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Zhang H, Hanke-Gogokhia C, Jiang L, Li X, Wang P, Gerstner CD, Frederick JM, Yang Z, Baehr W. Mistrafficking of prenylated proteins causes retinitis pigmentosa 2. FASEB J 2014; 29:932-42. [PMID: 25422369 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The retinitis pigmentosa 2 polypeptide (RP2) functions as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for ARL3 (Arf-like protein 3), a small GTPase. ARL3 is an effector of phosphodiesterase 6 Δ (PDE6D), a prenyl-binding protein and chaperone of prenylated protein in photoreceptors. Mutations in the human RP2 gene cause X-linked retinitis pigmentosa (XLRP) and cone-rod dystrophy (XL-CORD). To study mechanisms causing XLRP, we generated an RP2 knockout mouse. The Rp2h(-/-) mice exhibited a slowly progressing rod-cone dystrophy simulating the human disease. Rp2h(-/-) scotopic a-wave and photopic b-wave amplitudes declined at 1 mo of age and continued to decline over the next 6 mo. Prenylated PDE6 subunits and G-protein coupled receptor kinase 1 (GRK1) were unable to traffic effectively to the Rp2h(-/-) outer segments. Mechanistically, absence of RP2 GAP activity increases ARL3-GTP levels, forcing PDE6D to assume a predominantly "closed" conformation that impedes binding of lipids. Lack of interaction disrupts trafficking of PDE6 and GRK1 to their destination, the photoreceptor outer segments. We propose that hyperactivity of ARL3-GTP in RP2 knockout mice and human patients with RP2 null alleles leads to XLRP resembling recessive rod-cone dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houbin Zhang
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Christin Hanke-Gogokhia
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Li Jiang
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Pu Wang
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Cecilia D Gerstner
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Zhenglin Yang
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Wolfgang Baehr
- *The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, and Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany; and Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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