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Koirala B, Concas A, Sun Y, Gladden LB, Lai N. Relationship between muscle venous blood oxygenation and near-infrared spectroscopy: quantitative analysis of the Hb and Mb contributions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:1063-1074. [PMID: 36927143 PMCID: PMC10125031 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00406.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A linear relationship between skeletal muscle venous ([Formula: see text]) and oxygenated (ΔHbMbO2,N) or deoxygenated (ΔHHbMbN) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signals suggest a main hemoglobin (Hb) contribution to the NIRS signal. However, experimental, and computational evidence supports a significant contribution of myoglobin (Mb) to the NIRS. Venous and NIRS measurements from a canine model of muscle oxidative metabolism (Sun Y, Ferguson BS, Rogatzki MJ, McDonald JR, Gladden LB. Med Sci Sports Exerc 48(10):2013-2020, 2016) were integrated into a computational model of muscle O2 transport and utilization to evaluate whether the relationship between venous and NIRS oxygenation can be affected by a significant Mb contribution to the NIRS signals. The mathematical model predicted well the measure of the changes of [Formula: see text] and NIRS signals for different O2 delivery conditions (blood flow, arterial O2 content) in muscle at rest (T1, T2) and during contraction (T3). Furthermore, computational analysis indicates that for adequate O2 delivery, Mb contribution to NIRS signals was significant (20%-30%) even in the presence of a linear [Formula: see text]-NIRS relationship; for a reduced O2 delivery the nonlinearity of the [Formula: see text]-NIRS relationship was related to the Mb contribution (50%). In this case (T3), the deviation from linearity is observed when O2 delivery is reduced from 1.3 to 0.7 L kg-1·min-1 ([Formula: see text] < 10 mLO2 100 mL-1) and Mb saturation decreased from 85% to 40% corresponding to an increase of the Mb contribution to ΔHHbMbN from 15% to 50% and the contribution to ΔHbMbO2,N from 0% to 30%. In contrast to a common assumption, our model indicates that both NIRS signals (ΔHHbMbN and ΔHbMbO2,N are significantly affected by Hb and Mb oxygenation changes.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Within the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) signal, the contribution from hemoglobin is indistinguishable from that of myoglobin. A computation analysis indicates that a linear relationship between muscle venous oxygen content and NIRS signals does not necessarily indicate a negligible myoglobin contribution to the NIRS signal. A reduced oxygen delivery increases the myoglobin contribution to the NIRS signal. The integrative approach proposed is a powerful way to assist in interpreting the elements from which the NIRS signals are derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhabuk Koirala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia United States
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States
| | - Alessandro Concas
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Yi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - L Bruce Gladden
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama United States
| | - Nicola Lai
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia United States
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, United States
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Bendahan D, Chatel B, Jue T. Comparative NMR and NIRS analysis of oxygen-dependent metabolism in exercising finger flexor muscles. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R740-R753. [PMID: 28877871 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00203.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Muscle contraction requires the physiology to adapt rapidly to meet the surge in energy demand. To investigate the shift in metabolic control, especially between oxygen and metabolism, researchers often depend on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to measure noninvasively the tissue O2 Because NIRS detects the overlapping myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin (Hb) signals in muscle, interpreting the data as an index of cellular or vascular O2 requires deconvoluting the relative contribution. Currently, many in the NIRS field ascribe the signal to Hb. In contrast, 1H NMR has only detected the Mb signal in contracting muscle, and comparative NIRS and NMR experiments indicate a predominant Mb contribution. The present study has examined the question of the NIRS signal origin by measuring simultaneously the 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and NIRS signals in finger flexor muscles during the transition from rest to contraction, recovery, ischemia, and reperfusion. The experiment results confirm a predominant Mb contribution to the NIRS signal from muscle. Given the NMR and NIRS corroborated changes in the intracellular O2, the analysis shows that at the onset of muscle contraction, O2 declines immediately and reaches new steady states as contraction intensity rises. Moreover, lactate formation increases even under quite aerobic condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bendahan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Benjamin Chatel
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Jue
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California; and
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De Blasi RA, Arcioni R. Assessing skeletal muscle variations in microvascular pressure and unstressed blood volume at the bedside. Microcirculation 2015; 21:606-14. [PMID: 24702908 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative NIRS measurements for MBV partitioning inside microvessels are of current physiologic and clinical interest. In this study, in healthy subjects, we sought new bedside NIRS variables for noninvasively measuring Vu and Pi changes. METHODS Fifteen healthy subjects underwent graded venous congestion for MBV measurements with NIRS and the reference technique strain-gauge plethysmography. From ΔMBV we calculated vascular compliance, blood flow, and new NIRS variables including V(u) and P(it) and P(crit). RESULTS Extrapolating MBV changes to 0 yielded Pit 4.19 ± 0.5 mmHg corresponding to a Vu of 2.53 ± 0.43 mL/100 mL T. The slope for MBV began steeper at values below 18 mmHg (P(crit)). Microvascular compliance measured with NIRS or with strain gauge gave matching results. The change in MBV depended on the oxyhemoglobin increase. No correlation was found between Vu and microvascular compliance or the overall ΔMBV. Cumulative pressure steps showed higher linearity in ΔMBV than that induced by discontinuous steps. CONCLUSIONS The new NIRS variables we report could be a practical bench-to-bedside tool to assess venous driving pressure for systemic perfusion and measure changes in Vu within the microvascular bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Alberto De Blasi
