin digestion during its intraerythrocytic stage. Inhibition of hemozoin formation by various drugs results in free heme concentration toxic for the parasites. As a consequence, in vitro assays have been developed to screen and select candidate antimalarial drugs based on their capacity to inhibit hemozoin formation. In this report we describe new ways to form hemozoin-like crystals that were incidentally discovered during research in the field of prion inactivation. METHODS We investigated the use of a new assay based on naturally occurring "self-replicating" particles and previously described as presenting resistance to decontamination comparable to prions. The nature of these particles was determined using electron microscopy, Maldi-Tof analysis and X-ray diffraction. They were compared to synthetic hemozoin and to hemozoin obtained from Plasmodium falciparum. We then used the assay to evaluate the capacity of various antimalarial and anti-prion compounds to inhibit "self-replication" (crystallisation) of these particles. RESULTS We identified these particles as being similar to ferriprotoporphyrin IX crystal and confirmed the ability of these particles to serve as nuclei for growth of new hemozoin-like crystals (HLC). HLC are morphologically similar to natural and synthetic hemozoin. Growth of HLC in a simple assay format confirmed inhibition by quinolines antimalarials at potencies described in the literature. Interestingly, artemisinins and tetracyclines also seemed to inhibit HLC growth. CONCLUSIONS The described HLC assay is simple and easy to perform and may have the potential to be used as an additional tool to screen antimalarial drugs for their hemozoin inhibiting activity. As already described by others, drugs that inhibit hemozoin crystal formation have also the potential to inhibit misfolded proteins assemblies formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Góis
- Unidade de Microbiologia Molecular e Infecção, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Bruce Ritts
- STERIS Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Peter Burke
- STERIS Corporation, Mentor, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Hänscheid
- Unidade de Microbiologia Molecular e Infecção, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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38
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Navarro M, Castro W, Biot C. Bioorganometallic Compounds with Antimalarial Targets: Inhibiting Hemozoin Formation. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300296n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maribel Navarro
- School
of Chemical and Mathematical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - William Castro
- Lab. Quı́mica Bioinorgánica,
Centro de Quı́mica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas
1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Christophe Biot
- Unité
de Glycobiologie
Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR CNRS 8576, Université Lille 1, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
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39
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Yu XM, Ramiandrasoa F, Guetzoyan L, Pradines B, Quintino E, Gadelle D, Forterre P, Cresteil T, Mahy JP, Pethe S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of acridine derivatives as antimalarial agents. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:587-605. [PMID: 22331612 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
New N-alkylaminoacridine derivatives attached to nitrogen heterocycles were synthesized, and their antimalarial potency was examined. They were tested in vitro against the growth of Plasmodium falciparum, including chloroquine (CQ)-susceptible and CQ-resistant strains. This biological evaluation has shown that the presence of a heterocyclic ring significantly increases the activity against P. falciparum. The best compound shows a nanomolar IC(50) value toward parasite proliferation on both CQ-susceptible and CQ-resistant strains. The antimalarial activity of these new acridine derivatives can be explained by the two mechanisms studied in this work. First, we showed the capacity of these compounds to inhibit heme biocrystallization, a detoxification process specific to the parasite and essential for its survival. Second, in our search for alternative targets, we evaluated the in vitro inhibitory activity of these compounds toward Sulfolobus shibatae topoisomerase VI-mediated DNA relaxation. The preliminary results obtained reveal that all tested compounds are potent DNA intercalators, and significantly inhibit the activity of S. shibatae topoisomerase VI at concentrations ranging between 2.0 and 2.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Yu
- Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Orsay 91405 CEDEX, France
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40
