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Uliana DL, Lisboa JRF, Gomes FV, Grace AA. The excitatory-inhibitory balance as a target for the development of novel drugs to treat schizophrenia. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 228:116298. [PMID: 38782077 PMCID: PMC11410545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The intricate balance between excitation and inhibition (E/I) in the brain plays a crucial role in normative information processing. Dysfunctions in the E/I balance have been implicated in various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ). In particular, abnormalities in GABAergic signaling, specifically in parvalbumin (PV)-containing interneurons, have been consistently observed in SCZ pathophysiology. PV interneuron function is vital for maintaining an ideal E/I balance, and alterations in PV interneuron-mediated inhibition contribute to circuit deficits observed in SCZ, including hippocampus hyperactivity and midbrain dopamine system overdrive. While current antipsychotic medications primarily target D2 dopamine receptors and are effective primarily in treating positive symptoms, novel therapeutic strategies aiming to restore the E/I balance could potentially mitigate not only positive symptoms but also negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. This could involve, for instance, increasing the inhibitory drive onto excitatory neurons or decreasing the putative enhanced pyramidal neuron activity due to functional loss of PV interneurons. Compounds targeting the glycine site at glutamate NMDA receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on PV interneurons that can increase PV interneuron drive, as well as drugs that increase the postsynaptic action of GABA, such as positive allosteric modulators of α5-GABA-A receptors, and decrease glutamatergic output, such as mGluR2/3 agonists, represent promising approaches. Preventive strategies aiming at E/I balance also represent a path to reduce the risk of transitioning to SCZ in high-risk individuals. Therefore, compounds with novel mechanisms targeting E/I balance provide optimism for more effective and tailored interventions in the management of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L Uliana
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joao Roberto F Lisboa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Feola B, Flook EA, Seo DJ, Fox V, Oler J, Heckers S, Woodward ND, Blackford JU. Altered brain and physiological stress responses in early psychosis. Schizophr Res 2024; 271:112-119. [PMID: 39024959 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Stress is proposed to be a crucial factor in the onset and presentation of psychosis. The early stage of psychosis provides a window into how stress interacts with the emergence of psychosis. Yet, how people with early psychosis respond to stress remains unclear. The current study examined how stress responses (brain, physiological, self-report) differ in early psychosis. Forty participants (20 early psychosis [EP], 20 healthy controls [HC]) completed a stress task in the scanner that involved viewing stressful and neutral-relaxing images. Physiological responses (cortisol, heart rate) and self-report of stress were also assessed. Region of Interest analyses were conducted with brain regions previously shown to be activated during the stress task (amygdala, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex [dorsolateral, ventrolateral, medial orbital]). Linear mixed models were used to test for effects of group (EP, HC) and emotion (stress, neutral-relaxing). HC had higher hippocampus activation to stress versus neutral-relaxing conditions while EP did not show a difference (group x emotion interaction, p = 0.04). There were also significant main effects of group with EP having higher amygdala activation (p = 0.01), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation (vlPFC, p = 0.03), self-report of stress (p = 0.01), and heart rate (p < 0.001). Our study found preliminary evidence that people with early psychosis showed heightened response to stressful and non-threatening situations, across multiple levels of stress responses. Our findings suggest a novel perspective on stress alterations in early psychosis and highlight the importance of considering both stressful and non-stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandee Feola
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America.
| | | | - Dongju J Seo
- Yale School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Victoria Fox
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Jesse Oler
- University of Miami School of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
| | - Neil D Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
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3
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Lisboa JRF, Costa O, Pakes GH, Colodete DAE, Gomes FV. Perineuronal net density in schizophrenia: A systematic review of postmortem brain studies. Schizophr Res 2024; 271:100-109. [PMID: 39018984 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The onset of schizophrenia is concurrent with multiple key processes of brain development, such as the maturation of inhibitory networks. Some of these processes are proposed to depend on the development of perineuronal nets (PNNs), a specialized extracellular matrix structure that surrounds preferentially parvalbumin-containing GABAergic interneurons (PVIs). PNNs are fundamental to the postnatal experience-dependent maturation of inhibitory brain circuits. PNN abnormalities have been proposed as a core pathophysiological finding in SCZ, being linked to widespread consequences on circuit disruptions underlying SCZ symptoms. OBJECTIVE Here, we systematically evaluate PNN density in postmortem brain studies of subjects with SCZ. METHODS A systematic search in 3 online databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus) and qualitative review analysis of case-control studies reporting on PNN density in the postmortem brain of subjects with SCZ were performed. RESULTS Results consisted of 7 studies that were included in the final analysis. The specific brain regions investigated in the studies varied, with most attention given to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; 3 studies) and amygdala (2 studies). Findings were mostly positive for reduced PNN density in SCZ, with 6 of the 7 studies reporting significant reductions and one reporting a tendency towards reduced PNN density. Overall, tissue processing methodologies were heterogeneous. CONCLUSIONS Despite few studies, PNN density was consistently reduced in SCZ across different brain regions. These findings support evidence that implicates deficits in PNN density in the pathophysiology of SCZ. However, more studies, preferably using similar methodological approaches as well as replication of findings, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Roberto F Lisboa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Olga Costa
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Henrique Pakes
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Debora Akemi E Colodete
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Skouras S, Kleinert ML, Lee EHM, Hui CLM, Suen YN, Camchong J, Chong CSY, Chang WC, Chan SKW, Lo WTL, Lim KO, Chen EYH. Aberrant connectivity in the hippocampus, bilateral insula and temporal poles precedes treatment resistance in first-episode psychosis: a prospective resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study with connectivity concordance mapping. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae094. [PMID: 38707706 PMCID: PMC11069118 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been proposed to predict antipsychotic treatment response in schizophrenia. However, only a few prospective studies have examined baseline resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data in drug-naïve first-episode schizophrenia patients with regard to subsequent treatment response. Data-driven approaches to conceptualize and measure functional connectivity patterns vary broadly, and model-free, voxel-wise, whole-brain analysis techniques are scarce. Here, we apply such a method, called connectivity concordance mapping to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from an Asian sample (n = 60) with first-episode psychosis, prior to pharmaceutical treatment. Using a longitudinal design, 12 months after the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured and classified patients into two groups based on psychometric testing: treatment responsive and treatment resistant. Next, we compared the two groups' connectivity concordance maps that were derived from the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data at baseline. We have identified consistently higher functional connectivity in the treatment-resistant group in a network including the left hippocampus, bilateral insula and temporal poles. These data-driven novel findings can help researchers to consider new regions of interest and facilitate biomarker development in order to identify treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients early, in advance of treatment and at the time of their first psychotic episode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Skouras
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, CH3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Edwin H M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christy L M Hui
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Nam Suen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jazmin Camchong
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | | | - Wing Chung Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sherry K W Chan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William T L Lo
- Department of Psychiatry, Kwai Chung Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Eric Y H Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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5
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McHugo M, Roeske MJ, Vandekar SN, Armstrong K, Avery SN, Heckers S. Smaller anterior hippocampal subfields in the early stage of psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:69. [PMID: 38296964 PMCID: PMC10830481 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal volume is smaller in schizophrenia, but it is unclear when in the illness the changes appear and whether specific regions (anterior, posterior) and subfields (CA1, CA2/3, dentate gyrus, subiculum) are affected. Here, we used a high-resolution T2-weighted sequence specialized for imaging hippocampal subfields to test the hypothesis that anterior CA1 volume is lower in early psychosis. We measured subfield volumes across hippocampal regions in a group of 90 individuals in the early stage of a non-affective psychotic disorder and 70 demographically similar healthy individuals. We observed smaller volume in the anterior CA1 and dentate gyrus subfields in the early psychosis group. Our findings support models that implicate anterior CA1 and dentate gyrus subfield deficits in the mechanism of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Maxwell J Roeske
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon N Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Suzanne N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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Gao T, Wang X, Cen H, Li X, Zhai Z, Lu C, Dong Y, Zhang S, Zhuo K, Xiang Q, Wang Y, Liu D. Cross-modal associative memory impairment in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 2023; 191:108721. [PMID: 37918479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Impaired associative memory function in patients with schizophrenia has received considerable attention. However, previous studies have primarily concentrated on unisensory materials, which limits our understanding of the broader implications of this impairment. In this study, we sought to expand on this knowledge by examining two types of associative memory domains in individuals with schizophrenia, leveraging both visual (Vis) and auditory (Aud) materials. A total of 32 patients with schizophrenia and 29 healthy controls were recruited to participate in the study. Each participant participated in an experiment composed of three paradigms in which different abstract materials (Aud-Aud, Aud-Vis, and Vis-Vis) were presented. Subsequently, the discriminability scores of the two groups were calculated and compared in different modal tasks. Results from the study indicated that individuals with schizophrenia demonstrated varying degrees of associative memory dysfunction in both the same and cross-modalities, with the latter having a significantly lower score than healthy controls (t = 4.120, p < 0.001). Additionally, the cross-modal associative memory function was significantly and negatively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms among individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia (r = -0.362, p = 0.042). This study provides evidence of abnormalities in the processing and memorization of information that integrates multiple sensory modalities in individuals with schizophrenia. This is of great significance for further understanding the cognitive symptoms and pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia, potentially guiding the development of relevant interventions and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Haixin Cen
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhaolin Zhai
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yuke Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Suzhen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Kaiming Zhuo
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qiong Xiang
- Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Dengtang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China; Division of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Clinical Center for Psychotic Disorders, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai, 200030, China; Institute of Mental Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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7
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Alho J, Lahnakoski JM, Panula JM, Rikandi E, Mäntylä T, Lindgren M, Kieseppä T, Suvisaari J, Sams M, Raij TT. Hippocampus-Centered Network Is Associated With Positive Symptom Alleviation in Patients With First-Episode Psychosis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2023; 8:1197-1206. [PMID: 37336263 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have reported widespread brain functional connectivity alterations in patients with psychosis. These studies have mostly used either resting-state or simple-task paradigms, thereby compromising experimental control or ecological validity, respectively. Additionally, in a conventional functional magnetic resonance imaging intrasubject functional connectivity analysis, it is difficult to identify which connections relate to extrinsic (stimulus-induced) and which connections relate to intrinsic (non-stimulus-related) neural processes. METHODS To mitigate these limitations, we used intersubject functional connectivity (ISFC) to analyze longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected while 36 individuals with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and 29 age- and sex-matched population control participants watched scenes from the fantasy movie Alice in Wonderland at baseline and again at 1-year follow-up. Furthermore, to allow unconfounded comparison and to overcome possible circularity of ISFC, we introduced a novel approach wherein ISFC in both the FEP and population control groups was calculated with respect to an independent group of participants (not included in the analyses). RESULTS Using this independent-reference ISFC approach, we found an interaction effect wherein the independent-reference ISFC in individuals with FEP, but not in the control group participants, was significantly stronger at baseline than at follow-up in a network centered in the hippocampus and involving thalamic, striatal, and cortical regions, such as the orbitofrontal cortex. Alleviation of positive symptoms, particularly delusions, from baseline to follow-up was correlated with decreased network connectivity in patients with FEP. CONCLUSIONS These findings link deviation of naturalistic information processing in the hippocampus-centered network to positive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Alho
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Juha M Lahnakoski
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain, & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Jonatan M Panula
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eva Rikandi
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teemu Mäntylä
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Lindgren
- Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Kieseppä
- Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Suvisaari
- Mental Health Team, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuukka T Raij
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; Advanced Magnetic Imaging Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.
