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Zengel D, Koch P, Torkashvand B, Grunwaldt J, Casapu M, Deutschmann O. Emission of Toxic HCN During NO x Removal by Ammonia SCR in the Exhaust of Lean-Burn Natural Gas Engines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14423-14428. [PMID: 32391644 PMCID: PMC7497226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reducing greenhouse gas and pollutant emissions is one of the most stringent priorities of our society to minimize their dramatic effects on health and environment. Natural gas (NG) engines, in particular at lean conditions, emit less CO2 in comparison to combustion engines operated with liquid fuels but NG engines still require emission control devices for NOx removal. Using state-of-the-art technologies for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 , we evaluated the interplay of the reducing agent NH3 and formaldehyde, which is always present in the exhaust of NG engines. Our results show that a significant amount of highly toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is formed. All catalysts tested partially convert formaldehyde to HCOOH and CO. Additionally, they form secondary emissions of HCN due to catalytic reactions of formaldehyde and its oxidation intermediates with NH3 . With the present components of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system the HCN emissions are not efficiently converted to non-polluting gases. The development of more advanced catalyst formulations with improved oxidation activity is mandatory to solve this novel critical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Zengel
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Pirmin Koch
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Bentolhoda Torkashvand
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Olaf Deutschmann
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstr. 2076131KarlsruheGermany
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2
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Zengel D, Koch P, Torkashvand B, Grunwaldt J, Casapu M, Deutschmann O. Freisetzung von toxischem HCN bei der Stickoxidreduktion mittels NH
3
‐SCR in mager betriebenen Erdgasmotoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Zengel
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Pirmin Koch
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Bentolhoda Torkashvand
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Maria Casapu
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Olaf Deutschmann
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Engesserstr. 20 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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3
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Zhu X, Mao Y, Liu H, Kang H, Liu B, Song Z, Liu X, Guo Y, Du H, Zhang Q. Cooperative effect of Fe and Ti species over Fe–Ti–O
x
catalysts on the catalytic hydrolysis performance of hydrogen cyanide. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Zhu
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Pingdingshan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Mao
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Pingdingshan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongpan Liu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences Chongqing 402160 People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Kang
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Pingdingshan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Liu
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Pingdingshan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxian Song
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Pingdingshan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xueping Liu
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Pingdingshan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Pingdingshan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Huixian Du
- Henan University of Urban Construction, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Rehabilitation Technology Pingdingshan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiulin Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and EngineeringKunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 People's Republic of China
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4
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Du C, Chen H, Zhao X, Zong H, Zhou X. Promotional effect of Ce and Fe addition on Cu-based extruded catalyst for catalytic elimination of co-fed acrylonitrile and HCN. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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5
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He C, Cheng J, Zhang X, Douthwaite M, Pattisson S, Hao Z. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds: A Review Based on Pollutant Sorts and Sources. Chem Rev 2019; 119:4471-4568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 769] [Impact Index Per Article: 153.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi He
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, P.R. China
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Jie Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
| | - Mark Douthwaite
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Samuel Pattisson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, P.R. China
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6
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Liu N, Yuan X, Chen B, Li Y, Zhang R. Selective catalytic combustion of hydrogen cyanide over metal modified zeolite catalysts: From experiment to theory. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Liu N, Yuan X, Zhang R, Li Y, Chen B. Mechanistic insight into selective catalytic combustion of HCN over Cu-BEA: influence of different active center structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23960-23970. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HCN being a highly toxic N-containing volatile organic compound (VOCs) poses great threat to human living environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis
| | - Xiaoning Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis
| | - Runduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis
| | - Yingxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Environmental Catalysis
| | - Biaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Changzhou Institute of Advanced Materials
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8
