1
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Parashar D, Nair B, Geethadevi A, George J, Nair A, Tsaih SW, Kadamberi IP, Gopinadhan Nair GK, Lu Y, Ramchandran R, Uyar DS, Rader JS, Ram PT, Mills GB, Pradeep S, Chaluvally-Raghavan P. Peritoneal Spread of Ovarian Cancer Harbors Therapeutic Vulnerabilities Regulated by FOXM1 and EGFR/ERBB2 Signaling. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5554-5568. [PMID: 33087324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peritoneal spread is the primary mechanism of metastasis of ovarian cancer, and survival of ovarian cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity as nonadherent spheroids and their adherence to the mesothelium of distant organs lead to cancer progression, metastasis, and mortality. However, the mechanisms that govern this metastatic process in ovarian cancer cells remain poorly understood. In this study, we cultured ovarian cancer cell lines in adherent and nonadherent conditions in vitro and analyzed changes in mRNA and protein levels to identify mechanisms of tumor cell survival and proliferation in adherent and nonadherent cells. EGFR or ERBB2 upregulated ZEB1 in nonadherent cells, which caused resistance to cell death and increased tumor-initiating capacity. Conversely, Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) was required for the induction of integrin β1, integrin-α V, and integrin-α 5 for adhesion of cancer cells. FOXM1 also upregulated ZEB1, which could act as a feedback inhibitor of FOXM1, and caused the transition of adherent cells to nonadherent cells. Strikingly, the combinatorial treatment with lapatinib [dual kinase inhibitor of EGFR (ERBB1) and ERBB2] and thiostrepton (FOXM1 inhibitor) reduced growth and peritoneal spread of ovarian cancer cells more effectively than either single-agent treatment in vivo. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that FOXM1 and EGFR/ERBB2 pathways are key points of vulnerability for therapy to disrupt peritoneal spread and adhesion of ovarian cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: This study describes the mechanism exhibited by ovarian cancer cells required for adherent cell transition to nonadherent form during peritoneal spread and metastasis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/24/5554/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Parashar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Bindu Nair
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Anjali Geethadevi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jasmine George
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ajay Nair
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Shirng-Wern Tsaih
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ishaque P Kadamberi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ramani Ramchandran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Denise S Uyar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Janet S Rader
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Prahlad T Ram
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Developmental and Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute Oregon Health Science University, Oregon, Portland, Oregon
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. .,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Pradeep Chaluvally-Raghavan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. .,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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2
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Cao Z, Livas T, Kyprianou N. Anoikis and EMT: Lethal "Liaisons" during Cancer Progression. Crit Rev Oncog 2017; 21:155-168. [PMID: 27915969 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2016016955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anoikis is a unique mode of apoptotic cell death that occurs consequentially to insufficient cell-matrix interactions. Resistance to anoikis is a critical contributor to tumor invasion and metastasis. The phenomenon is regulated by integrins, which upon engagement with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) form adhesion complexes and the actin cytoskeleton drives the formation of cell protrusions used to adhere to ECM, directing cell migration. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers stem cell properties and leads to acquisition of a migratory and invasive phenotype by causing adherens junction breakdown and circumventing anoikis in the tumor microenvironment. The investigation of drug discovery platforms for apoptosis-driven therapeutics identified several novel agents with antitumor action via reversing resistance to anoikis, inhibiting survival pathways and impacting the EMT landscape in human cancer. In this review, we discuss current evidence on the contribution of the anoikis phenomenon functionally linked to EMT to cancer metastasis and the therapeutic value of antitumor drugs that selectively reverse anoikis resistance and/or EMT to impair tumor progression toward the development/optimization of apoptosis-driven therapeutic targeting of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Department of Urology, Molecular Biochemistry, Pathology, Toxicology & Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Theodore Livas
- Department of Urology, Molecular Biochemistry, Pathology, Toxicology & Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, Molecular Biochemistry, Pathology, Toxicology & Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, U.S.A
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3
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Das V, Kalyan G, Hazra S, Pal M. Understanding the role of structural integrity and differential expression of integrin profiling to identify potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:168-185. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Das
- Biological Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR‐North East Institute of Science and TechnologyJorhat, AssamIndia
| | - Gazal Kalyan
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR)RoorkeeUttarakhandIndia
| | - Saugata Hazra
- Department of BiotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR)RoorkeeUttarakhandIndia
- Centre for NanotechnologyIndian Institute of Technology RoorkeeRoorkeeUttarakhandIndia
| | - Mintu Pal
- Biological Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR‐North East Institute of Science and TechnologyJorhat, AssamIndia
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4
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Upheber S, Karle A, Miller J, Schlaugk S, Gross E, Reuning U. Alternative splicing of KAI1 abrogates its tumor-suppressive effects on integrin αvβ3-mediated ovarian cancer biology. Cell Signal 2014; 27:652-62. [PMID: 25435431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Loss or downregulation of the tumor-suppressor KAI1 correlates with poor cancer patient prognosis. KAI1 functions by interacting with other proteins, including integrin cell adhesion and signaling receptors. We previously showed that KAI1 physically and functionally crosstalks with the tumor-biologically relevant integrin αvβ3, thereby suppressing ovarian cancer cell migration and proliferation. Interestingly, in metastases, a KAI1 splice variant had been identified, indicating poor patient prognosis. Thus, we here characterized differential effects of the two KAI1 proteins upon their cellular restoration. Opposite to KAI1, KAI1-splice reduced αvβ3-mediated cell adhesion, thereby inducing cell migration. This was accompanied by elevated αvβ3 levels and drastically elevated focal adhesion kinase activation, however, without any obvious colocalization with αvβ3, as observed for KAI1. Moreover, codistribution of KAI1 with the cell/cell-adhesion molecule E-cadherin was abrogated in KAI1-splice. Whereas KAI1 diminished cell proliferative activity, KAI1-splice prominently enhanced cell proliferation concomitant with elevated transcription and cell-surface expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Thus KAI1-splice does not only counteract the tumor-suppressive actions of KAI1, but - beyond that - promotes αvβ3-mediated biological functions in favor of tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Upheber
- Clinical Research Unit, Department for Gynecology & Obstetrics, Technische Universitaet München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Karle
- Clinical Research Unit, Department for Gynecology & Obstetrics, Technische Universitaet München, Germany
| | - Julia Miller
- Clinical Research Unit, Department for Gynecology & Obstetrics, Technische Universitaet München, Germany
| | - Stephanie Schlaugk
- Division of Tumor Genetics, Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany
| | - Eva Gross
- Division of Tumor Genetics, Department for Obstetrics & Gynecology, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Germany
| | - Ute Reuning
- Clinical Research Unit, Department for Gynecology & Obstetrics, Technische Universitaet München, Germany.
