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Lloyd SB, Lichtfuss M, Amarasena TH, Alcantara S, De Rose R, Tachedjian G, Alinejad-Rokny H, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Winnall WR, Kent SJ. High fidelity simian immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase mutants have impaired replication in vitro and in vivo. Virology 2016; 492:1-10. [PMID: 26896929 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The low fidelity of HIV replication facilitates immune and drug escape. Some reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor drug-resistance mutations increase RT fidelity in biochemical assays but their effect during viral replication is unclear. We investigated the effect of RT mutations K65R, Q151N and V148I on SIV replication and fidelity in vitro, along with SIV replication in pigtailed macaques. SIVmac239-K65R and SIVmac239-V148I viruses had reduced replication capacity compared to wild-type SIVmac239. Direct virus competition assays demonstrated a rank order of wild-type>K65R>V148I mutants in terms of viral fitness. In single round in vitro-replication assays, SIVmac239-K65R demonstrated significantly higher fidelity than wild-type, and rapidly reverted to wild-type following infection of macaques. In contrast, SIVmac239-Q151N was replication incompetent in vitro and in pigtailed macaques. Thus, we showed that RT mutants, and specifically the common K65R drug-resistance mutation, had impaired replication capacity and higher fidelity. These results have implications for the pathogenesis of drug-resistant HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Lloyd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marit Lichtfuss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thakshila H Amarasena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gilda Tachedjian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia; Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Venturi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Miles P Davenport
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wendy R Winnall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria 3010, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
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Liu Y, Li F, Qi Z, Hao Y, Hong K, Liu Y, Cong Y, Shao Y. The effects of HIV Tat DNA on regulating the immune response of HIV DNA vaccine in mice. Virol J 2013; 10:297. [PMID: 24073803 PMCID: PMC3851266 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV trans-activator protein (Tat) is the crucial factor to control HIV transcription, and is usually considered as an important immunogen for the design of HIV vaccine. Recent studies reported some special bio-activities of Tat protein on immunoregulation. However, to date, few studies have focused on exploring the effects of Tat expression plasmid (pTat) on regulating the immune responses induced by HIV DNA vaccines. In this study, our main objective is to investigate the immunoregulation mediated by pTat in mice. METHODS Four gene-coding plasmids (pTat, pGag, pEnv and pPol) were constructed, and the gene expression was detected by western blot method. The effects of pTat on regulating the immune responses to antigens Gag, Env, Pol were assessed by enzyme-linked immunospot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data was analysed by one-way analysis of variance. RESULTS After two immunizations, mice vaccinated with antigen expressing plasmid (pGag, pEnv or pPol) plus pTat exhibited significantly stronger IFN-gamma response than that vaccinated with the corresponding antigen alone. Moreover, mice receiving two injections of antigen plus pTat exhibited the same strong IFN-gamma response as those receiving three injections of antigen alone did. Furthermore, addition of pTat not only induced a more balanced Th1 and Th2 response, but also broadened IgG subclass responses to antigens Gag and Pol. CONCLUSION pTat exhibited the appreciable effects on modulating immune responses to HIV antigens Gag, Env and Pol, providing us interesting clues on how to optimize HIV DNA vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Female
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chinese P. L. A. General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Fusheng Li
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhi Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 155 Changbai Road Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 155 Changbai Road Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Kunxue Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 155 Changbai Road Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 155 Changbai Road Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yulong Cong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chinese P. L. A. General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 155 Changbai Road Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
