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Zhang W, Wang J, Shan C. The eEF1A protein in cancer: Clinical significance, oncogenic mechanisms, and targeted therapeutic strategies. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107195. [PMID: 38677532 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is among the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells. Evolutionarily conserved across species, eEF1A is in charge of translation elongation for protein biosynthesis as well as a plethora of non-translational moonlighting functions for cellular homeostasis. In malignant cells, however, eEF1A becomes a pleiotropic driver of cancer progression via a broad diversity of pathways, which are not limited to hyperactive translational output. In the past decades, mounting studies have demonstrated the causal link between eEF1A and carcinogenesis, gaining deeper insights into its multifaceted mechanisms and corroborating its value as a prognostic marker in various cancers. On the other hand, an increasing number of natural and synthetic compounds were discovered as anticancer eEF1A-targeting inhibitors. Among them, plitidepsin was approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma whereas metarrestin was currently under clinical development. Despite significant achievements in these two interrelated fields, hitherto there lacks a systematic examination of the eEF1A protein in the context of cancer research. Therefore, the present work aims to delineate its clinical implications, molecular oncogenic mechanisms, and targeted therapeutic strategies as reflected in the ever expanding body of literature, so as to deepen mechanistic understanding of eEF1A-involved tumorigenesis and inspire the development of eEF1A-targeted chemotherapeutics and biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiyan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Changliang Shan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Liu W, Wang W, Wang Z, Fan X, Li W, Huang Y, Yang X, Tang Z. CRISPR Screen Identifies the RNA-Binding Protein Eef1a1 as a Key Regulator of Myogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4816. [PMID: 38732031 PMCID: PMC11084334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myogenesis hinges on gene regulation, meticulously orchestrated by molecular mechanisms. While the roles of transcription factors and non-coding RNAs in myogenesis are widely known, the contribution of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) has remained unclear until now. Therefore, to investigate the functions of post-transcriptional regulators in myogenesis and uncover new functional RBPs regulating myogenesis, we employed CRISPR high-throughput RBP-KO (RBP-wide knockout) library screening. Through this approach, we successfully identified Eef1a1 as a novel regulatory factor in myogenesis. Using CRISPR knockout (CRISPRko) and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) technologies, we successfully established cellular models for both CRISPRko and CRISPRi. Our findings demonstrated that Eef1a1 plays a crucial role in promoting proliferation in C2C12 myoblasts. Through siRNA inhibition and overexpression methods, we further elucidated the involvement of Eef1a1 in promoting proliferation and suppressing differentiation processes. RIP (RNA immunoprecipitation), miRNA pull-down, and Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that miR-133a-3p targets Eef1a1. Co-transfection experiments indicated that miR-133a-3p can rescue the effect of Eef1a1 on C2C12 myoblasts. In summary, our study utilized CRISPR library high-throughput screening to unveil a novel RBP, Eef1a1, involved in regulating myogenesis. Eef1a1 promotes the proliferation of myoblasts while inhibiting the differentiation process. Additionally, it acts as an antagonist to miR-133a-3p, thus modulating the process of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China; (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.F.)
| | - Wei Wang
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China; (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Zishuai Wang
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China; (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.F.)
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Xinhao Fan
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China; (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Wangchang Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China; (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.F.)
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Yuxin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China; (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.F.)
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
| | - Xiaogan Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Zhonglin Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (W.L.); (W.L.); (Y.H.)
- Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Foshan 528226, China; (W.W.); (Z.W.); (X.F.)
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education & Key Lab of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China
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Patel SA, Hassan MK, Dixit M. Oncogenic activation of EEF1A2 expression: a journey from a putative to an established oncogene. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:6. [PMID: 38172654 PMCID: PMC10765684 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein synthesis via translation is a central process involving several essential proteins called translation factors. Although traditionally described as cellular "housekeepers," multiple studies have now supported that protein initiation and elongation factors regulate cell growth, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. One such translation factor is eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (EEF1A2), a member of the eukaryotic elongation factor family, which has a canonical role in the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome in a guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-dependent manner. EEF1A2 differs from its closely related isoform, EEF1A1, in tissue distribution. While EEF1A1 is present ubiquitously, EEF1A2 replaces it in specialized tissues. The reason why certain specialized tissues need to essentially switch EEF1A1 expression altogether with EEF1A2 remains to be answered. Abnormal "switch on" of the EEF1A2 gene in normal tissues is witnessed and is seen as a cause of oncogenic transformation in a wide variety of solid tumors. This review presents the journey of finding increased expression of EEF1A2 in multiple cancers, establishing molecular mechanism, and exploring it as a target for cancer therapy. More precisely, we have compiled studies in seven types of cancers that have reported EEF1A2 overexpression. We have discussed the effect of aberrant EEF1A2 expression on the oncogenic properties of cells, signaling pathways, and interacting partners of EEF1A2. More importantly, in the last part, we have discussed the unique potential of EEF1A2 as a therapeutic target. This review article gives an up-to-date account of EEF1A2 as an oncogene and can draw the attention of the scientific community, attracting more research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Awadhesbhai Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Room No. 204, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Md Khurshidul Hassan
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Room No. 204, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Manjusha Dixit
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, Room No. 204, P.O. Jatni, Khurda, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Nakade K, Tsukamoto S, Nakashima K, An Y, Sato I, Li J, Shimoda Y, Hemmi Y, Miwa Y, Hayashi Y. Efficient selection of knocked-in pluripotent stem cells using a dual cassette cellular elimination system. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100662. [PMID: 38086384 PMCID: PMC10753384 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Although recent advances in genome editing technology with homology-directed repair have enabled the insertion of various reporter genes into the genome of mammalian cells, the efficiency is still low due to the random insertion of donor vectors into the host genome. To efficiently select knocked-in cells without random insertion, we developed the "double-tk donor vector system," in which the expression units of the thymidine kinase of herpes simplex virus (HSV-tk) are placed on both outer sides of homology arms. This system is superior in enriching knocked-in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) than conventional donor vector systems with a single or no HSV-tk cassette. Using this system, we efficiently generated fluorescent reporter knockin hiPSCs targeting POU5F1 (OCT3/4), EEF1A1, H2BC21 (H2B clustered histone 21), ISL1, and MYH7 genes. These results indicate that the double-tk donor vector system enables efficient selection of knocked-in hiPSCs carrying reporter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakade
- Gene Engineering Division, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan.
| | - Satomi Tsukamoto
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Kenichi Nakashima
- Gene Engineering Division, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yuri An
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Iori Sato
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Jingyue Li
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yuzuno Shimoda
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hemmi
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miwa
- Gene Engineering Division, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Yohei Hayashi
- iPS Cell Advanced Characterization and Development Team, BioResource Research Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan.
