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Adenosine Receptor Signaling in Diseases with Focus on Cancer. JORJANI BIOMEDICINE JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jorjanibiomedj.10.1.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
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Abstract
Purinergic signaling involves extracellular purines and pyrimidines acting upon specific cell surface purinoceptors classified into the P1, P2X, and P2Y families for nucleosides and nucleotides. This widespread signaling mechanism is active in all major tissues and influences a range of functions in health and disease. Orthologs to all but one of the human purinoceptors have been found in mouse, making this laboratory animal a useful model to study their function. Indeed, analyses of purinoceptors via knock-in or knockout approaches to produce gain or loss of function phenotypes have revealed several important therapeutic targets. None of the homozygous purinoceptor knockouts proved to be developmentally lethal, which suggest that either these receptors are not involved in key developmental processes or that the large number of receptors in each family allowed for functional compensation. Different models for the same purinoceptor often show compatible phenotypes but there have been examples of significant discrepancies. These revealed unexpected differences in the structure of human and mouse genes and emphasized the importance of the genetic background of different mouse strains. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and new trends in the modifications of purinoceptor genes in vivo. We discuss the resulting phenotypes, their applications and relative merits and limitations of mouse models available to study purinoceptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin M H Rumney
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Dariusz C Górecki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland.
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Gorain B, Choudhury H, Yee GS, Bhattamisra SK. Adenosine Receptors as Novel Targets for the Treatment of Various Cancers. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2828-2841. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous signaling nucleoside molecule, released from different cells within the body
to act on vasculature and immunoescape. The physiological action on the proliferation of tumour cell has been
reported by the presence of high concentration of adenosine within the tumour microenvironment, which results
in the progression of the tumour, even leading to metastases. The activity of adenosine exclusively depends upon
the interaction with four subtypes of heterodimeric G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors (AR), A1, A2A, A2B,
and A3-ARs on the cell surface. Research evidence supports that the activation of those receptors via specific
agonist or antagonist can modulate the proliferation of tumour cells. The first category of AR, A1 is known to play
an antitumour activity via tumour-associated microglial cells to prevent the development of glioblastomas.
A2AAR are found in melanoma, lung, and breast cancer cells, where tumour proliferation is stimulated due to
inhibition of the immune response via inhibition of natural killer cells cytotoxicity, T cell activity, and tumourspecific
CD4+/CD8+ activity. Alternatively, A2BAR helps in the development of tumour upon activation via
upregulation of angiogenin factor in the microvascular endothelial cells, inhibition of MAPK and ERK 1/2 phosphorylation
activity. Lastly, A3AR is expressed in low levels in normal cells whereas the expression is upregulated
in tumour cells, however, agonists to this receptor inhibit tumour proliferation through modulation of Wnt
and NF-κB signaling pathways. Several researchers are in search for potential agents to modulate the overexpressed
ARs to control cancer. Active components of A2AAR antagonists and A3AR agonists have already entered
in Phase-I clinical research to prove their safety in human. This review focused on novel research targets towards
the prevention of cancer progression through stimulation of the overexpressed ARs with the hope to protect lives
and advance human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gan Sook Yee
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
Most early studies of the role of nucleotides in development have evidenced their crucial importance as carriers of energy in all organisms. However, an increasing number of studies are now available to suggest that purines and pyrimidines, acting as extracellular ligands specifically on receptors of the plasma membrane, may play a pivotal role throughout pre- and postnatal development in a wide variety of organisms including amphibians, birds, and mammals. Purinergic receptor expression and functions have been studied in the development of many organs, including the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Nucleotide receptors can induce a multiplicity of cellular signalling pathways via crosstalk with bioactive molecules acting on growth factors and neurotransmitter receptors which are fundamental for the development of a mature and functional ANS. Purines and pyrimidines may influence all the stages of neuronal development, including neural cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and phenotype determination of differentiated cells. Indeed, the normal development of the ANS is disturbed by dysfunction of purinergic signalling in animal models. To establish the primitive and fundamental nature of purinergic neurotransmission in the ontogeny of the ANS, in this review the roles of purines and pyrimidines as signalling molecules during embryological and postnatal development are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giaroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, via H. Dunant 5, I-21100 Varese, Italy.
