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Paul S, Pan S, Mukherjee A, De P. Nitric Oxide Releasing Delivery Platforms: Design, Detection, Biomedical Applications, and Future Possibilities. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:3181-3205. [PMID: 34433264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters belong to the subfamily of endogenous gaseous signaling molecules, which find a wide range of biomedical applications. Among the various gasotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO) has an enormous effect on the cardiovascular system. Apart from this, NO showed a pivotal role in neurological, respiratory, and immunological systems. Moreover, the paradoxical concentration-dependent activities make this gaseous signaling molecule more interesting. The gaseous NO has negligible stability in physiological conditions (37 °C, pH 7.4), which restricts their potential therapeutic applications. To overcome this issue, various NO delivering carriers were reported so far. Unfortunately, most of these NO donors have low stability, short half-life, or low NO payload. Herein, we review the synthesis of NO delivering motifs, development of macromolecular NO donors, their advantages/disadvantages, and biological applications. Various NO detection analytical techniques are discussed briefly, and finally, a viewpoint about the design of polymeric NO donors with improved physicochemical characteristics is predicted.
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2
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Jana S. Endothelialization of cardiovascular devices. Acta Biomater 2019; 99:53-71. [PMID: 31454565 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Blood-contacting surfaces of cardiovascular devices are not biocompatible for creating an endothelial layer on them. Numerous research studies have mainly sought to modify these surfaces through physical, chemical and biological means to ease early endothelial cell (EC) adhesion, migration and proliferation, and eventually to build an endothelial layer on the surfaces. The first priority for surface modification is inhibition of protein adsorption that leads to inhibition of platelet adhesion to the device surfaces, which may favor EC adhesion. Surface modification through surface texturing, if applicable, can bring some hopeful outcomes in this regard. Surface modifications through chemical and/or biological means may play a significant role in easy endothelialization of cardiovascular devices and inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation. Cellular engineering of cells relevant to endothelialization can boost the positive outcomes obtained through surface engineering. This review briefly summarizes recent developments and research in early endothelialization of cardiovascular devices. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Endothelialization of cardiovascular implants, including heart valves, vascular stents and vascular grafts is crucial to solve many problems in our health care system. Numerous research efforts have been made to improve endothelialization on the surfaces of cardiovascular implants, mainly through surface modifications in three ways - physically, chemically and biologically. This review is intended to highlight comprehensive research studies to date on surface modifications aiming for early endothelialization on the blood-contacting surfaces of cardiovascular implants. It also discusses future perspectives to help guide endothelialization strategies and inspire further innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Jana
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Hopkins SP, Frost MC. Synthesis and Characterization of Controlled Nitric Oxide Release from S-Nitroso- N-Acetyl-d-Penicillamine Covalently Linked to Polyvinyl Chloride (SNAP-PVC). Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5030072. [PMID: 30189614 PMCID: PMC6165297 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5030072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is one of the most widely used polymers in medicine but has very poor biocompatibility when in contact with tissue or blood. To increase biocompatibility, controlled release of nitric oxide (NO) can be utilized to mitigate and reduce the inflammatory response. A synthetic route is described where PVC is aminated to a specified degree and then further modified by covalently linking S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d-penicillamine (SNAP) groups to the free primary amine sites to create a nitric oxide releasing polymer (SNAP-PVC). Controllable release of NO from SNAP-PVC is described using photoinitiation from light emitting diodes (LEDs). Ion-mediated NO release is also demonstrated as another pathway to provide a passive mechanism for NO delivery. The large range of NO fluxes obtained from the SNAP-PVC films indicate many potential uses in mediating unwanted inflammatory response in blood- and tissue-contacting devices and as a tool for delivering precise amounts of NO in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Hopkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Megan C Frost
- Department of Biomedical Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
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4
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McCarthy CW, Goldman J, Frost MC. Synthesis and Characterization of the Novel Nitric Oxide (NO) Donating Compound, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine Derivatized Cyclam (SNAP-Cyclam). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5898-5905. [PMID: 26859235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been heavily studied over the past two decades due to its multitude of physiological functions and its potential therapeutic promise. Of major interest is the desire to fabricate or coat implanted devices with an NO releasing material that will impart the appropriate dose and duration of NO release to positively mediate the biological response to the medical device, thereby improving its safety and efficacy. To date, this goal has not yet been achieved, despite very promising early research. Herein, we describe the synthesis and NO release properties of a novel NO donor which covalently links the S-nitrosothiol, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (SNAP), to the macrocycle, cyclam (SNAP-cyclam). This compound can then be blended into a wide variety of polymer matrices, imparting NO release to the polymer system. This release can be initiated and controlled by transition metal catalysis, thermal degradation or photolytic release of NO from the composite NO-releasing material. SNAP-cyclam is capable of releasing physiologically relevant levels of NO for up to 3 months in vitro when blended into poly(l-lactic acid) thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor W McCarthy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Megan C Frost
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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5