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Parker HV, Schaner Tooley CE. Opposing regulation of the Nα-trimethylase METTL11A by its family members METTL11B and METTL13. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104588. [PMID: 36889590 PMCID: PMC10166787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
N-terminal protein methylation (Nα-methylation) is a posttranslational modification that influences numerous biological processes by regulating protein stability, protein-DNA interactions, and protein-protein interactions. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the biological roles of Nα-methylation, we still do not completely understand how the modifying methyltransferases are regulated. A common mode of methyltransferase regulation is through complex formation with close family members, and we have previously shown that the Nα-trimethylase METTL11A (NRMT1/NTMT1) is activated through binding of its close homolog METTL11B (NRMT2/NTMT2). Other recent reports indicate that METTL11A co-fractionates with a third METTL family member METTL13, which methylates both the N-terminus and lysine 55 (K55) of eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha. Here, using co-immunoprecipitations, mass spectrometry, and in vitro methylation assays, we confirm a regulatory interaction between METTL11A and METTL13 and show that while METTL11B is an activator of METTL11A, METTL13 inhibits METTL11A activity. This is the first example of a methyltransferase being opposingly regulated by different family members. Similarly, we find that METTL11A promotes the K55 methylation activity of METTL13 but inhibits its Nα-methylation activity. We also find that catalytic activity is not needed for these regulatory effects, demonstrating new, noncatalytic functions for METTL11A and METTL13. Finally, we show METTL11A, METTL11B, and METTL13 can complex together, and when all three are present, the regulatory effects of METTL13 take precedence over those of METTL11B. These findings provide a better understanding of Nα-methylation regulation and suggest a model where these methyltransferases can serve in both catalytic and noncatalytic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley V Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Christine E Schaner Tooley
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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Negrutskii B, Shalak V, Novosylna O, Porubleva L, Lozhko D, El'skaya A. The eEF1 family of mammalian translation elongation factors. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 3:100067. [PMID: 37082266 PMCID: PMC10074971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The eEF1 family of mammalian translation elongation factors is comprised of the two variants of eEF1A (eEF1A1 and eEF1A2), and the eEF1B complex. The latter consists of eEF1Bα, eEF1Bβ, and eEF1Bγ subunits. The two eEF1A variants have similar translation activity but may differ with respect to their secondary, "moonlighting" functions. This variability is underlined by the difference in the spatial organization of eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, and also possibly by the differences in their post-translational modifications. Here, we review the data on the spatial organization and post-translation modifications of eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, and provide examples of their involvement in various processes in addition to translation. We also describe the structural models of eEF1B subunits, their organization in the subcomplexes, and the trimeric model of the entire eEF1B complex. We discuss the functional consequences of such an assembly into a complex as well as the involvement of individual subunits in non-translational processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.S. Negrutskii
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acad. Zabolotnogo Str. 150, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Sciences, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6B, DK–8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Universitetsbyen 81, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - V.F. Shalak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acad. Zabolotnogo Str. 150, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - O.V. Novosylna
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acad. Zabolotnogo Str. 150, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - L.V. Porubleva
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acad. Zabolotnogo Str. 150, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - D.M. Lozhko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acad. Zabolotnogo Str. 150, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - A.V. El'skaya
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Acad. Zabolotnogo Str. 150, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Gadelha RB, Machado CB, Pessoa FMCDP, Pantoja LDC, Barreto IV, Ribeiro RM, de Moraes Filho MO, de Moraes MEA, Khayat AS, Moreira-Nunes CA. The Role of WRAP53 in Cell Homeostasis and Carcinogenesis Onset. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5498-5515. [PMID: 36354684 PMCID: PMC9688736 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The WD repeat containing antisense to TP53 (WRAP53) gene codifies an antisense transcript for tumor protein p53 (TP53), stabilization (WRAP53α), and a functional protein (WRAP53β, WDR79, or TCAB1). The WRAP53β protein functions as a scaffolding protein that is important for telomerase localization, telomere assembly, Cajal body integrity, and DNA double-strand break repair. WRAP53β is one of many proteins known for containing WD40 domains, which are responsible for mediating a variety of cell interactions. Currently, WRAP53 overexpression is considered a biomarker for a diverse subset of cancer types, and in this study, we describe what is known about WRAP53β's multiple interactions in cell protein trafficking, Cajal body formation, and DNA double-strand break repair and its current perspectives as a biomarker for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Brito Gadelha
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Caio Bezerra Machado
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Flávia Melo Cunha de Pinho Pessoa
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Laudreísa da Costa Pantoja
- Department of Pediatrics, Octávio Lobo Children’s Hospital, Belém 60430-275, PA, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Igor Valentim Barreto
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil
- Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Itaperi Campus, Ceará State University, Fortaleza 60740-903, CE, Brazil
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Cristiano L. The pseudogenes of eukaryotic translation elongation factors (EEFs): Role in cancer and other human diseases. Genes Dis 2022; 9:941-958. [PMID: 35685457 PMCID: PMC9170609 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation elongation factors (EEFs), i.e. EEF1A1, EEF1A2, EEF1B2, EEF1D, EEF1G, EEF1E1 and EEF2, are coding-genes that play a central role in the elongation step of translation but are often altered in cancer. Less investigated are their pseudogenes. Recently, it was demonstrated that pseudogenes have a key regulatory role in the cell, especially via non-coding RNAs, and that the aberrant expression of ncRNAs has an important role in cancer development and progression. The present review paper, for the first time, collects all that published about the EEFs pseudogenes to create a base for future investigations. For most of them, the studies are in their infancy, while for others the studies suggest their involvement in normal cell physiology but also in various human diseases. However, more investigations are needed to understand their functions in both normal and cancer cells and to define which can be useful biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cristiano
- R&D Division, Prestige, 18 via Vecchia, Terranuova Bracciolini, AR 52028, Italy
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eEF1A2 knockdown impairs neuronal proliferation and inhibits neurite outgrowth of differentiating neurons. Neuroreport 2022; 33:336-344. [PMID: 35594436 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The translation elongation factor-1, alpha-2 (eEF1A2) plays an important role in protein synthesis. Mutations in this gene have been described in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we silenced the expression of eEFA2 in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and observed its roles in neuronal proliferation and differentiation upon induction with retinoic acid. METHODS eEF1A2 were silenced using siRNA transfection. Cell proliferation was qualitatively evaluated by Ki-67 immunocytochemistry. Neuronal differentiation was induced with retinoic acid for 3, 5, 7 and 10 days. Neurite length was measured. The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) was analyzed by western blotting. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression was visualized by immunofluorescence. Cytotoxicity to a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and western blotting of cleaved caspase-3. RESULTS eEF1A2 knockdown suppressed the proliferative activity of undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells as shown by decreased Ki-67 immunostaining. Upon retinoic acid-induction, differentiated neurons with eEF1A2 knockdown exhibited shorter neurite length than untransfected cells, which was associated with the reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase and suppression of MAP2 at 10 days of differentiation. eEF1A2 knockdown decreased the survival of neurons, which was clearly observed in undifferentiated and short-term differentiated cells. Upon treatment with MPP+, cells with eEF1A2 knockdown showed a further reduction in cell survival and an increase of cleaved caspase-3 protein. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that eEF1A2 may be required for neuronal proliferation and differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells. Increased cell death susceptibility against MPP+ in eEF1A2-knockdown neurons may imply the neuroprotective role of eEF1A2.
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Khwanraj K, Dharmasaroja P. Neuroblastoma Cell Death Induced by eEF1A2 Knockdown Is Possibly Mediated by the Inhibition of Akt and mTOR Phosphorylation. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2021; 15:221-229. [PMID: 35291668 PMCID: PMC8888357 DOI: 10.18502/ijhoscr.v15i4.7477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The protein kinase B/mammalian target of the rapamycin (Akt/mTOR) pathway is one of the most potent prosurvival signaling cascades that is constitutively active in neuroblastoma. The eukaryotic translation elongation factor-1, alpha-2 (eEF1A2) protein has been found to activate the Akt/mTOR pathway. However, there is a lack of data on the role of eEF1A2 in neuroblastoma. The present study investigated the effect of eEF1A2 silencing on the viability of neuroblastoma cells and its possible signaling. Materials and Methods: Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against eEF1A2. After 48 h of transfection, cell viability was assessed using an MTT assay. The mRNA expression of p53, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and members of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway was determined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The protein expression of Akt and mTOR was measured using Western blot analysis. Results: eEF1A2 knockdown significantly decreased the viability of neuroblastoma cells. No significant changes were observed on the expression of p53, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and caspase-3 mRNAs; however, the upregulated trends were noted for the p53 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. eEF1A2 knockdown significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of both Akt and mTOR. Almost all of the class I (PIK3CA, PIK3CB, and PIK3CD) and all of the class II PI3K genes were slightly increased in tumor cells with eEF1A2 knockdown. In addition, a slightly decreased expression of the Akt2, mTORC1, and mTORC2 was observed. Conclusion: eEF1A2 knockdown induced neuroblastoma cell death, in part through the inhibition of Akt and mTOR, suggesting a potential role of eEF1A2 as a molecular target for neuroblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawinthra Khwanraj
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Permphan Dharmasaroja
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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11
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Feng W, Wang L, Veevers J, Liu C, Huang T, Chen J. Loss of eEF1A2 (Eukaryotic Elongation Factor 1 A2) in Murine Myocardium Results in Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail 2021; 14:e008665. [PMID: 34555936 PMCID: PMC8530884 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.121.008665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Jennifer Veevers
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Canzhao Liu
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Titania Huang
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0613-C, La Jolla, California 92093-0613, USA
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12