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8
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Xue H, Xu X, Yan Z, Cheng J, Zhang L, Zhu W, Cui G, Zhang Q, Qiu S, Yao Z, Qin W, Liu F, Liang M, Fu J, Xu Q, Xu J, Xie Y, Zhang P, Li W, Wang C, Shen W, Zhang X, Xu K, Zuo XN, Ye Z, Yu Y, Xian J, Yu C. Genome-wide association study of hippocampal blood-oxygen-level-dependent-cerebral blood flow correlation in Chinese Han population. iScience 2023; 26:108005. [PMID: 37822511 PMCID: PMC10562876 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlation between blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been used as an index of neurovascular coupling. Hippocampal BOLD-CBF correlation is associated with neurocognition, and the reduced correlation is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. We conducted the first genome-wide association study of the hippocampal BOLD-CBF correlation in 4,832 Chinese Han subjects. The hippocampal BOLD-CBF correlation had an estimated heritability of 16.2-23.9% and showed reliable genome-wide significant association with a locus at 3q28, in which many variants have been linked to neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid markers of Alzheimer's disease. Gene-based association analyses showed four significant genes (GMNC, CRTC2, DENND4B, and GATAD2B) and revealed enrichment for mast cell calcium mobilization, microglial cell proliferation, and ubiquitin-related proteolysis pathways that regulate different cellular components of the neurovascular unit. This is the first unbiased identification of the association of hippocampal BOLD-CBF correlation, providing fresh insights into the genetic architecture of hippocampal neurovascular coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xue
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zhihan Yan
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Longjiang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Guangbin Cui
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province & Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Shijun Qiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Wen Qin
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Meng Liang
- School of Medical Imaging and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300203, China
| | - Jilian Fu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jiayuan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yingying Xie
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiaochu Zhang
- Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Kai Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Developmental Population Neuroscience Research Center at IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Ye
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Junfang Xian
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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9
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Avery SN, Rogers BP, McHugo M, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Vandekar SN, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Hippocampal Network Dysfunction in Early Psychosis: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 3:979-989. [PMID: 37881573 PMCID: PMC10593896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hippocampal abnormalities are among the most consistent findings in schizophrenia. Numerous studies have reported deficits in hippocampal volume, function, and connectivity in the chronic stage of illness. While hippocampal volume and function deficits are also present in the early stage of illness, there is mixed evidence of both higher and lower functional connectivity. Here, we use graph theory to test the hypothesis that hippocampal network connectivity is broadly lowered in early psychosis and progressively worsens over 2 years. Methods We examined longitudinal resting-state functional connectivity in 140 participants (68 individuals in the early stage of psychosis, 72 demographically similar healthy control individuals). We used an anatomically driven approach to quantify hippocampal network connectivity at 2 levels: 1) a core hippocampal-medial temporal lobe cortex (MTLC) network; and 2) an extended hippocampal-cortical network. Group and time effects were tested in a linear mixed effects model. Results Early psychosis patients showed elevated functional connectivity in the core hippocampal-MTLC network, but contrary to our hypothesis, did not show alterations within the broader hippocampal-cortical network. Hippocampal-MTLC network hyperconnectivity normalized longitudinally and predicted improvement in positive symptoms but was not associated with increasing illness duration. Conclusions These results show abnormally elevated functional connectivity in a core hippocampal-MTLC network in early psychosis, suggesting that selectively increased hippocampal signaling within a localized cortical circuit may be a marker of the early stage of psychosis. Hippocampal-MTLC hyperconnectivity could have prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Baxter P. Rogers
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Simon N. Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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10
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Zhang J, Rao VM, Tian Y, Yang Y, Acosta N, Wan Z, Lee PY, Zhang C, Kegeles LS, Small SA, Guo J. Detecting schizophrenia with 3D structural brain MRI using deep learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14433. [PMID: 37660217 PMCID: PMC10475022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder that causes distinct structural alterations within the brain. We hypothesize that deep learning applied to a structural neuroimaging dataset could detect disease-related alteration and improve classification and diagnostic accuracy. We tested this hypothesis using a single, widely available, and conventional T1-weighted MRI scan, from which we extracted the 3D whole-brain structure using standard post-processing methods. A deep learning model was then developed, optimized, and evaluated on three open datasets with T1-weighted MRI scans of patients with schizophrenia. Our proposed model outperformed the benchmark model, which was also trained with structural MR images using a 3D CNN architecture. Our model is capable of almost perfectly (area under the ROC curve = 0.987) distinguishing schizophrenia patients from healthy controls on unseen structural MRI scans. Regional analysis localized subcortical regions and ventricles as the most predictive brain regions. Subcortical structures serve a pivotal role in cognitive, affective, and social functions in humans, and structural abnormalities of these regions have been associated with schizophrenia. Our finding corroborates that schizophrenia is associated with widespread alterations in subcortical brain structure and the subcortical structural information provides prominent features in diagnostic classification. Together, these results further demonstrate the potential of deep learning to improve schizophrenia diagnosis and identify its structural neuroimaging signatures from a single, standard T1-weighted brain MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vishwanatha M Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanting Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Acosta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zihan Wan
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pin-Yu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lawrence S Kegeles
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Department of Neurology, Radiology, and Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Grace AA, Uliana DL. Insights into the Mechanism of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs Derived from Animal Models: Standard of Care versus Novel Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12374. [PMID: 37569748 PMCID: PMC10418544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic intervention for schizophrenia relies on blockade of dopamine D2 receptors in the associative striatum; however, there is little evidence for baseline overdrive of the dopamine system. Instead, the dopamine system is in a hyper-responsive state due to excessive drive by the hippocampus. This causes more dopamine neurons to be in a spontaneously active, hyper-responsive state. Antipsychotic drugs alleviate this by causing depolarization block, or excessive depolarization-induced dopamine neuron inactivation. Indeed, both first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs cause depolarization block in the ventral tegmentum to relieve positive symptoms, whereas first-generation drugs also cause depolarization in the nigrostriatal dopamine system to lead to extrapyramidal side effects. However, by blocking dopamine receptors, these drugs are activating multiple synapses downstream from the proposed site of pathology: the loss of inhibitory influence over the hippocampus. An overactive hippocampus not only drives the dopamine-dependent positive symptoms, but via its projections to the amygdala and the neocortex can also drive negative and cognitive symptoms, respectively. On this basis, a novel class of drugs that can reverse schizophrenia at the site of pathology, i.e., the hippocampal overdrive, could be effective in alleviating all three classes of symptoms of schizophrenia while also being better tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
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12
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Cao P, Chen C, Si Q, Li Y, Ren F, Han C, Zhao J, Wang X, Xu G, Sui Y. Volumes of hippocampal subfields suggest a continuum between schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1191170. [PMID: 37547217 PMCID: PMC10400724 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1191170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective There is considerable debate as to whether the continuum of major psychiatric disorders exists and to what extent the boundaries extend. Converging evidence suggests that alterations in hippocampal volume are a common sign in psychiatric disorders; however, there is still no consensus on the nature and extent of hippocampal atrophy in schizophrenia (SZ), major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this study was to verify the continuum of SZ - BD - MDD at the level of hippocampal subfield volume and to compare the volume differences in hippocampal subfields in the continuum. Methods A total of 412 participants (204 SZ, 98 MDD, and 110 BD) underwent 3 T MRI scans, structured clinical interviews, and clinical scales. We segmented the hippocampal subfields with FreeSurfer 7.1.1 and compared subfields volumes across the three diagnostic groups by controlling for age, gender, education, and intracranial volumes. Results The results showed a gradual increase in hippocampal subfield volumes from SZ to MDD to BD. Significant volume differences in the total hippocampus and 13 of 26 hippocampal subfields, including CA1, CA3, CA4, GC-ML-DG, molecular layer and the whole hippocampus, bilaterally, and parasubiculum in the right hemisphere, were observed among diagnostic groups. Medication treatment had the most effect on subfields of MDD compared to SZ and BD. Subfield volumes were negatively correlated with illness duration of MDD. Positive correlations were found between subfield volumes and drug dose in SZ and MDD. There was no significant difference in laterality between diagnostic groups. Conclusion The pattern of hippocampal volume reduction in SZ, MDD and BD suggests that there may be a continuum of the three disorders at the hippocampal level. The hippocampus represents a phenotype that is distinct from traditional diagnostic strategies. Combined with illness duration and drug intervention, it may better reflect shared pathophysiology and mechanisms across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Congxin Chen
- Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Si
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Huai’an No. 3 People’s Hospital, Huai’an, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Ren
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chongyang Han
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiying Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoxin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiu Sui
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, China
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13
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Farmer CB, Roach EL, Bice LR, Falgout ME, Mata KG, Roche JK, Roberts RC. Excitatory and inhibitory imbalances in the trisynaptic pathway in the hippocampus in schizophrenia: a postmortem ultrastructural study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:949-965. [PMID: 37193867 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A preponderance of evidence suggests that the hippocampus is a key region of dysfunction in schizophrenia. Neuroimaging and other studies indicate a relationship between hippocampal dysfunction and the degree of psychosis. Clinical data indicate hyperactivity in the hippocampus that precedes the onset of psychosis, and is correlated with symptom severity. In this study, we sought to identify circuitry at the electron microscopic level that could contribute to region-specific imbalances in excitation and inhibition in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. We used postmortem tissue from the anterior hippocampus from patients with schizophrenia and matched controls. Using stereological techniques, we counted and measured synapses, postsynaptic densities (PSDs), and evaluated size, number and optical density of mitochondria and parvalbumin-containing interneurons in key nodes of the trisynaptic pathway. Compared to controls, the schizophrenia group had decreased numbers of inhibitory synapses in CA3 and increased numbers of excitatory synapses in CA1; together, this indicates deficits in inhibition and an increase in excitation. The thickness of the PSD was larger in excitatory synapses in CA1, suggesting greater synaptic strength. In the schizophrenia group, there were fewer mitochondria in the dentate gyrus and a decrease in the optical density, a measure of functional integrity, in CA1. The number and optical density of parvalbumin interneurons were lower in CA3. The results suggest region-specific increases in excitatory circuitry, decreases in inhibitory neurotransmission and fewer or damaged mitochondria. These results are consistent with the hyperactivity observed in the hippocampus in schizophrenia in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene B Farmer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Erica L Roach
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Lily R Bice
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Madeleine E Falgout
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kattia G Mata
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Joy K Roche
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rosalinda C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Sparks Center 835C, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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14