- Department of Medical & Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Ghanian Z, Maleki S, Park S, Sorenson CM, Sheibani N, Ranji M. Organ specific optical imaging of mitochondrial redox state in a rodent model of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-1. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:799-809. [PMID: 23740865 PMCID: PMC4324470 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia-1 (HHT-1) is a vascular disease caused by mutations in the endoglin (Eng)/CD105 gene. The objective of this study was to quantify the oxidative state of a rodent model of HHT-1 using an optical imaging technique. We used a cryofluorescence imaging instrument to quantitatively assess tissue metabolism in this model. Mitochondrial redox ratio (FAD/NADH), FAD RR, was used as a quantitative marker of the metabolic status and was examined in the kidneys, and eyes of wild-type and Eng +/- mice. Kidneys and eyes from wild-type P21, 6W, and 10M old mice showed, respectively, a 9% (±2), 24% (±0.4), 15% (±1), and 23% (±4), 33% (±0.6), and 30% (±2) change in the mean FAD RR compared to Eng +/- mice at the same age. Thus, endoglin haploinsufficiency is associated with less oxidative stress in various organs and mitigation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ghanian
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sepideh Maleki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - SunYoung Park
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christine M. Sorenson
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nader Sheibani
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Staniszewski K, Audi SH, Sepehr R, Jacobs ER, Ranji M. Surface fluorescence studies of tissue mitochondrial redox state in isolated perfused rat lungs. Ann Biomed Eng 2013; 41:827-36. [PMID: 23238793 PMCID: PMC3606690 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We designed a fiber-optic-based optoelectronic fluorometer to measure emitted fluorescence from the auto-fluorescent electron carriers NADH and FAD of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). The ratio of NADH to FAD is called the redox ratio (RR = NADH/FAD) and is an indicator of the oxidoreductive state of tissue. We evaluated the fluorometer by measuring the fluorescence intensities of NADH and FAD at the surface of isolated, perfused rat lungs. Alterations of lung mitochondrial metabolic state were achieved by the addition of rotenone (complex I inhibitor), potassium cyanide (KCN, complex IV inhibitor) and/or pentachlorophenol (PCP, uncoupler) into the perfusate recirculating through the lung. Rotenone- or KCN-containing perfusate increased RR by 21 and 30%, respectively. In contrast, PCP-containing perfusate decreased RR by 27%. These changes are consistent with the established effects of rotenone, KCN, and PCP on the redox status of the ETC. Addition of blood to perfusate quenched NADH and FAD signal, but had no effect on RR. This study demonstrates the capacity of fluorometry to detect a change in mitochondrial redox state in isolated perfused lungs, and suggests the potential of fluorometry for use in in vivo experiments to extract a sensitive measure of lung tissue health in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Staniszewski
- Biophotonics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Said H. Audi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, 1515 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI, 53233
| | - Reyhaneh Sepehr
- Biophotonics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211
| | - Elizabeth R. Jacobs
- Associate Chief of Staff, Research and Development, Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, 5000 W. National Avenue Milwaukee, WI 5329 and Associate Dean Research, Medical College of Wisconsin
| | - Mahsa Ranji
- Biophotonics Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, 3200 N Cramer St., Milwaukee, WI 53211
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Xie H, Kreutzer U, Jue T. Oximetry with the NMR signals of hemoglobin Val E11 and Tyr C7. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:325-33. [PMID: 19621237 PMCID: PMC2753772 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1125-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The NMR visibility of the signals from erythrocyte hemoglobin (Hb) presents an opportunity to assess the vascular PO2 (partial pressure of oxygen) in vivo to gather insight into the regulation of O2 transport, especially in contracting muscle tissue. Some concerns, however, have arisen about the validity of using the Val E11 signal as an indicator of PO2, since its intensity depends on tertiary structural changes, in contrast to the quaternary structure changes associated with relaxed (R) and tense (T) transition during O2 binding. We have examined the Val E11 and Tyr C7 signal intensity as a function of Hb saturation by developing an oximetry system, which permits the comparative analysis of the NMR and spectrophotometric measurements. The spectrophotometric assay defines the Hb saturation level at a given PO2 and yields standard oxygen-binding curves. Under defined PO2 and Hb saturation values, the NMR measurements have determined that the Val E11 signal, as well as the Tyr C7 signal, tracks closely Hb saturation and can therefore serve as a vascular oxygen biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8635 USA
| | - Ulrike Kreutzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8635 USA
| | - Thomas Jue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8635 USA
