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Sahragard I, Yaghobi R, Mohammadi A, Afshari A, Pakfetrat M, Hossein Karimi M, Reza Pourkarim M. Impact of BK Polyomavirus NCCR variations in post kidney transplant outcomes. Gene 2024; 913:148376. [PMID: 38490510 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The human BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a DNA virus that is prevalent in 80 % of the population. Infection with this virus may begin in childhood, followed by asymptomatic persistence in the urinary tract. However, in immunocompromised individuals, especially kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), heightened replication of BKPyV can lead to severe complications. The genome of this virus is divided into three parts; the early and late region, and the non-coding control region (NCCR). Mutations in the NCCR can change the archetype strain to the rearranged strain, and NCCR rearrangements play a significant in virus pathogenesis. Interestingly, diverse types of NCCR block rearrangement result in significant differences in conversion potential and host cell viability in the infected cells. A correlation has been detected between increased viral replication potential and pathogenesis in BKPyV-infected KTRs with specific NCCR rearrangements. The objective of this review study was to examine the disease-causing and clinical consequences of variations in the NCCR in BKPyV-infected KTRs such as virus-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnaz Sahragard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Pakfetrat
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49 BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Demey B, Aubry A, Descamps V, Morel V, Le MHH, Presne C, Brazier F, Helle F, Brochot E. Molecular epidemiology and risk factors associated with BK and JC polyomavirus urinary shedding after kidney allograft. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29742. [PMID: 38874263 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses BK (BKPyV) and JC (JCPyV), belonging to the Polyomaviridae, are responsible for human pathologies. In kidney transplant recipients, BKPyV replication can lead to irreversible nephron damage whereas JCPyV replication remains asymptomatic. Concomitant replication is rare and potential competition between the infections has been described. The aim of this retrospective case-control study was to describe the molecular epidemiology and risk factors associated with BKPyV and JCPyV replication in a cohort of kidney transplant recipients. In total, 655 urine samples from 460 patients were tested for BKPyV and JCPyV DNA. Positive samples were submitted to strain genotyping. Demographic and clinical characteristics were also compared. Isolated JCPyV and BKPyV was found in 16.5% and 23.3% of patients, respectively; co-replication was rare (3.9%). BKPyV strains Ib-2, Ib-1, and IVc-2 were the most prevalent. JCPyV strains mostly belonged to genotypes 4 and 1B. During follow-up, JCPyV shedding significantly reduced the risk of BKPyV DNAuria, with an odds ratio of 0.57 (95% confidence interval: 0.35-0.99), and was associated with better prognosis than BKPyV replication, based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Molecular epidemiology of BKPyV and JCPyV strains in our region was similar to previous studies. This study suggests that JCPyV is benign and appears to limit damaging BKPyV replication. JCPyV DNAuria screening could thus be a useful strategy to predict BKPyV-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Demey
- Department of Virology, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
- AGIR Laboratory UR4294, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Aurélien Aubry
- Department of Virology, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
- AGIR Laboratory UR4294, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Virginie Morel
- AGIR Laboratory UR4294, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Claire Presne
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - François Brazier
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
- MP3CV Laboratory EA7517, Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - François Helle
- AGIR Laboratory UR4294, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Etienne Brochot
- Department of Virology, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
- AGIR Laboratory UR4294, Université Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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3
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Wang JW, Li YJ, Wu HH, Hsu HH, Chang MY, Wang RY, Tian YC. The essential role of the ERK activation in large T antigen of BK polyomavirus regulated cell migration. Virus Res 2023; 336:199220. [PMID: 37689160 PMCID: PMC10507160 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) may be associated with the development of urothelial carcinoma. In Merkel cell carcinoma, TAg and tAg are the major viral proteins of Merkel cell polyomavirus with oncogenic potential. In this study, we aimed to distinguish the role of TAg and tAg in cell migration. Our result demonstrated that ERK was phosphorylated in human renal tubular cells expressing its TAg and tAg after BKPyV infection. Treatment with the ERK inhibitor U0126 suppressed BKPyV gene expression and reduced BKPyV replication. Both TAg and tAg induced cell migration via ERK-dependent signaling. Furthermore, the expression of TAg and tAg had a significant regulatory effect on focal adhesion molecules in renal proximal tubular cells, which strongly suggests that alterations in the focal adhesion complexes are critically involved in TAg and tAg-induced cell migration. Gelatin zymography profiling revealed that TAg regulates the expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9, but not tAg. Interestingly, TAg regulates the expression and activity of MMP-9 through ERK signaling, whereas MMP-2 is regulated through an ERK-independent pathway. Unbalanced ERK pathway activity is frequently observed in many cancers, while MMP proteins are usually overexpressed in aggressive tumors. These findings support the view that BKPyV is an oncogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Wen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Li
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsu Wu
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Hao Hsu
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yang Chang
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Robert Yl Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Chung Tian
- Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Zhou X, Zhu C, Li H. BK polyomavirus: latency, reactivation, diseases and tumorigenesis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1263983. [PMID: 37771695 PMCID: PMC10525381 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1263983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the first human polyomavirus BK (BKV) has been over half century, The previous epidemiological and phylogenetic studies suggest that BKV prevailed and co-evolved with humans, leading to high seroprevalence all over the world. In general, BKV stays latent and symptomless reactivation in healthy individuals. BKV has been mainly interlinked with BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) in kidney-transplant recipients and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCTRs). However, the mechanisms underlying BKV latency and reactivation are not fully understood and lack of extensive debate. As Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) was identified as a pathogenic agent of malignant cutaneous cancer Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) since 2008, linking BKV to tumorigenesis of urologic tumors raised concerns in the scientific community. In this review, we mainly focus on advances of mechanisms of BKV latency and reactivation, and BKV-associated diseases or tumorigenesis with systematical review of formerly published papers following the PRISMA guidelines. The potential tumorigenesis of BKV in two major types of cancers, head and neck cancer and urologic cancer, was systematically updated and discussed in depth. Besides, BKV may also play an infectious role contributing to HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIVSGD) presentation. As more evidence indicates the key role of BKV in potential tumorigenesis, it is important to pay more attention on its etiology and pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Zhou
- Cancer Research Center, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Engineering Research Center for Translational Cancer Technology, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunlong Zhu
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Diagnosis and Genomics of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, China
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Redondo N, Rodríguez-Goncer I, Parra P, López-Medrano F, González E, Hernández A, Trujillo H, Ruiz-Merlo T, San Juan R, Folgueira MD, Andrés A, Aguado JM, Fernández-Ruiz M. Genetic polymorphisms in TLR3, IL10 and CD209 influence the risk of BK polyomavirus infection after kidney transplantation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11338. [PMID: 35790769 PMCID: PMC9255529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic determinants of BK polyomavirus infection after kidney transplantation remain poorly investigated. We assessed the potential impact of 13 different single nucleotide polymorphisms within genes mainly involved in innate immune responses on the risk of BKPyV viremia in 204 KT recipients. After a median follow-up of 1121.5 days, the cumulative incidence of any-level BKPyV viremia was 24.5% (50/204). There was a significant association between the minor T allele of TLR3 (rs3775291) SNP and the development of BKPyV viremia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–4.30; P value = 0.029), whereas the minor G allele of CD209 (rs4804803) SNP exerted a protective role (aHR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.29–1.00; P value = 0.050). A higher incidence of BKPyV viremia was also observed for the minor G allele of IL10 (rs1800872) SNP, although the absence of BKPyV events among homozygotes for the reference allele prevented multivariable analysis. The BKPyV viremia-free survival rate decreased with the increasing number of unfavorable genotypes (100% [no unfavorable genotypes], 85.4% [1 genotype], 70.9% [2 genotypes], 52.5% [3 genotypes]; P value = 0.008). In conclusion, SNPs in TLR3, CD209 and IL10 genes play a role in modulating the susceptibility to any-level BKPyV viremia among KT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Rodríguez-Goncer
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Parra
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Medrano
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther González
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Hernández
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernando Trujillo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Ruiz-Merlo
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael San Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Folgueira
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amado Andrés
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Fernández-Ruiz
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario "12 de Octubre", Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital "12 de Octubre" (imas12), Centro de Actividades Ambulatorias, 6ª planta, Bloque D. Avda. de Córdoba, s/n, 28041, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Innate Immunity Response to BK Virus Infection in Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients. TRANSPLANTOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/transplantology3010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) mainly causes infection in uroepithelial and renal tubular epithelial cells of either immunocompetent or immunocompromised hosts. Despite asymptomatic or mild clinical features in immunocompetent hosts with BK infection, serious complications are frequently found in immunocompromised patients, especially patients with kidney transplantation. Accordingly, BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVN) demonstrates a wide range of clinical manifestations, including ureteric stenosis and hemorrhagic cystitis. In addition, BKV re-infection in post-kidney transplantation is also a main cause of kidney allograft dysfunction and graft loss. Since the direct anti-BKV is unavailable, immune response against BKV infection is the main mechanism for organism control and might be a novel strategy to treat or suppress BKV. As such, the innate immunity, consisting of immune cells and soluble molecules, does not only suppress BKV but also enhances the subsequent adaptive immunity to eradicate the virus. Furthermore, the re-activation of BKV in BKVN of kidney-transplanted recipients seems to be related to the status of innate immunity. Therefore, this review aims to collate the most recent knowledge of innate immune response against BKV and the association between the innate immunity status of kidney-transplanted recipients and BKV re-activation.