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Oliver D, Davies C, Zelaya F, Selvaggi P, De Micheli A, Catalan A, Baldwin H, Arribas M, Modinos G, Crossley NA, Allen P, Egerton A, Jauhar S, Howes OD, McGuire P, Fusar-Poli P. Parsing neurobiological heterogeneity of the clinical high-risk state for psychosis: A pseudo-continuous arterial spin labelling study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1092213. [PMID: 36970257 PMCID: PMC10031088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1092213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The impact of the clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) construct is dependent on accurately predicting outcomes. Individuals with brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS) have higher risk of developing a first episode of psychosis (FEP) compared to individuals with attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS). Supplementing subgroup stratification with information from candidate biomarkers based on neurobiological parameters, such as resting-state, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), may help refine risk estimates. Based on previous evidence, we hypothesized that individuals with BLIPS would exhibit increased rCBF compared to APS in key regions linked to dopaminergic pathways. Methods Data from four studies were combined using ComBat (to account for between-study differences) to analyse rCBF in 150 age- and sex-matched subjects (n = 30 healthy controls [HCs], n = 80 APS, n = 20 BLIPS and n = 20 FEP). Global gray matter (GM) rCBF was examined in addition to region-of-interest (ROI) analyses in bilateral/left/right frontal cortex, hippocampus and striatum. Group differences were assessed using general linear models: (i) alone; (ii) with global GM rCBF as a covariate; (iii) with global GM rCBF and smoking status as covariates. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Whole-brain voxel-wise analyses and Bayesian ROI analyses were also conducted. No significant group differences were found in global [F(3,143) = 1,41, p = 0.24], bilateral frontal cortex [F(3,143) = 1.01, p = 0.39], hippocampus [F(3,143) = 0.63, p = 0.60] or striatum [F(3,143) = 0.52, p = 0.57] rCBF. Similar null findings were observed in lateralized ROIs (p > 0.05). All results were robust to addition of covariates (p > 0.05). No significant clusters were identified in whole-brain voxel-wise analyses (p > 0.05FWE). Weak-to-moderate evidence was found for an absence of rCBF differences between APS and BLIPS in Bayesian ROI analyses. Conclusion On this evidence, APS and BLIPS are unlikely to be neurobiologically distinct. Due to this and the weak-to-moderate evidence for the null hypothesis, future research should investigate larger samples of APS and BLIPS through collaboration across large-scale international consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Oliver
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cathy Davies
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Zelaya
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierluigi Selvaggi
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea De Micheli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Catalan
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Mental Health Department, Basurto University Hospital, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Campus de Leioa, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Helen Baldwin
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Mental Health Policy Research Unit, Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maite Arribas
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Modinos
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Neuroimaging, Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas A. Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D. Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, National Institute for Health Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- OASIS Service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, National Institute for Health Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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15
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Subcortical Structures in Demented Schizophrenia Patients: A Comparative Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010233. [PMID: 36672741 PMCID: PMC9855401 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are few studies on dementia and schizophrenia in older patients looking for structural differences. This paper aims to describe relation between cognitive performance and brain volumes in older schizophrenia patients. Twenty schizophrenic outpatients -10 without-dementia (SND), 10 with dementia (SD)- and fifteen healthy individuals -as the control group (CG)-, older than 50, were selected. Neuropsychological tests were used to examine cognitive domains. Brain volumes were calculated with magnetic resonance images. Cognitive performance was significantly better in CG than in schizophrenics. Cognitive performance was worst in SD than SND, except in semantic memory and visual attention. Hippocampal volumes showed significant differences between SD and CG, with predominance on the right side. Left thalamic volume was smaller in SD group than in SND. Structural differences were found in the hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus; more evident in the amygdala and thalamus, which were mainly related to dementia. In conclusion, cognitive performance and structural changes allowed us to differentiate between schizophrenia patients and CG, with changes being more pronounced in SD than in SND. When comparing SND with SD, the functional alterations largely coincide, although sometimes in the opposite direction. Moreover, volume lost in the hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus may be related to the possibility to develop dementia in schizophrenic patients.
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16
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Barch DM, Boudewyn MA, Carter CC, Erickson M, Frank MJ, Gold JM, Luck SJ, MacDonald AW, Ragland JD, Ranganath C, Silverstein SM, Yonelinas A. Cognitive [Computational] Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Serious Mental Illness (CNTRaCS) Consortium: Progress and Future Directions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:19-60. [PMID: 36173600 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of treatments for impaired cognition in schizophrenia has been characterized as the most important challenge facing psychiatry at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) project was designed to build on the potential benefits of using tasks and tools from cognitive neuroscience to better understanding and treat cognitive impairments in psychosis. These benefits include: (1) the use of fine-grained tasks that measure discrete cognitive processes; (2) the ability to design tasks that distinguish between specific cognitive domain deficits and poor performance due to generalized deficits resulting from sedation, low motivation, poor test taking skills, etc.; and (3) the ability to link cognitive deficits to specific neural systems, using animal models, neuropsychology, and functional imaging. CNTRICS convened a series of meetings to identify paradigms from cognitive neuroscience that maximize these benefits and identified the steps need for translation into use in clinical populations. The Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia (CNTRaCS) Consortium was developed to help carry out these steps. CNTRaCS consists of investigators at five different sites across the country with diverse expertise relevant to a wide range of the cognitive systems identified as critical as part of CNTRICs. This work reports on the progress and current directions in the evaluation and optimization carried out by CNTRaCS of the tasks identified as part of the original CNTRICs process, as well as subsequent extensions into the Positive Valence systems domain of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). We also describe the current focus of CNTRaCS, which involves taking a computational psychiatry approach to measuring cognitive and motivational function across the spectrum of psychosis. Specifically, the current iteration of CNTRaCS is using computational modeling to isolate parameters reflecting potentially more specific cognitive and visual processes that may provide greater interpretability in understanding shared and distinct impairments across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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17
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Seo J, Hwang H, Choi Y, Jung S, Hong JH, Yoon BJ, Rhim H, Park M. Myristoylation-dependent palmitoylation of cyclin Y modulates long-term potentiation and spatial learning. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 218:102349. [PMID: 36030931 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many psychiatric disorders accompany deficits in cognitive functions and synaptic plasticity, and abnormal lipid modifications of neuronal proteins are associated with their pathophysiology. Lipid modifications, including palmitoylation and myristoylation, play crucial roles in the subcellular localization and trafficking of proteins. Cyclin Y (CCNY), enriched in the postsynaptic compartment, acts as an inhibitory modulator of functional and structural long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal neurons. However, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying CCNY-mediated inhibitory functions in the synapse remain largely unknown. Here, we report that myristoylation located CCNY to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), and subsequent palmitoylation directed the myristoylated CCNY from the TGN to the synaptic cell surface. This myristoylation-dependent palmitoylation of CCNY was required for the inhibitory role of CCNY in excitatory synaptic transmission, activity-induced dynamics of AMPA receptors and PSD-95, LTP, and spatial learning. Furthermore, spatial learning significantly reduced palmitoyl- and myristoyl-CCNY levels, indicating that spatial learning lowers the synaptic abundance of CCNY. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how CCNY is clustered adjacent to postsynaptic sites where it could play its inhibitory roles in synaptic plasticity and spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Seo
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Yuri Choi
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Jung
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Hong
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Bong-June Yoon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Mikyoung Park
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea; Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea.
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18
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Du Y, Gao Y, Wu G, Li Z, Du X, Li J, Li X, Liu Z, Xu Y, Liu S. Exploration of the relationship between hippocampus and immune system in schizophrenia based on immune infiltration analysis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878997. [PMID: 35983039 PMCID: PMC9380889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SZ). Despite previous studies showing a broad link between immune dysregulation and the central nervous system of SZ, the exact relationship has not been completely elucidated. With immune infiltration analysis as an entry point, this study aimed to explore the relationship between schizophrenia and the immune system in more detail from brain regions, immune cells, genes, and pathways. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the hippocampus (HPC), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and striatum (STR) between SZ and control groups. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and functional enrichment analysis showed that three brain regions were closely related to the immune system. Compared with PFC and STR, there were 20 immune-related genes (IRGs) and 42 immune pathways in HPC. The results of immune infiltration analysis showed that the differential immune cells in HPC were effector memory T (Tem) cells. The correlation of immune-related DEGs (IDEGs) and immune cells further analysis showed that NPY, BLNK, OXTR, and FGF12, were moderately correlated with Tem cells. Functional pathway analysis indicated that these four genes might affect Tem by regulating the PI3K-AKT pathway and the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis results indicated that these four genes had a high diagnostic ability (AUC=95.19%). Finally, the disease animal model was successfully replicated, and further validation was conducted using the real-time PCR and the western blot. These results showed that these gene expression changes were consistent with our previous expression profiling. In conclusion, our findings suggested that HPC in SZ may be more closely related to immune disorders and modulate immune function through Tem, PI3K-Akt pathway, and neuroactive ligand-binding receptor interactions. To the best of our knowledge, the Immucell AI tool has been applied for the first time to analyze immune infiltration in SZ, contributing to a better understanding of the role of immune dysfunction in SZ from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Du
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guangxian Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zexuan Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinzhe Du
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junxia Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Mental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Liu, ; Yong Xu,
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Liu, ; Yong Xu,
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19
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The mGlu 7 receptor in schizophrenia - An update and future perspectives. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 218:173430. [PMID: 35870668 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The mGlu7 receptor belongs to the III group of metabotropic glutamatergic (mGlu) receptors and physiologically serves as an "emergency" receptor that is activated by high, almost pathological, glutamate concentrations. Of all mGlu receptors, this receptor is most highly expressed in the brain. Additionally, relatively intense expression of the receptor was found at the periphery, for example in the bowels or in the reproductive system of male mice, but this review will be focused predominantly on its role in the brain. In the CNS, the receptor is expressed presynaptically, in the center of the synaptic cleft, at the terminals of both excitatory glutamatergic and inhibitory GABAergic neurons. Thus, it may regulate the release of both glutamate and GABA. Schizophrenia is thought to develop as a consequence of a disturbed glutamatergic-GABAergic balance in different parts of the brain. Thus, the mGlu7 receptor may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and consequently constitute the target for antipsychotic drug discovery. In this review, we summarize the available data about mGlu7 receptor ligands and their activity in animal models of schizophrenia. At present, only a few ligands are available, and negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) appear to exert antipsychotic-like efficacy, indicating that the inhibition of the receptor could constitute a promising target in the search for novel drugs. Additionally, the data concerning the expression of the receptor in the CNS and putative mechanisms by which its inhibition may contribute to the treatment of schizophrenia will be discussed. Finally, the polymorphisms of genes encoding the receptor in schizophrenic patients will also be provided.