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Classification models for neocryptolepine derivatives as inhibitors of the β-haematin formation. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 705:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Vargas S, Ndjoko Ioset K, Hay AE, Ioset JR, Wittlin S, Hostettmann K. Screening medicinal plants for the detection of novel antimalarial products applying the inhibition of β-hematin formation. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 56:880-6. [PMID: 21872416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of novel scaffolds for the development of effective and safe treatments to fight malaria is urgently needed. One of the main opportunities is the discovery of new molecules from natural origin. A simple, robust and cost-effective colorimetric assay based on the inhibition of β-hematin has been adapted to routinely screen plant extracts with the ultimate goal to identify novel antimalarial ingredients. The development of this assay has included a careful optimization of all critical experimental parameters. The β-hematin assay can be completed in less than one working day, requiring a 96-well UV-vis plate reader and low-cost commercially available reagents using a standard operating protocol. It can be used on its own or in combination with the well-known Plasmodium growth inhibition assay and has the obvious merit to be informative at the early stage of drug discovery regarding the mechanism of action of the actives. A total of 40 diverse natural products and 219 plants extracts were tested. Good correlations in respect with specificity (pure compounds 85%, extracts 93%) and positive predictive value (pure compounds 72%, extracts 50%) were obtained in comparison with Plasmodium growth inhibition assay that was used as the reference assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vargas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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42
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Chadwick J, Amewu RK, Marti F, Garah FBE, Sharma R, Berry NG, Stocks PA, Burrell-Saward H, Wittlin S, Rottmann M, Brun R, Taramelli D, Parapini S, Ward SA, O'Neill PM. Antimalarial Mannoxanes: Hybrid Antimalarial Drugs with Outstanding Oral Activity Profiles and A Potential Dual Mechanism of Action. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1357-61. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Fernández-Calienes A, Pellón R, Docampo M, Fascio M, D'Accorso N, Maes L, Mendiola J, Monzote L, Gille L, Rojas L. Antimalarial activity of new acridinone derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:210-4. [PMID: 21641752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the major threats concerning world public health. Resistance to the current antimalarial drugs has led to searches for new antimalarial compounds. Acridinone derivatives have recently demonstrated to be active against malaria parasite. We focused our attention on synthesized new acridinone derivatives, some of them resulting with high antiviral and trypanocidal activity. In this study new derivatives of 10-alyl-, 10-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- and 10-(1,2-propadienyl)-9(10H)-acridinone were evaluated for their antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum. To assess the selectivity, cytotoxicity was assessed in parallel against human MRC-5 cells. Inhibition of β-hematin formation was determined using a spectrophotometric assay. Mitochondrial bc(1) complexes were isolated from yeast and bovine heart cells to test acridinone inhibitory activity. This study resulted in the identification of three compounds with submicromolar efficacy against P. falciparum and without cytotoxic effects on human cellular line. One compound, IIa (1-fluoro-10-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-9(10H)-acridinone), can be classified as hit for antimalarial drug development exhibiting IC(50) less than 0.2 μg/mL with SI greater than 100. In molecular tests, no relevant inhibitory activity was obtained for our compounds. The mechanism of acridinones antimalarial action remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymé Fernández-Calienes
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Pedro Kourí, Autopista Novia del Mediodía Km 6, Marianao 13, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.
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Feng TS, Guantai EM, Nell M, van Rensburg CEJ, Ncokazi K, Egan TJ, Hoppe HC, Chibale K. Effects of highly active novel artemisinin-chloroquinoline hybrid compounds on β-hematin formation, parasite morphology and endocytosis in Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:236-47. [PMID: 21596024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
4-Aminoquinolines were hybridized with artemisinin and 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives via the Ugi-four-component condensation reaction, and their biological activities investigated. The artemisinin-containing compounds 6a-c and its salt 6c-citrate were the most active target compounds in the antiplasmodial assays. However, despite the potent in vitro activities, they also displayed cytotoxicity against a mammalian cell-line, and had lower therapeutic indices than chloroquine. Morphological changes in parasites treated with these artemisinin-containing hybrid compounds were similar to those observed after addition of artemisinin. These hybrid compounds appeared to share mechanism(s) of action with both chloroquine and artemisinin: they exhibited potent β-hematin inhibitory activities; they caused an increase in accumulation of hemoglobin within the parasites that was intermediate between the increase observed with artesunate and chloroquine; and they also appeared to inhibit endocytosis as suggested by the decrease in the number of transport vesicles in the parasites. No cross-resistance with chloroquine was observed for these hybrid compounds, despite the fact that they contained the chloroquinoline moiety. The hybridization strategy therefore appeared to be borrowing the best from both classes of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Shean Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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45