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Rabadi MM, Lee HT. Adenosine receptors and renal ischaemia reperfusion injury. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:222-31. [PMID: 25287331 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the frequent clinical complications that results in billions of dollars in healthcare costs annually in the United States is acute kidney injury (AKI). Ischaemia reperfusion (IR) injury is a major cause AKI. Unfortunately, no effective treatment or preventive measure for AKI exists. With increased surgical complexity coupled with increasing number of elderly, the incidence of AKI is becoming more frequent. Adenosine is a metabolic breakdown product of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and contributes to the regulation of multiple physiological events. Extracellular adenosine activates four subtypes of adenosine receptors (AR) including A1 AR, A2 A AR, A2 B AR and A3 AR. In the kidney, adenosine regulates glomerular filtration rate, vascular tone, renin release and is an integrative part of tubular glomerular feedback signal to the afferent arterioles. In addition, each AR subtype powerfully modulates renal IR injury. The A1 AR activation protects against ischaemic insult by reducing apoptosis, necrosis and inflammation. Activation of A2 A AR protects against renal injury by modulating leucocyte-mediated inflammation as well as directly reducing renal tubular inflammation. Activation of A2 B AR acts via direct activation of renal parenchymal as well as renovascular receptors and is important in kidney preconditioning. Finally, activation of A3 AR exacerbates renal damage following renal IR injury while A3 AR antagonism attenuates renal damage following ischaemic insult. Latest body of research suggests that kidney AR modulation may be a promising approach to treat ischaemic AKI. This brief review focuses on the signalling pathways of adenosine in the kidney followed by the role for various AR modulations in protecting against ischaemic AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Rabadi
- Department of Anesthesiology; College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - H. T. Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology; College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University; New York NY USA
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Cheung KK, Marques-da-Silva C, Vairo L, dos Santos DS, Goldenberg R, Coutinho-Silva R, Burnstock G. Pharmacological and molecular characterization of functional P2 receptors in rat embryonic cardiomyocytes. Purinergic Signal 2014; 11:127-38. [PMID: 25510459 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9441-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides (adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP)) are well known to exert physiological effects on the cardiovascular system, whether nucleotides participate functionally in embryonic heart development is not clear. The responsiveness of embryonic cardiomyocytes (E) 12 to P2 receptor agonists by measuring Ca(2+) influx did not present response to ATP, but responses to P2 agonists were detected in cardiomyocytes taken from E14 and E18 rats. Photometry revealed that the responses to ATP were concentration-dependent with an EC50 of 1.32 μM and 0.18 μM for E14 and E18 cardiomyocytes, respectively. In addition, other P2 agonists were also able to induce Ca(2+) mobilization. RT-PCR showed the presence of P2X2 and P2X4 receptor transcripts on E14 cardiomyocytes with a lower expression of P2X3 and P2X7 receptors. P2X1 and a low level of P2X5 receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) were also expressed at E18. Immunofluorescence data indicated that only P2X2 and P2X4 receptor proteins were expressed in E14 cardiomyocytes while protein for all the P2X receptor subtypes was expressed in E18, except for P2X3 and P2X6. Responses mediated by agonists specific for P2Y receptors subtypes showed that P2Y receptors (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4 and P2Y6) were also present in both E14 and E18 cardiomyocytes. Dye transfer experiments showed that ATP induces coupling of cells at E12, but this response is decreased at E14 and lost at E18. Conversely, UTP induced coupling with five or more cells in most cells from E12 to E18. Our results show that specific P2 receptor subtypes are present in embryonic rat cardiomyocytes, including P2X7 and P2Y4 receptors that have not been identified in adult rat cardiomyocytes. The responsiveness to ATP stimulation even before birth, suggests that ATP may be an important messenger in embryonic as well as in adult hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Kuen Cheung