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Hou Y, Liu R, Xia M, Sun C, Zhong B, Yu J, Ai N, Lu JJ, Ge W, Liu B, Chen X. Nannocystin ax, an eEF1A inhibitor, induces G1 cell cycle arrest and caspase-independent apoptosis through cyclin D1 downregulation in colon cancer in vivo. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105870. [PMID: 34500061 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Nannocystin ax (NAN), a 21-membered cyclodepsipeptide initially isolated from myxobacteria of the Nannocystis genus, was found to target the eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A). The current study was designed to evaluate the anticancer effect and underlying mechanisms of NAN with in vitro and in vivo models. Results showed that NAN induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and caspase-independent apoptosis in HCT116 and HT29 human CRC cells. NAN significantly downregulated cyclin D1 level in a short time, but NAN did not affect the transcription level and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin D1. Furthermore, NAN treatment directly targeted eEF1A and partially decreased the synthesis of new proteins, contributing to the downregulation of cyclin D1. Besides, NAN significantly suppressed tumor growth in the zebrafish xenograft model. In conclusion, NAN triggered G1 phase cell cycle arrest through cyclin D1 downregulation and eEF1A-targeted translation inhibition and promoted caspase-independent apoptosis in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hou
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Mengwei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Chong Sun
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Bingling Zhong
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Nana Ai
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Jin-Jian Lu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging (CRDA), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Xiuping Chen
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
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13
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Chatterjee BK, Truttmann MC. Fic and non-Fic AMPylases: protein AMPylation in metazoans. Open Biol 2021; 11:210009. [PMID: 33947243 PMCID: PMC8097203 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein AMPylation refers to the covalent attachment of an AMP moiety to the amino acid side chains of target proteins using ATP as nucleotide donor. This process is catalysed by dedicated AMP transferases, called AMPylases. Since this initial discovery, several research groups have identified AMPylation as a critical post-translational modification relevant to normal and pathological cell signalling in both bacteria and metazoans. Bacterial AMPylases are abundant enzymes that either regulate the function of endogenous bacterial proteins or are translocated into host cells to hijack host cell signalling processes. By contrast, only two classes of metazoan AMPylases have been identified so far: enzymes containing a conserved filamentation induced by cAMP (Fic) domain (Fic AMPylases), which primarily modify the ER-resident chaperone BiP, and SelO, a mitochondrial AMPylase involved in redox signalling. In this review, we compare and contrast bacterial and metazoan Fic and non-Fic AMPylases, and summarize recent technological and conceptual developments in the emerging field of AMPylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar K Chatterjee
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthias C Truttmann
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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14
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Niu X, Nong S, Gong J, Zhang X, Tang H, Zhou T, Li W. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Polymerase Displays an Anti-Apoptotic Effect by Interacting with Elongation Factor-1 Alpha-2 in Hepatoma Cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:16-24. [PMID: 33144545 PMCID: PMC9705884 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2002.02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome P-encoded protein HBV DNA polymerase (Pol) has long been known as a reverse transcriptase during HBV replication. In this study, we investigated the impact of HBV Pol on host cellular processes, mainly apoptosis, and the underlying mechanisms. We showed a marked reduction in apoptotic rates in the HBV Pol-expressed HepG2 cells compared to controls. Moreover, a series of assays, i.e., yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and confocal laser scanning microscopy, identified the host factor eEF1A2 to be associated with HBV Pol. Furthermore, knockdown of eEF1A2 gene by siRNA abrogated the HBV Pol-mediated anti-apoptotic effect with apoptosis induced by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress-inducer thapsigargin (TG), thus suggesting that the host factor eEF1A2 is essential for HBV Pol's anti-apoptosis properties. Our findings have revealed a novel role for HBV Pol in its modulation of apoptosis through integrating with eEF1A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianli Niu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 5904, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Viral Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51063, P.R. China
| | - Shirong Nong
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Viral Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51063, P.R. China
| | - Junyuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Viral Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51063, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Viral Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51063, P.R. China
| | - Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Viral Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51063, P.R. China
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Viral Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51063, P.R. China,T.H. Zhou E-mail:
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Viral Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 51063, P.R. China,Corresponding authors W. Li Phone: +19945656624 Fax +0208895322 E-mail:
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15
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Péladeau C, Adam N, Bronicki LM, Coriati A, Thabet M, Al-Rewashdy H, Vanstone J, Mears A, Renaud JM, Holcik M, Jasmin BJ. Identification of therapeutics that target eEF1A2 and upregulate utrophin A translation in dystrophic muscles. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1990. [PMID: 32332749 PMCID: PMC7181625 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15971-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-regulation of utrophin in muscles represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. We previously demonstrated that eEF1A2 associates with the 5’UTR of utrophin A to promote IRES-dependent translation. Here, we examine whether eEF1A2 directly regulates utrophin A expression and identify via an ELISA-based high-throughput screen, FDA-approved drugs that upregulate both eEF1A2 and utrophin A. Our results show that transient overexpression of eEF1A2 in mouse muscles causes an increase in IRES-mediated translation of utrophin A. Through the assessment of our screen, we reveal 7 classes of FDA-approved drugs that increase eEF1A2 and utrophin A protein levels. Treatment of mdx mice with the 2 top leads results in multiple improvements of the dystrophic phenotype. Here, we report that IRES-mediated translation of utrophin A via eEF1A2 is a critical mechanism of regulating utrophin A expression and reveal the potential of repurposed drugs for treating DMD via this pathway. One potential approach for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dysrophy is to increase expression of the dystrophin homolog utrophin. Here, the authors show that eEF1A2 regulates utrophin expression, and show that 2 FDA-approved drugs upregulate eEIF1A2 and utrophin level in mice, leading to improvement of the dystrophic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Péladeau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nadine Adam
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Lucas M Bronicki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Adèle Coriati
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mohamed Thabet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Hasanen Al-Rewashdy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jason Vanstone
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 5B2, Canada
| | - Alan Mears
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 5B2, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Renaud
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Martin Holcik
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada. .,Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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16
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Housekeeping gene validation for RT-qPCR studies on synovial fibroblasts derived from healthy and osteoarthritic patients with focus on mechanical loading. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225790. [PMID: 31809510 PMCID: PMC6897414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection of appropriate housekeeping genes is essential for the validity of data normalization in reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Synovial fibroblasts (SF) play a mediating role in the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis, but there is no information on reliable housekeeping genes available. Therefore the goal of this study was to identify a set of reliable housekeeping genes suitable for studies of mechanical loading on SF from healthy and OA patients. Nine genes were evaluated towards expression stability and ranked according their relative stability determined by four different mathematical procedures (geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and comparative ΔCq). We observed that RPLP0 (ribosomal protein, large, P0) and EEF1A1 (eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1) turned out to be the genes with the most stable expression in SF from non-OA or OA patients treated with or without mechanical loading. According to geNorm two genes are sufficient for normalization throughout. Expression of one tested target gene varied considerably, if normalized to different candidate housekeeping genes. Our study provides a tool for accurate and valid housekeeping gene selection in gene expression experiments on SF from healthy and OA patients with and without mechanical loading in consistent with the MIQE (Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments) guidelines and additionally demonstrates the impact of proper housekeeping gene selection on the expression of the gene of interest.
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17
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Joung EK, Kim J, Yoon N, Maeng LS, Kim JH, Park S, Kang K, Kim JS, Ahn YH, Ko YH, Byun JH, Hong JH. Expression of EEF1A1 Is Associated with Prognosis of Patients with Colon Adenocarcinoma. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111903. [PMID: 31703307 PMCID: PMC6912729 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The prognostic role of the translational factor, elongation factor-1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1), in colon cancer is unclear. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the expression of EEF1A in tissues obtained from patients with stage II and III colon cancer and analyze its association with patient prognosis. Methods: A total of 281 patients with colon cancer who underwent curative resection were analyzed according to EEF1A1 expression. Results: The five-year overall survival in the high-EEF1A1 group was 87.7%, whereas it was 65.6% in the low-EEF1A1 expression group (hazard ratio (HR) 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38–4.44, p = 0.002). The five-year disease-free survival of patients with high EEF1A1 expression was 82.5%, which was longer than the rate of 55.4% observed for patients with low EEF1A1 expression (HR 2.94, 95% CI 1.72–5.04, p < 0.001). Univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that age, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level, adjuvant treatment, total number of metastatic lymph nodes, and EEF1A1 expression level were significant prognostic factors for death. In multivariate analysis, expression of EEF1A1 was an independent prognostic factor associated with death (HR 3.01, 95% CI 1.636–5.543, p < 0.001). EEF1A1 expression was also an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival in multivariate analysis (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.459–4.434, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that high expression of EEF1A1 has a favorable prognostic effect on patients with colon adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun kyo Joung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.K.); (N.Y.); (L.-s.M.)
| | - Nara Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.K.); (N.Y.); (L.-s.M.)
| | - Lee-so Maeng
- Department of Pathology, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea; (J.K.); (N.Y.); (L.-s.M.)
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of General Surgery, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | | | - Keunsoo Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea;
| | - Jeong Seon Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.S.K.); (Y.-H.A.)
| | - Young-Ho Ahn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (J.S.K.); (Y.-H.A.)
| | - Yoon Ho Ko
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea;
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Byun
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.H.B.); (J.H.H.)
| | - Ji Hyung Hong
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Eunpyeong St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03312, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.H.B.); (J.H.H.)