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Use of the NP-40 detergent-mediated assay in discovery of inhibitors of beta-hematin crystallization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:3363-9. [PMID: 21518844 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00121-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan parasite responsible for malaria affects over 500 million people each year. Current antimalarials have experienced decreased efficacy due to the development of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium spp., resulting in a critical need for the discovery of new antimalarials. Hemozoin, a crystalline by-product of heme detoxification that is necessary for parasite survival, serves as an important drug target. The quinoline antimalarials, including amodiaquine and chloroquine, act by inhibiting the formation of hemozoin. The formation of this crystal does not occur spontaneously, and recent evidence suggests crystallization occurs in the presence of neutral lipid particles located in the acidic digestive vacuole of the parasite. To mimic these conditions, the lipophilic detergent NP-40 has previously been shown to successfully mediate the formation of β-hematin, synthetic hemozoin. Here, an NP-40 detergent-based assay was successfully adapted for use as a high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors of β-hematin formation. The resulting assay exhibited a favorable Z' of 0.82 and maximal drift of less than 4%. The assay was used in a pilot screen of 38,400 diverse compounds at a screening concentration of 19.3 μM, resulting in the identification of 161 previously unreported β-hematin inhibitors. Of these, 48 also exhibited ≥ 90% inhibition of parasitemia in a Plasmodium falciparum whole-cell assay at a screening concentration of 23 μM. Eight of these compounds were identified to have nanomolar 50% inhibitory concentration values near that of chloroquine in this assay.
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Opsenica I, Burnett JC, Gussio R, Opsenica D, Todorović N, Lanteri CA, Sciotti RJ, Gettayacamin M, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Nuss JE, Wanner L, Panchal RG, Šolaja BA, Bavari S. A chemotype that inhibits three unrelated pathogenic targets: the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain, P. falciparum malaria, and the Ebola filovirus. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1157-69. [PMID: 21265542 PMCID: PMC3056319 DOI: 10.1021/jm100938u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A 1,7-bis(alkylamino)diazachrysene-based small molecule was previously identified as an inhibitor of the botulinum neurotoxin serotype A light chain metalloprotease. Subsequently, a variety of derivatives of this chemotype were synthesized to develop structure-activity relationships, and all are inhibitors of the BoNT/A LC. Three-dimensional analyses indicated that half of the originally discovered 1,7-DAAC structure superimposed well with 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline-based antimalarial agents. This observation led to the discovery that several of the 1,7-DAAC derivatives are potent in vitro inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and, in general, are more efficacious against CQ-resistant strains than against CQ-susceptible strains. In addition, by inhibiting β-hematin formation, the most efficacious 1,7-DAAC-based antimalarials employ a mechanism of action analogous to that of 4,7-ACQ-based antimalarials and are well tolerated by normal cells. One candidate was also effective when administered orally in a rodent-based malaria model. Finally, the 1,7-DAAC-based derivatives were examined for Ebola filovirus inhibition in an assay employing Vero76 cells, and three provided promising antiviral activities and acceptably low toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Opsenica
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James C. Burnett
- Target Structure-Based Drug Discovery Group, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rick Gussio
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, P.O. Box B, F.V.C. 310, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dejan Opsenica
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nina Todorović
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Charlotte A. Lanteri
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Richard J. Sciotti
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Montip Gettayacamin
- United States Army Medical Component, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Science, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica- Microbiologia-Virologia, Università di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica- Microbiologia-Virologia, Università di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jonathan E. Nuss
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702; USA
| | - Laura Wanner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702; USA
| | - Rekha G. Panchal
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702; USA
| | - Bogdan A. Šolaja
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, P.O. Box 51, 11158, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702; USA
