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Dang Q. LncRNA DARS-AS1 in human cancers: A comprehensive review of its potency as a biomarker and therapeutic target. Gene 2024; 923:148566. [PMID: 38762015 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs have emerged as important players in cancer biology. Increasing evidence has uncovered their potency in improving cancer management as they can be used as a credible prognostic and diagnostic biomarker. Recently, DARS-AS1 has gained significant attention for its involvement in facilitating tumor progression. So far, numerous research has been reported its upregulation in different malignancies of human body systems and revealed its association with cancer hallmarks as well as clinicopathological characteristics. Importantly, targeting DARS-AS1 holds promise in cancer therapy. In the current study, we provide an in-depth analysis of its expression status and explore the underlying mechanisms through which DARS-AS1 contributes to tumor initiation, growth, invasion, and metastasis. Additionally, we examine the correlation between DARS-AS1 expression and clinicopathological features of cancer patients, shedding light on its potential as a cancer biomarker. Furthermore, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting DARS-AS1 in cancer treatment, highlighting emerging strategies, such as RNA interference and small molecule inhibitors. Boosting the understanding of its functional role can open new avenues for precision medicine, thus resulting in better outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiucai Dang
- Zhumadian Preschool Education College, Zhumadian, Henan Province 463000, China.
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2
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Dian W, Zhang W, Yang L, Li J, Fu S, Ghorbanzadeh S. Linc00265 in human disease: A comprehensive analysis of its implications in human disease pathobiology and therapeutic prospect. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155409. [PMID: 38917707 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Linc00265, a long intergenic non-coding RNA, has garnered significant research attention due to its involvement in various human diseases, particularly cancer. It exhibits tissue-specific and dysregulated expression across multiple cancer types, including blood malignancies, colorectal, gastric, bladder, osteosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This dysregulation is often associated with tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Moreover, aberrant expression of Linc00265 has been reported in inflammation-related diseases such as osteoarthritis and sepsis. Mechanistically, Linc00265 acts as a competing endogenous RNA (CeRNA), sequestering specific microRNAs and thereby modulating their downstream targets. Additionally, it influences critical signaling pathways by mediating the key effectors within these pathways. Importantly, the dysregulation of Linc00265 shows promising potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in several human diseases. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the expression patterns, regulatory mechanisms, and potential biomarker roles of Linc00265 in human diseases, with a particular focus on cancer. By elucidating the functional implications of Linc00265, we can deepen our understanding of its roles in human diseases, potentially paving the way for novel therapeutic interventions in disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wankang Dian
- Department of Emergency, Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Luyu Yang
- Department of Intensive Care, Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China.
| | - Jiaying Li
- School of Economics & Management, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China.
| | - Shouzhi Fu
- Department of Intensive Care, Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Shadi Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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3
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Galbiati S, Bettiga A, Colciago G, Senti C, Trevisani F, Villa G, Marzinotto I, Ghidini M, Passalacqua R, Montorsi F, Salonia A, Vago R. The long noncoding RNA SUMO1P3 as urinary biomarker for monitoring bladder cancer progression. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1325157. [PMID: 38846969 PMCID: PMC11153750 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1325157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Urothelial Bladder Cancer (BC) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide. It is classified into Non Muscle Invasive (NMIBC) and Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (MIBC), which are characterized by frequent recurrences and progression rate, respectively. The diagnosis and monitoring are obtained through invasive methods as cystoscopy and post-surgery biopsies. Thus, a panel of biomarkers able to discriminate BC based on grading or staging represents a significant step forward in the patients' workup. In this perspective, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerged as reliable candidates as potential biomarker given their specific and regulated expression. In the present work we propose two lncRNAs, the Small Ubiquitin Modifier 1 pseudogene 3 (SUMO1P3), a poorly characterized pseudogene, and the Urothelial Carcinoma Associated 1 (UCA1) as candidates to monitor the BC progression. Methods This study was a retrospective trial enrolling NMIBC and MIBC patients undergoing surgical intervention: the expression of the lncRNA SUMO1P3 and UCA1 was evaluated in urine from 113 subjects (cases and controls). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the performance of single or combined biomarkers in discriminating cases from controls. Results SUMO1P3 and UCA1 expression in urine was able to significantly discriminate low grade NMIBC, healthy control and benign prostatic hyperplasia subjects versus high grade NMIBC and MIBC patients. We also demonstrated that miR-320a, which binds SUMO1P3, was reduced in high grade NMIBC and MIBC patients and the SUMO1P3/miR-320a ratio was used to differentiate cases versus controls, showing a statistically significant power. Finally, we provided an automated method of RNA extraction coupled to ddPCR analysis in a perspective of clinical application. Discussion We have shown that the lncRNA SUMO1P3 is increased in urine from patients with high grade NMIBC and MIBC and that it is likely to be good candidate to predict bladder cancer progression if used alone or in combination with UCA1 or with miRNA320a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Galbiati