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18
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Yang Y, Liu D, Wu L, Huang W, Yang S, Xia J, Liu X, Meng Z. Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal changes of gene expression in fresh and cryopreserved yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) sperm and the effects of Cryoprotectant Me 2SO. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133:457-465. [PMID: 31002905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study, for the first time in fish, compared the transcriptome of fresh and frozen-thawed sperm, and would help to better understand the effect of cryopreservation on fish sperm and then better preserve the aquatic germplasm resources. Here, we employed high-throughput sequencing technology to obtain the transcriptome of yellow catfish from fresh sperm, cryopreserved sperm with and without cryoprotectant. When cryoprotectant (Me2SO) was excluded, down-regulated genes were significantly enriched into calcium ion binding, cytoskeletal protein binding, microfilament motor activity, calmodulin binding and carnitine O-acyltransferase activity, which affected Ca2+ regulation, cellular morphology, motility and metabolism. Moreover, heat shock proteins and genes associated with regulation of cholesterol, HCO3- and protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PTP) were down-regulated, and thus would impair ability against stress, membrane rigidity, pH regulation and signal transduction of cryopreserved sperm. After Me2SO was added, the amounts of DEGs decreased significantly and down-regulation of genes were found mainly in cytoskeleton and heat shock proteins, thereby suggesting that Me2SO effectively reduced the impact caused by low temperature on gene expression. Whether adding Me2SO or not, the up-regulated genes were mainly found in ribosomal proteins genes. However, when Me2SO was added, over-expression of some genes might contribute to maintain normal function of cryopreserved sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lina Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junhong Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zining Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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19
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McLachlan F, Sires AM, Abbott CM. The role of translation elongation factor eEF1 subunits in neurodevelopmental disorders. Hum Mutat 2018; 40:131-141. [PMID: 30370994 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The multi-subunit eEF1 complex plays a crucial role in de novo protein synthesis. The central functional component of the complex is eEF1A, which occurs as two independently encoded variants with reciprocal expression patterns: whilst eEF1A1 is widely expressed, eEF1A2 is found only in neurons and muscle. Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding eEF1A2, EEF1A2, have recently been shown to cause epilepsy, autism, and intellectual disability. The remaining subunits of the eEF1 complex, eEF1Bα, eEF1Bδ, eEF1Bγ, and valyl-tRNA synthetase (VARS), together form the GTP exchange factor for eEF1A and are ubiquitously expressed, in keeping with their housekeeping role. However, mutations in the genes encoding these subunits EEF1B2 (eEF1Bα), EEF1D (eEF1Bδ), and VARS (valyl-tRNA synthetase) have also now been identified as causes of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, we describe the mutations identified so far in comparison with the degree of normal variation in each gene, and the predicted consequences of the mutations on the functions of the proteins and their isoforms. We discuss the likely effects of the mutations in the context of the role of protein synthesis in neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McLachlan
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Martinez Sires
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Catherine M Abbott
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Cao S, Smith LL, Padilla-Lopez SR, Guida BS, Blume E, Shi J, Morton SU, Brownstein CA, Beggs AH, Kruer MC, Agrawal PB. Homozygous EEF1A2 mutation causes dilated cardiomyopathy, failure to thrive, global developmental delay, epilepsy and early death. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:3545-3552. [PMID: 28911200 PMCID: PMC5886049 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (EEF1A), is encoded by two distinct isoforms, EEF1A1 and EEF1A2; whereas EEF1A1 is expressed almost ubiquitously, EEF1A2 expression is limited such that it is only detectable in skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spinal cord. Currently, the role of EEF1A2 in normal cardiac development and function is unclear. There have been several reports linking de novo dominant EEF1A2 mutations to neurological issues in humans. We report a pair of siblings carrying a homozygous missense mutation p.P333L in EEF1A2 who exhibited global developmental delay, failure to thrive, dilated cardiomyopathy and epilepsy, ultimately leading to death in early childhood. A third sibling also died of a similar presentation, but DNA was unavailable to confirm the mutation. Functional genomic analysis was performed in S. cerevisiae and zebrafish. In S. cerevisiae, there was no evidence for a dominant-negative effect. Previously identified putative de novo mutations failed to complement yeast strains lacking the EEF1A ortholog showing a major growth defect. In contrast, the introduction of the mutation seen in our family led to a milder growth defect. To evaluate its function in zebrafish, we knocked down eef1a2 expression using translation blocking and splice-site interfering morpholinos. EEF1A2-deficient zebrafish had skeletal muscle weakness, cardiac failure and small heads. Human EEF1A2 wild-type mRNA successfully rescued the morphant phenotype, but mutant RNA did not. Overall, EEF1A2 appears to be critical for normal heart function in humans, and its deficiency results in clinical abnormalities in neurologic function as well as in skeletal and cardiac muscle defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Cao
- Division of Newborn Medicine
- Division of Genetics and Genomics
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research
| | | | - Sergio R. Padilla-Lopez
- Department of Child Health, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Brandon S. Guida
- Department of Child Health, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Elizabeth Blume
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | | | - Alan H. Beggs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research
| | - Michael C. Kruer
- Department of Child Health, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine
- Division of Genetics and Genomics
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research
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Farra R, Scaggiante B, Guerra C, Pozzato G, Grassi M, Zanconati F, Perrone F, Ferrari C, Trotta F, Grassi G, Dapas B. Dissecting the role of the elongation factor 1A isoforms in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by liposome-mediated delivery of siRNAs. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:367-376. [PMID: 28229942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A), a protein involved in protein synthesis, has two major isoforms, eEF1A1 and eEF1A2. Despite the evidences of their involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the quantitative contribution of each of the two isoforms to the disease is unknown. We depleted the two isoforms by means of siRNAs and studied the effects in three different HCC cell lines. Particular care was dedicated to select siRNAs able to target each of the two isoform without affecting the other one. This is not a trivial aspect due to the high sequence homology between eEF1A1 and eEF1A2. The selected siRNAs can specifically deplete either eEF1A1 or eEF1A2. This, in turn, results in an impairment of cell vitality, growth and arrest in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle. Notably, these effects are quantitatively superior following eEF1A1 than eEF1A2 depletion. Moreover, functional tests revealed that the G1/G0 block induced by eEF1A1 depletion depends on the down-regulation of the transcription factor E2F1, a known player in HCC. In conclusion, our data indicate that the independent targeting of the two eEF1A isoforms is effective in reducing HCC cell growth and that eEF1A1 depletion may result in a more evident effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Farra
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information Technology, University of Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Guerra
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Information Technology, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Ferrari
- Department of Clinic-Surgical Sciences, Experimental Surgery Laboratory, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Clinic-Surgical Sciences, Experimental Surgery Laboratory, University of Pavia, Italy; U.O. di Chirurgia Generale e Toracica, Ospedale Maggiore, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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Ser/Thr kinases and polyamines in the regulation of non-canonical functions of elongation factor 1A. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2339-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2311-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Zhu Q, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Cheng H, Wang J, Zhang Y, Rui Y, Li T. MLIF Alleviates SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Injury Induced by Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation by Targeting Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1A2. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149965. [PMID: 26918757 PMCID: PMC4769291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF), a heat-stable pentapeptide, has been shown to exert potent anti-inflammatory effects in ischemic brain injury. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective action of MLIF against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced injury in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. MTT assay was used to assess cell viability, and flow cytometry assay and Hoechst staining were used to evaluate apoptosis. LDH assay was used to exam necrosis. The release of inflammatory cytokines was detected by ELISA. Levels of the apoptosis associated proteins were measured by western blot analysis. To identify the protein target of MLIF, pull-down assay and mass spectrometry were performed. We observed that MLIF enhanced cell survival and inhibited apoptosis and necrosis by inhibiting p-JNK, p53, c-caspase9 and c-caspase3 expression. In the microglia, OGD-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines was markedly reduced in the presence of MLIF. Furthermore, we found that eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A2 (eEF1A2) is a downstream target of MLIF. Knockdown eEF1A2 using short interfering RNA (siRNA) almost completely abrogated the anti-apoptotic effect of MLIF in SH-SY5Y cells subjected to OGD, with an associated decrease in cell survival and an increase in expression of p-JNK and p53. These results indicate that MLIF ameliorates OGD-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma injury by inhibiting the p-JNK/p53 apoptotic signaling pathway via eEF1A2. Our findings suggest that eEF1A2 may be a new therapeutic target for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuzhen Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuefan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yaocheng Rui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (YR)
| | - Tiejun Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (TL); (YR)