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Henno P, Maurey C, Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Devillier P, Delclaux C, Israël-Biet D. Is arginase a potential drug target in tobacco-induced pulmonary endothelial dysfunction? Respir Res 2015; 16:46. [PMID: 25889611 PMCID: PMC4391310 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco-induced pulmonary vascular disease is partly driven by endothelial dysfunction. The bioavailability of the potent vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) depends on competition between NO synthase-3 (NOS3) and arginases for their common substrate (L-arginine). We tested the hypothesis whereby tobacco smoking impairs pulmonary endothelial function via upregulation of the arginase pathway. Methods Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in response to acetylcholine (Ach) was compared ex vivo for pulmonary vascular rings from 29 smokers and 10 never-smokers. The results were expressed as a percentage of the contraction with phenylephrine. We tested the effects of L-arginine supplementation, arginase inhibition (by N(omega)-hydroxy-nor-l-arginine, NorNOHA) and NOS3 induction (by genistein) on vasodilation. Protein levels of NOS3 and arginases I and II in the pulmonary arteries were quantified by Western blotting. Results Overall, vasodilation was impaired in smokers (relative to controls; p < 0.01). Eleven of the 29 smokers (the ED+ subgroup) displayed endothelial dysfunction (defined as the absence of a relaxant response to Ach), whereas 18 (the ED− subgroup) had normal vasodilation. The mean responses to 10−4 M Ach were −23 ± 10% and 31 ± 4% in the ED+ and ED− subgroups, respectively (p < 0.01). Supplementation with L- arginine improved endothelial function in the ED+ subgroup (−4 ± 10% vs. -32 ± 10% in the presence and absence of L- arginine, respectively; p = 0.006), as did arginase inhibition (18 ± 9% vs. -1 ± 9%, respectively; p = 0.0002). Arginase I protein was overexpressed in ED+ samples, whereas ED+ and ED− samples did not differ significantly in terms of NOS3 expression. Treatment with genistein did not significantly improve endothelial function in ED+ samples. Conclusion Overexpression and elevated activity of arginase I are involved in tobacco-induced pulmonary endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Henno
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Paris, France. .,Département Physiologie-Algologie-Somnologie, Unité Fonctionnelle de Somnologie et Fonction Respiratoire, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, 75012, Paris, France. .,Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire UPRES EA 220, Hôpital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France.
| | - Christelle Maurey
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Unité de Médecine, Université Paris-Est, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Françoise Le Pimpec-Barthes
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France. .,Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Devillier
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Respiratoire UPRES EA 220, Hôpital Foch, 92150, Suresnes, France. .,Université Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Montigny le Bretonneux, France.
| | - Christophe Delclaux
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France. .,Service de Physiologie, Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires et du Sommeil, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - Dominique Israël-Biet
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France. .,Service de Pneumologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 75015, Paris, France.
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Rodriguez MP, Tsihlis ND, Emond ZM, Wang Z, Varu VN, Jiang Q, Vercammen JM, Kibbe MR. Nitric oxide affects UbcH10 levels differently in type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats. J Surg Res 2015; 196:180-9. [PMID: 25801975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) more effectively inhibits neointimal hyperplasia in type 2 diabetic versus nondiabetic and type 1 diabetic rodents. NO also decreases the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH10, which is critical to cell-cycle regulation. This study seeks to determine whether UbcH10 levels in the vasculature of diabetic animal models account for the differential efficacy of NO at inhibiting neointimal hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) harvested from nondiabetic lean Zucker (LZ) and type 2 diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were exposed to high glucose (25 mM) and high insulin (24 nM) conditions to mimic the diabetic environment in vitro. LZ, streptozotocin-injected LZ (STZ, type 1 diabetic), and ZDF rats underwent carotid artery balloon injury (±10 mg PROLI/NO), and vessels were harvested at 3 and 14 d. UbcH10 was assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS NO more effectively reduced UbcH10 levels in LZ versus ZDF VSMCs; however, addition of insulin and glucose dramatically potentiated the inhibitory effect of NO on UbcH10 in ZDF VSMCs. Three days after balloon injury, Western blotting showed NO decreased free UbcH10 and increased polyubiquitinated UbcH10 levels by 35% in both STZ and ZDF animals. Fourteen days after injury, immunofluorescent staining showed increased UbcH10 levels throughout the arterial wall in all animal models. NO decreased UbcH10 levels in LZ and STZ rats but not in ZDF. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a disconnect between UbcH10 levels and neointimal hyperplasia formation in type 2 diabetic models and contribute valuable insight regarding differential efficacy of NO in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica P Rodriguez
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nick D Tsihlis
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zachary M Emond
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Zheng Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Vinit N Varu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Qun Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Janet M Vercammen
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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7
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Songur MÇ, Özyalçin S, Özen A, Şimşek E, Kervan Ü, Taşoğlu İ, Kaplan S, Köse K, Ulus AT. Does really previous stenting affect graft patency following CABG? A 5-year follow-up: The effect of PCI on graft survival. Heart Vessels 2015; 31:457-64. [PMID: 25637043 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-015-0633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the graft patency rates among patients who had a previous history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) followed by coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG) with the patients who had experienced CABG surgery alone. The 69 patients who were included in the study had a history of bare metal stent implantation prior to CABG (group 1). The coronary angiography results were compared with 69 patients who had a previous history of CABG (group 2). Graft patency rates of the left anterior descending artery and circumflex anastomoses are statistically significant for both groups, whereas the right coronary artery anastomoses are not statistically significant (p = 0.008; 0.009; 0.2). Graft patency rate of LIMA-LAD anastomoses was 43.9 ± 10.8 % in group 1 and 86.2 ± 6 % in group 2 for means of 60 months (p = 0.0001) and circumflex coronary artery anastomosis is 28.9 ± 0.9 % in group 1, 65.7 ± 10.8 % in group 2 (p = 0.0001) and the right coronary artery anastomosis is 37.2 ± 13.6 % in group 1, 56.4 ± 8.9 % in group 2 (p = 0.0001). The graft patency rates of coronary arteries without previous stent implantation were higher than the patients with previous stent implantation and experienced CABG. The results suggest that prior PCI may induce atherosclerotic events in the vessel that can adversely affect graft patency after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Çetin Songur
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital Ankara, Yaşamkent mah.3222/1 sok.Park Armoni sitesi, C blok daire:9 Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06130, Turkey.