- Complications of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Bettiga
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Colciago
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Senti
- Oncology Unit, ASST of Cremona, Hospital of Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Francesco Trevisani
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Villa
- Center for Nursing Research and Innovation, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marzinotto
- Beta Cell Biology Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Oncology Unit, ASST of Cremona, Hospital of Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Montorsi
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Salonia
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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4
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Baek M, Kim M, Choi HI, Binas B, Cha J, Jung KH, Choi S, Chai YG. Identification of differentially expressed mRNA/lncRNA modules in acutely regorafenib-treated sorafenib-resistant Huh7 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301663. [PMID: 38603701 PMCID: PMC11008899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is the standard first-line treatment for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but many patients become sorafenib-resistant (SR). This study investigated the efficacy of another kinase inhibitor, regorafenib (Rego), as a second-line treatment. We produced SR HCC cells, wherein the PI3K-Akt, TNF, cAMP, and TGF-beta signaling pathways were affected. Acute Rego treatment of these cells reversed the expression of genes involved in TGF-beta signaling but further increased the expression of genes involved in PI3K-Akt signaling. Additionally, Rego reversed the expression of genes involved in nucleosome assembly and epigenetic gene expression. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed four differentially expressed long non-coding RNA (DElncRNA) modules that were associated with the effectiveness of Rego on SR cells. Eleven putative DElncRNAs with distinct expression patterns were identified. We associated each module with DEmRNAs of the same pattern, thus obtaining DElncRNA/DEmRNA co-expression modules. We discuss the potential significance of each module. These findings provide insights and resources for further investigation into the potential mechanisms underlying the response of SR HCC cells to Rego.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Baek
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Kim
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae In Choi
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bert Binas
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Cha
- Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Department of Biopharmaceutical System, Gwangmyeong Convergence Technology Campus of Korea Polytechnic II, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungkyoung Choi
- Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mathematical Data Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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5
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Fattahi M, Rezaee D, Fakhari F, Najafi S, Aghaei-Zarch SM, Beyranvand P, Rashidi MA, Bagheri-Mohammadi S, Zamani-Rarani F, Bakhtiari M, Bakhtiari A, Falahi S, Kenarkoohi A, Majidpoor J, Nguyen PU. microRNA-184 in the landscape of human malignancies: a review to roles and clinical significance. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:423. [PMID: 38001121 PMCID: PMC10673883 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) with a short length of 19-22 nucleotides. miRNAs are posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression involved in various biological processes like cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. miR-184 is a well-studied miRNA, for which most studies report its downregulation in cancer cells and tissues and experiments support its role as a tumor suppressor inhibiting malignant biological behaviors of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. To exert its functions, miR-184 affects some signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis like Wnt and β-catenin, and AKT/mTORC1 pathway, oncogenic factors (e.g., c-Myc) or apoptotic proteins, such as Bcl-2. Interestingly, clinical investigations have shown miR-184 with good performance as a prognostic/diagnostic biomarker for various cancers. Additionally, exogenous miR-184 in cell and xenograft animal studies suggest it as a therapeutic anticancer target. In this review, we outline the studies that evaluated the roles of miR-184 in tumorigenesis as well as its clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Delsuz Rezaee
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fakhari
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Najafi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohsen Aghaei-Zarch
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Beyranvand
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Rashidi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health and Safety, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Zamani-Rarani
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Bakhtiari
- Anatomical Sciences Department, Medical Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahab Falahi
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Azra Kenarkoohi
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Disease Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - P U Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
