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Huang Z, Gong H, Sun Q, Yang J, Yan X, Xu F. Research progress on emulsion vaccine adjuvants. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24662. [PMID: 38317888 PMCID: PMC10839794 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most cost-effective method for preventing various infectious diseases. Compared with conventional vaccines, new-generation vaccines, especially recombinant protein or synthetic peptide vaccines, are safer but less immunogenic than crude inactivated microbial vaccines. The immunogenicity of these vaccines can be enhanced using suitable adjuvants. This is the main reason why adjuvants are of great importance in vaccine development. Several novel human emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants (MF59, AS03) have been approved for clinical use. This paper reviews the research progress on emulsion-based adjuvants and focuses on their mechanism of action. An outlook can be provided for the development of emulsion-based vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanqing Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The No. 944 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Gansu 735000, China
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- The Fifth medical center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiaochuan Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The No. 944 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Gansu 735000, China
| | - Fenghua Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division, Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Centre, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Tayeb HH, Sainsbury F. Nanoemulsions in drug delivery: formulation to medical application. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:2507-2525. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale oil-in-water emulsions (NEs), heterogeneous systems of two immiscible liquids stabilized by emulsifiers or surfactants, show great potential in medical applications because of their attractive characteristics for drug delivery. NEs have been explored as therapeutic carriers for hydrophobic compounds via various routes of administration. NEs provide opportunities to improve drug delivery via alternative administration routes. However, deep understanding of the NE manufacturing and functionalization fundamentals, and how they relate to the choice of administration route and pharmacological profile is still needed to ease the clinical translation of NEs. Here, we review the diversity of medical applications for NEs and how that governs their formulation, route of administration, and the emergence of increasing sophistication in NE design for specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam H Tayeb
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Xiang SD, Scalzo-Inguanti K, Minigo G, Park A, Hardy CL, Plebanski M. Promising particle-based vaccines in cancer therapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1103-19. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.7.1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Oh KS, Lee S, Na JH, Kim JY, Kim DE, Kim K, Kwon IC, Yuk SH, Jeong SY. Blood-pool multifunctional nanoparticles formed by temperature-induced phase transition for cancer-targeting therapy and molecular imaging. Int J Pharm 2012; 437:192-202. [PMID: 22944301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared based on temperature-induced phase transition in a molten mixture of Lipiodol(®), Tween 80, paclitaxel (PTX), and Pluronic F-68, wherein the Lipiodol(®)/Tween 80 mixture is used as a solubilizer for PTX, and Pluronic F-68 is used for the stabilization of the molten mixture. The morphology and size distribution of optimized multifunctional NPs were observed using transmittance electron microscopy (TEM) and a particle size analyzer. In the optical imaging of tumor-bearing mice using a near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging system, the multifunctional NPs were evaluated in terms of a time-dependent excretion profile, in vivo biodistribution and tumor-targeting capability compared to free fluorescence dye. In addition, the prolonged circulation of multifunctional NPs was confirmed by enhancement of the blood-pool in live animals using a micro-CT imaging system, because iodine-containing Lipiodol(®) has an X-ray enhancement property. Finally, the anti-tumor efficacy of multifunctional NPs was monitored by injecting the multifunctional NPs into the tail veins of tumor-bearing mice. The multifunctional NPs showed excellent tumor targetability and anti-tumor efficacy in tumor-bearing mice, caused by the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Sang Oh
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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Fox CB. Squalene emulsions for parenteral vaccine and drug delivery. Molecules 2009; 14:3286-312. [PMID: 19783926 PMCID: PMC6254918 DOI: 10.3390/molecules14093286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a linear triterpene that is extensively utilized as a principal component of parenteral emulsions for drug and vaccine delivery. In this review, the chemical structure and sources of squalene are presented. Moreover, the physicochemical and biological properties of squalene-containing emulsions are evaluated in the context of parenteral formulations. Historical and current parenteral emulsion products containing squalene or squalane are discussed. The safety of squalene-based products is also addressed. Finally, analytical techniques for characterization of squalene emulsions are examined.
