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Sharad S, Dillman AA, Sztupinszki ZM, Szallasi Z, Rosner I, Cullen J, Srivastava S, Srinivasan A, Li H. Characterization of unique PMEPA1 gene splice variants (isoforms d and e) from RNA Seq profiling provides novel insights into prognostic evaluation of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2020; 11:362-377. [PMID: 32064040 PMCID: PMC6996919 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a disease with heterogeneity of multiple gene transcriptomes and biological signaling pathways involved in tumor development. The prostate transmembrane protein, androgen induced 1 (PMEPA1), a multifunctional protein played critical roles in prostate tumorigenesis. The pleiotropic nature of PMEPA1 in modulating androgen and TGF-β signaling as well as splice variants mechanisms for functional regulations of cancer-associated genes prompted us to investigate the biological roles of PMEPA1 isoforms in prostate cancer. In addition to 4 reported PMEPA1 isoforms (a, b, c and d), one novel isoform PMEPA1-e was identified with RNA Seq analysis of hormone responsive VCaP, LNCaP cells and human prostate cancer samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. We analyzed the structures, expressions, biological functions and clinical relevance of PMEPA1-e isoform and less characterized isoforms c and d in the context of prostate cancer and AR/TGF-β signaling. The expression of PMEPA1-e was induced by androgen and AR. In contrast, PMEPA1-d was responsive to TGF-β and inhibited TGF-β signaling. Both PMEPA1-d and PMPEA1-e promoted the growth of androgen independent prostate cancer cells. Although PMEPA1-c was responsive to TGF-β, it was found to have no impacts on cell growth and androgen/TGF-β signaling. The TCGA data analysis from 499 patients showed higher expression ratios of PMEAP1-b versus -d or -e strongly associated with enhanced Gleason score. Taken together, our findings first time defined the prostate tumorigenesis mediated by PMEPA1-d and -e isoforms, providing novel insights into the new strategies for prognostic evaluation and therapeutics of prostate tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwat Sharad
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Allissa Amanda Dillman
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
| | | | - Zoltan Szallasi
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA.,SE-NAP Brain Metastasis Research Group, 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Inger Rosner
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,Urology Service, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
| | - Jennifer Cullen
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
| | - Shiv Srivastava
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA
| | - Alagarsamy Srinivasan
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,Henry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine (HJF), Bethesda, Maryland, 20817, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,John P. Murtha Cancer Center, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, USA.,These authors contributed equally to this work
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Itoh S, Itoh F. TMEPAI family: involvement in regulation of multiple signalling pathways. J Biochem 2018; 164:195-204. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Itoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Itoh
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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Talkowski ME, Rosenfeld JA, Blumenthal I, Pillalamarri V, Chiang C, Heilbut A, Ernst C, Hanscom C, Rossin E, Lindgren A, Pereira S, Ruderfer D, Kirby A, Ripke S, Harris D, Lee JH, Ha K, Kim HG, Solomon BD, Gropman AL, Lucente D, Sims K, Ohsumi TK, Borowsky ML, Loranger S, Quade B, Lage K, Miles J, Wu BL, Shen Y, Neale B, Shaffer LG, Daly MJ, Morton CC, Gusella JF. Sequencing chromosomal abnormalities reveals neurodevelopmental loci that confer risk across diagnostic boundaries. Cell 2012; 149:525-37. [PMID: 22521361 PMCID: PMC3340505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Balanced chromosomal abnormalities (BCAs) represent a relatively untapped reservoir of single-gene disruptions in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). We sequenced BCAs in patients with autism or related NDDs, revealing disruption of 33 loci in four general categories: (1) genes previously associated with abnormal neurodevelopment (e.g., AUTS2, FOXP1, and CDKL5), (2) single-gene contributors to microdeletion syndromes (MBD5, SATB2, EHMT1, and SNURF-SNRPN), (3) novel risk loci (e.g., CHD8, KIRREL3, and ZNF507), and (4) genes associated with later-onset psychiatric disorders (e.g., TCF4, ZNF804A, PDE10A, GRIN2B, and ANK3). We also discovered among neurodevelopmental cases a profoundly increased burden of copy-number variants from these 33 loci and a significant enrichment of polygenic risk alleles from genome-wide association studies of autism and schizophrenia. Our findings suggest a polygenic risk model of autism and reveal that some neurodevelopmental genes are sensitive to perturbation by multiple mutational mechanisms, leading to variable phenotypic outcomes that manifest at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Talkowski
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Ian Blumenthal