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20
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Schaub N, Ammann N, Conring F, Müller T, Federspiel A, Wiest R, Hoepner R, Stegmayer K, Walther S. Effect of Season of Birth on Hippocampus Volume in a Transdiagnostic Sample of Patients With Depression and Schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:877461. [PMID: 35769255 PMCID: PMC9234120 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.877461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders share an excess of seasonal birth in winter and spring, suggesting an increase of neurodevelopmental risks. Evidence suggests season of birth can serve as a proxy of harmful environmental factors. Given that prenatal exposure of these factors may trigger pathologic processes in the neurodevelopment, they may consequently lead to brain volume alterations. Here we tested the effects of season of birth on gray matter volume in a transdiagnostic sample of patients with schizophrenia and depression compared to healthy controls (n = 192). We found a significant effect of season of birth on gray matter volume with reduced right hippocampal volume in summer-born compared to winter-born patients with depression. In addition, the volume of the right hippocampus was reduced independent from season of birth in schizophrenia. Our results support the potential impact of season of birth on hippocampal volume in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Schaub
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Ammann
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Conring
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Müller
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Federspiel
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center of Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), Inselspital, University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Hoepner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Stegmayer
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Katharina Stegmayer,
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Perez SM, McCoy AM, Prevot TD, Mian MY, Carreno FR, Frazer A, Cook JM, Sibille E, Lodge DJ. Hippocampal α5-GABA A Receptors Modulate Dopamine Neuron Activity in the Rat Ventral Tegmental Area. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 3:78-86. [PMID: 36712569 PMCID: PMC9874136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant dopamine neuron activity is attributable to hyperactivity in hippocampal subfields driving a pathological increase in dopamine neuron activity, which is positively correlated with psychosis in humans. Evidence indicates that hippocampal hyperactivity is due to loss of intrinsic GABAergic (gamma-aminobutyric acidergic) inhibition. We have previously demonstrated that hippocampal GABAergic neurotransmission can be modulated by targeting α5-GABAA receptors, which are preferentially expressed in hippocampal regions. Positive and negative allosteric modulators of α5-GABAA receptors (α5-PAMs and α5-NAMs) elicit effects on hippocampal-dependent behaviors. We posited that the selective manipulation of hippocampal inhibition, using α5-PAMs or α5-NAMs, would modulate dopamine activity in control rats. Further, α5-PAMs would reverse aberrant dopamine neuron activity in a rodent model with schizophrenia-related pathophysiologies (methylazoxymethanol acetate [MAM] model). Methods We performed in vivo extracellular recordings of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons in anesthetized rats to compare the effects of two novel, selective α5-PAMs (GL-II-73, MP-III-022), a nonselective α-PAM (midazolam), and two selective α5-NAMs (L-655,708, TB 21007) in control and MAM-treated male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 5-9). Results Systemic or intracranial administration of selective α5-GABAA receptor modulators regulated dopamine activity. Specifically, both α5-NAMs increased dopamine neuron activity in control rats, whereas GL-II-73, MP-III-022, and L-655,708 attenuated aberrant dopamine neuron activity in MAM-treated rats, an effect mediated by the ventral hippocampus. Conclusions This study demonstrated that α5-GABAA receptor modulation can regulate dopamine neuron activity under control or abnormal activity, providing additional evidence that α5-PAMs and α5-NAMs may have therapeutic applications in psychosis and other psychiatric diseases where aberrant hippocampal activity is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Perez
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas,Address correspondence to Stephanie M. Perez, Ph.D.
| | - Alexandra M. McCoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Thomas D. Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Flavia R. Carreno
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Alan Frazer
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,Audie L. Murphy Memorial Veterans Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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22
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Delgado-Sallent C, Nebot P, Gener T, Fath AB, Timplalexi M, Puig MV. Atypical, but Not Typical, Antipsychotic Drugs Reduce Hypersynchronized Prefrontal-Hippocampal Circuits during Psychosis-Like States in Mice: Contribution of 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A Receptors. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3472-3487. [PMID: 34875009 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural synchrony and functional connectivity are disrupted in schizophrenia. We investigated changes in prefrontal-hippocampal neural dynamics during psychosis-like states induced by the NMDAR antagonist phencyclidine and subsequent rescue by two atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs), risperidone and clozapine, and the classical APD haloperidol. The psychotomimetic effects of phencyclidine were associated with prefrontal hypersynchronization, hippocampal desynchronization, and disrupted circuit connectivity. Phencyclidine boosted prefrontal oscillatory power at atypical bands within delta, gamma, and high frequency ranges, while irregular cross-frequency and spike-LFP coupling emerged. In the hippocampus, phencyclidine enhanced delta rhythms but suppressed theta oscillations, theta-gamma coupling, and theta-beta spike-LFP coupling. Baseline interregional theta-gamma coupling, theta phase coherence, and hippocampus-to-cortex theta signals were redirected to delta frequencies. Risperidone and clozapine, but not haloperidol, reduced phencyclidine-induced prefrontal and cortical-hippocampal hypersynchrony. None of the substances restored hippocampal and circuit desynchronization. These results suggest that AAPDs, but not typical APDs, target prefrontal-hippocampal pathways to elicit antipsychotic action. We investigated whether the affinity of AAPDs for serotonin receptors could explain their distinct effects. Serotonin 5-HT2AR antagonism by M100907 and 5-HT1AR agonism by 8-OH-DPAT reduced prefrontal hypersynchronization. Our results point to fundamentally different neural mechanisms underlying the action of atypical versus typical APDs with selective contribution of serotonin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Delgado-Sallent
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Nebot
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Gener
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda B Fath
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Melina Timplalexi
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Victoria Puig
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Büki A, Bohár Z, Kekesi G, Vécsei L, Horvath G. Wisket rat model of schizophrenia: Impaired motivation and, altered brain structure, but no anhedonia. Physiol Behav 2021; 244:113651. [PMID: 34800492 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that the poor cognition in schizophrenia is strongly linked to negative symptoms, including motivational deficit, which due to, at least partially, anhedonia. The goal of this study was to explore whether the schizophrenia-like Wisket animals with impaired motivation (obtained in the reward-based hole-board test), also show decreased hedonic behavior (investigated with the sucrose preference test). While neurochemical alterations of different neurotransmitter systems have been detected in the Wisket rats, no research has been performed on structural changes. Therefore, our additional aim was to reveal potential neuroanatomical and structural alterations in different brain regions in these rats. The rats showed decreased general motor activity (locomotion, rearing and exploration) and impaired task performance in the hole-board test compared to the controls, whereas no significant difference was observed in the sucrose preference test between the groups. The Wisket rats exhibited a significant decrease in the frontal cortical thickness and the hippocampal area, and moderate increases in the lateral ventricles and cell disarray in the CA3 subfield of hippocampus. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the hedonic behavior and neuroanatomical alterations in a multi-hit animal model of schizophrenia. The results obtained in the sucrose preference test suggest that anhedonic behavior might not be involved in the impaired motivation obtained in the hole-board test. The neuropathological changes agree with findings obtained in patients with schizophrenia, which refine the high face validity of the Wisket model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Büki
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Bohár
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Kekesi
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Semmelweis u. 6, Szeged, H-6725, Hungary; Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, H-6725, Hungary; Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, Department of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, H-6725 Hungary
| | - Gyongyi Horvath
- Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 10., Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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24
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Beck K, Arumuham A, Veronese M, Santangelo B, McGinnity CJ, Dunn J, McCutcheon RA, Kaar SJ, Singh N, Pillinger T, Borgan F, Stone J, Jauhar S, Sementa T, Turkheimer F, Hammers A, Howes OD. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor availability in first-episode psychosis: a PET-MR brain imaging study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:425. [PMID: 34385418 PMCID: PMC8361127 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction is hypothesised to underlie psychosis but this has not been tested early in illness. To address this, we studied 40 volunteers (21 patients with first-episode psychosis and 19 matched healthy controls) using PET imaging with an NMDAR selective ligand, [18F]GE-179, that binds to the ketamine binding site to index its distribution volume ratio (DVR) and volume of distribution (VT). Hippocampal DVR, but not VT, was significantly lower in patients relative to controls (p = 0.02, Cohen's d = 0.81; p = 0.15, Cohen's d = 0.49), and negatively associated with total (rho = -0.47, p = 0.04), depressive (rho = -0.67, p = 0.002), and general symptom severity (rho = -0.74, p < 0.001). Exploratory analyses found no significant differences in other brain regions (anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, striatum and temporal cortex). These findings are consistent with the NMDAR hypofunction hypothesis and identify the hippocampus as a key locus for relative NMDAR hypofunction, although further studies should test specificity and causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Beck
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Atheeshaan Arumuham
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Santangelo
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Colm J McGinnity
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Joel Dunn
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stephen J Kaar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nisha Singh
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Toby Pillinger
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Faith Borgan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- COMPASS Pathways plc, London, UK
| | - James Stone
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Sameer Jauhar
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Teresa Sementa
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Hammers
- King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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25
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Modinos G, Richter A, Egerton A, Bonoldi I, Azis M, Antoniades M, Bossong M, Crossley N, Perez J, Stone JM, Veronese M, Zelaya F, Grace AA, Howes OD, Allen P, McGuire P. Interactions between hippocampal activity and striatal dopamine in people at clinical high risk for psychosis: relationship to adverse outcomes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1468-1474. [PMID: 33941857 PMCID: PMC8209204 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical models propose that increased hippocampal activity drives subcortical dopaminergic dysfunction and leads to psychosis-like symptoms and behaviors. Here, we used multimodal neuroimaging to examine the relationship between hippocampal regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in people at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis and investigated its association with subsequent clinical and functional outcomes. Ninety-five participants (67 CHR and 28 healthy controls) underwent arterial spin labeling MRI and 18F-DOPA PET imaging at baseline. CHR participants were followed up for a median of 15 months to determine functional outcomes with the global assessment of function (GAF) scale and clinical outcomes using the comprehensive assessment of at-risk mental states (CAARMS). CHR participants with poor functional outcomes (follow-up GAF < 65, n = 25) showed higher rCBF in the right hippocampus compared to CHRs with good functional outcomes (GAF ≥ 65, n = 25) (pfwe = 0.026). The relationship between rCBF in this right hippocampal region and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity was also significantly different between groups (pfwe = 0.035); the association was negative in CHR with poor outcomes (pfwe = 0.012), but non-significant in CHR with good outcomes. Furthermore, the correlation between right hippocampal rCBF and striatal dopamine function predicted a longitudinal increase in the severity of positive psychotic symptoms within the total CHR group (p = 0.041). There were no differences in rCBF, dopamine, or their associations in the total CHR group relative to controls. These findings indicate that altered interactions between the hippocampus and the subcortical dopamine system are implicated in the pathophysiology of adverse outcomes in the CHR state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Modinos
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Anja Richter
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ilaria Bonoldi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matilda Azis
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mathilde Antoniades
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthijs Bossong
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Crossley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jesus Perez
- CAMEO Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - James M Stone
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fernando Zelaya
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK.,MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
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SREBP-1c Deficiency Affects Hippocampal Micromorphometry and Hippocampus-Dependent Memory Ability in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116103. [PMID: 34198910 PMCID: PMC8201143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in structural and functional neuroplasticity have been implicated in various neurological disorders. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c is a critical regulatory molecule of lipid homeostasis in the brain. Recently, our findings have shown the potential involvement of SREBP-1c deficiency in the alteration of novel modulatory molecules in the hippocampus and occurrence of schizophrenia-like behaviors in mice. However, the possible underlying mechanisms, related to neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus, are yet to be elucidated. In this study, we investigated the hippocampus-dependent memory function and neuronal architecture of hippocampal neurons in SREBP-1c knockout (KO) mice. During the passive avoidance test, SREBP-1c KO mice showed memory impairment. Based on Golgi staining, the dendritic complexity, length, and branch points were significantly decreased in the apical cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) subregions of the hippocampi of SREBP-1c KO mice, compared with those of wild-type (WT) mice. Additionally, significant decreases in the dendritic diameters were detected in the CA3 and DG subregions, and spine density was also significantly decreased in the apical CA3 subregion of the hippocampi of KO mice, compared with that of WT mice. Alterations in the proportions of stubby and thin-shaped dendritic spines were observed in the apical subcompartments of CA1 and CA3 in the hippocampi of KO mice. Furthermore, the corresponding differential decreases in the levels of SREBP-1 expression in the hippocampal subregions (particularly, a significant decrease in the level in the CA3) were detected by immunofluorescence. This study suggests that the contributions of SREBP-1c to the structural plasticity of the mouse hippocampus may have underlain the behavioral alterations. These findings offer insights into the critical role of SREBP-1c in hippocampal functioning in mice.