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Migliaccio N, Ruggiero I, Martucci NM, Sanges C, Arbucci S, Tatè R, Rippa E, Arcari P, Lamberti A. New insights on the interaction between the isoforms 1 and 2 of human translation elongation factor 1A. Biochimie 2015. [PMID: 26212729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is a moonlighting protein that besides to its canonical role in protein synthesis is also involved in many other cellular processes such as cell survival and apoptosis. In a previous work, we identified eEF1A Raf-mediated phosphorylation sites and defined their role in the regulation of eEF1A half-life and apoptosis of human cancer cells. We proposed that the phosphorylation of eEF1A by C-Raf required the presence of both eEF1A isoforms thus suggesting the formation of a potential eEF1A heterodimer owning regulatory properties. This study aimed at investigating the cellular localization and interaction between two eEF1A isoforms. To this end, we developed chimera proteins by adding at the N-terminal end of both eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 cyan fluorescence protein (mCerulean) and yellow fluorescence protein (mVenus), respectively. The fluorescent eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 chimeras were both addressed to COS-7 cells and found co-localized in the cytoplasm at the level of cellular membranes. We highlighted FRET between the labeled N-termini of eEF1A isoforms. The intra-molecular FRET of this chimera was about 17%. Our results provide novel information on the intracellular distribution and interaction of eEF1A isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Migliaccio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Ruggiero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola M Martucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Sanges
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Arbucci
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Integrated Microscopy Facility, IGB CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosarita Tatè
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, Integrated Microscopy Facility, IGB CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Rippa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Arcari
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE, Advanced Biotechnology Scarl, Via Gaetano Salvatore 486, I-80145 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Lamberti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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25
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Wiedemar N, Drögemüller C. A 1.8-kb insertion in the 3'-UTR of RXFP2 is associated with polledness in sheep. Anim Genet 2015; 46:457-61. [PMID: 26103004 PMCID: PMC4744954 DOI: 10.1111/age.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sheep breeds show a broad spectrum of different horn phenotypes. In most modern production breeds, sheep are polled (absence of horns), whereas horns occur mainly in indigenous breeds. Previous studies mapped the responsible locus to the region of the RXFP2 gene on ovine chromosome 10. A 4-kb region of the 3'-end of RXFP2 was amplified in horned and polled animals from seven Swiss sheep breeds. Sequence analysis identified a 1833-bp genomic insertion located in the 3'-UTR region of RXFP2 present in polled animals only. An efficient PCR-based genotyping method to determine the polled genotype of individual sheep is presented. Comparative sequence analyses revealed evidence that the polled-associated insertion adds a potential antisense RNA sequence of EEF1A1 to the 3'-end of RXFP2 transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wiedemar
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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26
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Abbas W, Kumar A, Herbein G. The eEF1A Proteins: At the Crossroads of Oncogenesis, Apoptosis, and Viral Infections. Front Oncol 2015; 5:75. [PMID: 25905039 PMCID: PMC4387925 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation elongation factors 1 alpha, eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, are not only translation factors but also pleiotropic proteins that are highly expressed in human tumors, including breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer. eEF1A1 modulates cytoskeleton, exhibits chaperone-like activity and also controls cell proliferation and cell death. In contrast, eEF1A2 protein favors oncogenesis as shown by the fact that overexpression of eEF1A2 leads to cellular transformation and gives rise to tumors in nude mice. The eEF1A2 protein stimulates the phospholipid signaling and activates the Akt-dependent cell migration and actin remodeling that ultimately favors tumorigenesis. In contrast, inactivation of eEF1A proteins leads to immunodeficiency, neural and muscular defects, and favors apoptosis. Finally, eEF1A proteins interact with several viral proteins resulting in enhanced viral replication, decreased apoptosis, and increased cellular transformation. This review summarizes the recent findings on eEF1A proteins indicating that eEF1A proteins play a critical role in numerous human diseases through enhancement of oncogenesis, blockade of apoptosis, and increased viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Abbas
- Department of Biology, SBA School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Amit Kumar
- UPRES EA 4266, Laboratory of Pathogens and Inflammation, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Georges Herbein
- UPRES EA 4266, Laboratory of Pathogens and Inflammation, Department of Virology, CHRU Besançon, Université de Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
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27
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Porcine EEF1A1 and EEF1A2 genes: genomic structure, polymorphism, mapping and expression. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1257-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Grozdanov PN, MacDonald CC. Generation of plasmid vectors expressing FLAG-tagged proteins under the regulation of human elongation factor-1α promoter using Gibson assembly. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 25742071 DOI: 10.3791/52235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gibson assembly (GA) cloning offers a rapid, reliable, and flexible alternative to conventional DNA cloning methods. We used GA to create customized plasmids for expression of exogenous genes in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Expression of exogenous genes under the control of the SV40 or human cytomegalovirus promoters diminishes quickly after transfection into mESCs. A remedy for this diminished expression is to use the human elongation factor-1 alpha (hEF1α) promoter to drive gene expression. Plasmid vectors containing hEF1α are not as widely available as SV40- or CMV-containing plasmids, especially those also containing N-terminal 3xFLAG-tags. The protocol described here is a rapid method to create plasmids expressing FLAG-tagged CstF-64 and CstF-64 mutant under the expressional regulation of the hEF1α promoter. GA uses a blend of DNA exonuclease, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to make cloning of overlapping ends of DNA fragments possible. Based on the template DNAs we had available, we designed our constructs to be assembled into a single sequence. Our design used four DNA fragments: pcDNA 3.1 vector backbone, hEF1α promoter part 1, hEF1α promoter part 2 (which contained 3xFLAG-tag purchased as a double-stranded synthetic DNA fragment), and either CstF-64 or specific CstF-64 mutant. The sequences of these fragments were uploaded to a primer generation tool to design appropriate PCR primers for generating the DNA fragments. After PCR, DNA fragments were mixed with the vector containing the selective marker and the GA cloning reaction was assembled. Plasmids from individual transformed bacterial colonies were isolated. Initial screen of the plasmids was done by restriction digestion, followed by sequencing. In conclusion, GA allowed us to create customized plasmids for gene expression in 5 days, including construct screens and verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar N Grozdanov
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center;
| | - Clinton C MacDonald
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
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29
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Yang S, Lu M, Chen Y, Meng D, Sun R, Yun D, Zhao Z, Lu D, Li Y. Overexpression of eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha-2 is associated with poorer prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1265-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1897-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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30
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Panwar D, Rawal L, Ali S. Molecular docking uncovers TSPY binds more efficiently with eEF1A2 compared to eEF1A1. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2014; 33:1412-23. [PMID: 25105321 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.952664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Testis-specific protein, Y-encoded (TSPY) binds to eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) at its SET/NAP domain that is essential for the elongation during protein synthesis implicated with normal spermatogenesis. The eEF1A exists in two forms, eEF1A1 (alpha 1) and eEF1A2 (alpha 2), encoded by separate loci. Despite critical interplay of the TSPY and eEF1A proteins, literature remained silent on the residues playing significant roles during such interactions. We deduced 3D structures of TSPY and eEF1A variants by comparative modeling (Modeller 9.13) and assessed protein-protein interactions employing HADDOCK docking. Pairwise alignment using EMBOSS Needle for eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 proteins revealed high degree (~92%) of homology. Efficient binding of TSPY with eEF1A2 as compared to eEF1A1 was observed, in spite of the occurrence of significant structural similarities between the two variants. We also detected strong interactions of domain III followed by domains II and I of both eEF1A variants with TSPY. In the process, seven interacting residues of TSPY's NAP domain namely, Asp 175, Glu 176, Asp 179, Tyr 183, Asp 240, Glu 244, and Tyr 246 common to both eEF1A variants were detected. Additionally, six lysine residues observed in eEF1A2 suggest their possible role in TSPY-eEF1A2 complex formation essential for germ cell development and spermatogenesis. Thus, more efficient binding of TSPY with eEF1A2 as compared to that of eEF1A1 established autonomous functioning of these two variants. Studies on mutated protein following similar approach would uncover the causative obstruction, between the interacting partners leading to deeper understanding on the structure-function relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Panwar
- a Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067 , India
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31
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Nakajima J, Okamoto N, Tohyama J, Kato M, Arai H, Funahashi O, Tsurusaki Y, Nakashima M, Kawashima H, Saitsu H, Matsumoto N, Miyake N. De novo EEF1A2 mutations in patients with characteristic facial features, intellectual disability, autistic behaviors and epilepsy. Clin Genet 2014; 87:356-61. [PMID: 24697219 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1, alpha-2 (eEF1A2) protein is involved in protein synthesis, suppression of apoptosis, and regulation of actin function and cytoskeletal structure. EEF1A2 gene is highly expressed in the central nervous system and Eef1a2 knockout mice show the neuronal degeneration. Until now, only one missense mutation (c.208G > A, p.Gly70Ser) in EEF1A2 has been reported in two independent patients with neurological disease. In this report, we described two patients with de novo mutations (c.754G > C, p.Asp252His and c.364G > A, p.Glu122Lys) in EEF1A2 found by whole-exome sequencing. Common clinical features are shared by all four individuals: severe intellectual disability, autistic behavior, absent speech, neonatal hypotonia, epilepsy and progressive microcephaly. Furthermore, the two patients share the similar characteristic facial features including a depressed nasal bridge, tented upper lip, everted lower lip and downturned corners of the mouth. These data strongly indicate that a new recognizable disorder is caused by EEF1A2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nakajima