| | - Sertan Özyalçin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital Ankara, Yaşamkent mah.3222/1 sok.Park Armoni sitesi, C blok daire:9 Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06130, Turkey
| | - Anıl Özen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital Ankara, Yaşamkent mah.3222/1 sok.Park Armoni sitesi, C blok daire:9 Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06130, Turkey
| | - Erdal Şimşek
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital Ankara, Yaşamkent mah.3222/1 sok.Park Armoni sitesi, C blok daire:9 Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06130, Turkey
| | - Ümit Kervan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital Ankara, Yaşamkent mah.3222/1 sok.Park Armoni sitesi, C blok daire:9 Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06130, Turkey
| | - İrfan Taşoğlu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital Ankara, Yaşamkent mah.3222/1 sok.Park Armoni sitesi, C blok daire:9 Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06130, Turkey
| | - Sadi Kaplan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital Ankara, Yaşamkent mah.3222/1 sok.Park Armoni sitesi, C blok daire:9 Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06130, Turkey
| | - Kenan Köse
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tulga Ulus
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Turkey Yuksek Ihtisas Hospital Ankara, Yaşamkent mah.3222/1 sok.Park Armoni sitesi, C blok daire:9 Yenimahalle, Ankara, 06130, Turkey.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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8
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Weyerbrock A, Baumer B, Papazoglou A. Growth inhibition and chemosensitization of exogenous nitric oxide released from NONOates in glioma cells in vitro. J Neurosurg 2009; 110:128-36. [DOI: 10.3171/2008.6.17607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Object
Exogenous nitric oxide (NO) from NO donors has cytotoxic, chemosensitizing, and radiosensitizing effects, and increases vascular permeability and blood flow in tumors. Yet little is known about whether these cytotoxic and chemosensitizing effects can be observed in glioma cells at doses that alter tumor physiological characteristics in vivo and whether these effects are tumor selective.
Methods
The effect of NO released from proline NONOate, diethylamine NONOate, spermine NONOate, and sodium nitrite on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and chemosensitivity to carboplatin of cultured glioma cells was studied in C6, U87 glioma cells, human glioblastoma cells, and human astrocytes and fibroblasts.
Results
Although proline NONOate failed to induce cell death, the other NO donors induced growth arrest when present in high concentrations (10−2 M) in all cell lines. Chemosensitization was observed after concomitant incubation with spermine NONOate and carboplatin in C6 and human glioblastoma cells. There is strong evidence that cell death occurs primarily by necrosis and to a lesser degree by apoptosis. The NO doses, which altered tumor physiology in vivo, were not cytotoxic, indicating that NO alters vascular permeability and cell viability in vivo by different mechanisms.