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Neurocognitive functions in persistent negative symptoms following a first episode of psychosis. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 47:86-97. [PMID: 33663901 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Negative symptoms are present at the onset of psychosis and their persistence is significantly associated with poor psychosocial functioning and lower quality of life. Persistent negative symptoms (PNS) may be idiopathic or secondary to other factors such as depression, positive symptoms, and medication side-effects. Several studies have examined neurocognitive functions in early psychosis patients with PNS relative to non-PNS, but have not systematically controlled for secondary PNS (sPNS). The latter may have a distinct neurocognitive profile that could obscure differences between PNS and non-PNS. Using a large (n = 425) sample, we examined neurocognitive functions in PNS, sPNS, and non-PNS and hypothesized that PNS would be associated with greater impairments relative to non-PNS. Following admission to an early intervention program, a neurocognitive battery was administered after at least 3 months of treatment, and symptom data collected during a subsequent 6-month period were used to classify patients as PNS, sPNS and non-PNS. At month 12, both PNS and sPNS groups had significantly lower level of functioning relative to the non-PNS group but the sPNS group experienced higher levels of depressive and positive symptoms and were on a higher dose of antipsychotics. Relative to non-PNS, PNS patients exhibited significant impairments in verbal memory and working memory, whereas sPNS patients exhibited a trend towards greater impairments in verbal memory. This study confirms that the presence of PNS or sPNS negatively influences functioning with more selective cognitive impairments found in PNS, providing evidence that these groups of patients could benefit from different personalised interventions.
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28
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Towards Novel Treatments for Schizophrenia: Molecular and Behavioural Signatures of the Psychotropic Agent SEP-363856. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084119. [PMID: 33923479 PMCID: PMC8073823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex psychopathology whose treatment is still challenging. Given the limitations of existing antipsychotics, there is urgent need for novel drugs with fewer side effects. SEP-363856 (SEP-856) is a novel psychotropic agent currently under phase III clinical investigation for schizophrenia treatment. In this study, we investigated the ability of an acute oral SEP-856 administration to modulate the functional activity of specific brain regions at basal levels and under glutamatergic or dopaminergic-perturbed conditions in adult rats. We found that immediate-early genes (IEGs) expression was strongly upregulated in the prefrontal cortex and, to a less extent, in the ventral hippocampus, suggesting an activation of these regions. Furthermore, SEP-856 was effective in preventing the hyperactivity induced by an acute injection of phencyclidine (PCP), but not of d-amphetamine (AMPH). The compound effectively normalized the PCP-induced increase in IEGs expression in the PFC at all doses tested, whereas only the highest dose determined the major modulations on AMPH-induced changes. Lastly, SEP-856 acute administration corrected the cognitive deficits produced by subchronic PCP administration. Taken together, our data provide further insights on SEP-856, suggesting that modulation of the PFC may represent an important mechanism for the functional and behavioural activity of this novel compound.
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Chestnykh DA, Amato D, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: Mechanisms of antipsychotic accumulation, therapeutic action and failure. Behav Brain Res 2021; 403:113144. [PMID: 33515642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a multi-dimensional disorder with a complex and mostly unknown etiology, leading to a severe decline in life quality. Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) remain beneficial interventions in the treatment of the disorder, but vary significantly in binding profile, clinical effects and adverse reactions. The present review summarizes the main principles of APD mechanisms of action with a particular focus on recent findings in APD accumulation and its role in the therapeutic efficacy and treatment failure. High and low doses of APDs were shown to be effective in different dimensions of antipsychotic-like behaviour in rodent models. Efficacy of the APDs correlates with high dopamine D2 receptor occupancy, which occurs quickly after drug administration. However, onset and peak of action are delayed up to several days or weeks. APD accumulation via acidic trapping in synaptic vesicles is considered to underlie the time course of APD action. Use-dependent exocytosis, co-release with dopamine and serotonin and inhibition of ion channels impact on the neuronal transmission and determine effects of APDs. Disruption in accumulating properties leads to diminished APD effects. In addition, long-term APD administration at therapeutic doses leads to treatment failure both in animal models and in humans. APD failure was associated with treatment induced neuroadaptations, including a decline in extracellular dopamine levels, dopamine transporter upregulation, and altered neuronal firing. However, enhanced synaptic vesicle release has also been reported. APD loss of efficacy may be reversed through inhibition of the dopamine transporter or switching the administration regimen from continuous to intermittent. Thus, manipulating the accumulation properties of APDs, changes in the administration regimen and doses, or co-administration with dopamine transporter inhibitors may be considered to yield benefits in the development of new effective strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria A Chestnykh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Davide Amato
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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30
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Malaspina D, Lotan E, Rusinek H, Perez SA, Walsh-Messinger J, Kranz TM, Gonen O. Preliminary Findings Associate Hippocampal 1H-MR Spectroscopic Metabolite Concentrations with Psychotic and Manic Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:88-93. [PMID: 33184071 PMCID: PMC7814798 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previous hippocampal proton MR spectroscopic imaging distinguished patients with schizophrenia from controls by elevated Cr levels and significantly more variable NAA and Cho concentrations. This goal of this study was to ascertain whether this metabolic variability is associated with clinical features of the syndrome, possibly reflecting heterogeneous hippocampal pathologies and perhaps variability in its "positive" (psychotic) and "negative" (social and emotional deficits) symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a sample of 15 patients with schizophrenia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, we examined the association of NAA and Cho levels with research diagnostic interviews and clinical symptom ratings of the patients. Metabolite concentrations were previously obtained with 3D proton MR spectroscopic imaging at 3T, a technique that facilitates complete coverage of this small, irregularly shaped, bilateral, temporal lobe structure. RESULTS The patient cohort comprised 8 men and 7 women (mean age, 39.1 [SD, 10.8] years, with a mean disease duration of 17.2 [SD, 10.8] years. Despite the relatively modest cohort size, we found the following: 1) Elevated Cho levels predict the positive (psychotic, r = 0.590, P = .021) and manic (r = 0.686, P = .005) symptom severity; and 2) lower NAA levels trend toward negative symptoms (r = 0.484, P = .08). No clinical symptoms were associated with Cr level or hippocampal volume (all, P ≥ .055). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings suggest that NAA and Cho variations reflect different pathophysiologic processes, consistent with microgliosis/astrogliosis and/or lower vitality (reduced NAA) and demyelination (elevated Cho). In particular, the active state-related symptoms, including psychosis and mania, were associated with demyelination. Consequently, their deviations from the means of healthy controls may be a marker that may benefit precision medicine in selection and monitoring of schizophrenia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Malaspina
- From the Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Genetics, and Genomics (D.M.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - E Lotan
- Department of Radiology (E.L., H.R., S.A.P., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - H Rusinek
- Department of Radiology (E.L., H.R., S.A.P., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - S A Perez
- Department of Radiology (E.L., H.R., S.A.P., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - J Walsh-Messinger
- Department of Psychology (J.W.-M.), University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio
- Department of Psychiatry (J.W.-M.), Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio
| | - T M Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy (T.M.K.), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - O Gonen
- Department of Radiology (E.L., H.R., S.A.P., O.G.), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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31
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McKinney RA, Avery SN, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Relational memory in the early stage of psychotic bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 294:113508. [PMID: 33096436 PMCID: PMC7809627 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Relational memory is impaired in psychotic disorders. In non-affective psychotic disorders, relational memory deficits are present in the early stage of illness and become more pronounced in the chronic stage. Previous studies have demonstrated cognitive deficits in early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder, but it is unclear whether relational memory is impaired. We examined relational memory using a face-scene binding task in early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder patients (n = 33) and compared their performance with healthy control (n = 40) and early-stage non-affective psychosis participants (n = 40). During training, participants learned to associate faces with background scenes. During testing, participants viewed a scene overlaid by three faces and were asked to recall the matching face. Relational memory was assessed indirectly using eye movements and explicitly using forced-choice recognition. Preferential viewing of the matching face, as captured by overall proportion of viewing and viewing across time, was significantly lower in psychotic bipolar disorder than in the healthy control group. However, preferential viewing of the matching face in psychotic bipolar disorder was significantly better than in non-affective psychosis. These findings provide novel evidence that relational memory in patients with early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder is intermediate between healthy control and early-stage non-affective psychosis subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Suzanne N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA.