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
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Tocco A, Pinson B, Thiébaud P, Thézé N, Massé K. Comparative genomic and expression analysis of the adenosine signaling pathway members in Xenopus. Purinergic Signal 2014; 11:59-77. [PMID: 25319637 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous molecule that regulates many physiological processes via the activation of four specific G-protein-coupled ADORA receptors. Extracellular adenosine may originate either from the hydrolysis of released ATP by the ectonucleotidases or from cellular exit via the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (SLC29A). Adenosine extracellular concentration is also regulated by its successive hydrolysis into uric acid by membrane-bound enzymes or by cell influx via the concentrative nucleoside transporters (SLC28A). All of these members constitute the adenosine signaling pathway and regulate adenosine functions. Although the roles of this pathway are quite well understood in adults, little is known regarding its functions during vertebrate embryogenesis. We have used Xenopus laevis as a model system to provide a comparative expression map of the different members of this pathway during vertebrate development. We report the characterization of the different enzymes, receptors, and nucleoside transporters in both X. laevis and X. tropicalis, and we demonstrate by phylogenetic analyses the high level of conservation of these members between amphibians and mammals. A thorough expression analysis of these members during development and in the adult frog reveals that each member displays distinct specific expression patterns. These data suggest potentially different developmental roles for these proteins and therefore for extracellular adenosine. In addition, we show that adenosine levels during amphibian embryogenesis are very low, confirming that they must be tightly controlled for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tocco
- Université de Bordeaux, CIRID UMR 5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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Iur'eva KS, Nevskaia KV, Dziuman AN, Ikkert OP, Ivanov VV, Saltykova IV, Sazonov AÉ, Ogorodova LM. [Stimulation of adenosine receptors on myeloid cells enhance leukocyte migration at the site of burn injury]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2014; 60:246-57. [PMID: 24837313 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20146002246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine, endogenous purine nucleoside, is an ATP metabolite that also acts as an extracellular signaling molecule. The concentration of extracellular adenosine rises during hypoxia and cell damage leading to numerous pleiotropic effects. Although a high concentration of adenosine was found at burn injury, the effect has not been well elucidated. We have studied human peripheral blood myeloid cell, due to their expression of specific adenosine receptors and capacity to migrate to the site of burn injury. We have shown that myeloid cells after 72 hours of stimulation of adenosine receptors develop altered expression of surface antigens: preserved monocyte's marker CD14 with already expressed dendritic cell markers (CD209, CD1a). Whereas untreated cells have already lost monocyte marker in 72 hours, and express CD1a more abundantly. Adenosine modified myeloid cells express also higher levels of mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines and chemoattractants (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 b). Using mouse model of the burn injury we have shown, that adenosine modified bone marrow derived myeloid cells injected in the site of the injury promote migration of granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts on the 7th day after burn. Thus, stimulation of adenosine receptors alters differentiation and function of myeloid cells. In the site of burn injury adenosine modified myeloid cells augment cell migration due to paracrine factors.