Conclusions
The authors found that NO-generating agents at high concentrations are potent growth inhibitors and might also be useful as chemosensitizers in glioma cells. These data corroborate the theory that the use of NOgenerating agents may play a role in the multimodal treatment of malignant gliomas but that the NO release must be targeted more specifically to tumor cells to improve selectivity and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Papazoglou
- 2Stereotactic Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
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Qu W, Liu J, Dill AL, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Waalkes MP. V-PROLI/NO, a nitric oxide donor prodrug, protects liver cells from arsenic-induced toxicity. Cancer Sci 2008; 100:382-8. [PMID: 19154403 PMCID: PMC2678544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic shows great promise in human cancer chemotherapy, although hepatotoxicity is a major limiting side-effect. O(2)-Vinyl 1-[2-(Carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (V-PROLI/NO) [Correction added after publication 19 December 2008: 1-[2-(Carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (V-PROLI/NO) was corrected to O(2)-Vinyl 1-[2-(Carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (V-PROLI/NO)] is a nitric oxide (NO) donor prodrug that is metabolized by liver cytochromes P450 to release NO. Other NO-releasing agents have been shown to mitigate arsenic toxicity. Thus, the effects of V-PROLI/NO pretreatment on the toxicity of inorganic arsenic (as NaAsO(2)) were studied in vitro in a human liver (HepG2) cell line. HepG2 cells acted upon the prodrug to release NO, as assessed by nitrite levels, in a dose- and time-dependent fashion to maximal levels of 57-fold above control levels. In cells pretreated with V-PROLI/NO (200 microM, 24 h) then exposed to arsenic for an additional 24 h, arsenic was much less toxic (LC(50) = 151.9 +/- 5.9 microM) than in control cells (LC(50) = 90.5 +/- 6.5 microM) and the reduced cytolethality was directly related to the level of NO produced. V-PROLI/NO also increased CYP2E1 transcriptional expression in a dose-dependent manner and CYP2E1 expression was directly related to the level of NO produced and the reduction in arsenic cytotoxicity. V-PROLI/NO pretreatment markedly reduced arsenic-induced apoptosis as measured by DNA fragmentation. Pretreatment with V-PROLI/NO suppressed phosphorylation of JNK1/2 after arsenic exposure. Arsenic increased metallothionein, a metal-binding protein important in arsenic tolerance, and V-PROLI/NO pretreatment caused additional increases in metallothionein levels. Thus, the prodrug, V-PROLI/NO, protects against arsenic toxicity in cultured human liver cells, reducing cytolethality, apoptosis and dysregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, through generation of NO formed after metabolism by liver cell enzymes, possibly including CYP2E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qu
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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10
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Chakrapani H, Maciag AE, Citro ML, Keefer LK, Saavedra JE. Cell-permeable esters of diazeniumdiolate-based nitric oxide prodrugs. Org Lett 2008; 10:5155-8. [PMID: 18956868 DOI: 10.1021/ol8020989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although O(2)-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) derivatives of diazeniumdiolate-based nitric oxide (NO) prodrugs bearing a free carboxylic acid group were activated by glutathione to release NO, these compounds were poor sources of intracellular NO and showed diminished antiproliferative activity against human leukemia HL-60 cells. The carboxylic acid esters of these prodrugs, however, were found to be superior sources of intracellular NO and potent inhibitors of HL-60 cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Chakrapani
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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11
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Ahanchi SS, Varu VN, Tsihlis ND, Martinez J, Pearce CG, Kapadia MR, Jiang Q, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Hrabie JA, Kibbe MR. Heightened efficacy of nitric oxide-based therapies in type II diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H2388-98. [PMID: 18931034 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00185.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome are associated with accelerated restenosis following vascular interventions due to neointimal hyperplasia. The efficacy of nitric oxide (NO)-based therapies is unknown in these environments. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the efficacy of NO in preventing neointimal hyperplasia in animal models of type II DM and metabolic syndrome and examine possible mechanisms for differences in outcomes. Aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were harvested from rodent models of type II DM (Zucker diabetic fatty), metabolic syndrome (obese Zucker), and their genetic control (lean Zucker). Interestingly, NO inhibited proliferation and induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest to the greatest extent in VSMC from rodent models of metabolic syndrome and type II DM compared with controls. This heightened efficacy was associated with increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, but not p27. Using the rat carotid artery injury model to assess the efficacy of NO in vivo, we found that the NO donor PROLI/NO inhibited neointimal hyperplasia to the greatest extent in type II DM rodents, followed by metabolic syndrome, then controls. Increased neointimal hyperplasia correlated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as demonstrated by dihydroethidium staining, and NO inhibited this increase most in metabolic syndrome and DM. In conclusion, NO was surprisingly a more effective inhibitor of neointimal hyperplasia following arterial injury in type II DM and metabolic syndrome vs. control. This heightened efficacy may be secondary to greater inhibition of VSMC proliferation through cell cycle arrest and regulation of ROS expression, in addition to other possible unidentified mechanisms that deserve further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf S Ahanchi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Institute for BioNanotechnology in Medicine, Northwestern University, 201 E. Huron St., Galter 10-105, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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12