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA; Research Health Scientist, Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Neil D Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
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32
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Nakagawa K, Yoshino H, Ogawa Y, Yamamuro K, Kimoto S, Noriyama Y, Makinodan M, Yamashita M, Saito Y, Kishimoto T. Maternal Immune Activation Affects Hippocampal Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in Offspring From an Early Developmental Period to Adulthood. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:241. [PMID: 32903758 PMCID: PMC7438877 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the risk factors for schizophrenia is maternal infection. We have previously shown that Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I:C) induced maternal immune activation in mice caused histological changes in the hippocampal CA1 area of offspring during the developmental period and impaired sensorimotor gating in offspring during adulthood, resulting in behavioral changes. However, it remains unclear how maternal immune activation functionally impacts the hippocampal neuronal activity of offspring. We studied the effect of prenatal poly I:C treatment on synaptic transmission of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in postnatal and adult offspring. Treatment with poly I:C diminished excitatory and enhanced inhibitory (GABAergic) synaptic transmission on pyramidal cells in adult offspring. During the early developmental period, we still observed that treatment with poly I:C decreased excitatory synaptic transmission and potentially increased GABAergic synaptic transmission, which was uncovered under a condition of high extracellular potassium-activated neurons. In conclusion, we demonstrate that maternal immune activation decreased excitatory and increased inhibitory synaptic transmission on hippocampal pyramidal cells from an early developmental period to adulthood, which could result in net inhibition in conjunction with poor functional organization and integration of hippocampal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiju Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshino
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ogawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Sohei Kimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Makinodan
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamashita
- Center for Medical Science, International University of Health and Welfare, Otawara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Saito
- Department of Neurophysiology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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Avery SN, Armstrong K, McHugo M, Vandekar S, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Heckers S. Relational Memory in the Early Stage of Psychosis: A 2-Year Follow-up Study. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:75-86. [PMID: 32657351 PMCID: PMC7825006 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relational memory, the ability to bind information into complex memories, is moderately impaired in early psychosis and severely impaired in chronic schizophrenia, suggesting relational memory may worsen throughout the course of illness. METHODS We examined relational memory in 66 early psychosis patients and 64 healthy control subjects, with 59 patients and 52 control subjects assessed longitudinally at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Relational memory was assessed with 2 complementary tasks, to test how individuals learn relationships between items (face-scene binding task) and make inferences about trained relationships (associative inference task). RESULTS The early psychosis group showed impaired relational memory in both tasks relative to the healthy control group. The ability to learn relationships between items remained impaired in early psychosis patients, while the ability to make inferences about trained relationships improved, although never reaching the level of healthy control performance. Early psychosis patients who did not progress to schizophrenia at follow-up had better relational memory than patients who did. CONCLUSIONS Relational memory impairments, some of which improve and are less severe in patients who do not progress to schizophrenia, are a target for intervention in early psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Maureen McHugo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Simon Vandekar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,Department of Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Neil D Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Vanderbilt Psychiatric Hospital, 1601 23rd Avenue South, Room 3060, Nashville, TN 37212; tel: (615)-322-2665, fax: (615)-343-8400, e-mail:
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Manoach DS, Mylonas D, Baxter B. Targeting sleep oscillations to improve memory in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 221:63-70. [PMID: 32014359 PMCID: PMC7316628 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although schizophrenia is defined by waking phenomena, a growing literature documents a deficit in sleep spindles, a defining oscillation of stage 2 non-rapid eye movement sleep. Compelling evidence supports an important role for spindles in cognition, and particularly memory. In schizophrenia, although the spindle deficit correlates with impaired sleep-dependent memory consolidation, recent clinical trials find that increasing spindles does not improve memory. This may reflect that sleep-dependent memory consolidation relies not on spindles alone, but also on their precise temporal coordination with cortical slow oscillations and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples. Consequently, interventions to improve memory in schizophrenia must not only increase spindles, but also preserve or enhance slow oscillations, hippocampal ripples and their temporal relations. Because hippocampal ripples and the activity of the thalamic spindle generator are difficult to measure noninvasively, screening potential interventions requires complementary animal and human studies. In this review we (i) propose that sleep oscillations are novel pathophysiological targets for therapy to improve cognition in schizophrenia; (ii) summarize our understanding of how these oscillations interact to consolidate memory; (iii) suggest that a systems neuroscience strategy is essential to selecting and evaluating effective treatments, and illustrate this with findings from clinical trials; and (iv) selectively review the interventional literature relevant to sleep and cognition, covering both pharmacological and noninvasive brain stimulation approaches. We conclude that coordinated sleep oscillations are promising targets for improving cognition in schizophrenia and that effective therapies will need to preserve or enhance sleep oscillatory dynamics and restore function at the network level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara S Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
| | - Dimitrios Mylonas
- Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Bryan Baxter
- Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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35
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Sonnenschein SF, Gomes FV, Grace AA. Dysregulation of Midbrain Dopamine System and the Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:613. [PMID: 32719622 PMCID: PMC7350524 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the dopamine system is central to many models of the pathophysiology of psychosis in schizophrenia. However, emerging evidence suggests that this dysregulation is driven by the disruption of upstream circuits that provide afferent control of midbrain dopamine neurons. Furthermore, stress can profoundly disrupt this regulatory circuit, particularly when it is presented at critical vulnerable prepubertal time points. This review will discuss the dopamine system and the circuits that regulate it, focusing on the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, thalamic nuclei, and medial septum, and the impact of stress. A greater understanding of the regulation of the dopamine system and its disruption in schizophrenia may provide a more complete neurobiological framework to interpret clinical findings and develop novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan F. Sonnenschein
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Felipe V. Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Anthony A. Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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36
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Calvo A, Roddy DW, Coughlan H, Kelleher I, Healy C, Harley M, Clarke M, Leemans A, Frodl T, O’Hanlon E, Cannon M. Reduced hippocampal volume in adolescents with psychotic experiences: A longitudinal population-based study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233670. [PMID: 32492020 PMCID: PMC7269246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Smaller hippocampal volumes are among the most consistently reported neuroimaging findings in schizophrenia. However, little is known about hippocampal volumes in people who report psychotic experiences. This study investigated differences in hippocampal volume between young people without formal diagnoses who report psychotic experiences (PEs) and those who do not report such experiences. This study also investigated if any differences persisted over two years. METHODS A nested case-control study of 25 adolescents (mean age 13.5 years) with reported PEs and 25 matched controls (mean age 13.36 years) without PEs were drawn from a sample of 100 local schoolchildren. High-resolution T1-weighted anatomical imaging and subsequent automated cortical segmentation (Freesurfer 6.0) was undertaken to determine total hippocampal volumes. Comprehensive semi-structured clinical interviews were also performed including information on PEs, mental diagnoses and early life stress (bullying). Participants were invited for a second scan at two years. RESULTS 19 adolescents with PEs and 19 controls completed both scans. Hippocampal volumes were bilaterally lower in the PE group compared to the controls with moderate effects sizes both at baseline [left hippocampus p = 0.024 d = 0.736, right hippocampus p = 0.018, d = 0.738] and at 2 year follow up [left hippocampus p = 0.027 d = 0.702, right = 0.048 d = 0.659] throughout. These differences survived adjustment for co-morbid mental disorders and early life stress. CONCLUSIONS Psychotic experiences are associated with total hippocampal volume loss in young people and this volume loss appears to be independent of possible confounders such as co-morbid disorders and early life stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Calvo
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de la Rioja (UNIR), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Darren W. Roddy
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen Coughlan
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian Kelleher
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Harley
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Clarke
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department and Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University Mageburg, Mageburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erik O’Hanlon
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Blessing EM, Murty VP, Zeng B, Wang J, Davachi L, Goff DC. Anterior Hippocampal-Cortical Functional Connectivity Distinguishes Antipsychotic Naïve First-Episode Psychosis Patients From Controls and May Predict Response to Second-Generation Antipsychotic Treatment. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:680-689. [PMID: 31433843 PMCID: PMC7147586 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence implicates the anterior hippocampus in the proximal pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Although resting state functional connectivity (FC) holds promise for characterizing anterior hippocampal circuit abnormalities and their relationship to treatment response, this technique has not yet been used in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients in a manner that distinguishes the anterior from posterior hippocampus. METHODS We used masked-hippocampal-group-independent component analysis with dual regression to contrast subregional hippocampal-whole brain FC between healthy controls (HCs) and antipsychotic naïve FEP patients (N = 61, 36 female). In a subsample of FEP patients (N = 27, 15 female), we repeated this analysis following 8 weeks of second-generation antipsychotic treatment and explored whether baseline FC predicted treatment response using random forest. RESULTS Relative to HC, untreated FEP subjects displayed reproducibly lower FC between the left anteromedial hippocampus and cortical regions including the anterior cingulate and insular cortex (P < .05, corrected). Anteromedial hippocampal FC increased in FEP patients following treatment (P < .005), and no longer differed from HC. Random forest analysis showed baseline anteromedial hippocampal FC with four brain regions, namely the insular-opercular cortex, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and postcentral gyrus predicted treatment response (area under the curve = 0.95). CONCLUSIONS Antipsychotic naïve FEP is associated with lower FC between the anterior hippocampus and cortical regions previously implicated in schizophrenia. Preliminary analysis suggests that random forest models based on hippocampal FC may predict treatment response in FEP patients, and hence could be a useful biomarker for treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Blessing
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +1-646-754-4808, fax: 646-754-4871, e-mail:
| | - Vishnu P Murty
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Botao Zeng
- Department of Psychiatry, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Science (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY,Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
| | - Donald C Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY,Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
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38
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Howes OD, Bonoldi I, McCutcheon RA, Azis M, Antoniades M, Bossong M, Modinos G, Perez J, Stone JM, Santangelo B, Veronese M, Grace A, Allen P, McGuire PK. Glutamatergic and dopaminergic function and the relationship to outcome in people at clinical high risk of psychosis: a multi-modal PET-magnetic resonance brain imaging study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:641-648. [PMID: 31618752 PMCID: PMC7021794 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models of psychosis propose that hippocampal glutamatergic neuron hyperactivity drives increased striatal dopaminergic activity, which underlies the development of psychotic symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between hippocampal glutamate and subcortical dopaminergic function in people at clinical high risk for psychosis, and to assess the association with the development of psychotic symptoms. 1H-MRS was used to measure hippocampal glutamate concentrations, and 18F-DOPA PET was used to measure dopamine synthesis capacity in 70 subjects (51 people at clinical high risk for psychosis and 19 healthy controls). Clinical assessments were undertaken at baseline and follow-up (median 15 months). Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity predicted the worsening of psychotic symptoms at follow-up (r = 0.35; p < 0.05), but not transition to a psychotic disorder (p = 0.22), and was not significantly related to hippocampal glutamate concentration (p = 0.13). There were no differences in either glutamate (p = 0.5) or dopamine (p = 0.5) measures in the total patient group relative to controls. Striatal dopamine synthesis capacity at presentation predicts the subsequent worsening of sub-clinical total and psychotic symptoms, consistent with a role for dopamine in the development of psychotic symptoms, but is not strongly linked to hippocampal glutamate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D Howes
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
- TREAT Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, SE5 8AZ, UK.