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BK Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation: Balancing Rejection and Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030487. [PMID: 33809472 PMCID: PMC7998398 DOI: 10.3390/v13030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKVN) and allograft rejection are two closely-associated diseases on opposite ends of the immune scale in kidney transplant recipients. The principle of balancing the immune system remains the mainstay of therapeutic strategy. While patient outcomes can be improved through screening, risk factors identification, and rapid reduction of immunosuppressants, a lack of standard curative therapy is the primary concern during clinical practice. Additionally, difficulty in pathological differential diagnosis and clinicopathology’s dissociation pose problems for a definite diagnosis. This article discusses the delicate evaluation needed to optimize immunosuppression and reviews recent advances in molecular diagnosis and immunological therapy for BKVN patients. New biomarkers for BKVN diagnosis are under development. For example, measurement of virus-specific T cell level may play a role in steering immunosuppressants. The development of cellular therapy may provide prevention, even a cure, for BKVN, a complex post-transplant complication.
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Viral Genomic Characterization and Replication Pattern of Human Polyomaviruses in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111280. [PMID: 33182443 PMCID: PMC7696855 DOI: 10.3390/v12111280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Polyomavirus (HPyV) infections are common, ranging from 60% to 100%. In kidney transplant (KTx) recipients, HPyVs have been associated with allograft nephropathy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and skin cancer. Whether such complications are caused by viral reactivation or primary infection transmitted by the donor remains debated. This study aimed to investigate the replication pattern and genomic characterization of BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV), JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV), and Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) infections in KTx. Urine samples from 57 KTx donor/recipient pairs were collected immediately before organ retrieval/transplant and periodically up to post-operative day 540. Specimens were tested for the presence of BKPyV, JCPyV, and MCPyV genome by virus-specific Real-Time PCR and molecularly characterized. HPyVs genome was detected in 49.1% of donors and 77.2% of recipients. Sequences analysis revealed the archetypal strain for JCPyV, TU and Dunlop strains for BKPyV, and IIa-2 strain for MCPyV. VP1 genotyping showed a high frequency for JCPyV genotype 1 and BKPyV genotype I. Our experience demonstrates that after KTx, HPyVs genome remains stable over time with no emergence of quasi-species. HPyVs strains isolated in donor/recipient pairs are mostly identical, suggesting that viruses detected in the recipient may be transmitted by the allograft.
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Cohen-Bucay A, Ramirez-Andrade SE, Gordon CE, Francis JM, Chitalia VC. Advances in BK Virus Complications in Organ Transplantation and Beyond. Kidney Med 2020; 2:771-786. [PMID: 33319201 PMCID: PMC7729234 DOI: 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of BK virus (BKV) remains a dreaded complication in immunosuppressed states. Conventionally, BKV is known as a cause for BKV-associated nephropathy and allograft dysfunction in kidney transplant recipients. However, emerging studies have shown its negative impact on native kidney function and patient survival in other transplants and its potential role in diseases such as cancer. Because BKV-associated nephropathy is driven by immunosuppression, reduction in the latter is a convenient standard of care. However, this strategy is risk prone due to the development of donor-specific antibodies affecting long-term allograft survival. Despite its pathogenic role, there is a distinct lack of effective anti-BKV therapeutics. This limitation combined with increased morbidity and health care cost of BKV-associated diseases add to the complexity of BKV management. While summarizing recent advances in the pathogenesis of BKV-associated nephropathy and its reactivation in other organ transplants, this review illustrates the limitations of current and emerging therapeutic options and provides a compelling argument for an effective targeted anti-BKV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Cohen-Bucay
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
- Nephrology Department, American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Silvia E. Ramirez-Andrade
- Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jean M. Francis
- Section of Nephrology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Renal Section, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Vipul C. Chitalia
- Renal Section, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
- Veteran Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
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10