- School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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Gan B, He Y, Ma Y, Mao L, Liao C, Deng G. Identification of a novel lncRNA prognostic signature and analysis of functional lncRNA AC115619.1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1167418. [PMID: 37614318 PMCID: PMC10442647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1167418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the deadliest malignancy. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the development of multiple human malignancies. This study aimed to establish a reliable signature and identify novel biomarkers for HCC patients. Methods: Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were identified from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were applied to screen the prognostic lncRNAs and establish a prognostic model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and Kaplan-Meier analyses were conducted to validate the prognostic value of this model. The association between lncRNAs and differential m6A genes was analyzed by Spearman's analysis. A series of bioinformatic and in vitro experiments were applied to explore the function of hub lncRNA. Results: A total of 32 DElncRNAs were identified, and 12 DElncRNAs were associated with the prognosis of HCC patients. A prognostic signature comprising six prognostic lncRNAs (LINC02428, LINC02163, AC008549.1, AC115619.1, CASC9, and LINC02362) was constructed, and the model exhibited an excellent capacity for prognosis prediction. Furthermore, 12 differential m6A regulators were identified, and RBMX was found to be correlated negatively with the hub lncRNA AC115619.1. The expression level of AC115619.1 was lower in HCC tissues than that in normal tissues and was significantly related to clinicopathologic features, survival rate, and drug sensitivity. Overexpression of AC115619.1 notably inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of HCC cells. Conclusion: This study provided a promising prognostic signature for HCC patients and identified AC115619.1 as a novel biomarker, which plays an essential role in regulating the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binliang Gan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Youwu He
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Linfeng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanjie Liao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ganlu Deng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Mathias C, Marin AM, Kohler AF, Sanchuki HBS, Sukow N, Beltrame MH, Baal SCS, Sebastião APM, de Souza Fonseca Ribeiro EM, Gradia DF, Aoki MN, Carvalho de Oliveira J. LncRNA-SNPs in a Brazilian Breast Cancer Cohort: A Case-Control Study. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050971. [PMID: 37239331 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that contain more than 200 nucleotides and exhibit a versatile regulatory capacity. Genomic alterations in lncRNAs have already been investigated in several complex diseases, including breast cancer (BC). BC is a highly heterogeneous disease and is the most prevalent cancer type among women worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lncRNA regions appear to have an important role in BC susceptibility; however, little is known about lncRNA-SNPs in the Brazilian population. This study used Brazilian tumor samples to identify lncRNA-SNPs with a biological role in BC development. We applied a bioinformatic approach intersecting lncRNAs that are differentially expressed in BC tumor samples using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort data and looked for lncRNAs with SNPs associated with BC in the Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) catalog. We highlight four lncRNA-SNPs-rs3803662, rs4415084, rs4784227, and rs7716600-which were genotyped in Brazilian BC samples in a case-control study. The SNPs rs4415084 and rs7716600 were associated with BC development at higher risk. These SNPs were also associated with progesterone status and lymph node status, respectively. The rs3803662/rs4784227 haplotype GT was associated with BC risk. These genomic alterations were also evaluated in light of the lncRNA's secondary structure and gain/loss of miRNA binding sites to better understand its biological functions. We emphasize that our bioinformatics approach could find lncRNA-SNPs with a potential biological role in BC development and that lncRNA-SNPs should be more deeply investigated in a highly heterogeneous disease population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mathias
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Graduate Program in Genetics, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Anelis Maria Marin
- Laboratory of Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Kohler
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Graduate Program in Genetics, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Bruna Soligo Sanchuki
- Laboratory of Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Natalie Sukow
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Graduate Program in Genetics, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Graduate Program in Genetics, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Suelen Cristina Soares Baal
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Graduate Program in Genetics, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Graduate Program in Genetics, Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Mateus Nóbrega Aoki
- Laboratory of Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Curitiba 81310-020, Brazil
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8
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Zhang H, Liao Z, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhu H, Liang H, Zhang B, Chen X. A micropeptide JunBP regulated by TGF-β promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Oncogene 2023; 42:113-123. [PMID: 36380240 PMCID: PMC9816058 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway plays important roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression. Long intergenic non-protein coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are important components of TGF-β signaling pathway and perform their functions through different mechanisms. Here, we found that LINC02551 was activated by TGF-β transcriptionally and identified a 174-amino-acid peptide, Jun binding micropeptide (JunBP), encoded by LINC02551 in HCC tissues and HCC cell lines. Functional study showed that JunBP promotes HCC metastasis through binding to c-Jun and subsequent promotion of its phosphorylated activation. Activated c-Jun has higher binding affinity to SMAD3, which in turn leads to more SMAD3 recruited to the promoter region of LINC02551. We find a positive feedback among them, and this mechanism provides a novel potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Zhibin Liao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Weijian Wang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Yachong Liu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - He Zhu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China ,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei P.R. China
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
| | - Bixiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China.