| | - Ilaria Bonoldi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- TREAT Service, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, SE5 8AZ, UK
| | - Robert A McCutcheon
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Matilda Azis
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mathilde Antoniades
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Matthijs Bossong
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma Modinos
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jesus Perez
- Cambridge Early Onset service, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership National Health Service Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James M Stone
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Barbara Santangelo
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Anthony Grace
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Philip K McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, Camberwell, London, SE5 8AF, UK
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Modinos G, Kempton MJ, Tognin S, Calem M, Porffy L, Antoniades M, Mason A, Azis M, Allen P, Nelson B, McGorry P, Pantelis C, Riecher-Rössler A, Borgwardt S, Bressan R, Barrantes-Vidal N, Krebs MO, Nordentoft M, Glenthøj B, Ruhrmann S, Sachs G, Rutten B, van Os J, de Haan L, Velthorst E, van der Gaag M, Valmaggia LR, McGuire P. Association of Adverse Outcomes With Emotion Processing and Its Neural Substrate in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. JAMA Psychiatry 2020; 77:190-200. [PMID: 31722018 PMCID: PMC6865249 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The development of adverse clinical outcomes in patients with psychosis has been associated with behavioral and neuroanatomical deficits related to emotion processing. However, the association between alterations in brain regions subserving emotion processing and clinical outcomes remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the association between alterations in emotion processing and regional gray matter volumes in individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, and the association with subsequent clinical outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This naturalistic case-control study with clinical follow-up at 12 months was conducted from July 1, 2010, to August 31, 2016, and collected data from 9 psychosis early detection centers (Amsterdam, Basel, Cologne, Copenhagen, London, Melbourne, Paris, The Hague, and Vienna). Participants (213 individuals at CHR and 52 healthy controls) were enrolled in the European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) project. Data were analyzed from October 1, 2018, to April 24, 2019. MAIN MEASURES AND OUTCOMES Emotion recognition was assessed with the Degraded Facial Affect Recognition Task. Three-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from all participants, and gray matter volume was measured in regions of interest (medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and insula). Clinical outcomes at 12 months were evaluated for transition to psychosis using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States criteria, and the level of overall functioning was measured through the Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF] scale. RESULTS A total of 213 individuals at CHR (105 women [49.3%]; mean [SD] age, 22.9 [4.7] years) and 52 healthy controls (25 women [48.1%]; mean [SD] age, 23.3 [4.0] years) were included in the study at baseline. At the follow-up within 2 years of baseline, 44 individuals at CHR (20.7%) had developed psychosis and 169 (79.3%) had not. Of the individuals at CHR reinterviewed with the GAF, 39 (30.0%) showed good overall functioning (GAF score, ≥65), whereas 91 (70.0%) had poor overall functioning (GAF score, <65). Within the CHR sample, better anger recognition at baseline was associated with worse functional outcome (odds ratio [OR], 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78-0.99; P = .03). In individuals at CHR with a good functional outcome, positive associations were found between anger recognition and hippocampal volume (ze = 3.91; familywise error [FWE] P = .02) and between fear recognition and medial prefrontal cortex volume (z = 3.60; FWE P = .02), compared with participants with a poor outcome. The onset of psychosis was not associated with baseline emotion recognition performance (neutral OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.79-1.09; P = .37; happy OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.84-1.25; P = .81; fear OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.85-1.13; P = .77; anger OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.89-1.12; P = .96). No difference was observed in the association between performance and regional gray matter volumes in individuals at CHR who developed or did not develop psychosis (FWE P < .05). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, poor functional outcome in individuals at CHR was found to be associated with baseline abnormalities in recognizing negative emotion. This finding has potential implications for the stratification of individuals at CHR and suggests that interventions that target socioemotional processing may improve functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Modinos
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Kempton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefania Tognin
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Calem
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lilla Porffy
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde Antoniades
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ava Mason
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matilda Azis
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Allen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick McGorry
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, University of Copenhagen, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark,Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, University of Copenhagen, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Bressan
- LiNC—Lab Interdisciplinar Neurociências Clínicas, Depto Psiquiatria, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo—UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona), Fundació Sanitària Sant Pere Claver (Spain), Spanish Mental Health Research Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- University of Paris, GHU-Paris, Sainte-Anne, C’JAAD, Hospitalo-Universitaire Department SHU, Inserm U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie (CNRS 3557), Paris, France
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- Mental Health Center Copenhagen, Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, Mental Health Center Glostrup, Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, University of Copenhagen, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark,Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research, University of Copenhagen, Mental Health Centre Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sachs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,University Medical Centre Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Psychiatry, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe de Haan
- Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Velthorst
- Early Psychosis Department, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mark van der Gaag
- Amsterdam Public Mental Health Research Institute, Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychosis Research, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Lucia R. Valmaggia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom,South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia is associated with excess medical mortality: patients have an average life expectancy one to two decades shorter than the general population. This study investigates the relationship between aberrant hippocampal resting-state functional connectivity in schizophrenia and cumulative subclinical effects of chronic stress on metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune function using the allostatic load index. METHODS Cumulative stress was estimated using allostatic load total score (range, 0-13) in 46 patients with schizophrenia and 31 controls matched for age and sex (patients: age = 36.1 [13.7] years, sex = 32/14 male/female; controls: age = 35.5 [14.1], sex = 21/10 male/female). Hippocampal functional connectivity was assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; hippocampal structural connectivity was assessed using fornix fractional anisotropy. Linear regression analysis was used a) to test the hypothesis that aberrant hippocampal resting-state functional connectivity in schizophrenia (identified in analysis of schizophrenia - control differences) is associated with elevated allostatic load scores in patients and b) to determine the association between fornix fractional anisotropy with allostatic load. RESULTS In patients, higher allostatic load was significantly associated with reduced resting functional connectivity between the left hippocampus and right cingulate cortex and left precentral gyrus, but higher connectivity between the right hippocampus and left cerebellum lobe VI (corrected p values <. 05). In controls, reductions in both hippocampal structural connectivity and hippocampal-cingulate functional connectivity were associated with higher allostatic load scores. CONCLUSIONS These findings support basic neuroscience evidence that cumulative stress and hippocampal function are closely connected and suggest that abnormal hippocampal functional communication in schizophrenia may be related to elevated multisystem subclinical medical issues in patients as indexed by allostatic load.
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41
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Edmiston EK, Song Y, Chang M, Yin Z, Zhou Q, Zhou Y, Jiang X, Wei S, Xu K, Tang Y, Wang F. Hippocampal Resting State Functional Connectivity in Patients With Schizophrenia and Unaffected Family Members. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:278. [PMID: 32425819 PMCID: PMC7212691 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is an important candidate region in the study of functional connectivity alterations in schizophrenia (SZ) given its role as a functional hub for multiple brain networks. Although studies have implicated the hippocampus in SZ, no studies have compared hippocampal functional connectivity in healthy participants, patients with SZ, and unaffected family members (UAFMs). Patients and UAFM likely share biomarkers associated with susceptibility to SZ; the study of UAFM may also reveal compensatory markers. Patients with SZ, UAFM, and healthy control (HC) participants underwent resting state magnetic resonance imagingty and completed the Wisconsin Card Sort Task (WCST) as a measure of general cognitive function. We compared functional coupling with a hippocampus seed across the three groups. SZ and UAFM groups shared reductions in connectivity between the hippocampus and the striatum relative to HC. We also identified a significant positive correlation between WCST errors and hippocampal-striatal connectivity in the UAFM group. Hippocampal-striatal rsFC may be associated with familial susceptibility to SZ and with subtle cognitive deficits in the UAFM of individuals with SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kale Edmiston
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yanzhuo Song
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Miao Chang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyang Yin
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifang Zhou
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengnan Wei
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Nonhuman primate models of hippocampal development and dysfunction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26210-26216. [PMID: 31871159 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902278116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates provide highly valuable animal models that have significantly advanced our understanding of numerous behavioral and biological phenomena in humans. Here, we reviewed a series of developmental neuropsychological studies that informed us on the timing of development of the hippocampus and of hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions in primates. Data indicate that, in primates, the emergence of adult-like proficiency on behavioral tasks sensitive to hippocampal dysfunction is a stepwise process and reflects the gradual maturation of different hippocampal circuits and their connections with other neural structures. Profound and persistent memory loss resulting from insult to the hippocampus in infancy was absent in early infancy but became evident later in childhood and persisted in adulthood, indicating very little sparing or recovery of function. Finally, the early hippocampal insult resulted in both adaptive and maladaptive neuroplasticity: i.e., sparing contextual memory, but affecting working memory processes as well as emotional reactivity and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning. The results provide significant information on the emergence of hippocampal-dependent functions in humans, on the time course of memory impairment in human cases with early hippocampal insult, and on the clinical implication of the hippocampus in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Avery SN, Armstrong K, Blackford JU, Woodward ND, Cohen N, Heckers S. Impaired relational memory in the early stage of psychosis. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:113-120. [PMID: 31402078 PMCID: PMC6791765 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans constantly take in vast amounts of information, which must be filtered, flexibly manipulated, and integrated into cohesive relational memories in order to choose relevant behaviors. Relational memory is impaired in chronic schizophrenia, which has been linked to hippocampal dysfunction. It is unclear whether relational memory is impaired in the early stage of psychosis. METHODS We studied eye movements during a face-scene pairs task as an indirect measure of relational memory in 89 patients in the early stage of psychosis and 84 healthy control participants. During testing, scenes were overlaid with three equally-familiar faces and participants were asked to recall the matching (i.e. previously-paired) face. During Match trials, one face had been previously paired with the scene. During Non-Match trials, no faces matched the scene. Forced-choice explicit recognition was recorded as a direct measure of relational memory. RESULTS Healthy control subjects rapidly (within 250-500 ms) showed preferential viewing of the matching face during Match trials. In contrast, preferential viewing was delayed in patients in the early stage of psychosis. Explicit recognition of the matching face was also impaired in the patient group. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel evidence for a relational memory deficit in the early stage of psychosis. Patients showed deficits in both explicit recognition as well as abnormal eye-movement patterns during memory recall. Eye movements provide a promising avenue for the study of relational memory in psychosis, as they allow for the assessment of rapid, nonverbal memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. Avery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Kristan Armstrong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Jennifer U. Blackford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA,Research Health Scientist, Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Neil D. Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Neal Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, and Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
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Prospective memory in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of comparative studies. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:62-71. [PMID: 31447355 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairment of prospective memory (PM) in schizophrenia has gained increasing attention. This meta-analysis systematically examined PM impairment in schizophrenia. METHODS Both English (PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library) and Chinese (WanFang, Chinese Biomedical and China Journal Net databases) databases were systematically searched from their inception until August 14, 2017. Case-control studies of PM in schizophrenia were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and their 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the random-effects model. RESULTS Twenty-nine case-control studies (n = 2492) were included in the analyses. The overall and three subtypes of PM were compared between patients with schizophrenia (n = 1284) and healthy controls (n = 1208). Compared to healthy controls, patients performed significantly poorer in overall (SMD = -1.125), time-based (SMD = -1.155), event-based (SMD = -1.068), and activity-based PM (SMD = -0.563). Subgroup analyses revealed significant differences between older and younger patients (SMD = -1.398 vs. -0.763), higher male predominance and no sex predominance (SMD = -1.679 vs. -0.800), lower and higher education level (SMD = -1.373 vs.-0.637), chronic and first-episode patients (SMD = -1.237 vs. -0.641) and between eco-valid and dual-task laboratory measurements (SMD = -1.542 vs. -0.725) regarding overall PM. Meta-regression analysis showed that higher negative symptom score was significantly associated with more severe overall PM impairment in patients (P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS In this meta-analysis the overall PM and all its subtypes, particularly the time-based PM, were significantly impaired in schizophrenia.