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Casagrande M, Basilico N, Rusconi C, Taramelli D, Sparatore A. Synthesis, antimalarial activity, and cellular toxicity of new arylpyrrolylaminoquinolines. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6625-33. [PMID: 20797868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A set of nine new arylpyrrolyl derivatives of 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline, characterized by different substituents on the phenyl ring or different distance between the pyrrolic nitrogen and the 4-aminoquinoline, has been synthesized and tested for their activity against D-10 (CQ-S) and W-2 (CQ-R) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. All compounds exhibited activity against the CQ-S strain in the low nM range, comparable to that of chloroquine. Some of them were also highly active against the CQ-R strain and not toxic against normal cells. The antimalarial activity of this new class of compounds seems to be related to the inhibition of heme detoxification process of parasites, as in the case of chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Fernandez LS, Sykes ML, Andrews KT, Avery VM. Antiparasitic activity of alkaloids from plant species of Papua New Guinea and Australia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 36:275-9. [PMID: 20580535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
New drugs are needed to help overcome the increasing problem of drug resistance in parasites that cause diseases such as malaria and trypanosomiasis. In this study, alkaloid compounds isolated from extracts of the plants Flindersia amboinensis, Stephania zippeliana and Voacanga papuana from Papua New Guinea and Flindersia acuminata from Australia were examined for their antiparasitic activity against Plasmodium falciparum strains and Trypanosoma brucei brucei as well as their cytotoxicity against the mammalian cell lines HEK 293 and HeLa. The most active compound, dimethylisoborreverine (DMIB), showed submicromolar activity, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values between 20 nM and 810 nM both against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant P. falciparum strains, along with moderate selectivity against T. b. brucei and mammalian cells. Stage specificity studies revealed that P. falciparum trophozoite-stage parasites were more susceptible to DMIB than ring- or schizont-stage parasites. DMIB-treated trophozoites showed changes in food vacuole morphology, with an apparent reduction in haemozoin formation that does not appear to be inhibited via the direct binding of haem. These findings suggest a potential for indole alkaloids from Flindersia spp. as new antiparasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza S Fernandez
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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49
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Guetzoyan L, Yu XM, Ramiandrasoa F, Pethe S, Rogier C, Pradines B, Cresteil T, Perrée-Fauvet M, Mahy JP. Antimalarial acridines: synthesis, in vitro activity against P. falciparum and interaction with hematin. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:8032-9. [PMID: 19879150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of acridine derivatives were synthesised and their in vitro antimalarial activity was evaluated against one chloroquine-susceptible strain (3D7) and three chloroquine-resistant strains (W2, Bre1 and FCR3) of Plasmodium falciparum. Structure-activity relationship showed that two positives charges as well as 6-chloro and 2-methoxy substituents on the acridine ring were required to exert a good antimalarial activity. The best compounds possessing these features inhibited the growth of the chloroquine-susceptible strain with an IC(50)0.07 microM, close to that of chloroquine itself, and that of the three chloroquine-resistant strains better than chloroquine with IC(50)0.3 microM. These acridine derivatives inhibited the formation of beta-hematin, suggesting that, like CQ, they act on the haem crystallization process. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity was also evaluated upon human KB cells, which showed that one of them 9-(6-ammonioethylamino)-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridinium dichloride 1 displayed a promising antimalarial activity in vitro with a quite good selectivity index versus mammalian cell on the CQ-susceptible strain and promising selectivity on other strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Guetzoyan
- Equipe de Chimie Bioorganique et Bioinorganique, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, Bât. 420, CNRS UMR 8182, Univ Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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50
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Van Baelen G, Hostyn S, Dhooghe L, Tapolcsányi P, Mátyus P, Lemière G, Dommisse R, Kaiser M, Brun R, Cos P, Maes L, Hajós G, Riedl Z, Nagy I, Maes BUW, Pieters L. Structure-activity relationship of antiparasitic and cytotoxic indoloquinoline alkaloids, and their tricyclic and bicyclic analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7209-17. [PMID: 19781948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on the indoloquinoline alkaloids cryptolepine (1), neocryptolepine (2), isocryptolepine (3) and isoneocryptolepine (4), used as lead compounds for new antimalarial agents, a series of tricyclic and bicyclic analogues, including carbolines, azaindoles, pyrroloquinolines and pyrroloisoquinolines was synthesized and biologically evaluated. None of the bicyclic compounds was significantly active against the chloroquine-resistant strain Plasmodium falciparum K1, in contrast to the tricyclic derivatives. The tricyclic compound 2-methyl-2H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole (9), or 2-methyl-beta-carboline, showed the best in vitro activity, with an IC(50) value of 0.45 microM against P. falciparum K1, without apparent cytotoxicity against L6 cells (SI>1000). However, this compound was not active in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model. Structure-activity relationships are discussed and compared with related naturally occurring compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte Van Baelen
- Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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