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Vamsee Pillalamarri
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Colby Chiang
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Adrian Heilbut
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Carl Ernst
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Carrie Hanscom
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Elizabeth Rossin
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Amelia Lindgren
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Shahrin Pereira
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas Ruderfer
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew Kirby
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David Harris
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kyungsoo Ha
- Cancer Research Center, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Department of OB/GYN, IMMAG, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrea L. Gropman
- Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University of Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Diane Lucente
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Katherine Sims
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Toshiro K. Ohsumi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mark L. Borowsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Bradley Quade
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Kasper Lage
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Judith Miles
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medical Genetics & Pathology, The Thompson Center for Autism & Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri Hospitals and Clinics, Columbia, MO
| | - Bai-Lin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Children’s Hospital and Institutes of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiping Shen
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
- Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Benjamin Neale
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa G. Shaffer
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, PerkinElmer, Inc., Spokane, WA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Analytical and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - James F. Gusella
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
- Autism Consortium of Boston, Boston, MA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Abstract
It is suggested that chromosome 18p11 is a susceptibility region for both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Aiming to identify susceptibility gene(s), we investigated a family whose members have either schizophrenia or schizophrenia-spectrum psychosis and carried a t(18;21)(p11.1;p11.1) translocation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the breakpoint on chromosome 21 was localized to a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone RP11-2503J9, which contained coding sequences for transmembrane phosphatase with tensin homology, although this gene was not disrupted. On chromosome 18p, the break point was narrowed to BAC clone RP11-527H14. In silico sequence analysis of this clone identified possible pseudo genes and gene fragments but no intact genes. RP11-527H14 also showed sites of cross hybridization, including 21p11.1. To test for a position effect on 18p11 sequences translocated to 21p11, we performed quantitative RT-PCR to measure the expression of the candidate gene C18orf1 in translocation carriers, but found no significant differences from controls in lymphoblastoid cells.
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Yamada K, Ohnishi T, Hashimoto K, Ohba H, Iwayama-Shigeno Y, Toyoshima M, Okuno A, Takao H, Toyota T, Minabe Y, Nakamura K, Shimizu E, Itokawa M, Mori N, Iyo M, Yoshikawa T. Identification of multiple serine racemase (SRR) mRNA isoforms and genetic analyses of SRR and DAO in schizophrenia and D-serine levels. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1493-503. [PMID: 15953485 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported a reduction in serum levels of D-serine, an endogenous co-agonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, in schizophrenia, supporting the hypofunction hypothesis of NMDA neurotransmission in schizophrenia. In this study, we examined the genetic roles of serine racemase (SRR), an enzyme catalyzing the formation of D-serine from L-serine, and D-amino-acid oxidase (DAO) in the susceptibility to schizophrenia and the regulation of serum D-serine levels. METHODS We determined the complete cDNA and genomic structures of SRR and performed mutation screening. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SRR and DAO were tested for their association with schizophrenia in both case-control and family-based designs and for correlation with serum levels of D-serine. RESULTS Genomic analyses revealed that human brain SRR transcripts consist of four isoforms with one major species, which were derived from alternative use of various 5' end exons. Genetic association analyses showed no significant association between SRR/DAO and schizophrenia. We replicated the decreased serum D-serine levels in schizophrenia in the sample set, but D-serine levels did not correlate with SRR/DAO genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The SRR/DAO are not likely to be major genetic determinants in the development of schizophrenia or control of serum D-serine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Yamada