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Butler-Laporte G, Kreuzer D, Nakanishi T, Harroud A, Forgetta V, Richards JB. Genetic Determinants of Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases Agents: A Genome-Wide and HLA Association Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa450. [PMID: 33204752 PMCID: PMC7641500 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are causally related to a large array of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Identifying genetic determinants of infections and antibody-mediated immune responses may shed light on this relationship and provide therapeutic targets for drug and vaccine development. METHODS We used the UK biobank cohort of up to 10 000 serological measurements of infectious diseases and genome-wide genotyping. We used data on 13 pathogens to define 46 phenotypes: 15 seropositivity case-control phenotypes and 31 quantitative antibody measurement phenotypes. For each of these, we performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using the fastGWA linear mixed model package and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) classical allele and amino acid residue associations analyses using Lasso regression for variable selection. RESULTS We included a total of 8735 individuals for case-control phenotypes, and an average (range) of 4286 (276-8555) samples per quantitative analysis. Fourteen of the GWAS yielded a genome-wide significant (P < 5 ×10-8) locus at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6. Outside the MHC, we found a total of 60 loci, multiple associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related NCDs (eg, RASA3, MED12L, and IRF4). FUT2 was also identified as an important gene for polyomaviridae. HLA analysis highlighted the importance of DRB1*09:01, DQB1*02:01, DQA1*01:02, and DQA1*03:01 in EBV serologies and of DRB1*15:01 in polyomaviridae. CONCLUSIONS We have identified multiple genetic variants associated with antibody immune response to 13 infections, many of which are biologically plausible therapeutic or vaccine targets. This may help prioritize future research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Butler-Laporte
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Devin Kreuzer
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Tomoko Nakanishi
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Kyoto-McGill International Collaborative School in Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adil Harroud
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - J Brent Richards
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Twin Research, King’s College London, London, UK
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Kane JR, Fong S, Shaul J, Frommlet A, Frank AO, Knapp M, Bussiere DE, Kim P, Ornelas E, Cuellar C, Hyrina A, Abend JR, Wartchow CA. A polyomavirus peptide binds to the capsid VP1 pore and has potent antiviral activity against BK and JC polyomaviruses. eLife 2020; 9:50722. [PMID: 31960795 PMCID: PMC6974358 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of therapeutics for human polyomaviruses, we identified a peptide derived from the BK polyomavirus (BKV) minor structural proteins VP2/3 that is a potent inhibitor of BKV infection with no observable cellular toxicity. The thirteen-residue peptide binds to major structural protein VP1 with single-digit nanomolar affinity. Alanine-scanning of the peptide identified three key residues, substitution of each of which results in ~1000 fold loss of binding affinity with a concomitant reduction in antiviral activity. Structural studies demonstrate specific binding of the peptide to the pore of pentameric VP1. Cell-based assays demonstrate nanomolar inhibition (EC50) of BKV infection and suggest that the peptide acts early in the viral entry pathway. Homologous peptide exhibits similar binding to JC polyomavirus VP1 and inhibits infection with similar potency to BKV in a model cell line. Lastly, these studies validate targeting the VP1 pore as a novel strategy for the development of anti-polyomavirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Kane
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States.,Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Susan Fong
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Jacob Shaul
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Alexandra Frommlet
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Andreas O Frank
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Mark Knapp
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Dirksen E Bussiere
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Peter Kim
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Elizabeth Ornelas
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Carlos Cuellar
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Anastasia Hyrina
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Johanna R Abend
- Infectious Diseases, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
| | - Charles A Wartchow
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Emeryville, United States
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12
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Alcendor DJ. BK Polyomavirus Virus Glomerular Tropism: Implications for Virus Reactivation from Latency and Amplification during Immunosuppression. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091477. [PMID: 31533282 PMCID: PMC6780320 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV), or BKV infection, is ubiquitous and usually non-pathogenic, with subclinical infections in 80–90% of adults worldwide. BKV infection is often associated with pathology in immunocompromised individuals. BKV infection often is associated with renal impairment, including ureteral stenosis, hemorrhagic cystitis, and nephropathy. BKV infection is less commonly associated with pneumonitis, retinitis, liver disease, and meningoencephalitis. BKV is known to replicate, establish latency, undergo reactivation, and induce clinical pathology in renal tubular epithelial cells. However, recent in vitro studies support the notion that BKV has expanded tropism-targeting glomerular parenchymal cells of the human kidney, which could impact glomerular function, enhance inflammation, and serve as viral reservoirs for reactivation from latency during immunosuppression. The implications of BKV expanded tropism in the glomerulus, and how specific host and viral factors that would contribute to glomerular inflammation, cytolysis, and renal fibrosis are related to BKV associated nephropathy (BKVAN), have not been explored. The pathogenesis of BKV in human glomerular parenchymal cells is poorly understood. In this review, I examine target cell populations for BKV infectivity in the human glomerulus. Specifically, I explore the implications of BKV expanded tropism in the glomerulus with regard viral entry, replication, and dissemination via cell types exposed to BKV trafficking in glomerulus. I also describe cellular targets shown to be permissive in vitro and in vivo for BKV infection and lytic replication, the potential role that glomerular parenchymal cells play in BKV latency and/or reactivation after immunosuppression, and the rare occurrence of BKV pathology in glomerular parenchymal cells in patients with BKVAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Alcendor
- Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Blvd., Hubbard Hospital, 5th Floor, Rm. 5025, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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DuShane JK, Maginnis MS. Human DNA Virus Exploitation of the MAPK-ERK Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143427. [PMID: 31336840 PMCID: PMC6679023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) comprise a particular branch of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (MAPK) that transmits extracellular signals into the intracellular environment to trigger cellular growth responses. Similar to other MAPK cascades, the MAPK-ERK pathway signals through three core kinases—Raf, MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), and ERK—which drive the signaling mechanisms responsible for the induction of cellular responses from extracellular stimuli including differentiation, proliferation, and cellular survival. However, pathogens like DNA viruses alter MAPK-ERK signaling in order to access DNA replication machineries, induce a proliferative state in the cell, or even prevent cell death mechanisms in response to pathogen recognition. Differential utilization of this pathway by multiple DNA viruses highlights the dynamic nature of the MAPK-ERK pathway within the cell and the importance of its function in regulating a wide variety of cellular fates that ultimately influence viral infection and, in some cases, result in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne K DuShane
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA
| | - Melissa S Maginnis
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA.
- Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, The University of Maine, Orono, ME 04401, USA.
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14
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Korth J, Anastasiou OE, Verheyen J, Dickow J, Sertznig H, Frericks N, Bleekmann B, Kribben A, Brinkhoff A, Wilde B, Sutter K, Dittmer U, Ciesek S, Witzke O, Widera M. Impact of immune suppressive agents on the BK-Polyomavirus non coding control region. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:68-76. [PMID: 30268912 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactivation of the BK-Polyomavirus (BKPyV) can cause a polyomavirus associated nephropathy in approx. 10% of kidney transplant recipients. In these cases, current therapy is based on the reduction of immunosuppression. Since BKPyV-transcription is driven by the Non-Coding-Control-Region (NCCR) we were interested whether NCCR-activity is affected by immunosuppressive agents. METHODS Plasma samples from 45 BKPyV-positive patients after renal transplantation were subjected to PCR-analysis. NCCR-amplicons were cloned into a plasmid that allows the quantification of early and late NCCR-activity by tdTomato and eGFP expression, respectively. HEK293T-cells were transfected with the reporter-plasmids, treated with immunosuppressive agents, and subjected to FACS-analysis. In addition, H727-cells were infected with patient derived BKPyV, treated with mTOR-inhibitors, and NCCR activity was analysed using qRT-PCR. RESULTS While tacrolimus and cyclosporine-A did not affect NCCR-promoter-activity, treatment with mTOR1-inhibitor rapamycin resulted in the reduction of early, but not late-NCCR-promoter-activity. Treatment with dual mTOR1/2 inhibitors (INK128 or pp242) led to significant inhibition of early, however, concomitantly enhanced late-promoter-activity. In BKPyV infected cells both rapamycin and INK128 reduced early expression, however, INK128 resulted in higher late-mRNA levels when compared to rapamycin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that mTOR1-inhibitors are able to reduce early-expression of wildtype and rearranged NCCRs, which might contribute to previously described inhibition of BKPyV-replication. Dual mTOR1/2-inhibitors, however, additionally might shift viral early into late-expression promoting synthesis of viral structural proteins and particle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany; Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Olympia E Anastasiou
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Verheyen
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Dickow
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Helene Sertznig
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Nicola Frericks
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Bleekmann
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Brinkhoff
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wilde
- Department of Nephrology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Sandra Ciesek
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Marek Widera
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Virchowstr. 179, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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15