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9
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Zheng X, Gao W, Zhang Z, Xue X, Mijiti M, Guo Q, Wusiman D, Wang K, Zeng X, Xue L, Guo Z, An C, Wu Y. Identification of a seven-lncRNAs panel that serves as a prognosis predictor and contributes to the malignant progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1106249. [PMID: 37205188 PMCID: PMC10188209 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is one of the most frequent head and neck cancers worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in tumorigenesis. However, the clinical significance of lncRNAs in LSCC remains largely unknown. Methods In this study, transcriptome sequencing was performed on 107 LSCC and paired adjacent normal mucosa (ANM) tissues. Furthermore, RNA expression and clinical data of 111 LSCC samples were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Bioinformatics analysis were performed to construct a model for predicting the overall survival (OS) of LSCC patients. Moreover, we investigated the roles of lncRNAs in LSCC cells through loss-of-function experiments. Results A seven-lncRNAs panel including ENSG00000233397, BARX1-DT, LSAMP-AS1, HOXB-AS4, MNX1-AS1, LINC01385, and LINC02893 was identified. The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the seven-lncRNAs panel was significantly associated with OS (HR:6.21 [3.27-11.81], p-value<0.0001), disease-specific survival (DSS) (HR:4.34 [1.83-10.26], p-value=0.0008), and progression-free interval (PFI) (HR:3.78 [1.92-7.43], p-value=0.0001). ROC curves showed the seven-lncRNAs panel predicts OS with good specificity and sensitivity. Separately silencing the seven lncRNAs inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion capacity of LSCC cells. Conclusion Collectively, this seven-lncRNAs panel is a promising signature for predicting the prognosis of LSCC patients, and these lncRNAs could serve as potential targets for LSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwang Zheng
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Otolaryngology & Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Gao, ; Changming An, ; Yongyan Wu,
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuting Xue
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Maierhaba Mijiti
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingbo Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Dilinaer Wusiman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Otolaryngology & Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingbin Xue
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Otolaryngology & Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zekun Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changming An
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Gao, ; Changming An, ; Yongyan Wu,
| | - Yongyan Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Otolaryngology & Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology, Longgang Otolaryngology Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Gao, ; Changming An, ; Yongyan Wu,
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10
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Postel MD, Culver JO, Ricker C, Craig DW. Transcriptome analysis provides critical answers to the "variants of uncertain significance" conundrum. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1590-1608. [PMID: 35510381 PMCID: PMC9560997 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While whole-genome and exome sequencing have transformed our collective understanding of genetics' role in disease pathogenesis, there are certain conditions and populations for whom DNA-level data fails to identify the underlying genetic etiology. Specifically, patients of non-White race and non-European ancestry are disproportionately affected by "variants of unknown/uncertain significance" (VUS), limiting the scope of precision medicine for minority patients and perpetuating health disparities. VUS often include deep intronic and splicing variants which are difficult to interpret from DNA data alone. RNA analysis can illuminate the consequences of VUS, thereby allowing for their reclassification as pathogenic versus benign. Here we review the critical role transcriptome analysis plays in clarifying VUS in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie D. Postel