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Matsuda N, Mishina M. Identification of chaperonin CCT gamma subunit as a determinant of retinotectal development by whole-genome subtraction cloning from zebrafish no tectal neuron mutant. Development 2004; 131:1913-25. [PMID: 15056614 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish no tectal neuron (ntn) mutant obtained by trimethylpsoralen (TMP) mutagenesis showed defects in tectal neuropil formation and small eyes. We carried out whole-genome subtraction between wild-type and mutant zebrafish embryos using the representational difference analysis (RDA) method. Nineteen subtraction products enabled us to construct genetic and physical maps of the ntn region. Direct selection of cDNAs using a YAC clone encompassing the ntn locus and RT-PCR analysis of transcripts identified a 143 bp deletion in the cct3 gene encoding the gamma subunit of chaperonin containing TCP-1 (CCT). Injection of antisense cct3 morpholino oligonucleotides into zebrafish embryos induced characteristic ntn phenotypes including defects in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation and tectal neuropil formation. Moreover, injection of cct3 mRNA successfully rescued ntn mutant embryos. Our results suggest that RDA is an efficient and widely applicable cloning strategy in zebrafish genetics. The strong expression of the cct3 mRNA started in the entire embryos by 12 hpf and was sustained thereafter, but there were no detectable abnormalities in body patterning and neurogenesis in ntn mutant embryos at 30 hpf. The expression patterns of transcription factor genes ath5 and brn3b that are essential for the development and maintenance of RGCs were indistinguishable between wild-type and ntn mutant embryos, but those of early and late differentiation markers of RGCs, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta 3 and zn5, were diminished in mutant embryos. Immunostaining of acetylated tubulin also revealed the impairment of RGC neurite extension. Thus, the ntn mutation of the cct3 gene impaired the differentiation of retinal neuroepithelial cells to RGCs. Similarly, the expression of brn3b was normal in the tectum of ntn mutants, but tectal neuropil formation was abolished. These results suggest that the gamma subunit of chaperonin CCT plays an essential role in retinotectal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Matsuda
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, and SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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7
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Giannini G, Ambrosini MI, Di Marcotullio L, Cerignoli F, Zani M, MacKay AR, Screpanti I, Frati L, Gulino A. EGF- and cell-cycle-regulated STAG1/PMEPA1/ERG1.2 belongs to a conserved gene family and is overexpressed and amplified in breast and ovarian cancer. Mol Carcinog 2004; 38:188-200. [PMID: 14639658 DOI: 10.1002/mc.10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathway is one of the most common findings in human cancer, and a number of molecular devices of laboratory and clinical relevance have been designed to block this transduction pathway. Because of the large number of cellular events that might be regulated through the activation of the four EGF receptor family members, it is possible that screening methodologies for the identification of new molecular targets working downstream of these pathways may provide new tools for cancer diagnosis and potentially prevention and therapy. In searching for EGF target genes, we have identified ERG1.2, the mouse homolog of the solid tumor-associated gene STAG1. Both in humans and in mice, it belongs to a new gene family that can give origin to several protein isoforms through alternative splicing and/or multiple translation starts. Sequence analysis and experimental data suggest that ERG1.2 is likely to function as a membrane-bound protein interacting with downstream signaling molecules through WW- and SH3-binding domains. ERG1.2 is a cell-cycle-regulated gene, and both ERG1.2 and STAG1 are induced by EGF and other growth factors at the transcript and protein levels. Finally, we have demonstrated that, besides prostate cancer and renal cell carcinoma, STAG1 was also overexpressed in breast and ovarian cancer cell lines and in breast primary tumors. Although in most cases STAG1 overexpression is probably due to the abnormal activation of the EGF pathway, we have also demonstrated genetic amplification and rearrangement of its locus in one breast cancer cell line and one primary ovarian cancer, suggesting that STAG1 might be a direct molecular target in the carcinogenetic process. Thus its overexpression might be regarded not only as a tumor marker but also as a potentially pathogenetic event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Kikuchi M, Yamada K, Toyota T, Itokawa M, Hattori E, Yoshitsugu K, Shimizu H, Yoshikawa T. Two-step association analyses of the chromosome 18p11.2 region in schizophrenia detect a locus encompassing C18orf1. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:467-9. [PMID: 12808425 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rae FK, Hooper JD, Nicol DL, Clements JA. Characterization of a novel gene, STAG1/PMEPA1, upregulated in renal cell carcinoma and other solid tumors. Mol Carcinog 2001; 32:44-53. [PMID: 11568975 DOI: 10.1002/mc.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Using differential display-polymerase chain reaction, we identified a novel gene sequence, designated solid tumor-associated gene 1 (STAG1), that is upregulated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The full-length cDNA (4839 bp) encompassed the recently reported androgen-regulated prostatic cDNA PMEPA1, and so we refer to this gene as STAG1/PMEPA1. Two STAG1/PMEPA1 mRNA transcripts of approximately 2.7 and 5 kb, with identical coding regions but variant 3' untranslated regions, were predominantly expressed in normal prostate tissue and at lower levels in the ovary. The expression of this gene was upregulated in 87% of RCC samples and also was upregulated in stomach and rectal adenocarcinomas. In contrast, STAG1/PMEPA1 expression was barely detectable in leukemia and lymphoma samples. Analysis of expressed sequence tag databases showed that STAG1/PMEPA1 also was expressed in pancreatic, endometrial, and prostatic adenocarcinomas. The STAG1/PMEPA1 cDNA encodes a 287-amino-acid protein containing a putative transmembrane domain and motifs that suggest that it may bind src homology 3- and tryptophan tryptophan domain-containing proteins. This protein shows 67% identity to the protein encoded by the chromosome 18 open reading frame 1 gene. Translation of STAG1/PMEPA1 mRNA in vitro showed two products of 36 and 39 kDa, respectively, suggesting that translation may initiate at more than one site. Comparison to genomic clones showed that STAG1/PMEPA1 was located on chromosome 20q13 between microsatellite markers D20S183 and D20S173 and spanned four exons and three introns. The upregulation of this gene in several solid tumors indicated that it may play an important role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F K Rae
- Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Münch C, Schwalenstöcker B, Hermann C, Cirovic S, Stamm S, Ludolph A, Meyer T. Differential RNA cleavage and polyadenylation of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 in the human brain. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 80:244-51. [PMID: 11038258 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(00)00139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We cloned four novel transcripts of the excitatory amino acid transporter 2, named EAAT2/3UT1-4, resulting from differential cleavage and polyadenylation. Tandem poly (A) sites were found to be functional at 72, 654, 973 nucleotides and more than 2 kb downstream of the stop codon. A tissue-specific expression was identified for 3'-variants of the EAAT2 RNA, most prominently for EAAT2/3UT4 (hippocampus>cortex>>cerebellum>thalamus) as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis and quantitative PCR. We conclude, that alternative poly (A) selection may contribute to the reported differential EAAT2 protein expression under normal and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Münch
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Xu LL, Shanmugam N, Segawa T, Sesterhenn IA, McLeod DG, Moul JW, Srivastava S. A novel androgen-regulated gene, PMEPA1, located on chromosome 20q13 exhibits high level expression in prostate. Genomics 2000; 66:257-63. [PMID: 10873380 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Biologic effects of androgen on target cells are mediated in part by transcriptional regulation of androgen-regulated genes (ARGs) by androgen receptor. Using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), we have identified a comprehensive repertoire of ARGs in LNCaP cells. One of the SAGE-derived tags exhibiting homology to an expressed sequence tag was maximally induced in response to synthetic androgen R1881 treatment. The open reading frame of the androgen-induced RNA (PMEPA1) was characterized as a 759-bp nucleotide sequence coding for a 252-amino-acid protein. The analysis of PMEPA1 protein sequence indicated the existence of a type Ib transmembrane domain between residues 9 and 25. Analysis of multiple-tissue Northern blots revealed the highest level of PMEPA1 expression in prostate tissue. PMEPA1 expression was predominately detected in glandular epithelial cells of prostate by in situ hybridization analysis. The expression of PMEPA1 in LNCaP cells was induced by androgen in a time- and dose-specific manner. Evaluation of PMEPA1 expression in androgen-dependent/independent tumors of the CWR22 xenograft model revealed that PMEPA1 was overexpressed in three of four androgen-independent tumor tissues. These observations define PMEPA1 as a novel androgen-regulated gene exhibiting abundant expression in prostate tissue. The increased expression of PMEPA1 in relapsed tumors of the CWR22 model suggests activation of androgen signaling in hormone refractory disease. PMEPA1, along with other highly androgen-induced prostate-specific genes, has potential to serve as an androgen signaling read-out biomarker in prostate tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Xu
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814-4799, USA
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