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Lai N, Zhou H, Saidel GM, Wolf M, McCully K, Gladden LB, Cabrera ME. Modeling oxygenation in venous blood and skeletal muscle in response to exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 106:1858-74. [PMID: 19342438 PMCID: PMC2692777 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91102.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive, continuous measurements in vivo are commonly used to make inferences about mechanisms controlling internal and external respiration during exercise. In particular, the dynamic response of muscle oxygenation (Sm(O(2))) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is assumed to be correlated to that of venous oxygen saturation (Sv(O(2))) measured invasively. However, there are situations where the dynamics of Sm(O(2)) and Sv(O(2)) do not follow the same pattern. A quantitative analysis of venous and muscle oxygenation dynamics during exercise is necessary to explain the links between different patterns observed experimentally. For this purpose, a mathematical model of oxygen transport and utilization that accounts for the relative contribution of hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) to the NIRS signal was developed. This model includes changes in microvascular composition within skeletal muscle during exercise and integrates experimental data in a consistent and mechanistic manner. Three subjects (age 25.6 +/- 0.6 yr) performed square-wave moderate exercise on a cycle ergometer under normoxic and hypoxic conditions while muscle oxygenation (C(oxy)) and deoxygenation (C(deoxy)) were measured by NIRS. Under normoxia, the oxygenated Hb/Mb concentration (C(oxy)) drops rapidly at the onset of exercise and then increases monotonically. Under hypoxia, C(oxy) decreases exponentially to a steady state within approximately 2 min. In contrast, model simulations of venous oxygen concentration show an exponential decrease under both conditions due to the imbalance between oxygen delivery and consumption at the onset of exercise. Also, model simulations that distinguish the dynamic responses of oxy-and deoxygenated Hb (HbO(2), HHb) and Mb (MbO(2), HMb) concentrations (C(oxy) = HbO(2) + MbO(2); C(deoxy) = HHb + HMb) show that Hb and Mb contributions to the NIRS signal are comparable. Analysis of NIRS signal components during exercise with a mechanistic model of oxygen transport and metabolism indicates that changes in oxygenated Hb and Mb are responsible for different patterns of Sm(O(2)) and Sv(O(2)) dynamics observed under normoxia and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Lai
- Depatment of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7207, USA.
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Hamaoka T, McCully KK, Quaresima V, Yamamoto K, Chance B. Near-infrared spectroscopy/imaging for monitoring muscle oxygenation and oxidative metabolism in healthy and diseased humans. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2007; 12:062105. [PMID: 18163808 DOI: 10.1117/1.2805437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was initiated in 1977 by Jobsis as a simple, noninvasive method for measuring the presence of oxygen in muscle and other tissues in vivo. This review honoring Jobsis highlights the progress that has been made in developing and adapting NIRS and NIR imaging (NIRI) technologies for evaluating skeletal muscle O(2) dynamics and oxidative energy metabolism. Development of NIRS/NIRI technologies has included novel approaches to quantification of the signal, as well as the addition of multiple source detector pairs for imaging. Adaptation of NIRS technology has focused on the validity and reliability of NIRS measurements. NIRS measurements have been extended to resting, ischemic, localized exercise, and whole body exercise conditions. In addition, NIRS technology has been applied to the study of a number of chronic health conditions, including patients with chronic heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, varying muscle diseases, spinal cord injury, and renal failure. As NIRS technology continues to evolve, the study of skeletal muscle function with NIRS first illuminated by Jobsis continues to be bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hamaoka
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports, Department of Exercise Science, Shiromizu 1, Kanoya, 891-2393 Japan.
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Nioka S, Kime R, Sunar U, Im J, Izzetoglu M, Zhang J, Alacam B, Chance B. A novel method to measure regional muscle blood flow continuously using NIRS kinetics information. DYNAMIC MEDICINE : DM 2006; 5:5. [PMID: 16704736 PMCID: PMC1540409 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5918-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article introduces a novel method to continuously monitor regional muscle blood flow by using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). We demonstrate the feasibility of the new method in two ways: (1) by applying this new method of determining blood flow to experimental NIRS data during exercise and ischemia; and, (2) by simulating muscle oxygenation and blood flow values using these newly developed equations during recovery from exercise and ischemia. METHODS Deoxy (Hb) and oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), located in the blood of the skeletal muscle, carry two internal relationships between blood flow and oxygen consumption. One is a mass transfer principle and the other describes a relationship between oxygen consumption and Hb kinetics in a two-compartment model. To monitor blood flow continuously, we transfer these two relationships into two equations and calculate the blood flow with the differential information of HbO2 and Hb. In addition, these equations are used to simulate the relationship between blood flow and reoxygenation kinetics after cuff ischemia and a light exercise. Nine healthy subjects volunteered for the cuff ischemia, light arm exercise and arm exercise with cuff ischemia for the experimental study. RESULTS Analysis of experimental data of both cuff ischemia and light exercise using the new equations show greater blood flow (four to six times more than resting values) during recovery, agreeing with previous findings. Further, the simulation and experimental studies of cuff ischemia and light exercise agree with each other. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the accuracy of this new method by showing that the blood flow obtained from the method agrees with previous data as well as with simulated data. We conclude that this novel continuous blood flow monitoring method can provide blood flow information non-invasively with NIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Nioka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ulas Sunar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joohee Im
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Meltem Izzetoglu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Burak Alacam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Britton Chance
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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