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Paoletta S, Tosh DK, Finley A, Gizewski ET, Moss SM, Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Salvemini D, Jacobson KA. Rational design of sulfonated A3 adenosine receptor-selective nucleosides as pharmacological tools to study chronic neuropathic pain. J Med Chem 2013; 56:5949-63. [PMID: 23789857 DOI: 10.1021/jm4007966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
(N)-Methanocarba(bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane)adenosine derivatives were probed for sites of charged sulfonate substitution, which precludes diffusion across biological membranes, e.g., blood-brain barrier. Molecular modeling predicted that sulfonate groups on C2-phenylethynyl substituents would provide high affinity at both mouse (m) and human (h) A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), while a N(6)-p-sulfophenylethyl substituent would determine higher hA3AR vs mA3AR affinity. These modeling predictions, based on steric fitting of the binding cavity and crucial interactions with key residues, were confirmed by binding/efficacy studies of synthesized sulfonates. N(6)-3-Chlorobenzyl-2-(3-sulfophenylethynyl) derivative 7 (MRS5841) bound selectively to h/m A3ARs (Ki(hA3AR) = 1.9 nM) as agonist, while corresponding p-sulfo isomer 6 (MRS5701) displayed mixed A1/A3AR agonism. Both nucleosides administered ip reduced mouse chronic neuropathic pain that was ascribed to either A3AR or A1/A3AR using A3AR genetic deletion. Thus, rational design methods based on A3AR homology models successfully predicted sites for sulfonate incorporation, for delineating adenosine's CNS vs peripheral actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Paoletta
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, United States
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Rivkees SA, Wendler CC. Regulation of cardiovascular development by adenosine and adenosine-mediated embryo protection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:851-5. [PMID: 22423036 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few signaling molecules have as much potential to influence the developing mammal as the nucleoside adenosine. Adenosine levels increase rapidly with tissue hypoxia and inflammation. Adenosine antagonists include the methylxanthines caffeine and theophylline. The receptors that transduce adenosine action are the A1, A2a, A2b, and A3 adenosine receptors (A1AR, A2aAR, A2bAR, and A3AR). We examined how adenosine acts via A1ARs to influence embryo development. Transgenic mice were studied along with embryo cultures. Embryos lacking A1ARs were markedly growth retarded following intrauterine hypoxia exposure. Studies of mice selectively lacking A1AR in the heart identify the heart as a key site of adenosine's embryo-protective effects. Studies of isolated embryos showed that adenosine plays a key role in modulating embryo cardiac function, especially in the setting of hypoxia. When pregnant mice were treated during embryogenesis with the adenosine antagonist caffeine, adult mice had abnormal heart function. Adenosine acts via A1ARs to play an essential role in protecting the embryo against intrauterine stress, and adenosine antagonists, including caffeine, may be an unwelcome exposure for the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Rivkees
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale Child Health Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major clinical problem without effective therapy. Development of AKI among hospitalized patients drastically increases mortality and morbidity. With increases in complex surgical procedures together with a growing elderly population, the incidence of AKI is rising. Renal adenosine receptor manipulation may have great therapeutic potential in mitigating AKI. In this review, we discuss renal adenosine receptor biology and potential clinical therapies for AKI. RECENT FINDINGS The four adenosine receptor subtypes (A(1)AR, A(2A)AR, A(2B)AR, and A(3)AR) have diverse effects on the kidney. The pathophysiology of AKI may dictate the specific adenosine receptor subtype activation needed to produce renal protection. The A(1)AR activation in renal tubules and endothelial cells produces beneficial effects against ischemia and reperfusion injury by modulating metabolic demand, decreasing necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. The A(2A)AR protects against AKI by modulating leukocyte-mediated renal and systemic inflammation, whereas the A(2B)AR activation protects by direct activation of renal parenchymal adenosine receptors. In contrast, the A(1)AR antagonism may play a protective role in nephrotoxic AKI and radiocontrast induced nephropathy by reversing vascular constriction and inducing naturesis and diuresis. Furthermore, as the A(3)AR activation exacerbates apoptosis and tissue damage due to renal ischemia and reperfusion, selective A(3)AR antagonism may hold promise to attenuate renal ischemia and reperfusion injury. Finally, renal A(1)AR activation also protects against renal endothelial dysfunction caused by hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury. SUMMARY Despite the current lack of therapies for the treatment and prevention of AKI, recent research suggests that modulation of renal adenosine receptors holds promise in treating AKI and extrarenal injury.