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Miller MR, Megson IL. Recent developments in nitric oxide donor drugs. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 151:305-21. [PMID: 17401442 PMCID: PMC2013979 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 1980s, the free radical, nitric oxide (NO), was discovered to be a crucial signalling molecule, with wide-ranging functions in the cardiovascular, nervous and immune systems. Aside from providing a credible explanation for the actions of organic nitrates and sodium nitroprusside that have long been used in the treatment of angina and hypertensive crises respectively, the discovery generated great hopes for new NO-based treatments for a wide variety of ailments. Decades later, however, we are still awaiting novel licensed agents in this arena, despite an enormous research effort to this end. This review explores some of the most promising recent advances in NO donor drug development and addresses the challenges associated with NO as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Miller
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh, UK
| | - I L Megson
- Free Radical Research Facility, Department of Diabetes, UHI Millennium Institute Inverness, UK
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13
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Waterhouse DJ, Saavedra JE, Davies KM, Citro ML, Xu X, Powell DA, Grimes GJ, Potti GK, Keefer LK. Injectable formulation of disodium 1-[2-(carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (PROLI/NO), an ultrafast nitric oxide donor prodrug. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:108-15. [PMID: 16315224 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PROLI/NO is an agent of structure XN(O)==NONa (X = L-prolyl) whose 2-s half-life for nitric oxide (NO) release at physiological pH makes it an excellent prodrug for localizing NO's therapeutic effects at the site of application, but a difficult one to formulate and certify as pure. Despite its extraordinary thermal and hydrolytic instability, however, PROLI/NO could be formulated as an injectable drug by dissolving it in cold 0.1 M sodium hydroxide containing 5% D-mannitol, then quickly ultrafiltering and lyophilizing it in evacuated septum vials. No evidence for decomposition was seen in the contents of these evacuated vials when stored at -20 degrees C over a 140-day observation period, as judged by quantifying NO release in simulated infusate solutions (10 mM carbonate/bicarbonate, pH 10.5). The only hydrolysis products detected were NO, nitrite ion, proline, and N-nitrosoproline, all products of normal human physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Waterhouse
- Chemistry Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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14
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Frost MC, Reynolds MM, Meyerhoff ME. Polymers incorporating nitric oxide releasing/generating substances for improved biocompatibility of blood-contacting medical devices. Biomaterials 2005; 26:1685-93. [PMID: 15576142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art with respect to the preparation, characterization and biomedical applications of novel nitric oxide (NO) releasing or generating polymeric materials is reviewed. Such materials show exceptional promise as coatings to prepare a new generation of medical devices with superior biocompatiblity. Nitric oxide is a well-known inhibitor of platelet adhesion and activation, as well as a potent inhibitor of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Hence, polymers that release or generate NO locally at their surface exhibit greatly enhanced thromboresistivity and have the potential to reduce neointimal hyperplasia caused by device damage to blood vessel walls. In this review, the use of diazeniumdiolates and nitrosothiols as NO donors within a variety polymeric matrixes are summarized. Such species can either be doped as discrete NO donors within polymeric films, or covalently linked to polymer backbones and/or inorganic polymeric filler particles that are often employed to enhance the strength of biomedical polymers (e.g., fumed silica or titanium dioxide). In addition, very recent efforts to create catalytic polymers possessing immobilized Cu(II) sites capable of generating NO from endogenous oxidized forms of NO already present in blood and other physiological fluids (nitrite and nitrosothiols) are discussed. Preliminary literature data illustrating the efficacy of the various NO release/generating polymers as coatings for intravascular sensors, extracorporeal blood loop circuits, and arteriovenous grafts/shunts are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Frost
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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15
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Weyerbrock A, Walbridge S, Pluta RM, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Oldfield EH. Selective opening of the blood-tumor barrier by a nitric oxide donor and long-term survival in rats with C6 gliomas. J Neurosurg 2003; 99:728-37. [PMID: 14567609 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2003.99.4.0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT The response of brain tumors to systemic chemotherapy is limited by the blood-tumor barrier (BTB). Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the regulation of vascular permeability and blood flow. The authors evaluated the effects of exogenous NO, which was released from a short-acting NO donor (Proli/NO), and those of NO metabolites on the capillary permeability of tumors and normal brain tissue by using quantitative autoradiography in a C6 glioma model in rats. METHODS The Proli/NO was infused at a wide dose range (10(-2) to 10(-12) M) either intravenously or into the internal carotid artery (ICA) and demonstrated substantial tumor-selective increases in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in response to various-sized tracers ([14C]aminoisobutyric acid, [14C]sucrose, [14C]dextran). Internal carotid artery or intravenous administration of sodium nitrite had a comparable effect on BTB permeability. The NO effect on microvascular permeability could be obtained without causing hemodynamic side effects. The effect of NO on the efficacy of carboplatin chemotherapy was investigated in intracerebral C6 gliomas. Simultaneous intravenous infusions of Proli/NO (10(-6) M) and carboplatin (20 mg/kg) led to long-term survival in 40% of rats harboring intracerebral C6 gliomas compared with control animals receiving ICA or intravenous infusions of carboplatin, Proli/NO, or vehicle alone. No residual tumor was demonstrated on histological or magnetic resonance imaging studies performed in rats treated with Proli/NO and carboplatin, and no toxicity was observed. CONCLUSIONS This new approach demonstrated the in vivo efficacy and safety of NO and nitrite in enhancing the delivery of systemically delivered radiolabeled tracers and carboplatin into rat gliomas. The NO-induced tumor-selective BBB disruption and intravenous carboplatin chemotherapy may be more efficacious than current chemotherapy strategies against brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weyerbrock
- Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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16
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Martin S, Andriantsitohaina R. [Cellular mechanism of vasculo-protection induced by polyphenols on the endothelium]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2002; 51:304-15. [PMID: 12608121 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3928(02)00138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested that dietary factors, including moderate red wine consumption, might reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effect of fruits, vegetables, or red wine may be in part explained by the presence of polyphenols with a multitude of biological activities, including antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties, anti-aggregatory platelet property and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Another therapeutically relevant effect of polyphenols may be their ability to interact with the generation of nitric oxide from vascular endothelium that leads not only to vasodilatation but also to the expression of genes protective of the cardiovascular system. Finally, polyphenols contribute to the preservation of endothelial integrity by acting on the processes implicated in endothelial proliferation, migration and apoptosis. All these effects of polyphenols might interfere with atherosclerotic plaque development and stability, vascular thrombosis and occlusion and therefore might explain their cardio- and vascular protective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martin
- UMR CNRS 7034, faculté de pharmacie, université Louis-Pasteur, 74, route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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17
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Stinson SF, House T, Bramhall C, Saavedra JE, Keefer LK, Nims RW. Plasma pharmacokinetics of a liver-selective nitric oxide-donating diazeniumdiolate in the male C57BL/6 mouse. Xenobiotica 2002; 32:339-47. [PMID: 12028666 DOI: 10.1080/00498250110102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
1. The single-dose plasma pharmacokinetics of O(2)-vinyl 1-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (V-PYRRO/NO) following intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) bolus administration to the male C57BL/6 mouse was studied in an effort to characterize the disposition of the agent and to serve as a basis for the design of in vivo efficacy studies. 2. Plasma V-PYRRO/NO concentrations declined rapidly in a bi-exponential manner after i.v. administration of 5 mg kg(-1) body weight to mouse. The terminal half-life was 9.4 min and the mean residence time was 3.4 min. 3. V-PYRRO/NO was absorbed rapidly following i.p. administration, with peak plasma concentrations being observed 3 min after injection. Levels then declined with a terminal half-life of 11.7 min. The bioavailable fraction from the i.p. compartment was 19%, indicating a high first-pass effect. 4. The results provide additional evidence for a liver-selective metabolism of this nitric oxide-donating prodrug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Stinson
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 20702-1201, USA.
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18
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Conklin BS, Zhong DS, Zhao W, Lin PH, Chen C. Shear stress regulates occludin and VEGF expression in porcine arterial endothelial cells. J Surg Res 2002; 102:13-21. [PMID: 11792146 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the initiating factors of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of low-density lipoprotein in the intima. Despite the correlation between low shear stress and vascular lesion formation, there is little research on the effects of shear stress on the molecular regulators of endothelial cell permeability. In this study, the effects of shear stress on the expression of occludin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), two important regulators of endothelial permeability, were investigated. METHODS Porcine carotid arteries were cultured in perfusion culture systems for 24 h with 100 mm Hg pressure and low or physiologic shear stress. Subsequently, vessel sections were taken for histology and endothelial cells were isolated for RNA and protein extraction. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine occludin and VEGF mRNA levels. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine occludin and VEGF protein levels. RESULTS RT-PCR showed that endothelial cells from vessels cultured with low shear stress had an 11% decrease in occludin/GAPDH band density ratio (P < 0.05) and a 16% increase in VEGF/beta-actin band density ratio (P < 0.05) relative to the physiologic shear stress group. Western blot showed a 50% decrease in occludin protein expression (P < 0.01) and a 95% increase in VEGF protein expression in endothelial cells from vessels cultured with low shear stress relative to the physiologic shear stress group. Immunoreactivity of occludin and VEGF in vessels also reflected these changes. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that low shear stress both decreases endothelial cell occludin mRNA and protein expression and increases endothelial cell VEGF mRNA and protein expression. These changes may suggest a possible molecular mechanism for increased endothelial permeability due to low shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Conklin
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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19
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Vural KM, Bayazit M. Nitric oxide: implications for vascular and endovascular surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2001; 22:285-93. [PMID: 11563885 DOI: 10.1053/ejvs.2001.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide has a key role in vascular homeostasis. It plays a protective role by suppressing abnormal proliferation of vascular smooth muscle following various pathological situations including atherosclerosis and restenosis after vascular interventions such as balloon angioplasty, stent deployment and bypass grafting. It also has strong antiplatelet and anti-thrombogenic properties. In this review, possible applications to daily vascular and endovascular surgery practice, including systemic use of NO donors, enhancing endogenous production of NO by L-arginine and gene therapy, local delivery strategies and coating stents and grafts with NO-delivering/enhancing chemicals are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Vural