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Japan
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32
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Wang F, Bing Z, Zhang Y, Ao B, Zhang S, Ye C, He J, Ding N, Ye W, Xiong J, Sun J, Furusawa Y, Zhou G, Yang L. Quantitative proteomic analysis for radiation-induced cell cycle suspension in 92-1 melanoma cell line. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2013; 54:649-62. [PMID: 23447694 PMCID: PMC3709680 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant tumor with high invasive and metastatic properties. Though radiation is the major therapy for melanoma, its radio-resistance has been shown to severely influence the clinical outcome. So it is imperative to enhance the sensitivity of uveal melanoma cells to radiotherapy. Previously, we found that the cell cycle of 92-1 uveal melanoma cells was suspended and remained unchanged for up to 5 days after exposure to 10 Gy of X-rays, which might be relevant to the high radio-sensitivity of 92-1 cells. To further investigate the cell cycle suspension-associated proteins, we employed two analyses with stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture technology and two-dimensional liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Cells were incubated for 15 h or 48 h after irradiation with 10 Gy of X-rays. We identified a total of 737 proteins at 15 h (Group A) and 530 proteins at 48 h post-irradiation (Group B). The gene ontology biological pathway was used to obtain a systems level view of proteome changes in 92-1cells under cell cycle suspension. We further selected the significantly changed proteins for investigation of their potential contribution to cell cycle suspension, growth arrest and cell senescence. These proteins are involved in the cell cycle, stress response, glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, etc. Our study expected to reveal potential marker proteins associated with cell suspension induced by irradiation, which might contribute to understanding the mechanism beyond the cell cycle suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Wang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Biochemistry and Molecular Laboratory, Medical College of Henan University, Henan 475000, China
| | - Zhitong Bing
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Bin Ao
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Caiyong Ye
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinpeng He
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nan Ding
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenling Ye
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jintu Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263-555, Japan
| | - Guangming Zhou
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Corresponding author. 509 Nanchang Road, Lanzhou 730000, China. Tel: +86-931-4969164; Fax: +86-931-4969164; E-mail:
| | - Lei Yang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Datu AK, Bag J. Enhanced translation of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in mRNA translation during recovery from heat shock. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64171. [PMID: 23696868 PMCID: PMC3655933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mRNAs encoding poly (A) binding protein (PABP1), eukaryotic elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) belong to the family of terminal oligo pyrimidine tract (TOP) containing mRNAs. Translation of the TOP mRNAs is regulated by growth signals and usually codes for proteins involved in mRNA translation. Previous studies from our laboratory showed that translation of PABP1 mRNA was preferentially enhanced during recovery of HeLa cells from heat shock. Presence of the 5′ TOP cis element was required for the observed increase of PABP1 mRNA translation. In the studies reported here we showed that translation of two additional TOP mRNAs such as, eEF1A and RPS6 was similarly enhanced during recovery. In addition, we showed by in vivo cross-linking experiments that the cellular nucleic acid binding protein ZNF9 binds to all three TOP mRNAs examined in these studies as well as to the β-actin mRNA that lacks a TOP cis element. Binding of ZNF9 to mRNAs was observed in both heat-shocked and non heat- shocked cells. However, depletion of ZNF9 by siRNA prevented the preferred stimulation of PABP1, eEF1A and RPS6 expression during recovery from heat shock. There was no detectable effect of ZNF9 depletion on the basal level of expression of either β-actin or PABP1, eEF1A and RPS6 in HeLa cells following recovery from heat shock. Conclusion Although the presence of ZNF9 was required for the translational stimulation of PABP1, eEF1A and RPS6 mRNAs, the mechanistic details of this process are still unclear. Since ZNF9 was shown to bind both TOP and non-TOP mRNAs, it is uncertain whether ZNF9 exerts its stimulatory effect on TOP mRNA translation following recovery from heat shock through the TOP cis-element. Perhaps additional factors or post-translational modification(s) of ZNF9 following heat shock are necessary for the preferred increase of TOP mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea-Kaye Datu
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jnanankur Bag
- University of Guelph, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Lee MH, Choi BY, Cho YY, Lee SY, Huang Z, Kundu JK, Kim MO, Kim DJ, Bode AM, Surh YJ, Dong Z. Tumor suppressor p16(INK4a) inhibits cancer cell growth by downregulating eEF1A2 through a direct interaction. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:1744-52. [PMID: 23444377 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p16(INK4a) is a member of the INK4 family of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors, which are involved in the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-proliferative effects of p16(INK4a) have not been fully elucidated. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified the eukaryotic elongation factor (eEF)1A2 as a novel interacting partner of p16(INK4a). eEF1A2 is thought to function as an oncogene in cancers. The p16(INK4a) protein interacted with all but the D2 (250-327 aa) domain of eEF1A2. Ectopic expression of p16(INK4a) decreased the expression of eEF1A2 and inhibited cancer cell growth. Furthermore, suppression of protein synthesis by expression of p16(INK4a) ex vivo was verified by luciferase reporter activity. Microinjection of p16(INK4a) mRNA into the cytoplasm of Xenopus embryos suppressed the luciferase mRNA translation, whereas the combination of p16(INK4a) and morpholino-eEF1A2 resulted in a further reduction in translational activity. We conclude that the interaction of p16(INK4a) with eEF1A2, and subsequent downregulation of the expression and function of eEF1A2 is a novel mechanism explaining the anti-proliferative effects of p16(INK4a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hyun Lee
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, MN 55912, USA
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Hong WX, Yang L, Chen M, Yang X, Ren X, Fang S, Ye J, Huang H, Peng C, Zhou L, Huang X, Yang F, Wu D, Zhuang Z, Liu J. Proteomic analysis of trichloroethylene-induced alterations in expression, distribution, and interactions of SET/TAF-Iα and two SET/TAF-Iα-binding proteins, eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, in hepatic L-02 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 263:259-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sanges C, Scheuermann C, Zahedi RP, Sickmann A, Lamberti A, Migliaccio N, Baljuls A, Marra M, Zappavigna S, Reinders J, Rapp U, Abbruzzese A, Caraglia M, Arcari P. Raf kinases mediate the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A and regulate its stability in eukaryotic cells. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e276. [PMID: 22378069 PMCID: PMC3317347 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We identified eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) Raf-mediated phosphorylation sites and defined their role in the regulation of eEF1A half-life and of apoptosis of human cancer cells. Mass spectrometry identified in vitro S21 and T88 as phosphorylation sites mediated by B-Raf but not C-Raf on eEF1A1 whereas S21 was phosphorylated on eEF1A2 by both B- and C-Raf. Interestingly, S21 belongs to the first eEF1A GTP/GDP-binding consensus sequence. Phosphorylation of S21 was strongly enhanced when both eEF1A isoforms were preincubated prior the assay with C-Raf, suggesting that the eEF1A isoforms can heterodimerize thus increasing the accessibility of S21 to the phosphate. Overexpression of eEF1A1 in COS 7 cells confirmed the phosphorylation of T88 also in vivo. Compared with wt, in COS 7 cells overexpressed phosphodeficient (A) and phospho-mimicking (D) mutants of eEF1A1 (S21A/D and T88A/D) and of eEF1A2 (S21A/D), resulted less stable and more rapidly proteasome degraded. Transfection of S21 A/D eEF1A mutants in H1355 cells increased apoptosis in comparison with the wt isoforms. It indicates that the blockage of S21 interferes with or even supports C-Raf induced apoptosis rather than cell survival. Raf-mediated regulation of this site could be a crucial mechanism involved in the functional switching of eEF1A between its role in protein biosynthesis and its participation in other cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sanges
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Visualizing protein interactions involved in the formation of the 42S RNP storage particle of Xenopus oocytes. Biol Cell 2012; 102:469-78. [DOI: 10.1042/bc20100034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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The interaction between interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats-1 and eukaryotic elongation factor-1A. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 337:101-10. [PMID: 19856081 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown previously that in mammalian cells, interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats-1(IFIT1) is rapidly synthesized in response to viral infection, functions as an inhibitor of translation by binding to the eukaryotic initiation factor-3, and consequently assigns resistive activity against viral invasion to cells. It has also been reported that IFIT1 is rapidly produced in response to other cell stress agents with no direct relation to virus such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1, but its function under these non-viral infection cell stress conditions has yet to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate an interaction between IFIT1 and eukaryotic elongation factor-1A (eEF1A) both in vitro, using recombinant proteins as bait in pull-down assays, and in vivo, using laser confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation. In addition, we report the initial determination of the domain of IFIT1 that mediates this interaction. We also display that both IFIT1 and eEF1A protein levels are rapidly elevated, prolonged in tumor necrosis factor alpha pre-treated Raw264.7 cells, and most of those cells are induced to death by the end of investigations. Our results imply that under some stressful stimulations IFIT1 may participate in cell death pathways by interaction with eEF1A.