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Urine biomarkers informative of human kidney allograft rejection and tolerance. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:343-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Helle F, Brochot E, Handala L, Martin E, Castelain S, Francois C, Duverlie G. Biology of the BKPyV: An Update. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110327. [PMID: 29099746 PMCID: PMC5707534 DOI: 10.3390/v9110327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The BK virus (BKPyV) is a member of the Polyomaviridae family first isolated in 1971. BKPyV causes frequent infections during childhood and establishes persistent infections with minimal clinical implications within renal tubular cells and the urothelium. However, reactivation of BKPyV in immunocompromised individuals may cause serious complications. In particular, with the implementation of more potent immunosuppressive drugs in the last decade, BKPyV has become an emerging pathogen in kidney and bone marrow transplant recipients where it often causes associated nephropathy and haemorrhagic cystitis, respectively. Unfortunately, no specific antiviral against BKPyV has been approved yet and the only therapeutic option is a modulation of the immunosuppressive drug regimen to improve immune control though it may increase the risk of rejection. A better understanding of the BKPyV life cycle is thus needed to develop efficient treatment against this virus. In this review, we provide an update on recent advances in understanding the biology of BKPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Helle
- EA4294, Unité de Virologie Clinique et Fondamentale, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Etienne Brochot
- EA4294, Unité de Virologie Clinique et Fondamentale, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Lynda Handala
- EA4294, Unité de Virologie Clinique et Fondamentale, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Elodie Martin
- EA4294, Unité de Virologie Clinique et Fondamentale, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Sandrine Castelain
- EA4294, Unité de Virologie Clinique et Fondamentale, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Catherine Francois
- EA4294, Unité de Virologie Clinique et Fondamentale, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France.
| | - Gilles Duverlie
- EA4294, Unité de Virologie Clinique et Fondamentale, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80054 Amiens, France.
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17
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Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKV) causes frequent infections during childhood and establishes persistent infections within renal tubular cells and the uroepithelium, with minimal clinical implications. However, reactivation of BKV in immunocompromised individuals following renal or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may cause serious complications, including BKV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), ureteric stenosis, or hemorrhagic cystitis. Implementation of more potent immunosuppression and increased posttransplant surveillance has resulted in a higher incidence of BKVAN. Antiviral immunity plays a crucial role in controlling BKV replication, and our increasing knowledge about host-virus interactions has led to the development of improved diagnostic tools and clinical management strategies. Currently, there are no effective antiviral agents for BKV infection, and the mainstay of managing reactivation is reduction of immunosuppression. Development of immune-based therapies to combat BKV may provide new and exciting opportunities for the successful treatment of BKV-associated complications.
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18
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Trang VD, Rockett R, Jeoffreys N, Trung NV, Hai An HP, Kok J, Dwyer DE. BK polyomavirus: a review of the virology, pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory features, and treatment. Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2017-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a non-enveloped, circular dsDNA virus with a genome of approximately 5100 base pairs. It can be divided into four major genotypes, but the effects of different genotypes on clinical disease are uncertain. Primary BKPyV infection is generally acquired asymptomatically in childhood. It establishes low-level persistence in many tissues, particularly the genitourinary tract. Reactivation can lead to severe disease including BKPyV-associated nephropathy confirmed by renal biopsy, hemorrhagic cystitis and meningoencephalitis. Nucleic acid amplification testing of blood and urine is the main diagnostic and prognostic test for BKPyV infection. The treatment of BKPyV infection has concentrated on reduction in immunosuppressive therapy. Recent studies suggest that antiviral drugs have demonstrated only modest benefit, but adoptive T-cell therapies offer potential advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Dinh Trang
- Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78-Giai Phong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Western Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rebecca Rockett
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Neisha Jeoffreys
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Nguyen Vu Trung
- Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78-Giai Phong, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung St, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Phan Hai An
- Department of International Cooperation, Hanoi Medical University, No. 1 Ton That Tung St, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Kidney Diseases & Dialysis Department, Viet Duc Hospital, No. 40 Trang Thi St, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jen Kok
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Dominic E Dwyer
- Western Clinical School, Westmead Hospital, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Center for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute of Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
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Barth H, Solis M, Lepiller Q, Sueur C, Soulier E, Caillard S, Stoll-Keller F, Fafi-Kremer S. 45 years after the discovery of human polyomaviruses BK and JC: Time to speed up the understanding of associated diseases and treatment approaches. Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:178-195. [DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1189873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Barth