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Massé K, Dale N. Purines as potential morphogens during embryonic development. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:503-21. [PMID: 22270538 PMCID: PMC3360092 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-012-9290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of purinergic signalling are expressed in the early embryo raising the possibility that ATP, ADP and adenosine may contribute to the mechanisms of embryonic development. We summarize the available data from four developmental models—mouse, chick, Xenopus and zebrafish. While there are some notable examples where purinergic signalling is indeed important during development, e.g. development of the eye in the frog, it is puzzling that deletion of single components of purinergic signalling often results in rather minor developmental phenotypes. We suggest that a key step in further analysis is to perform combinatorial alterations of expression of purinergic signalling components to uncover their roles in development. We introduce the concept that purinergic signalling could create novel morphogenetic fields to encode spatial location via the concentration of ATP, ADP and adenosine. We show that using minimal assumptions and the known properties of the ectonucleotidases, complex spatial patterns of ATP and adenosine can be set up. These patterns may provide a new way to assess the potential of purinergic signalling in developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Massé
- Univ. Bordeaux, CIRID, UMR 5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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Gessi S, Merighi S, Sacchetto V, Simioni C, Borea PA. Adenosine receptors and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1400-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Yang JN, Wang Y, Garcia-Roves PM, Björnholm M, Fredholm BB. Adenosine A(3) receptors regulate heart rate, motor activity and body temperature. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 199:221-30. [PMID: 20121716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the phenotype of mice that lack the adenosine A(3) receptor (A(3)R). METHODS We examined the heart rate, body temperature and locomotion continuously by telemetry over several days. In addition, the effect of the adenosine analogue R-N(6)-phenylisopropyl-adenosine (R-PIA) was examined. We also examined heat production and food intake. RESULTS We found that the marked diurnal variation in activity, heart rate and body temperature, with markedly higher values at night than during day time, was reduced in the A(3)R knock-out mice. Surprisingly, the reduction in heart rate, activity and body temperature seen after injection of R-PIA in wild type mice was virtually eliminated in the A(3)R knock-out mice. The marked reduction in activity was associated with a decreased heat production, as expected. However, the A(3)R knock-out mice, surprisingly, had a higher food intake but no difference in body weight compared to wild type mice. CONCLUSIONS The mice lacking adenosine A(3) receptors exhibit a surprisingly clear phenotype with changes in diurnal rhythm and temperature regulation. Whether these effects are due to a physiological role of A(3) receptors in these processes or whether they represent a role in development remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Yang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kim MO, Kim MH, Lee SH, Suh HN, Lee YJ, Lee MY, Han HJ. 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide induces IL-6 expression via MAPKs and NF-kappaB activation through Akt, Ca(2+)/PKC, cAMP signaling pathways in mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219:752-9. [PMID: 19194991 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many studies suggest that adenosine modulates cell responses in a wide array of tissues through potent and selective regulation of cytokine production. This study examined the effects of adenosine on interleukin (IL)-6 expression and its related signal pathways in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. In this study, the adenosine analogue 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide (NECA) increased IL-6 protein expression level. Mouse ES cells expressed the A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) adenosine receptors (ARs), whose expression levels were increased by NECA and NECA-induced increase of IL-6 mRNA expression or secretion level was inhibited by the non-specific AR inhibitor, caffeine. NECA increased Akt and protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation, intracellular Ca(2+) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which were blocked by caffeine. On the other hand, NECA-induced IL-6 secretion was partially inhibited by Akt inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I (PKC inhibitor), SQ 22536 (adenylate cyclate inhibitor) and completely blocked by the 3 inhibitor combination treatment. In addition, NECA increased mitogen activated protein kinase' (MAPK) phosphorylation, which were partially inhibited by the Akt inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I, and SQ 22536 and completely blocked by the 3 inhibitor combination treatment. NECA-induced increases of IL-6 protein expression and secretion levels were inhibited by MAPK