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Klinger K, Gomes FV, Rincón-Cortés M, Grace AA. Female rats are resistant to the long-lasting neurobehavioral changes induced by adolescent stress exposure. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:1127-1137. [PMID: 31371105 PMCID: PMC6773464 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress during adolescence is a risk factor for neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia. We recently observed that peripubertal male rats exposed to a combination of daily footshock plus restraint stress exhibited schizophrenia-like changes. However, numerous studies have shown sex differences in neuropsychiatric diseases as well as on the impact of coping with stress. Thus, we decided to evaluate, in adolescent female rats, the impact of different stressors (restraint stress [RS], footshock [FS], or the combination of FS and RS [FS+RS]) on social interaction (3-chamber social approach test/SAT), anxiety responses (elevated plus-maze/EPM), cognitive function (novel object recognition test/NOR), and dopamine (DA) system responsivity by evaluating locomotor response to amphetamine and in vivo extracellular single unit recordings of DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in adulthood. The impact of FS+RS during early adulthood was also investigated. Adolescent stress had no impact on social behavior, anxiety, cognition and locomotor response to amphetamine. In addition, adolescent stress did not induce long-lasting changes in VTA DA system activity. However, a decrease in the firing rate of VTA DA neurons was found 1-2 weeks post-adolescent stress. Similar to adolescent stress, adult stress did not induce long-lasting behavioral deficits and changes in VTA DA system activity, but FS+RS decreased VTA DA neuron population activity 1-2 weeks post-adult stress. Our results are consistent with previous studies showing that female rodents appear to be more resilient to developmental stress-induced persistent changes than males and may contribute to the delayed onset and lesser severity of schizophrenia in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Klinger
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Institute of Genetic and Molecular Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke University, University of Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, 3900 Bandeirantes Ave, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Millie Rincón-Cortés
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, A210 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Li J, Tang Y, Womer F, Fan G, Zhou Q, Sun W, Xu K, Wang F. Two patterns of anterior insular cortex functional connectivity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2019; 19:S115-S123. [PMID: 28112029 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1274051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) share structural abnormalities in the anterior insula cortex (AIC). The AIC appears to have a crucial role in emotional processing and regulation and cognitive control in BD and SZ. METHODS Forty-six participants with BD, 68 with SZ and 66 healthy controls (HC) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging scanning. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) from AIC subregions (ventral and dorsal) was compared among the three groups. RESULTS Compared to HC group, both BD and SZ groups exhibited increased rsFC from the ventral AIC (vAIC) and dorsal AIC (dAIC) to bilateral frontal pole and thalamus, the left middle frontal gyrus and the hippocampus. Meanwhile, the BD group demonstrated increased rsFC from the vAIC to the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex, the SZ group presented increased rsFC from the vAIC and dAIC to the right caudate. Compared with the BD group, the SZ group showed significantly increased rsFC from the vAIC and dAIC to the left middle frontal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS The shared AIC rsFC abnormalities in both BD and SZ support the importance of the AIC in the common pathophysiology of BD and SZ. There were also disorder-specific features of AIC rsFC, which might implicate potential avenues for differentiating during the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- a Department of Radiology , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- b Department of Psychiatry , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Fay Womer
- c Department of Psychiatry , Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis , MO , USA
| | - Guoguang Fan
- a Department of Radiology , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Qian Zhou
- b Department of Psychiatry , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Wenge Sun
- a Department of Radiology , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Ke Xu
- a Department of Radiology , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- a Department of Radiology , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China.,b Department of Psychiatry , The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , PR China
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Erskine D, Taylor JP, Bakker G, Brown AJH, Tasker T, Nathan PJ. Cholinergic muscarinic M 1 and M 4 receptors as therapeutic targets for cognitive, behavioural, and psychological symptoms in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:2307-2314. [PMID: 31499186 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic dysfunction is involved in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, dementia and Lewy body disease (LBD), leading to widespread use of cholinergic therapies. However, such drugs have focused on increasing the availability of acetylcholine (ACh) generally, with relatively little work done on the muscarinic system and specific muscarinic receptor subtypes. In this review, we provide an overview of the major cholinergic pathways and cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the human brain and evidence for their dysfunction in several neurological and psychiatric disorders. We discuss how the selectivity of cholinergic system dysfunction suggests that targeted cholinergic therapeutics to the muscarinic receptor subtypes will be vital in treating several disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction and behavioural and psychological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Erskine
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Pradeep J Nathan
- Sosei Heptares, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Allen P, Moore H, Corcoran CM, Gilleen J, Kozhuharova P, Reichenberg A, Malaspina D. Emerging Temporal Lobe Dysfunction in People at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:298. [PMID: 31133894 PMCID: PMC6526750 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical high-risk (CHR) individuals have been increasingly utilized to investigate the prodromal phases of psychosis and progression to illness. Research has identified medial and lateral temporal lobe abnormalities in CHR individuals. Dysfunction in the medial temporal lobe, particularly the hippocampus, is linked to dysregulation of glutamate and dopamine via a hippocampal-striatal-midbrain network that may lead to aberrant signaling of salience underpinning the formation of delusions. Similarly, lateral temporal dysfunction may be linked to the disorganized speech and language impairments observed in the CHR stage. Here, we summarize the significance of these neurobiological findings in terms of emergent psychotic symptoms and conversion to psychosis in CHR populations. We propose key questions for future work with the aim to identify the neural mechanisms that underlie the development of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, University of Columbia, New York, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl M. Corcoran
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - James Gilleen
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Petya Kozhuharova
- Department of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Avi Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dolores Malaspina
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Grace AA, Gomes FV. The Circuitry of Dopamine System Regulation and its Disruption in Schizophrenia: Insights Into Treatment and Prevention. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:148-157. [PMID: 29385549 PMCID: PMC6293217 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence for a role of the dopamine system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, there has not been substantial evidence that this disorder originates from a pathological change within the dopamine system itself. Current data from human imaging studies and preclinical investigations instead point to a disruption in afferent regulation of the dopamine system, with a focus on the hippocampus. We found that the hippocampus in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent developmental disruption model of schizophrenia is hyperactive and dysrhythmic, possibly due to loss of parvalbumin interneurons, leading to a hyperresponsive dopamine system. Whereas current therapeutic approaches target dopamine receptor blockade, treatment at the site of pathology may be a more effective therapeutic avenue. This model also provided insights into potential means for prevention of schizophrenia. Specifically, given that stress is a risk factor in schizophrenia, and that stress can damage hippocampal parvalbumin interneurons, we tested whether alleviating stress early in life can effectively circumvent transition to schizophrenia-like states. Administering diazepam prepubertally at an antianxiety dose in MAM rats was effective at preventing the emergence of the hyperdopaminergic state in the adult. Moreover, multiple stressors applied to normal rats at the same time point resulted in pathology similar to the MAM rat. These data suggest that a genetic predisposition leading to stress hyper-responsivity, or exposure to substantial stressors, could be a primary factor leading to the emergence of schizophrenia later in life, and furthermore treating stress at a critical period may be effective in circumventing this transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, A210 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, US; tel: 412-624-4609, fax: 412-624-9198, e-mail:
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Synaptic loss in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis and systematic review of synaptic protein and mRNA measures. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:549-561. [PMID: 29511299 PMCID: PMC6004314 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although synaptic loss is thought to be core to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the nature, consistency and magnitude of synaptic protein and mRNA changes has not been systematically appraised. Our objective was thus to systematically review and meta-analyse findings. The entire PubMed database was searched for studies from inception date to the 1st of July 2017. We selected case-control postmortem studies in schizophrenia quantifying synaptic protein or mRNA levels in brain tissue. The difference in protein and mRNA levels between cases and controls was extracted and meta-analysis conducted. Among the results, we found a significant reduction in synaptophysin in schizophrenia in the hippocampus (effect size: -0.65, p < 0.01), frontal (effect size: -0.36, p = 0.04), and cingulate cortices (effect size: -0.54, p = 0.02), but no significant changes for synaptophysin in occipital and temporal cortices, and no changes for SNAP-25, PSD-95, VAMP, and syntaxin in frontal cortex. There were insufficient studies for meta-analysis of complexins, synapsins, rab3A and synaptotagmin and mRNA measures. Findings are summarised for these, which generally show reductions in SNAP-25, PSD-95, synapsin and rab3A protein levels in the hippocampus but inconsistency in other regions. Our findings of moderate-large reductions in synaptophysin in hippocampus and frontal cortical regions, and a tendency for reductions in other pre- and postsynaptic proteins in the hippocampus are consistent with models that implicate synaptic loss in schizophrenia. However, they also identify potential differences between regions and proteins, suggesting synaptic loss is not uniform in nature or extent.
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