- Department of Translational GenomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Keck School of Medicine of USCUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Julie O. Culver
- Keck School of Medicine of USCUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Charité Ricker
- Keck School of Medicine of USCUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - David W. Craig
- Department of Translational GenomicsUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
- Keck School of Medicine of USCUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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11
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The Expression of the Long Noncoding RNA AFAP1-AS1 in Laryngeal Carcinoma Affects the Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and Apoptosis of TU212 Cell Line. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2337447. [PMID: 35968243 PMCID: PMC9371880 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2337447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 has been linked to the pathogenesis of a wide range of tumors. Nevertheless, whether it plays a role in laryngeal carcinoma (LC) remains unclear. Methods. Twenty-nine pairs of LC and related normal tissues were collected for the detection of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 using qRT-PCR. Correlation of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 level and clinicopathological characters was assessed by the chi-square test. Impacts of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 silencing on LC phenotypes were tested in vitro via CCK-8, clone formation, EdU staining, wound healing, flow cytometry, and Transwell assay. Results. Herein, a remarkable elevation of lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 was observed in LC patients. And higher lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 level was correlated to worse clinical pathological characteristics. Moreover, lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 silencing was revealed to repress TU212 malignant phenotypes. Conclusion. Our data suggested that lncRNA AFAP1-AS1 acts as an oncogene of LC in vitro.
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12
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LINC00892 Is an lncRNA Induced by T Cell Activation and Expressed by Follicular Lymphoma-Resident T Helper Cells. Noncoding RNA 2022; 8:ncrna8030040. [PMID: 35736637 PMCID: PMC9228450 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna8030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful immunotherapy in both solid tumors and in hematological malignancies relies on the ability of T lymphocytes to infiltrate the cancer tissue and mount an immune response against the tumor. Biomarkers able to discern the amount and the types of T lymphocytes infiltrating a given tumor therefore have high diagnostic and prognostic value. Given that lncRNAs are known to have a highly cell-type-specific expression pattern, we searched for lncRNAs specifically expressed by activated T cells and at the same time in a kind of lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, where the microenvironment is known to play a critical role in the regulation of antitumor immunity. We focused on a non-coding transcript, annotated as LINC00892, which reaches extremely high expression levels following cell activation in Jurkat cells. Interestingly LINC00892 has an expression pattern resembling that of genes involved in T cell memory. Accordingly, LINC00892 is mostly expressed by the effector memory and helper CD4+ T cell sub-types but not by naïve T cells. In situ analyses of LINC00892 expression in normal lymph nodes and in follicular lymphoma biopsies show that its expression is limited to CD4+ PD1hi T cells, with a subcellular localization within the germinal center matching that of follicular helper T cells. Our analysis therefore suggests that the previously uncharacterized lncRNA LINC00892 could be a useful biomarker for the detection of CD4+ memory T cells in both normal and tumor tissues.