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5
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Sawada G, Takahashi Y, Niida A, Shimamura T, Kurashige J, Matsumura T, Ueo H, Uchi R, Takano Y, Ueda M, Hirata H, Sakimura S, Shinden Y, Eguchi H, Sudo T, Sugimachi K, Miyano S, Doki Y, Mori M, Mimori K. Loss of CDCP1 expression promotes invasiveness and poor prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21 Suppl 4:S640-7. [PMID: 24849519 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human CDCP1 gene, located on chromosome 3p21.3, is a transmembrane glycoprotein widely expressed in epithelial tissues, and its role in cancer remains to be understood. METHODS Using microarray profiles of gene expression and copy number data from 69 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) samples, we performed informatics analyses to reveal the significance of CDCP1 expression. We also performed migration and invasion assays of siRNA-targeted CDCP1-transfected cells and CDCP1-overexpressing cell in vitro. Moreover, we evaluated the clinical magnitude of CDCP1 expression in esophageal squamous cell cancer cases. RESULTS Allelic loss of chromosome 3p was confirmed by copy number analysis. The expression level of CDCP1 in tumor tissue was significantly lower than that in corresponding normal tissue. siRNA targeting of CDCP1 promoted the migratory and invasive abilities of esophageal cancer cell lines, whereas both abilities were reduced in CDCP1-overexpressing cells. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that expression levels of CDCP1 were associated with tumor differentiation and metastasis, consistent with the result of clinicopathologic analyses. Finally, multivariate analysis revealed that the expression level of CDCP1 was an independent prognostic factor for survival. CONCLUSIONS Loss of CDCP1 expression may be a novel indicator for biological aggressiveness in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Sawada
- Department of Surgery, Beppu Hospital, Kyushu University, Beppu, Japan
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6
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Benzo-[a]-pyrene induces FAK activation and cell migration in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2013; 29:303-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-013-9254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Spassov DS, Wong CH, Wong SY, Reiter JF, Moasser MM. Trask loss enhances tumorigenic growth by liberating integrin signaling and growth factor receptor cross-talk in unanchored cells. Cancer Res 2012; 73:1168-79. [PMID: 23243018 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cell surface glycoprotein Trask/CDCP1 is phosphorylated during anchorage loss in epithelial cells in which it inhibits integrin clustering, outside-in signaling, and cell adhesion. Its role in cancer has been difficult to understand, because of the lack of a discernible pattern in its various alterations in cancer cells. To address this issue, we generated mice lacking Trask function. Mammary tumors driven by the PyMT oncogene and skin tumors driven by the SmoM2 oncogene arose with accelerated kinetics in Trask-deficient mice, establishing a tumor suppressing function for this gene. Mechanistic investigations in mammary tumor cell lines derived from wild-type or Trask-deficient mice revealed a derepression of integrin signaling and an enhancement of integrin-growth factor receptor cross-talk, specifically in unanchored cell states. A similar restrictive link between anchorage and growth in untransformed epithelial cells was observed and disrupted by elimination of Trask. Together our results establish a tumor-suppressing function in Trask that restricts epithelial cell growth to the anchored state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danislav S Spassov
- Department of Medicine, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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8
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Abstract
In the last few years, angiogenesis has confirmed its critical role in the development of malignant neoplasms. Antiangiogenic drugs, mainly bevacizumab, sorafenib, or sunitinib, are currently approved in a wide number of tumor types, such as breast, colorectal, liver, or kidney cancer, and have changed dramatically the evolution of our patients. Unfortunately, in urothelial carcinoma, which is a very common neoplasm, antiangiogenic agents are still in a very preliminary phase of clinical research. In this study, we focus on the biological basis of angiogenesis in urothelial tumors, its influence in the prognosis of these malignancies, and the available evidence about the use of antiangiogenic drugs in urothelial carcinoma.
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9