inhibition. NECA-induced increase of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB phosphorylation was inhibited by MAPK inhibitors. NECA also increased cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, which was blocked by MAPK or NF-kappaB inhibitors. Indeed, NECA-induced increase of IL-6 protein expression and secretion was blocked by NF-kappaB inhibitors. In conclusion, NECA stimulated IL-6 expression via MAPK and NF-kappaB activation through Akt, Ca(2+)/PKC, and cAMP signaling pathways in mouse ES cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 752-759, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ok Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK 21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Internalization and desensitization of adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2007; 4:21-37. [PMID: 18368531 PMCID: PMC2245999 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-007-9086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Until now, more than 800 distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified in the human genome. The four subtypes of the adenosine receptor (A1, A2A, A2B and A3 receptor) belong to this large family of GPCRs that represent the most widely targeted pharmacological protein class. Since adenosine receptors are widespread throughout the body and involved in a variety of physiological processes and diseases, there is great interest in understanding how the different subtypes are regulated, as a basis for designing therapeutic drugs that either avoid or make use of this regulation. The major GPCR regulatory pathway involves phosphorylation of activated receptors by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), a process that is followed by binding of arrestin proteins. This prevents receptors from activating downstream heterotrimeric G protein pathways, but at the same time allows activation of arrestin-dependent signalling pathways. Upon agonist treatment, adenosine receptor subtypes are differently regulated. For instance, the A1Rs are not (readily) phosphorylated and internalize slowly, showing a typical half-life of several hours, whereas the A2AR and A2BR undergo much faster downregulation, usually shorter than 1 h. The A3R is subject to even faster downregulation, often a matter of minutes. The fast desensitization of the A3R after agonist exposure may be therapeutically equivalent to antagonist occupancy of the receptor. This review describes the process of desensitization and internalization of the different adenosine subtypes in cell systems, tissues and in vivo studies. In addition, molecular mechanisms involved in adenosine receptor desensitization are discussed.
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Dolezelova E, Nothacker HP, Civelli O, Bryant PJ, Zurovec M. A Drosophila adenosine receptor activates cAMP and calcium signaling. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 37:318-29. [PMID: 17368195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/14/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (AdoR) are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily and mediate extracellular adenosine signaling, but the mechanism of adenosine signaling is still unclear. Here we report the first characterization of an insect AdoR, encoded by the Drosophila gene CG9753. Adenosine stimulation of Chinese hamster ovary cells carrying transiently expressed CG9753 led to a dose-dependent increase of intracellular cAMP and calcium, but untransfected controls showed no such response, showing that CG9753 encodes a functional AdoR. Endogenous CG9753 transcripts were detected in the brain, imaginal discs, ring gland and salivary glands of third-instar Drosophila larvae, and CG9753 overexpression in vivo caused lethality or severe developmental anomalies. These developmental defects were reduced by adenosine depletion, consistent with the proposed function of the CG9753 product as an AdoR. Overexpression of the G protein subunit Galpha(s) or of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) partially mimicked and enhanced the defects caused by ectopic expression of AdoR. Our results suggest that AdoR is an essential part of the adenosine signaling pathway and Drosophila offers a unique opportunity to use genetic analysis to study conserved aspects of the adenosine signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Dolezelova
- Institute of Entomology and University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Ashton KJ, Peart JN, Morrison RR, Matherne GP, Blackburn MR, Headrick JP. Genetic modulation of adenosine receptor function and adenosine handling in murine hearts: insights and issues. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 42:693-705. [PMID: 17258765 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine receptor system has been attributed with a broad range of both physiological and so-called 'retaliatory' functions in the heart and vessels. Despite many years of research, the precise roles of adenosine within the cardiovascular system continue to be debated, and new functions are continually emerging. Adenosine acts via 4 known G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) sub-types: A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) adenosine receptors (ARs). In addition to roles in cardiovascular control, these receptors may represent therapeutic targets, having been attributed with roles in modifying cell death and injury, inflammatory processes, and cardiac and vascular remodeling during/after ischemic or hypoxic insult. A number of models have been developed in which AR sub-types and adenosine handling enzymes have been genetically deleted or transgenically overexpressed in an attempt to more equivocally identify the regulatory functions of these proteins, to identify their potential value as therapeutic targets, and to uncover new regulatory functions of this receptor family. Findings generally support current dogma regarding cardioprotection via A(1) and A(3)ARs, and coronary vasoregulation via A(2)AR sub-types. However, some outcomes are both novel and controversial. This review outlines AR-modified murine models currently under study from the perspective of cardiovascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Ashton
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University Southport, QLD 4217, Australia
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Abstract
Adenosine receptors are major targets of caffeine, the most commonly consumed drug in the world. There is growing evidence that they could also be promising therapeutic targets in a wide range of conditions, including cerebral and cardiac ischaemic diseases, sleep disorders, immune and inflammatory disorders and cancer. After more than three decades of medicinal chemistry research, a considerable number of selective agonists and antagonists of adenosine receptors have been discovered, and some have been clinically evaluated, although none has yet received regulatory approval. However, recent advances in the understanding of the roles of the various adenosine receptor subtypes, and in the development of selective and potent ligands, as discussed in this review, have brought the goal of therapeutic application of adenosine receptor modulators considerably closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA.
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Yaar R, Jones MR, Chen JF, Ravid K. Animal models for the study of adenosine receptor function. J Cell Physiol 2004; 202:9-20. [PMID: 15389588 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors represent a family of G-protein coupled receptors that are ubiquitously expressed in a wide variety of tissues. This family contains four receptor subtypes: A1 and A3, which mediate inhibition of adenylyl cyclase; and A2a and A2b, which mediate stimulation of this enzyme. Currently, all receptor subtypes have been genetically deleted in mouse models except for the A2b adenosine receptor, and some have been overexpressed in selective tissues of transgenic mice. Studies involving these transgenic mice indicated that receptor levels are rate limiting, as effects were amplified upon increases in receptor level. The knockout models pointed to clusters of activities related to the physiologies of the cardiovascular and the nervous systems, which are either reduced or enhanced upon specific receptor deletion. Interestingly, the trend of effects on these systems is similar in the A1 and A3 adenosine receptor knockout mice and opposite to the effects observed in the A2a adenosine receptor knockout model. This review summarizes in vitro studies on pathways affected by each adenosine receptor, and primarily focuses on the above in vivo models generated to investigate the physiologic role of adenosine receptors. Furthermore, it illustrates the need for multiple adenosine receptor subtype deficiency studies in mice and the deletion of the A2b subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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21
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Merighi S, Mirandola P, Varani K, Gessi S, Leung E, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Borea PA. A glance at adenosine receptors: novel target for antitumor therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2003; 100:31-48. [PMID: 14550503 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine can be released from a variety of cells throughout the body, as the result of increased metabolic rates, in concentrations that can have a profound impact on the vasculature, immunoescaping, and growth of tumor masses. It is recognized that the concentrations of this nucleoside are increased in cancer tissues. Therefore, it is not surprising that adenosine has been shown to be a crucial factor in determining the cell progression pathway, either during apoptosis or during cytostatic state. From the perspective of cancer, the most important question then may be "Can activation and/or blockade of the pathways downstream of the adenosine receptor contribute to tumor development?" Rigorous examinations of the role of adenosine in in vivo and in vitro systems need to be investigated. The present review therefore proposes multiple adenosine-sustained ways that could prime tumor development together with the critical combinatorial role played by adenosine receptors in taking a choice between proliferation and death. This review proposes that adenosine acts as a potent regulator of normal and tumor cell growth. It is hypothesized that this effect is dependent on extracellular adenosine concentrations, cell surface expression of different adenosine receptor subtypes, and signal transduction mechanisms activated following the binding of specific agonists. We venture to suggest that the clarification of the role of adenosine and its receptors in cancer development may hold great promise for the treatment of chemotherapy in patients affected by malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Merighi