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13
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Baek M, Chai JC, Choi HI, Yoo E, Binas B, Lee YS, Jung KH, Chai YG. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling of BET inhibitor-treated HepG2 cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266966. [PMID: 35486664 PMCID: PMC9053788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and poor prognosis. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic alterations play a crucial role in HCC, suggesting epigenetic inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach. Indeed, the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors inhibit the proliferation and invasion of various cancers but still lack a strong mechanistic rationale. Here, we identified the differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in human HCC cell line HepG2 treated with the BET inhibitors, JQ1, OTX015, or ABBV-075. We analyzed the correlation between DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs in common for the three inhibitors based on their expression profiles and performed functional annotation pathway enrichment analysis. Most of these shared DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs, including some novel transcripts, were downregulated, indicating decreased proliferation/adhesion and increased apoptosis/inflammation. Our study suggests that BET proteins play a crucial role in regulating cancer progression-related genes and provide a valuable resource for novel putative biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Baek
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Natural Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Choul Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae In Choi
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Yoo
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bert Binas
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seek Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YGC); (KHJ); (YSL)
| | - Kyoung Hwa Jung
- Department of Biopharmaceutical System, Gwangmyeong Convergence Technology Campus of Korea Polytechnic II, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YGC); (KHJ); (YSL)
| | - Young Gyu Chai
- Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (YGC); (KHJ); (YSL)
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14
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Li H, Liu F, Wang X, Li M, Li Z, Xie Y, Guo Y. Identification of Hub lncRNAs Along With lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Network for Effective Diagnosis and Prognosis of Papillary Thyroid Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:748867. [PMID: 34721037 PMCID: PMC8548639 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.748867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and progression of different cancers and they have been potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. As the most common endocrine malignancy, precise diagnosis and prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is of great clinical significance. Here, we aim to identify new hub lncRNAs for marking PTC and constructed prognostics signatures based on lncRNA- miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) network to predict overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) respectively. Five reliable hub lncRNAs were identified by integrating differential genes of four Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) gene chips using the RobustRankAggreg (RRA) method. Based on differential analyses and interaction prediction, a lncRNA-mRNA co-expression network and a lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network were established. Then a comprehensive function characterization of the five hub lncRNAs was performed, including validation dataset testing, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, and functional analysis on two networks. All results suggest that these five hub lncRNAs could be potential biomarkers for marking PTC. The ceRNA network was used to identify RNAs which were associated with PTC prognosis. Two prognostic signatures were developed using univariate and step-wise multivariate Cox regression analyses and both of them were independent prognostic indicators for PTC OS and DFS. Tumor microenvironment difference analysis between high and low-risk patients showed that dendritic cells activated and macrophages M0 may be a possible target for immunotherapy of PTC. In addition, disclosing the potential drugs that may reverse the expression of hub genes may improve the prognosis of patients with PTC. Here, connectivity map (CMap) analysis indicates that three bioactive chemicals (pioglitazone, benserazide, and SB-203580) are promising therapeutic agents for PTC. So, the paper presents a comprehensive study on diagnosis, prognosis, and potential drug screening for PTC based on the five hub lncRNAs identified by us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Menglong Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongmei Xie
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanzhi Guo
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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15
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Zeng Y, Xu Q, Xu N. Long non-coding RNA LOC107985656 represses the proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of the tumor-suppressive Hippo pathway. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7964-7974. [PMID: 34565286 PMCID: PMC8806957 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1984005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important regulatory roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the function of LOC107985656 in HCC progression remains unclear. The lncRNA, mRNA and miRNA levels in HCC tissues or cells were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The proliferation of cancer cells was evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability and colony formation assays. Bioinformatics prediction, dual luciferase assay and RNA pull-down assay were performed to analyze the relationships between LOC107985656 and miR-106b-5p, or miR-106b-5p and large tumor suppressor 1 (LATS1). The protein expression levels were detected using Western blot. Results showed that LncRNA LOC107985656 was downregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Upregulation of LOC107985656 inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells, whereas its knockdown promoted this phenomenon. LOC107985656 could activate the tumor-suppressive Hippo pathway by repressing yes association protein (YAP) and WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1 (WWTR1, also known as TAZ) (two homologs of Yki) protein expression in HCC. Further investigation suggested that LOC107985656 regulated the expression of LATS1 by acting as a sponge for absorbing miR-106b-5p in HCC cells. In conclusion, this study unraveled the role of LOC107985656 following a ceRNA (competing endogenous RNAs) mechanism for the miR-106b-5p/LATS1 axis in HCC. The results indicate potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of LOC107985656 in HCC.
Abbreviations:
HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; LncRNA: long non-coding RNA; LATS1: large tumor suppressor 1; MTT: 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide; YAP: yes association protein; WWTR1: WW domain-containing transcription regulator protein 1; cDNA: single‐stranded complementary DNA; RT-qPCR: real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; Radio-Immunoprecipitation Assay (RIPA); BCA: bicinchoninic acid; ASO: antisense oligonucleotide; MST1/2: Ste20-like kinases 1/2; TEAD: TEA domain transcription factor; ceRNA: competing endogenous RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chenglong Campus Hospital, Sichuan Normal University, Sichuan Province China
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan Province China
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