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Sakamoto S, Schwarze S, Kyprianou N. Anoikis disruption of focal adhesion-Akt signaling impairs renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2011; 59:734-44. [PMID: 21269758 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quinazoline-based α1-adrenoceptor antagonists suppress tumor growth by inducing apoptosis via an α1-adrenoceptor-independent action. Anoikis is a unique mode of apoptosis consequential to insufficient cell-matrix interactions. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the apoptotic effect of novel quinazoline-based compounds on human renal cancer cells. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Two cell lines were used: renal cell carcinoma (RCC) 786-0, harboring a von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor-suppressor gene mutation with a highly angiogenic phenotype, and Caki cells (no VHL mutation). MEASUREMENTS The lead compound DZ-50 (10 μM) led to significant inhibition of tumor-cell adhesion, migration, and invasion at a lower dose than doxazosin (25 μM) in both RCC lines. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Doxazosin induced death-receptor-mediated apoptosis, while DZ-50 led to anoikis via targeting of the focal adhesion complex and AKT signaling that subsequently increased RCC susceptibility to caspase-8-mediated apoptosis. Both quinazoline compounds, doxazosin and DZ-50, significantly reduced RCC metastatic potential in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Quinazoline-based drugs trigger anoikis in RCC by targeting the focal adhesion survival signaling. This potent antitumor action against human RCC suggests a novel quinazoline-based therapy targeting renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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10
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Sun S, Sprenger CC, Vessella RL, Haugk K, Soriano K, Mostaghel EA, Page ST, Coleman IM, Nguyen HM, Sun H, Nelson PS, Plymate SR. Castration resistance in human prostate cancer is conferred by a frequently occurring androgen receptor splice variant. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2715-30. [PMID: 20644256 PMCID: PMC2912187 DOI: 10.1172/jci41824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 563] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer following castration is associated with increased androgen receptor (AR) expression and signaling despite AR blockade. Recent studies suggest that these activities are due to the generation of constitutively active AR splice variants, but the mechanisms by which these splice variants could mediate such effects are not fully understood. Here we have identified what we believe to be a novel human AR splice variant in which exons 5, 6, and 7 are deleted (ARv567es) and demonstrated that this variant can contribute to cancer progression in human prostate cancer xenograft models in mice following castration. We determined that, in human prostate cancer cell lines, ARv567es functioned as a constitutively active receptor, increased expression of full-length AR (ARfl), and enhanced the transcriptional activity of AR. In human xenografts, human prostate cancer cells transfected with ARv567es cDNA formed tumors that were resistant to castration. Furthermore, the ratio of ARv567es to ARfl expression within the xenografts positively correlated with resistance to castration. Importantly, we also detected ARv567es frequently in human prostate cancer metastases. In summary, these data indicate that constitutively active AR splice variants can contribute to the development of castration-resistant prostate cancers and may serve as biomarkers for patients who are likely to suffer from early recurrence and are candidates for therapies directly targeting the AR rather than ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Sun
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cynthia C.T. Sprenger
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L. Vessella
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathleen Haugk
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kathryn Soriano
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elahe A. Mostaghel
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephanie T. Page
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ilsa M. Coleman
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Holly M. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Huiying Sun
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Department of Medicine and
Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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11
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that angiogenesis plays a crucial role in prostate cancer (CaP) survival, progression, and metastasis. Tumor angiogenesis is a hallmark of advanced cancers and an attractive treatment target in multiple solid tumors. By understanding the molecular basis of resistance to androgen withdrawal and chemotherapy in CaP, the rational design of targeted therapeutics is possible. This review summarizes the recent advancements that have improved our understanding of the role of angiogenesis in CaP metastasis and the potential therapeutic efficacy of inhibiting angiogenesis in this disease. Current therapeutic options for patients with metastatic hormone-refractory CaP are very limited. Targeting vasculature is a developing area, which shows promise for the control of late stage and recurrent CaP disease and for overcoming drug resistance. We discuss angiogenesis and its postulated mechanisms and focus on the regulation of angiogenesis in CaP progression and the therapeutic beneficial effects associated with targeting of the CaP vasculature to overcome the resistance to current treatments and CaP recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Sakamoto S, Kyprianou N. Targeting anoikis resistance in prostate cancer metastasis. Mol Aspects Med 2010; 31:205-14. [PMID: 20153362 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Anoikis is a mode of apoptotic cell death, consequential to insufficient cell-matrix interactions and a critical player in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The events involved in tumor cell progression toward metastasis potential are mediated by integrins, which upon engagement