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Morgane Solis
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Lepiller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Sueur
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Soulier
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Caillard
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Département de Néphrologie et Transplantation, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Stoll-Keller
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Samira Fafi-Kremer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx Transplantex, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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20
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Darbinyan A, Major EO, Morgello S, Holland S, Ryschkewitsch C, Monaco MC, Naidich TP, Bederson J, Malaczynska J, Ye F, Gordon R, Cunningham-Rundles C, Fowkes M, Tsankova NM. BK virus encephalopathy and sclerosing vasculopathy in a patient with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:73. [PMID: 27411570 PMCID: PMC4944483 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human BK polyomavirus (BKV) is reactivated under conditions of immunosuppression leading most commonly to nephropathy or cystitis; its tropism for the brain is rare and poorly understood. We present a unique case of BKV-associated encephalopathy in a man with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency (HED-ID) due to IKK-gamma (NEMO) mutation, who developed progressive neurological symptoms. Brain biopsy demonstrated polyomavirus infection of gray and white matter, with predominant involvement of cortex and distinct neuronal tropism, in addition to limited demyelination and oligodendroglial inclusions. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated polyoma T-antigen in neurons and glia, but expression of VP1 capsid protein only in glia. PCR analysis on both brain biopsy tissue and cerebrospinal fluid detected high levels of BKV DNA. Sequencing studies further identified novel BKV variant and disclosed unique rearrangements in the noncoding control region of the viral DNA (BKVN NCCR). Neuropathological analysis also demonstrated an unusual form of obliterative fibrosing vasculopathy in the subcortical white matter with abnormal lysosomal accumulations, possibly related to the patient's underlying ectodermal dysplasia. Our report provides the first neuropathological description of HED-ID due to NEMO mutation, and expands the diversity of neurological presentations of BKV infection in brain, underscoring the importance of its consideration in immunodeficient patients with unexplained encephalopathy. We also document novel BKVN NCCR rearrangements that may be associated with the unique neuronal tropism in this patient.
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21
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Cardoso KM, Diaz NC, Guimarães MAA, Zalis MG, Delbue S, Ferrante P, Varella RB. Genetic and structural analysis of polyomavirus BK T-antigens reveal a higher density of mutations at inter-domain and hexamerization regions, regardless the status of infection. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1418-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kethellin M. Cardoso
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
| | - Nuria C. Diaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Mariano G. Zalis
- Department of Preventive Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio do Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Biomedical; Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Pasquale Ferrante
- Department of Biomedical; Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Rafael B. Varella
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói Brazil
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22
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Koskenvuo M, Dumoulin A, Lautenschlager I, Auvinen E, Mannonen L, Anttila VJ, Jahnukainen K, Saarinen-Pihkala UM, Hirsch HH. BK polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis among pediatric allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients: Treatment response and evidence for nosocomial transmission. J Clin Virol 2013; 56:77-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Bárcena-Panero A, Van Ghelue M, Khan MTH, Echevarría JE, Fedele G, Moens U. BK virus-associated infection in cerebrospinal fluid of neurological patients and mutation analysis of the complete VP1 gene in different patient groups. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:136-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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MAP kinase activation increases BK polyomavirus replication and facilitates viral propagation in vitro. J Virol Methods 2010; 170:21-9. [PMID: 20813136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 06/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BK polyomavirus causes disease in immunosuppressed patients. BK virus replication was augmented in HEL-299 cells cultured in conditions that activated the MAP kinase, ERK1/2. To determine if MAP kinase activation increased BK virus replication, cells were treated with serum and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Serum and PMA stimulated large T-antigen expression and increased BK virus DNA replication. The effects of serum/PMA were directly related to MAP kinase signal activation since viral replication was reduced by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126. PMA also increased cyclin D1 expression and inhibition of cyclin D1/CDK4 complex and the cell cycle reduced BK virus infection. The PMA effect occurred independent of direct transcriptional activation of the viral NCCR. In HEL-299 cells, virus infection in high serum and PMA accelerated viral replication that resulted, within 7 days, in the production of high titer infectious BK virus. These results show that MAP kinase signal activation increases BK virus replication.