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
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Lee HT, Ota-Setlik A, Xu H, D'Agati VD, Jacobson MA, Emala CW. A3 adenosine receptor knockout mice are protected against ischemia- and myoglobinuria-induced renal failure. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003; 284:F267-73. [PMID: 12388399 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00271.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) activation and inhibition worsen and improve, respectively, renal function after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. We sought to further characterize the role of A(3) ARs in modulating renal function after either I/R or myoglobinuric renal injury. A(3) knockout mice had significantly lower plasma creatinines compared with C57 controls 24 h after I/R or myoglobinuric renal injury. C57 control mice pretreated with the A(3) AR antagonist [3-ethyl-5-benzyl-2-methyl-4-phenylethynyl-6-phenyl-1,4-(+/-)-dihydropyridine-3,5 dicarboxylate] or agonist [0.125 mg/kg N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-N-methyl-5'-carbamoyladenosine (IB-MECA)] demonstrated improved or worsened renal function, respectively, after I/R or myoglobinuric renal injury. Higher doses of IB-MECA were lethal in C57 mice subjected to renal ischemia. H(1) but not H(2) histamine receptor antagonist prevented death in mice pretreated with IB-MECA before renal ischemia. Improvement in renal function was associated with significantly improved renal histology. In conclusion, preischemic A(3) AR activation (0.125 mg/kg IB-MECA) exacerbated renal I/R injury in mice. Mice lacking A(3) ARs or blocking A(3) ARs in wild-type mice resulted in significant renal protection from ischemic or myoglobinuric renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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Yaar R, Lamperti ED, Toselli PA, Ravid K. Activity of the A3 adenosine receptor gene promoter in transgenic mice: characterization of previously unidentified sites of expression. FEBS Lett 2002; 532:267-72. [PMID: 12482577 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sites of A3 adenosine receptor gene expression have not been fully explored nor has this gene's promoter activity been confirmed in vivo. Transgenic mice were generated in which 2.3 kb upstream of the transcriptional start site of the mouse A3 adenosine receptor was coupled to a beta-galactosidase reporter gene. Selective transgene expression was detected in testis and brain as well as at other sites in which A3 adenosine receptor message has not been previously reported, including retinal ganglion cells and smooth muscle cells of the cerebrospinal vasculature. Our study suggests that this promoter may be useful in the selective targeting of gene expression to specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Yaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, K225, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Abstract
Targeting the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) by adenosine or a synthetic agonist to this receptor (IB-MECA and Cl-IB-MECA) results in a differential effect on tumor and on normal cells. Both the adenosine and the agonists inhibit the growth of various tumor cell types such as melanoma, colon or prostate carcinoma and lymphoma. This effect is specific and is exerted on tumor cells only. Moreover, exposure of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to adenosine or the agonists leads to the induction of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) production. When given orally to mice, the agonists suppress the growth of melanoma, colon and prostate carcinoma in these animals, while inducing a myeloprotective effect via the induction of G-CSF production. The de-regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway was found to be involved in the anticancer effect. Receptor activation induces inhibition of adenylyl cyclase with a subsequent decrease in the level of protein kinase A and protein kinase B/Akt leading to activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, a key element in the Wnt pathway. The oral bioavailability of the synthetic A3AR agonists, and their induced systemic anticancer and myeloprotective effect, renders them potentially useful in three different modes of treatment: as a stand-alone anticancer treatment, in combination with chemotherapy to enhance its therapeutic index and myelprotection. It is evident that use of the A3AR agonist for increasing the therapeutic index of chemotherapy may also invariably give rise to myeloprotection and vice versa. The A3AR agonists are thus a promising new class of agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pnina Fishman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Tumor Immunology, The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Tel-Aviv University, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel.
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