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Loh L, Reece JC, Fernandez CS, Alcantara S, Center R, Howard J, Purcell DFJ, Balamurali M, Petravic J, Davenport MP, Kent SJ. Complexity of the inoculum determines the rate of reversion of SIV Gag CD8 T cell mutant virus and outcome of infection. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000378. [PMID: 19360124 PMCID: PMC2660429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escape mutant (EM) virus that evades CD8+ T cell recognition is frequently observed following infection with HIV-1 or SIV. This EM virus is often less replicatively “fit” compared to wild-type (WT) virus, as demonstrated by reversion to WT upon transmission of HIV to a naïve host and the association of EM virus with lower viral load in vivo in HIV-1 infection. The rate and timing of reversion is, however, highly variable. We quantified reversion to WT of a series of SIV and SHIV viruses containing minor amounts of WT virus in pigtail macaques using a sensitive PCR assay. Infection with mixes of EM and WT virus containing ≥10% WT virus results in immediate and rapid outgrowth of WT virus at SIV Gag CD8 T cell epitopes within 7 days of infection of pigtail macaques with SHIV or SIV. In contrast, infection with biologically passaged SHIVmn229 viruses with much smaller proportions of WT sequence, or a molecular clone of pure EM SIVmac239, demonstrated a delayed or slow pattern of reversion. WT virus was not detectable until ≥8 days after inoculation and took ≥8 weeks to become the dominant quasispecies. A delayed pattern of reversion was associated with significantly lower viral loads. The diversity of the infecting inoculum determines the timing of reversion to WT virus, which in turn predicts the outcome of infection. The delay in reversion of fitness-reducing CD8 T cell escape mutations in some scenarios suggests opportunities to reduce the pathogenicity of HIV during very early infection. Understanding how to contain HIV replication by the immune system is a key goal of vaccine strategies. HIV frequently mutates to avoid immune recognition, but this may come at a “fitness cost”, weakening the virus. When HIV is transmitted to a new host, the mutations often revert back to wild-type, allowing the virus to regain a fitter state. We found that when multiple HIV-like viruses are transmitted to monkeys, containing both mutant and wild-type, reversion to wild-type is very rapid and the fitter virus results in higher viral levels. In contrast, when only escape mutant virus initiates the infection, reversion to wild-type is delayed to later during early infection, and lower levels of virus result. Our results suggest that the composition of the infecting virus plays a role in determining the outcome of HIV infections. Strategies to maintain weakened virus strains during the early HIV infection may help the host control virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeanette C. Reece
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline S. Fernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert Center
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Howard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damian F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mehala Balamurali
- Center for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janka Petravic
- Center for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Center for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Menon GK, Brandsma JL, Schwartz PM. Particle-Mediated Gene Delivery and Human Skin: Ultrastructural Observations on Stratum Corneum Barrier Structures. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2006; 20:141-7. [PMID: 17525512 DOI: 10.1159/000098165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The particle-mediated delivery systems are becoming a clinically relevant tool in dermatology and immunology. We investigated the qualitative ultrastructural morphology of skin following pressure-driven delivery of gold particles to ex vivo human breast skin, at different pressures ranging from 350 to 1,000 psi. Pressures of 800 and 1,000 psi appear to be more effective, as indicated by distribution of particles in the viable epidermis and dermis. Particle bombardment of the skin with gold beads caused microwounds that spanned the stratum corneum (SC). The SC lipids did not reseal these wounds in the SC after 24 h in organ culture. The implications of particle-mediated delivery to permeability barrier functions of the SC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Menon
- Global Research and Development, Avon Products Inc., Suffern, NY 10901, USA.
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De Rose R, Chea S, Dale CJ, Reece J, Fernandez CS, Wilson KM, Thomson S, Ramshaw IA, Coupar BEH, Boyle DB, Sullivan MT, Kent SJ. Subtype AE HIV-1 DNA and recombinant Fowlpoxvirus vaccines encoding five shared HIV-1 genes: safety and T cell immunogenicity in macaques. Vaccine 2005; 23:1949-56. [PMID: 15734067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2004] [Revised: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To induce broad T cell immunity to HIV-1, we evaluated the safety, immunogenicity and dose-response relationship of DNA and recombinant Fowlpoxvirus (rFPV) vaccines encoding five shared HIV subtype AE genes (Gag, Pol, Env, Tat, Rev) in pigtail macaques. The DNA (three doses of either 1 mg or 4.5 mg) and rFPV (a single boost of either 5 x 10(7) or 2 x 10(8) plaque forming units) vaccines were administered intramuscularly without adjuvants. Broadly reactive HIV-specific T cell immunity was stimulated by all doses of the vaccines administered, without significant differences between the high and low doses studied. The vaccines induced both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to Gag, Pol, Env and Tat/Rev proteins, with CD4 T cell responses being greater in magnitude than CD8 T cell responses. The vaccine-induced T cell responses had significant cross-recognition of heterologous HIV-1 proteins from non-AE HIV-1 subtypes. In conclusion, these subtype AE HIV-1 DNA and rFPV vaccines were safe, induced broad T-cell immunity in macaques, and are suitable for progression into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert De Rose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Vic. 3010, Australia