with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), reorganize to form adhesion complexes. Targeting apoptotic players is of immense therapeutic significance since resistance to apoptosis is not only critical in conferring therapeutic failure to standard treatment strategies, but anoikis (apoptosis upon loss of anchorage and detachment from ECM) also plays an important role in angiogenesis and metastasis. The ability to survive in the absence of adhesion to the ECM, enables tumor cells to disseminate from the primary tumor site, invade a distant site and establish a metastatic lesion. Tumor cells can escape from detachment-induced apoptosis by controlling anoikis pathways, including the extrinsic death receptor pathway and the ECM-integrin mediated cell survival pathway. Considering the functional promiscuity of individual signaling effectors, it is critical to dissect the molecular networks mechanistically driving tumor cells to evade anoikis and embark on a metastatic spread. Resistance to die via anoikis dictates tumor cell survival and provides a molecular basis for therapeutic targeting of metastatic prostate cancer. Further dissection of critical anoikis signaling events will enable the therapeutic optimization of anoikis targeting to impair prostate cancer metastasis prior to its initiation. This review will discuss the molecular understanding of anoikis regulation in the tumor microenvironment and the in vivo pharmacological implementation of a novel class of antitumor-drugs to optimize apoptotic-based therapeutic targeting, bypassing anoikis-resistance to impair prostate cancer progression to metastasis. Potential combination strategies targeting tumor vascularity (via anoikis) and impairing tumor initiation (via "classic" apoptosis), provide strong therapeutic promise for metastatic prostate cancer by preventing the onset of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Sakamoto
- Department of Surgery/Urology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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13
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Abstract
Solid tumours invariably exhibit regions of hypoxia and up-regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that trigger multiple signal pathways, including those that govern cell proliferation, survival and motility, ultimately contributing to oncogenesis. Although past studies have shown hypoxia-dependent transcriptional and translational induction of several RTK expression and their respective ligands, recent evidence suggests that hypoxia regulates RTK signalling through endocytosis, a major deactivation pathway of RTKs. Hypoxia-mediated endocytosis is also thought to modulate the activity of a growing list of other membrane-associated proteins such as integrins and Na,K-ATPase. These recent discoveries underscore the emergence of endocytosis as an important hypoxia-mediated regulatory process in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Sandfort V, Koch U, Cordes N. Cell adhesion-mediated radioresistance revisited. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 83:727-32. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000701694335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Sandfort
- OncoRay – Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology
- Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie & Endokrinologie Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - U. Koch
- OncoRay – Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology
| | - N. Cordes
- OncoRay – Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology
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15
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Tumor suppressor KAI1 affects integrin αvβ3-mediated ovarian cancer cell adhesion, motility, and proliferation. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1759-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Revised: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Garg A, Tisdale AW, Haidari E, Kokkoli E. Targeting colon cancer cells using PEGylated liposomes modified with a fibronectin-mimetic peptide. Int J Pharm 2009; 366:201-10. [PMID: 18835580 PMCID: PMC2660894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Integrin alpha(5)beta(1) is expressed on several types of cancer cells, including colon cancer, and plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. The ability to target the integrin alpha(5)beta(1) using an appropriate drug delivery nano-vector can significantly help in inhibiting tumor growth, reducing tumor metastasis, and decreasing deleterious side effects associated with different cancer therapies. Liposomes are nano-sized phospholipid bilayer vesicles that have been extensively studied as drug delivery carriers. The goal of this study is to design stealth liposomes (liposomes covered with polyethylene glycol (PEG)) that will target colon cancer cells that express the integrin alpha(5)beta(1). The PEG provides a steric barrier allowing the liposomes to circulate in the blood and the functionalizing moiety, PR_b peptide, will specifically recognize and bind to alpha(5)beta(1) expressing cells. PR_b is a novel peptide sequence that mimics the cell adhesion domain of fibronectin, and includes four building blocks, RGDSP (the primary recognition site for alpha(5)beta(1)), PHSRN (the synergy site for alpha(5)beta(1)), a (SG)(5) linker, and a KSS spacer. In this study we have demonstrated that by varying the amount of PEG (PEG750 or PEG2000) and PR_b on the liposomal interface we can engineer nano-vectors that bind to CT26.WT, HCT116, and RKO colon cancer cells in a specific manner and are internalized through most likely alpha(5)beta(1)-mediated endocytosis. GRGDSP-targeted stealth liposomes bind to colon cancer cells and internalize, but they have much lesser efficiency than PR_b-targeted stealth liposomes, and more importantly they are not as specific since many integrins bind to RGD peptides. PR_b-targeted stealth liposomes are as cytotoxic as free 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and exert the highest cytotoxicity on CT26.WT cells compared to GRGDSP-targeted stealth liposomes and non-targeted stealth liposomes. Thus, the proposed targeted delivery system has the great potential to deliver a therapeutic load directly to colon cancer cells, in an efficient and specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Garg