- Department of Surgery, Yüksek Ihtisas Hospital of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC, De Witt BJ, Saavedra JE, Hrabie JA, Keefer LK, Kadowitz PJ. Analysis of vasodilator responses to novel nitric oxide donors in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001; 38:120-9. [PMID: 11444495 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200107000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Controlled release of nitric oxide (NO*) may be useful in the treatment of a variety of vascular disorders. NO* donors of the diazeniumdiolate family with different rates of spontaneous NO* release have been synthesized. In the current study responses to seven diazeniumdiolate NO* donors (DEA/NO*, DETA/NO*, OXI/NO*, PIPERAZI/NO*, PROLI/NO*, SPER/NO*, and SULFI/NO*) were investigated in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat. Intravenous injections of all NO* donors caused dose-dependent decreases in systemic arterial pressure and the rank order of potency was SNP > DEA/NO* > PIPERAZI/NO* > SPER/NO* > PROLI/NO* > OXI/NO*. Injections of all NO* donors into the hindlimb perfusion circuit caused dose-related decreases in hindquarters perfusion pressure that were similar to the order of potency in decreasing systemic arterial pressure. The rank order of the time required for the response to return to 50% of the maximal decrease in pressure (T(1/2)) and total duration of action of the NO* donors was SPER/NO* > PIPERAZI/NO* > DEA/NO* > OXI/NO* > DETA/NO* > PROLI/NO* > SULFI/NO*. After treatment with the NO* synthase inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 mg/kg, i.v.), hindlimb vasodilator responses to the NO* donors were not significantly different, but vasodilator responses to acetylcholine were significantly reduced. After treatment with zaprinast (2 mg/kg, i.v.), a type V cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor, the duration of vasodilator responses to the NO* donors, as measured by T(1/2), was increased significantly, whereas the duration of the response to the beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist albuterol was unchanged. These data suggest that diazeniumdiolate NO* donors are endothelium-independent, directly stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase, and decrease vascular resistance by increasing cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate levels in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Bivalacqua
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Chronic pulmonary hypertension is a serious complication of a number of chronic lung and heart diseases. In addition to vasoconstriction, its pathogenesis includes injury to the peripheral pulmonary arteries leading to their structural remodeling. Increased pulmonary vascular synthesis of an endogenous vasodilator, nitric oxide (NO), opposes excessive increases of intravascular pressure during acute pulmonary vasoconstriction and chronic pulmonary hypertension, although evidence for reduced NO activity in pulmonary hypertension has also been presented. NO can modulate the degree of vascular injury and subsequent fibroproduction, which both underlie the development of chronic pulmonary hypertension. On one hand, NO can interrupt vascular wall injury by oxygen radicals produced in increased amounts in pulmonary hypertension. NO can also inhibit pulmonary vascular smooth muscle and fibroblast proliferative response to the injury. On the other hand, NO may combine with oxygen radicals to yield peroxynitrite and other related, highly reactive compounds. The oxidants formed in this manner may exert cytotoxic and collagenolytic effects and, therefore, promote the process of reparative vascular remodeling. The balance between the protective and adverse effects of NO is determined by the relative amounts of NO and reactive oxygen species. We speculate that this balance may be shifted toward more severe injury especially during exacerbations of chronic diseases associated with pulmonary hypertension. Targeting these adverse effects of NO-derived radicals on vascular structure represents a potential novel therapeutic approach to pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hampl
- Department of Physiology, Charles University Second Medical School, Prague, Czech Republic
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Conklin BS, Surowiec SM, Lin PH, Chen C. A simple physiologic pulsatile perfusion system for the study of intact vascular tissue. Med Eng Phys 2000; 22:441-9. [PMID: 11086256 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-4533(00)00052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Perfusion vascular culture models may provide a useful link between cell culture models and animal culture models by allowing a high level of control over important parameters while maintaining physiologic structure. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new vascular culture system for pulsatile perfusion culture of intact vascular tissue. The system generates a pulsatile component of flow by means of a cam-driven syringe and a peristaltic pump and compliance chamber. Cams were designed, constructed and tested to simulate canine femoral and common carotid artery flows. The mean pressure was adjusted between 60 and 200 mmHg without significantly affecting flow rate, flow waveform, or the pressure waveform. Porcine common carotid artery segments were cultured in this pulsatile perfusion system. The viability of vascular segments was tested after various culture times with a functional assay that demonstrated both smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell response to vasomotor challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Conklin
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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23
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Chen C, Lumsden AB, Hanson SR. Local infusion of heparin reduces anastomotic neointimal hyperplasia in aortoiliac expanded polytetrafluoroethylene bypass grafts in baboons. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31:354-63. [PMID: 10664503 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(00)90165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, we designed and characterized a novel expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)-based local drug delivery approach that selectively concentrates infused pharmacologic agents specifically within those blood layers adjacent to the graft wall and at downstream anastomotic sites. In this study, we locally administrated standard heparin therapy and evaluated its effects on neointimal hyperplasia formation in a baboon model of aortoiliac bypass graft placement. METHODS Six adult male baboons underwent bilateral aortoiliac bypass grafting with ringed ePTFE (4 mm internal diameter x 5 cm length). In each animal, the distal anastomosis of one graft was continuously infused with heparin (50 U/h) and the distal anastomosis of the contralateral graft was infused with saline solution at the same rate (2.5 microL/h), with osmotic pumps implanted for 4 weeks. Platelet counts and activated partial thromboplastin time measurements were performed weekly. The specimens were harvested at 4 weeks and were subjected to morphometric analysis. Cell proliferation was assessed with bromodeoxyuridine immunostaining. RESULTS All the harvested grafts were patent except for one control graft. There were no significant differences in platelet counts or activated partial thromboplastin time measurements taken before and during heparin infusion. As expected, there were no significant differences in graft neointimal hyperplasia and cell proliferation at the proximal anastomoses between the heparin-infused and control grafts. In contrast, at the treated distal anastomoses, heparin infusion significantly reduced the graft neointimal area by 65% and the cell proliferation index by 47% as compared with the untreated control distal anastomoses. CONCLUSION These results show that local infusion of heparin significantly reduces distal anastomotic neointimal hyperplasia and cell proliferation without measurable systemic anticoagulation or other side effects. Thus, this approach may represent an attractive strategy for prolonging ePTFE bypass graft patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Department of Surgery, Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Chen C, Halkos ME, Surowiec SM, Conklin BS, Lin PH, Lumsden AB. Effects of homocysteine on smooth muscle cell proliferation in both cell culture and artery perfusion culture models. J Surg Res 2000; 88:26-33. [PMID: 10644463 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased risk for vascular disease. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of homocysteine are largely unknown. We evaluated the effects of homocysteine on smooth muscle cell (SMC) and endothelial cell proliferation in cell culture and on SMC proliferation of balloon angioplasty-injured arteries in a perfusion culture model. METHODS Human and pig SMCs and endothelial cells were cultured with variable amounts of homocysteine for 72 h and the total cells were counted using a hemocytometer. Fresh pig carotid arteries were harvested from a local slaughterhouse and cultured in a newly designed artery perfusion culture system. Five groups of arteries (six per group) were cultured for 48 h under different conditions: normal control, balloon angioplasty injury alone, and injury with three different doses of homocysteine. Vessel viability was evaluated. SMC proliferation was assayed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) DNA labeling. RESULTS At concentrations equivalent to those in human hyperhomocysteinemia, homocysteine significantly stimulated both cultured human and pig SMC proliferation with a dose-dependent effect, while it inhibited cultured endothelial cell growth. Perfusion-cultured pig carotid arteries remained contractile in response to norepinephrine and relaxant to nitroglycerine, and viable cells were also isolated from the cultured arteries. SMC proliferation (BrdU index) showed significant differences among the groups. SMC proliferation was stimulated by vascular injury and further enhanced by homocysteine in a dose-dependent manner. The proliferative response occurred strongly on the luminal side of the vessel wall, with the effects tapering toward the adventitia. CONCLUSIONS Homocysteine had a mitogenic effect on vascular SMCs and a cytotoxic effect on endothelial cells. This differential effect of homocysteine on vascular cells may represent a pathogenic mechanism of vascular lesion formation in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
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Chen C, Mattar SG, Lumsden AB. Oral administration of L-arginine reduces intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. J Surg Res 1999; 82:17-23. [PMID: 10068520 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1998.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous nitric oxide (NO) is produced from L-arginine by NO synthase. We evaluated the effect of oral administration of L-arginine on intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats underwent balloon denudation on the left common carotid artery. Fifteen rats were treated with L-arginine in drinking water (2.5 mg/mL) two days before injury and were continued for 2 weeks. Another 15 rats served as controls. All animals survived without complications or body weight loss. In the treated group, daily intake of L-arginine was 170 +/- 43 mg/day. Plasma arginine levels were 130 +/- 32 micromol/L prior to L-arginine intake, 165 +/- 42 micromol/L at the day of injury, and 162 +/- 26 micromol/L at sacrifice. Intimal hyperplasia developed in all balloon-injured arteries in both control and L-arginine-treated animals. However, L-arginine-treated animals showed a 65% reduction of the intima/media area ratio and a 26% reduction of the intimal cell proliferation compared with control animals. These data indicate that adequate amounts of L-arginine were ingested by the rats and that oral administration of L-arginine significantly reduced intimal hyperplasia of balloon-injured arteries without any detectable toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, 30033, USA
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Mattsson EJ, Geary RL, Kraiss LW, Vergel S, Liao JK, Corson MA, Au YP, Hanson SR, Clowes AW. Is smooth muscle growth in primate arteries regulated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase? J Vasc Surg 1998; 28:514-21. [PMID: 9737462 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-5214(98)70138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated whether control of constitutive endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) by changes in shear stress might be important for the regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth and vascular diameter. METHODS Bilateral femoral arteriovenous fistulas were placed in baboons to increase the blood flow in the external iliac arteries. At 2 months, the fistula was ligated on one side to restore normal flow (flow switch). RESULTS In response to flow switch and a decrease in shear stress, iliac artery lumenal area decreased and SMC proliferation was induced. A decline in NO production, cNOS messenger RNA (mRNA), and protein were associated with these biological effects. In a subset of animals with iliac arteries under high flow, infusion of N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of cNOS, did not induce proliferation. CONCLUSION Shear stress can regulate cNOS, vasoconstriction, and SMC proliferation. A decrease in nitric oxide may be necessary, but is not sufficient to induce SMC proliferation in response to a decrease in blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mattsson
- Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset, Goteborg, Sweden
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