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Bright RA, Ross TM, Subbarao K, Robinson HL, Katz JM. Impact of glycosylation on the immunogenicity of a DNA-based influenza H5 HA vaccine. Virology 2003; 308:270-8. [PMID: 12706077 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Avian H5N1 influenza viruses isolated from humans in Hong Kong in 1997 were divided into two antigenic groups based on the presence or absence of a potential glycosylation site at amino acid residues 154-156 in the HA1 region of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. To assess the impact of glycosylation on the immunogenicity of an HA-expressing DNA vaccine, a series of plasmid vaccine constructs that differed in the presence of potential glycosylation sites at amino acid residues 154-156, 165-167, and 286-288 were used to immunize BALB/c mice. Postvaccination serum IgG, hemagglutination inhibition, and neutralizing antibody titers as well as the morbidity and mortality following a lethal H5N1 viral challenge did not vary significantly among any of the experimental groups. We conclude that the glycosylation pattern of the influenza virus HA1 domain has little impact on the murine antibody response raised to a DNA vaccine encoding the H5 HA, thereby minimizing the concern that the pattern of glycosylation sites encoded by the vaccine match those of closely related H5 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Bright
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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7
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Dale CJ, Liu XS, De Rose R, Purcell DFJ, Anderson J, Xu Y, Leggatt GR, Frazer IH, Kent SJ. Chimeric human papilloma virus-simian/human immunodeficiency virus virus-like-particle vaccines: immunogenicity and protective efficacy in macaques. Virology 2002; 301:176-87. [PMID: 12359458 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines to efficiently block or limit sexual transmission of both HIV and human papilloma virus (HPV) are urgently needed. Chimeric virus-like-particle (VLP) vaccines consisting of both multimerized HPV L1 proteins and fragments of SIV gag p27, HIV-1 tat, and HIV-1 rev proteins (HPV-SHIV VLPs) were constructed and administered to macaques both systemically and mucosally. An additional group of macaques first received a priming vaccination with DNA vaccines expressing the same SIV and HIV-1 antigens prior to chimeric HPV-SHIV VLP boosting vaccinations. Although HPV L1 antibodies were induced in all immunized macaques, weak antibody or T cell responses to the chimeric SHIV antigens were detected only in animals receiving the DNA prime/HPV-SHIV VLP boost vaccine regimen. Significant but partial protection from a virulent mucosal SHIV challenge was also detected only in the prime/boosted macaques and not in animals receiving the HPV-SHIV VLP vaccines alone, with three of five prime/boosted animals retaining some CD4+ T cells following challenge. Thus, although some immunogenicity and partial protection was observed in non-human primates receiving both DNA and chimeric HPV-SHIV VLP vaccines, significant improvements in vaccine design are required before we can confidently proceed with this approach to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jane Dale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Kent SJ, Dale CJ, Preiss S, Purcell DFJ. Evidence of recombination between 3' and 5' LTRs in macaques inoculated with SIV DNA. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:227-30. [PMID: 11839158 DOI: 10.1089/08892220252781293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proviral SIV DNA inoculation of macaques is an efficient method to initiate wild-type and attenuated SIV infections. However, we found that macaques inoculated with SIV DNA engineered to contain a single 105-bp deletion in the 3' nef/LTR overlap region had SIV sequences subsequently isolated that had partially or fully repaired the deletion with wild-type sequence. Animals inoculated with SIV DNA containing identical deletions in both the 5' and 3' LTRs did not repair the deletion. Recombination events occurred early, most likely by homologous recombination with sequences from the wild-type 5' LTR. This sequence analysis is the first demonstration of homologous recombination in vivo following administration of a single SIV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3010, Australia.
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Kent SJ, Dale CJ, Preiss S, Mills J, Campagna D, Purcell DF. Vaccination with attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus by DNA inoculation. J Virol 2001; 75:11930-4. [PMID: 11689679 PMCID: PMC114784 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.23.11930-11934.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivering attenuated lentivirus vaccines as proviral DNA would be simple and inexpensive. Inoculation of macaques with wild-type simian immunodeficiency virus strain mac239 (SIV(mac239)) DNA or SIV(mac239) DNA containing a single deletion in the 3' nef-long terminal repeat overlap region (nef/LTR) led to sustained SIV infections and AIDS. Injection of SIV(mac239) DNA containing identical deletions in both the 5' LTR and 3' nef/LTR resulted in attenuated SIV infections and substantial protection against subsequent mucosal SIV(mac251) challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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