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Alison W. Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Eman Haidari
- Department of Chemistry, and Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
| | - Efrosini Kokkoli
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455
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17
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Wang T, Alavian MR, Goel HL, Languino LR, FitzGerald TJ. Bicalutamide inhibits androgen-mediated adhesion of prostate cancer cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Prostate 2008; 68:1734-42. [PMID: 18729104 PMCID: PMC2748789 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell adhesion plays an important role in proliferation, metastasis, and tumor growth and may represent a potential vulnerability in treatment of prostate cancer patients. Bicalutamide (Casodex) has been used as an anti-androgen agent for prostate cancer patients during hormone ablation therapy. This study focuses on the effect of Bicalutamide on cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN) in prostate cancer cells. METHODS Androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells were stimulated with androgen before being irradiated with doses of 0, 5, 10, or 15 Gy. Cell adhesion to fibronectin was then measured to ascertain androgen's role in integrin mediated prostate cancer cell adhesion. Flow cytometry was used to analyze surface expression of integrin subtypes in LNCaP cells. RESULTS LNCaP cell adhesion to FN was significantly increased by stimulation with androgen when treated with 10 or 15 Gy ionizing radiations but not at 0 or 5 Gy. This increase was inhibited by treatment with Bicalutamide. LNCaP cells exposed to high dose radiation showed an increased expression of alpha(V) and beta(1) integrins in response to androgen treatment while Bicalutamide abolished this effect. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that Bicalutamide inhibits the effect of androgen on cell adhesion to FN through changes of integrin subtypes in cells given high dose radiation. This suggests new molecular targets and possible treatment strategies for prostate cancer patients to improve the outcome during hormone ablation therapy and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Michael R. Alavian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Lucia R. Languino
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Thomas J. FitzGerald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
- Corresponding Author: Thomas J. FitzGerald, M.D., Chairman, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01605, Tel: 508-856-5551, Fax: 508-856-5006,
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18
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Sakamoto S, Ryan AJ, Kyprianou N. Targeting vasculature in urologic tumors: mechanistic and therapeutic significance. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:691-708. [PMID: 17668426 PMCID: PMC2274917 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances toward understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating cancer initiation and progression provide new insights into the therapeutic value of targeting tumor vascularity by interfering with angiogenic signaling pathways. The functional contribution of key angiogenic factors toward increased vascularity characterizing metastatic tumors and their therapeutic exploitation is considered in three major urologic malignancies, renal, bladder, and prostate cancer. With the realization that the success of the therapeutic efficacy of the various anti-angiogenic approaches for the treatment of urologic tumors has yet to be proven clinically, the challenge remains to select critical angiogenesis pathways that can be targeted for an individual tumor. Here we discuss the major mechanisms that support formation of vasculature in renal, bladder, and prostate tumors and the current results of targeting of specific molecules/regulators for therapeutic intervention against metastastic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Natasha Kyprianou
- *Correspondence to: Dr. Natasha Kyprianou, Division of Urology, Combs Cancer Building, Room 306, University of Kentucky Medical Center, 800, Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536. E-mail:
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Hinton CV, Avraham S, Avraham HK. Contributions of integrin-linked kinase to breast cancer metastasis and tumourigenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1517-26. [PMID: 18363848 PMCID: PMC3918067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis contributes to more than 90% of mortality in breast cancer. Critical stages in the development of aggressive breast cancer include growth of the primary tumours, and their abilities to spread to distant organs, colonize and establish an independent blood supply. The integrin family of cell adhesion receptors is essential to breast cancer progression. Furthermore, integrin-linked kinase can ‘convert’ localized breast cancer cells into invasive and metastatic cells. Upon stimulation by growth factors and chemokine ligands, integrin-linked kinase mediates the phosphorylation of Akt Ser473, and glycogen synthase kinase-3. The current notion is that overexpression of integrin-linked kinase resulted in an invasive, metastatic phenotype in several cancer model systems in vivo and in vitro, thus, implicating a role for integrin-linked kinase in oncogenic transformation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Here, we will review the role of integrin-linked kinase in breast cancer metastasis. Elucidation of signalling events important for breast tumour metastasis should provide insights into successful breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cimona V Hinton
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Gaudry JP, Arod C, Sauvage C, Busso S, Dupraz P, Pankiewicz R, Antonsson B. Purification of the extracellular domain of the membrane protein GlialCAM expressed in HEK and CHO cells and comparison of the glycosylation. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 58:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Alam N, Goel HL, Zarif MJ, Butterfield JE, Perkins HM, Sansoucy BG, Sawyer TK, Languino LR. The integrin-growth factor receptor duet. J Cell Physiol 2007; 213:649-53. [PMID: 17886260 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion receptors, referred to as integrins, are recognized as key regulators of cellular processes including growth and differentiation. Integrins communicate with growth factor receptors (GFRs) to control specific cellular responses to stimuli originating in the extracellular environment. In this article, we review the role of integrins as molecular switches that modulate GFR activation and specificity. We also examine the reciprocal modulation of integrin functions by GFRs and the mechanisms through which those actions are fine-tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naved Alam
- Department of Cancer Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Mariotti A, Perotti A, Sessa C, Rüegg C. N-cadherin as a therapeutic target in cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:451-65. [PMID: 17371194 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.4.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During tumor progression, cancer cells undergo dramatic changes in the expression profile of adhesion molecules resulting in detachment from original tissue and acquisition of a highly motile and invasive phenotype. A hallmark of this change, also referred to as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, is the loss of E- (epithelial) cadherin and the de novo expression of N- (neural) cadherin adhesion molecules. N-cadherin promotes tumor cell survival, migration and invasion, and a high level of its expression is often associated with poor prognosis. N-cadherin is also expressed in endothelial cells and plays an essential role in the maturation and stabilization of normal vessels and tumor-associated angiogenic vessels. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that N-cadherin is a potential therapeutic target in cancer. A peptidic N-cadherin antagonist (ADH-1) has been developed and has entered clinical testing. In this review, the authors discuss the biochemical and functional features of N-cadherin, its potential role in cancer and angiogenesis, and summarize the preclinical and clinical results achieved with ADH-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Mariotti
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, Division of Experimental Oncology, Lausanne Cancer Center, and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), NCCR Molecular Oncology, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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23
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Fernández-Miñán A, Martín-Bermudo MD, González-Reyes A. Integrin Signaling Regulates Spindle Orientation in Drosophila to Preserve the Follicular-Epithelium Monolayer. Curr Biol 2007; 17:683-8. [PMID: 17363255 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epithelia act as important physiological barriers and as structural components of tissues and organs. In the Drosophila ovary, follicle cells envelop the germline cysts to form a monolayer epithelium. During division, the orientation of the mitotic spindle in follicle cells is such that both daughter cells remain within the same plane, and the simple structure of the follicular epithelium is thus preserved. Here we show that integrins, heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that connect the extracellular matrix to the cell's cytoskeleton [1, 2], are required for maintaining the ovarian monolayer epithelium in Drosophila. Mosaic egg chambers containing integrin mutant follicle cells develop stratified epithelia at both poles. This stratification is due neither to abnormal cell proliferation nor to defects in the apical-basal polarity of the mutant cells. Instead, integrin function is required for the correct orientation of the mitotic apparatus both in mutant cells and in their immediately adjacent wild-type neighbors. We further demonstrate that integrin-mediated signaling, rather than adhesion, is sufficient for maintaining the integrity of the follicular epithelium. The above data show that integrins are necessary for preserving the simple organization of a specialized epithelium and link integrin-mediated signaling to the correct orientation of the mitotic spindle in this epithelial cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernández-Miñán