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Chung ES, Cho CW, So HA, Yun BH, Lee JH. Differential expression of soybean SLTI100 gene encoding translation elongation factor 1A by abiotic stresses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5010/jpb.2009.36.3.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The first evidence for the role of the protein elongation factor eEF1A2 in tumorigenesis was reported by Anand and colleagues who demonstrated that eEF1A2 is overexpressed in about 30% of ovarian tumors and some established ovarian cancer cells. This abnormal expression correlates with a poor prognosis. Since this discovery, there have been several reports suggesting eEF1A2 as a diagnostic marker in various cancers. This review highlights the oncogenic potential of eEF1A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee-Hyun Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, College of Pharmacy and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Structural models of human eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 reveal two distinct surface clusters of sequence variation and potential differences in phosphorylation. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6315. [PMID: 19636410 PMCID: PMC2712093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite sharing 92% sequence identity, paralogous human translation elongation factor 1 alpha-1 (eEF1A1) and elongation factor 1 alpha-2 (eEF1A2) have different but overlapping functional profiles. This may reflect the differential requirements of the cell-types in which they are expressed and is consistent with complex roles for these proteins that extend beyond delivery of tRNA to the ribosome. Methodology/Principal Findings To investigate the structural basis of these functional differences, we created and validated comparative three-dimensional (3-D) models of eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 on the basis of the crystal structure of homologous eEF1A from yeast. The spatial location of amino acid residues that vary between the two proteins was thereby pinpointed, and their surface electrostatic and lipophilic properties were compared. None of the variations amongst buried amino acid residues are judged likely to have a major structural effect on the protein fold, or to affect domain-domain interactions. Nearly all the variant surface-exposed amino acid residues lie on one face of the protein, in two proximal but distinct sub-clusters. The result of previously performed mutagenesis in yeast may be interpreted as confirming the importance of one of these clusters in actin-bundling and filament disorganization. Interestingly, some variant residues lie in close proximity to, and in a few cases show differences in interactions with, residues previously inferred to be directly involved in binding GTP/GDP, eEF1Bα and aminoacyl-tRNA. Additional sequence-based predictions, in conjunction with the 3-D models, reveal likely differences in phosphorylation sites that could reconcile some of the functional differences between the two proteins. Conclusions The revelation and putative functional assignment of two distinct sub-clusters on the surface of the protein models should enable rational site-directed mutagenesis, including homologous reverse-substitution experiments, to map surface binding patches onto these proteins. The predicted variant-specific phosphorylation sites also provide a basis for experimental verification by mutagenesis. The models provide a structural framework for interpretation of the resulting functional analysis.
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Scaggiante B, Bonin S, Cristiano L, Siracusano S, Stanta G, Dapas B, Giansante C, Fiotti N, Grassi G. Prostate-tumor-inducing gene-1 analysis in human prostate cancer cells and tissue in relation to Mycoplasma infection. Cancer Invest 2008; 26:800-8. [PMID: 18853312 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701874633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The potential role of PTI-1, in the natural story of prostate adenocarcinoma remains to be fully determined. PTI-1 expression was evaluated in human prostate cancer cell lines and in paraffin-embedded archive tissues. PTI-1 expression was found in Mycoplasma infected but not in non-infected cells. The lack of PTI-1 expression was also confirmed in fixed and paraffin-embedded human cancer prostate biopsies. The overall data indicate that, in prostate tumor cell lines, PTI-1 presence parallels Mycoplasma infection suggesting that PTI-1 might not necessarily play a major role in the onset of prostate tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/microbiology
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor/microbiology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- False Positive Reactions
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/microbiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/microbiology
- Humans
- Male
- Mycoplasma hyorhinis/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/analysis
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/biosynthesis
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/physiology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms/microbiology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA, Bacterial/analysis
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/analysis
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Scaggiante
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Eukaryotic elongation factor 1A2 cooperates with phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta to stimulate production of filopodia through increased phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate generation. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:4549-61. [PMID: 18474610 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00150-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha 2 (eEF1A2) is a transforming gene product that is highly expressed in human tumors of the ovary, lung, and breast. eEF1A2 also stimulates actin remodeling, and the expression of this factor is sufficient to induce the formation of filopodia, long cellular processes composed of bundles of parallel actin filaments. Here, we find that eEF1A2 stimulates formation of filopodia by increasing the cellular abundance of cytosolic and plasma membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P(2)]. We have previously reported that the eEF1A2 protein binds and activates phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase III beta (PI4KIIIbeta), and we find that production of eEF1A2-dependent PI(4,5)P(2) and generation of filopodia require PI4KIIIbeta. Furthermore, PI4KIIIbeta is itself capable of activating both the production of PI(4,5)P(2) and the creation of filopodia. We propose a model for extrusion of filopodia in which eEF1A2 activates PI4KIIIbeta, and activated PI4KIIIbeta stimulates production of PI(4,5)P(2) and filopodia by increasing PI4P abundance. Our work suggests an important role for both eEF1A2 and PI4KIIIbeta in the control of PI(4,5)P(2) signaling and actin remodeling.
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Infante C, Asensio E, Cañavate JP, Manchado M. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of five different elongation factor 1 alpha genes in the flatfish Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup): differential gene expression and thyroid hormones dependence during metamorphosis. BMC Mol Biol 2008; 9:19. [PMID: 18234081 PMCID: PMC2270864 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) is one of the four subunits composing eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1. It catalyzes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site of the ribosome in a GTP-dependent manner during protein synthesis, although it also seems to play a role in other non-translational processes. Currently, little information is still available about its expression profile and regulation during flatfish metamorphosis. With regard to this, Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a commercially important flatfish in which eEF1A gene remains to be characterized. RESULTS The development of large-scale genomics of Senegalese sole has facilitated the identification of five different eEF1A genes, referred to as SseEF1A1, SseEF1A2, SseEF1A3, SseEF1A4, and Sse42Sp50. Main characteristics and sequence identities with other fish and mammalian eEF1As are described. Phylogenetic and tissue expression analyses allowed for the identification of SseEF1A1 and SseEF1A2 as the Senegalese sole counterparts of mammalian eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, respectively, and of Sse42Sp50 as the ortholog of Xenopus laevis and teleost 42Sp50 gene. The other two elongation factors, SseEF1A3 and SseEF1A4, represent novel genes that are mainly expressed in gills and skin. The expression profile of the five genes was also studied during larval development, revealing different behaviours. To study the possible regulation of SseEF1A gene expressions by thyroid hormones (THs), larvae were exposed to the goitrogen thiourea (TU). TU-treated larvae exhibited lower SseEF1A4 mRNA levels than untreated controls at both 11 and 15 days after treatment, whereas transcripts of the other four genes remained relatively unchanged. Moreover, addition of exogenous T4 hormone to TU-treated larvae increased significantly the steady-state levels of SseEF1A4 with respect to untreated controls, demonstrating that its expression is up-regulated by THs. CONCLUSION We have identified five different eEF1A genes in the Senegalese sole, referred to as SseEF1A1, SseEF1A2, SseEF1A3, SseEF1A4, and Sse42Sp50. The five genes exhibit different expression patterns in tissues and during larval development. TU and T4 treatments demonstrate that SseEF1A4 is up-regulated by THs, suggesting a role in the translational regulation of the factors involved in the dramatic changes that occurs during Senegalese sole metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Infante
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro de pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
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Grassi G, Scaggiante B, Farra R, Dapas B, Agostini F, Baiz D, Rosso N, Tiribelli C. The expression levels of the translational factors eEF1A 1/2 correlate with cell growth but not apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines with different differentiation grade. Biochimie 2007; 89:1544-52. [PMID: 17825975 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite the involvement of the elongation factors eEF1A (eEF1A1 and eEF1A2) in the development of different cancers no information is available on their possible contribution to the biology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the expression of both forms of eEF1A in HepG2 and JHH6 cell lines considered to be a good in vitro model of HCC at different stage of differentiation. Our data indicate that the mRNA amount of eEF1A1 is increased in both cell lines as compared to normal liver tissue, but eEF1A2 mRNA level is markedly increased only in JHH6. Moreover, the less differentiated cell line JHH6 displays higher EEF1A1 and EEF1A2 mRNAs levels and an higher nuclear-enriched/cytoplasm ratio of EEF1A protein compared to the better differentiated HepG2 cell line. Over-expression depends only partially on gene amplification. The more abundant mRNA levels and the higher nuclear-enriched/cytoplasm ratio of eEF1A in JHH6 neither correlate with apoptosis resistance nor with proliferation rate in sub-confluent cells. However, in confluent cells, a clear tendency to maintain JHH6 into the cell cycle was observed. In conclusion, we document the increased mRNA levels of EEF1A genes in HCC cell lines compared to normal liver. Additionally, we show the increased nuclear-enriched/cytoplasmic protein ratio of eEF1A and the marked raise of the expression of both eEF1A forms in JHH6 compared to HepG2, suggesting the possibility that eEF1A forms might become a relevant markers related to HCC tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grassi