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25
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Validation of noninvasive diagnosis of BK virus nephropathy and identification of prognostic biomarkers. Transplantation 2010; 90:189-97. [PMID: 20526237 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181e2a932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) may cause renal allograft dysfunction and failure. The gold standard test is kidney biopsy, which is invasive and costly. A noninvasive, accurate biomarker for diagnosis of BKVN and prognostication of allograft function after BKVN infection may improve allograft survival. METHODS We tested the diagnostic accuracy of our previously reported cutoff value of 6.5x10(5) BKV viral capsid protein 1 (VP-1) mRNA/ng RNA in urinary cells (Ding et al., Transplantation 2002; 74: 987) using an independent cohort (n=89). We also examined whether urinary cell mRNA profiles obtained at the time of BKVN diagnosis identified patients at risk of subsequent decline in graft function. RESULTS BKVN was accurately diagnosed (sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97%) using our previously reported cutoff value. Levels of granzyme B (GB) mRNA (P=0.002) and proteinase inhibitor (PI)-9 mRNA (P=0.01) in urinary cells were higher in BKVN patients with a subsequent decline in renal function (n=8) compared with patients with stable function (n=10), and were positively associated (GB, P=0.01; PI-9, P=0.04) with rise in serum creatinine from the time of BKVN diagnosis to 12 months after diagnosis. GB levels in the BKVN patients with a decline in renal function were similar to those in the acute rejection group (n=11, P>0.05), but higher than the normal biopsy group (n=36, P<0.001); levels in BKVN patients with stable function were lower than those in the acute rejection group (P<0.01) and not significantly different from the normal biopsy group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Noninvasive diagnosis of BKVN and prognostication of renal allograft function after BKVN diagnosis are feasible by measurement of transcripts for BKV viral capsid protein 1 (VP-1), GB, and PI-9 in urine.
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A suppressive effect of cyclosporine A on replication and noncoding control region activation of polyomavirus BK virus. Transplantation 2010; 89:299-306. [PMID: 20145520 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181c9b51c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on polyomavirus BK virus (BKV) replication remains unclear. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effect of CsA on BKV replication in human uroepithelial cells. METHODS After infection of a human renal proximal tubular cell line, HK-2 with BKV, BKV viral load in the presence of CsA was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The BKV large T-antigen (LTag) expression was measured by Western blot analysis. The BKV early promoter activity was determined by measuring luciferase activity of the BKV noncoding control region luciferase reporter. The BKV LTag expression in a human bladder carcinoma cell line, T24, was assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the increased levels of BKV LTag and viral protein 1 transcripts measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction were suppressed by CsA in a dose-dependent manner (0.5-4 microg/mL). Western blot analysis also showed that CsA inhibited BKV LTag expression. In addition, the activity of the BKV early promoter, which was enhanced by BKV LTag overexpression, was abrogated by CsA. Finally, the suppressive effect of CsA on BKV replication was also shown in T24 cells as CsA reduced immunofluorescent staining of BKV LTag in these cells. CONCLUSION This in vitro study indicates that CsA suppresses BKV replication in human proximal renal tubular cells and uroepithelial cells of the urinary bladder and inhibits the BKV-LTag-regulated increase in early promoter activity.
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Abstract
BK virus (BKV) is a nonenveloped, ubiquitous human polyomavirus that establishes a persistent infection in healthy individuals. It can be reactivated, however, in immunosuppressed patients and cause severe diseases, including polyomavirus nephropathy. The entry and disassembly mechanisms of BKV are not well defined. In this report, we characterized several early events during BKV infection in primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial (RPTE) cells, which are natural host cells for BKV. Our results demonstrate that BKV infection in RPTE cells involves an acidic environment relatively early during entry, followed by transport along the microtubule network to reach the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). A distinct disulfide bond isomerization and cleavage pattern of the major capsid protein VP1 was observed, which was also influenced by alterations in pH and disruption of trafficking to the ER. A dominant negative form of Derlin-1, an ER protein required for retro-translocation of certain misfolded proteins, inhibited BKV infection. Consistent with this, we detected an interaction between Derlin-1 and VP1. Finally, we show that proteasome function is also linked to BKV infection and capsid rearrangement. These results indicate that BKV early entry and disassembly are highly regulated processes involving multiple cellular components.
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Abend JR, Imperiale MJ. Transforming growth factor-beta-mediated regulation of BK virus gene expression. Virology 2008; 378:6-12. [PMID: 18559281 PMCID: PMC2569840 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of BK virus (BKV)-associated diseases in immunosuppressed patients has prompted an investigation of the immune response to BKV, especially the role of cytokines in regulating viral replication. We examined the effect of TGF-beta, a cytokine that is stimulated by certain immunosuppressive therapies, on BKV gene expression during lytic infection of renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Viral gene expression, and specifically the activity of the BKV early promoter, is regulated by TGF-beta in a strain-dependent manner. Promoter activity is upregulated in the presence of TGF-beta for the TU strain of BKV, and not for the Dik, Dunlop, or Proto-2 strains. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have identified a small segment of the TU promoter that is required for stimulation in response to TGF-beta. These results demonstrate that BKV strains can respond differently to cytokine treatment and suggest that TGF-beta may play a role in the reactivation of BKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna R. Abend
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J. Imperiale
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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