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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24
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Coopman PJ, Mueller SC. The Syk tyrosine kinase: a new negative regulator in tumor growth and progression. Cancer Lett 2006; 241:159-73. [PMID: 16442709 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spleen tyrosine kinase Syk was long thought to be a hematopoietic cell-specific signaling molecule. Recent evidence demonstrated that it is also expressed by many non-hematopoietic cell types and that it plays a negative role in cancer. A significant drop in its expression was first observed during breast cancer progression, but an anomalous Syk expression has now also been evidenced in many other tumor types. Mechanistic studies using Syk re-expression demonstrated its suppressive function in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation, which is surprising for a tyrosine kinase. Loss of Syk expression is regulated, albeit not exclusively, by its promoter hypermethylation. The molecular mechanism of its tumor-suppressive function remains largely unknown; the identification of its activators and effectors in non-hematopoietic cells will be a challenge for the years to come. An increasing number of clinical studies reveal a correlation between reduced Syk expression and an increased risk for metastasis formation, and assign Syk as a potential new prognostic marker in different tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Coopman
- CNRS UMR 5539, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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25
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Rásó E, Tóvári J, Ladányi A, Varga N, Tímár J. Ligand-mimetic anti-aIIbβ3 antibody PAC-1 inhibits tyrosine signaling, proliferation and lung colonization of melanoma cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2005; 11:218-23. [PMID: 16388318 DOI: 10.1007/bf02893854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Beta3 integrin expression is the hallmark of melanoma and may serve as a potential therapeutic target. While alphav beta3 integrin expression seems to be constitutive in melanoma, ectopic expression of platelet-alphaIIb beta3 is dependent on progression. B16a murine melanoma is a suitable model for studies on alphaIIb beta3 treatment strategies since alphav beta3 is not expressed in this cell line. Here we have used a ligand-mimetic anti-alphaIIb beta3 monoclonal antibody, PAC-1, to test the biological consequences of alphaIIb beta3 modulation in melanoma cells. We have previously reported that in B16a cells FAK is constitutively active and tyrosine-phosphorylated. Upon PAC-1 binding to the surface alphaIIb beta3, which is in the active conformation, FAK became dephosphorylated through a process of PKC-dependent phosphatase activation. Furthermore, PAC-1 binding to B16a cells induced a significant decrease in phosphotyrosine-positive melanoma cells within 30 min. Treatment of B16a cells in vitro with PAC-1 significantly inhibited proliferation by decreasing the mitotic index but not affecting apoptotic rate. Incubation of B16a cells with PAC-1 decreased their lung colonization potential, suggesting a profound alteration in their biological behavior under the effect of this antibody. These preclinical data suggest that the ectopic expression of alphaIIb beta3 in melanoma cells can be exploited as a novel target of antibody therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Rásó
- Department of Tumor Progression, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
Innovative hypothesis-driven clinical trials have achieved major successes over the past several decades in treating children and adolescents with cancer. DNA-damaging cytotoxic agents have cured children with cancer. While the mission is not yet accomplished, chemotherapy has been validated. None of these drugs were designed specifically for a pediatric disease. Continued progress will require new strategies. Now being tested for adult cancers, these strategies include gene therapy, immunotherapy, cancer prevention, and signal transduction inhibitor (STI) therapy. Of these, the most promising is STI therapy, also known as molecular therapeutics or targeted therapy. For this therapy to succeed, components of signal transduction (i.e., candidate drug targets) must be identified, the targets relevant to cancers, and the drugs available for trial. Because STI therapy is biologically driven and because therapy will be tailored depending on the molecular profile of a specific patient's tumor, clinical pediatric oncologists will need to acquire greater understanding of signaling pathways and their therapeutic relevance. With examples drawn from pediatric oncology, the critical steps in the pre-clinical development of targeted therapy are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth J Corey
- Division of Pediatrics, UT-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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27
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Extracellular matrix and the development of disease: The role of its components in cancer progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1574-3349(05)15007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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