- Department of Clinical, Morphological and Technological Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Bosutti A, Scaggiante B, Grassi G, Guarnieri G, Biolo G. Overexpression of the elongation factor 1A1 relates to muscle proteolysis and proapoptotic p66(ShcA) gene transcription in hypercatabolic trauma patients. Metabolism 2007; 56:1629-34. [PMID: 17998013 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic elongation factors (eEF1A2 and eEF1A1) play a key role in translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein. In skeletal muscle of healthy humans, EEF1A2 is overexpressed and selected over EEF1A1. In cellular stress models, muscle EEF1A1 expression increased and was associated with apoptosis and catabolism. We have determined mRNA levels of EEF1A1 and EEF1A2, as well as those of other proapoptotic genes, such as p66(ShcA) and c-MYC, in skeletal muscle of severely traumatized patients and healthy volunteers. Muscle protein kinetic was determined by stable isotopes and the arteriovenous technique. The patients were in a hypercatabolic condition because the rate of muscle proteolysis exceeded that of synthesis. Mean mRNA levels of EEF1A1 and EEF1A2 were 165- and 29-fold greater (P < .01) in patients than in the control group, respectively. Mean p66(ShcA) mRNA levels were 3-fold greater (P < .05) in patients than in the controls. In contrast, c-MYC mRNA levels were not significantly different in patients and healthy controls. In patients, muscle mRNA levels of EEF1A1 and p66(ShcA) directly correlated (P < .05) with the rate of proteolysis (R = 0.901 and R = 0.826, respectively). This is in agreement with a reduction in actin and tubulin protein content, both markers of cytoskeletal and sarcomeric disorganization, and with an increased poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase cleavage, a marker of apoptosis. In conclusion, in hypercatabolic traumatized patients, an up-regulation of muscle EEF1A1 and p66(ShcA) relates to proteolysis rate, suggesting an involvement of these genes in muscle catabolic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bosutti
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical, Morphological and Technological Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
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Sharma S, Tammela J, Wang X, Arnouk H, Driscoll D, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Lele S, Kazim AL, Odunsi K. Characterization of a Putative Ovarian Oncogene, Elongation Factor 1α, Isolated by Panning a Synthetic Phage Display Single-Chain Variable Fragment Library with Cultured Human Ovarian Cancer Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5889-96. [PMID: 17908984 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In an effort to identify cell surface targets and single short-chain antibody (scFv) for ovarian cancer therapy, we used a phage display approach to isolate an antibody with high reactivity against ovarian cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A phage scFv library was subjected to panning against human SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells. A clone with high reactivity was selected and tested in immunoperoxidase staining on a panel of normal tissues and ovarian carcinoma. Using immunoprecipitation, a differentially expressed band was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The antigen subclass was characterized with reverse transcription-PCR on cDNA library of normal tissues, and 91 ovarian cancer specimens, and correlated with clinicohistopathologic characteristics. RESULTS Ninety-six individual scFv clones were screened in ELISA following panning. scFv F7 revealed high reactivity with ovarian cancer cell lines and showed intense staining of 15 fresh ovarian cancer specimens and no staining of a panel of normal tissues. A 40-kDa protein was identified to be translation elongation factor 1alpha1 (EEF1A1; P < 0.05). The expression of EEF1A2, a highly homologous and functionally similar oncogene, was found to be restricted only to the normal tissues of the heart, brain, and skeletal muscle. Aberrant EEF1A2 mRNA expression was found in 21 of 91 (23%) of ovarian cancer specimens and significantly correlated with increased likelihood of recurrence (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS scFv F7 may represent an ovarian cancer-specific antibody against translation EEF1A family of translational factors. We propose that EEF1A2 may be a useful target for therapy of human ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Sharma
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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Mishra AK, Gangwani L, Davis RJ, Lambright DG. Structural insights into the interaction of the evolutionarily conserved ZPR1 domain tandem with eukaryotic EF1A, receptors, and SMN complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:13930-5. [PMID: 17704259 PMCID: PMC1955815 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704915104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic genomes encode a zinc finger protein (ZPR1) with tandem ZPR1 domains. In response to growth stimuli, ZPR1 assembles into complexes with eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) and the survival motor neurons protein. To gain insight into the structural mechanisms underlying the essential function of ZPR1 in diverse organisms, we determined the crystal structure of a ZPR1 domain tandem and characterized the interaction with eEF1A. The ZPR1 domain consists of an elongation initiation factor 2-like zinc finger and a double-stranded beta helix with a helical hairpin insertion. ZPR1 binds preferentially to GDP-bound eEF1A but does not directly influence the kinetics of nucleotide exchange or GTP hydrolysis. However, ZPR1 efficiently displaces the exchange factor eEF1Balpha from preformed nucleotide-free complexes, suggesting that it may function as a negative regulator of eEF1A activation. Structure-based mutational and complementation analyses reveal a conserved binding epitope for eEF1A that is required for normal cell growth, proliferation, and cell cycle progression. Structural differences between the ZPR1 domains contribute to the observed functional divergence and provide evidence for distinct modalities of interaction with eEF1A and survival motor neuron complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini K. Mishra
- *Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Laxman Gangwani
- *Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
| | - Roger J. Davis
- *Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute,University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - David G. Lambright
- *Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Program in Molecular Medicine, Two Biotech, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605. E-mail:
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Newbery HJ, Loh DH, O'Donoghue JE, Tomlinson VAL, Chau YY, Boyd JA, Bergmann JH, Brownstein D, Abbott CM. Translation elongation factor eEF1A2 is essential for post-weaning survival in mice. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28951-28959. [PMID: 17640869 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703962200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation elongation factor eEF1A, formerly known as EF-1 alpha, exists as two variant forms; eEF1A1, which is almost ubiquitously expressed, and eEF1A2, whose expression is restricted to muscle and brain at the level of whole tissues. Expression analysis of these genes has been complicated by a general lack of availability of antibodies that specifically recognize each variant form. Wasted mice (wst/wst) have a 15.8-kilobase deletion that abolishes activity of eEF1A2, but before this study it was unknown whether the deletion also affected neighboring genes. We have generated a panel of anti-peptide antibodies and used them to show that eEF1A2 is expressed at high levels in specific cell types in tissues previously thought not to express this variant, such as pancreatic islet cells and enteroendocrine cells in colon crypts. Expression of eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 is shown to be generally mutually exclusive, and we relate the expression pattern of eEF1A2 to the phenotype seen in wasted mice. We then carried out a series of transgenic experiments to establish whether the expression of other genes is affected by the deletion in wasted mice. We show that aspects of the phenotype such as motor neuron degeneration relate precisely to the relative expression of eEF1A1 and eEF1A2, whereas the immune system abnormalities are likely to result from a stress response. We conclude that loss of eEF1A2 function is solely responsible for the abnormalities seen in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Newbery
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom and
| | - D H Loh
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom and
| | - J E O'Donoghue
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom and
| | - V A L Tomlinson
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom and
| | - Y-Y Chau
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom and
| | - J A Boyd
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom and
| | - J H Bergmann
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom and
| | - D Brownstein
- Research Animal Pathology Core Facility, Room W3.03, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - C M Abbott
- Medical Genetics, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom and.
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Tomlinson VAL, Newbery HJ, Bergmann JH, Boyd J, Scott D, Wray NR, Sellar GC, Gabra H, Graham A, Williams ARW, Abbott CM. Expression of eEF1A2 is associated with clear cell histology in ovarian carcinomas: overexpression of the gene is not dependent on modifications at the EEF1A2 locus. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1613-20. [PMID: 17437010 PMCID: PMC2359942 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue-specific translation elongation factor eEF1A2 is a potential oncogene that is overexpressed in human ovarian cancer. eEF1A2 is highly similar (98%) to the near-ubiquitously expressed eEF1A1 (formerly known as EF1-α) making analysis with commercial antibodies difficult. We wanted to establish the expression pattern of eEF1A2 in ovarian cancer of defined histological subtypes at both the RNA and protein level, and to establish the mechanism for the overexpression of eEF1A2 in tumours. We show that while overexpression of eEF1A2 is seen at both the RNA and protein level in up to 75% of clear cell carcinomas, it occurs at a lower frequency in other histological subtypes. The copy number at the EEF1A2 locus does not correlate with expression level of the gene, no functional mutations were found, and the gene is unmethylated in both normal and tumour DNA, showing that overexpression is not dependent on genetic or epigenetic modifications at the EEF1A2 locus. We suggest that the cause of overexpression of eEF1A2 may be the inappropriate expression of a trans-acting factor. The oncogenicity of eEF1A2 may be related either to its role in protein synthesis or to potential non-canonical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A L Tomlinson
- Medical Genetics, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - H J Newbery
- Medical Genetics, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - J H Bergmann
- Medical Genetics, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - J Boyd
- Medical Genetics, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - D Scott
- Cancer Research UK, Edinburgh Oncology Unit, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - N R Wray
- Medical Genetics, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - G C Sellar
- Cancer Research UK, Edinburgh Oncology Unit, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - H Gabra
- Cancer Research UK, Edinburgh Oncology Unit, University of Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - A Graham
- Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Little France, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - A R W Williams
- Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary, Little France, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - C M Abbott
- Medical Genetics, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
- E-mail:
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