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Liu N, Yuan X, Zhang R, Xu R, Li Y. Mechanistic insight into selective catalytic combustion of acrylonitrile (C2H3CN): NCO formation and its further transformation towards N2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:7971-7979. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08930e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Zhang R, Liu N, Lei Z, Chen B. Selective Transformation of Various Nitrogen-Containing Exhaust Gases toward N2 over Zeolite Catalysts. Chem Rev 2016; 116:3658-721. [PMID: 26889565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review we focus on the catalytic removal of a series of N-containing exhaust gases with various valences, including nitriles (HCN, CH3CN, and C2H3CN), ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitric oxides (NO(x)), which can cause some serious environmental problems, such as acid rain, haze weather, global warming, and even death. The zeolite catalysts with high internal surface areas, uniform pore systems, considerable ion-exchange capabilities, and satisfactory thermal stabilities are herein addressed for the corresponding depollution processes. The sources and toxicities of these pollutants are introduced. The important physicochemical properties of zeolite catalysts, including shape selectivity, surface area, acidity, and redox ability, are described in detail. The catalytic combustion of nitriles and ammonia, the direct catalytic decomposition of N2O, and the selective catalytic reduction and direct catalytic decomposition of NO are systematically discussed, involving the catalytic behaviors as well as mechanism studies based on spectroscopic and kinetic approaches and molecular simulations. Finally, concluding remarks and perspectives are given. In the present work, emphasis is placed on the structure-performance relationship with an aim to design an ideal zeolite-based catalyst for the effective elimination of harmful N-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhigang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
| | - Biaohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
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10
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Song Z, Zhang Q, Ning P, Wang Y, Duan Y, Wang J, Huang Z. Catalytic hydrolysis of HCN on ZSM-5 modified by Fe or Nb for HCN removal: surface species and performance. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23595f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions present between Fe and Nb species resulted in larger amounts of isolated Fe3+, Nb5+, oligomeric FexOy and NbxOy clusters on zeolite catalysts, resulting in improved HCN hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxian Song
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Qiulin Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Yankang Duan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
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11
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Xie P, Luo Y, Ma Z, Huang C, Miao C, Yue Y, Hua W, Gao Z. Catalytic decomposition of N2O over Fe-ZSM-11 catalysts prepared by different methods: Nature of active Fe species. J Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Szanyi J, Kwak JH, Peden CHF. The Catalytic Chemistry of HCN + NO2over Na− and Ba−Y,FAU: An in Situ FTIR and TPD/TPR Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:1481-90. [PMID: 16851119 DOI: 10.1021/jp045671o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of HCN and the reaction of HCN with NO(2) over Na-, and Ba-Y,FAU zeolite catalysts were investigated using in situ FTIR and TPD/TPR spectroscopies. Both catalysts adsorb HCN molecularly at room temperature, and the strength of adsorption is higher over Ba-Y than Na-Y. Over Na-Y, the reaction between HCN and NO(2) is slow at 473 K. On Ba-Y, HCN reacts readily with NO(2) at 473K, forming N(2), CO, CO(2), HNCO, NO, N(2)O, and C(2)N(2). The results of this investigation suggest that initial step in the HCN + NO(2) reaction over these catalysts is the hydrogen abstraction from HCN, and the formation of ionic CN- and NC- species. The formation of N(2) can proceed directly from these ionic species upon their interaction with NO+. Alternatively, these cyanide species can be oxidized to isocyanates which then can be further transformed to N(2), N(2)O and CO(x) in their subsequent reaction with NO(x).
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Affiliation(s)
- János Szanyi
- Chemical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-93, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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13
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Karlsson HL. Ammonia, nitrous oxide and hydrogen cyanide emissions from five passenger vehicles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2004; 334-335:125-132. [PMID: 15504498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, three unregulated components, ammonia, nitrous oxide and hydrogen cyanide, emitted from five passenger vehicles are investigated. With focus upon emission factors from existing production technology, vehicles produced between 1989 and 1998 with considerable mileage (7000 to 280,000) are chosen. Among the five vehicles, four were sold in the European market, whereas one was sold in the US market. The vehicles are tested on a chassis dynamometer. An EU2000 Driving Cycle (NEDC) and a US Urban Driving Cycle (UDC) of the Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP-75) are used in the study. The regulated emissions are measured using a Horiba Mexa series. Unregulated emissions, ammonia (NH(3)), nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are analysed by mass spectrometer, gas chromatography and CNT-NA, TIM315-74W method, respectively. Both the unregulated emissions and the regulated emissions show driving cycle dependency; and they are also improved with newer vehicle and emission control technology. However, a gasoline direct injection vehicle (relatively new technology in this study) has rather high regulated emissions, whereas the NH(3), N(2)O and HCN emissions are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lu Karlsson
- AVL MTC, Armaturvägen 1, P.O. Box 223, SE-136 23 Haninge, Sweden.
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14
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The Formation of Methyl Isocyanate during the Reaction of Nitroethane over Cu-MFI under Hydrocarbon-Selective Catalytic Reduction Conditions. J Catal 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/jcat.2001.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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