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Abstract
Interest in vaccine adjuvants is intense and growing, because many of the new subunit vaccine candidates lack sufficient immunogenicity to be clinically useful. In this review, I have emphasized modern vaccine adjuvants injected parenterally, or administered orally, intranasally, or transcutaneously with licensed or experimental vaccines in humans. Every adjuvant has a complex and often multi-factorial immunological mechanism, usually poorly understood in vivo. Many determinants of adjuvanticity exist, and each adjuvanted vaccine is unique. Adjuvant safety is critical and can enhance, retard, or stop development of an adjuvanted vaccine. The choice of an adjuvant often depends upon expensive experimental trial and error, upon cost, and upon commercial availability. Extensive regulatory and administrative support is required to conduct clinical trials of adjuvanted vaccines. Finally, comparative adjuvant trials where one antigen is formulated with different adjuvants and administered by a common protocol to animals and humans can accelerate vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Edelman
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Puri N, Kou JH, Sinko PJ. Adjuvancy enhancement of muramyl dipeptide by modulating its release from a physicochemically modified matrix of ovalbumin microspheres. I. In vitro characterization. J Control Release 2000; 69:53-67. [PMID: 11018546 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(00)00289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The weak immunogenicity of subunit vaccines has necessitated research into the development of novel adjuvants and methods to enhance the adjuvancy associated with vaccine delivery systems. The purpose of the present study was to modulate the release of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) from a physicochemically modified matrix of ovalbumin microspheres (OVA-MSs). A two-component MS vaccine delivery system was fabricated, which utilized OVA as the antigen and delivery matrix, and MDP as the adjuvant. The MSs were prepared from OVA using a water/oil emulsion method, followed by suspension cross-linking using glutaraldehyde. The MS matrix was modified with respect to the degree of cross-linking by varying the concentration of glutaraldehyde and matrix density, a function of disulfide-bond formation. The modifications in the MS matrix were characterized using SDS-PAGE, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thin layer wicking (TLW). The in vitro release of MDP and OVA from the various preparations of OVA-MSs exhibited triphasic and biphasic profiles, respectively. The degree of cross-linking and the matrix density were found to be significant physicochemical parameters that affected the release profiles of MDP and OVA through two mechanisms: controlled surface erosion and bulk degradation of the MSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Puri
- College of Pharmacy, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Hetzel C, Janssen R, Ely SJ, Kristensen NM, Bunting K, Cooper JB, Lamb JR, Young DB, Thole JE. An epitope delivery system for use with recombinant mycobacteria. Infect Immun 1998; 66:3643-8. [PMID: 9673244 PMCID: PMC108397 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.8.3643-3648.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel epitope delivery system based on the insertion of peptides within a permissive loop of a bacterial superoxide dismutase molecule. This system allowed high-level expression of heterologous peptides in two mycobacterial vaccine strains, Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and Mycobacterium vaccae. The broader application of the system was analyzed by preparation of constructs containing peptide epitopes from a range of infectious agents and allergens. We report detailed characterization of the immunogenicity of one such construct, in which an epitope from the Der p1 house dust mite allergen was expressed in M. vaccae. The construct was able to stimulate T-cell hybridomas specific for Der p1, and it induced peptide-specific gamma interferon responses when used to immunize naive mice. This novel expression system demonstrates new possibilities for the use of mycobacteria as vaccine delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hetzel
- Department of Biology, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Development and application of PROVAX adjuvant formulation for subunit cancer vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1998; 32:187-197. [PMID: 10837644 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(98)00010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge facing the development of subunit vaccines comprised of well-defined recombinant antigens is their weak immunogenicity and inability to induce effective cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. Adjuvants aimed at increasing the immunogenicity of recombinant antigens remain a focus in vaccine development. The potency of an adjuvant is linked to specific stimulation of T cell responses, involving TH1 and TH2 subsets of CD4(+) T helper cells and CD8(+) CTL and B cell-mediated antibody responses. As a result of the existence of two distinct intra-cellular pathways for antigen processing, immunization with exogenous antigens often shows a greater propensity for T helper and antibody responses, but not CD8(+) CTL responses. However, existing experimental evidence suggests that CD8(+) CTLs, which are critical in the elimination of viral-infected and neoplastic cells, can be elicited with soluble antigens when delivered in appropriate formulations or adjuvants. This review focuses on the properties of PROVAX adjuvant in inducing antigen-specific CTL responses, antibody responses and tumor regression in experimental models and its potential application for the development of recombinant cancer vaccines.
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Werner GH, Jollès P. Immunostimulating agents: what next? A review of their present and potential medical applications. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 242:1-19. [PMID: 8954147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0001r.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many chemical entities, either from natural sources or prepared by synthesis, are known to exert stimulating activities on various functions of the immune system, such as antibody production, resistance to infections, rejection of malignant cells, etc. In this review, the origin, chemical structures and main activities of several immunostimulants are described, with special emphasis on their present or potential medical usefulness. An attempt is made to envisage the future of this type of pharmacological agents, excluding however from the presentation the endogenous modulators of the immune system (cytokines), the production and activities of which are influenced by the immunostimulants themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Werner
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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