1
|
Abdulkareem AA, Al-Taweel FB, Al-Sharqi AJ, Gul SS, Sha A, Chapple IL. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2197779. [PMID: 37025387 PMCID: PMC10071981 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2197779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary etiological agent for the initiation and progression of periodontal disease is the dental plaque biofilm which is an organized aggregation of microorganisms residing within a complex intercellular matrix. The non-specific plaque hypothesis was the first attempt to explain the role of the dental biofilm in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. However, the introduction of sophisticated diagnostic and laboratory assays has led to the realisation that the development of periodontitis requires more than a mere increase in the biomass of dental plaque. Indeed, multispecies biofilms exhibit complex interactions between the bacteria and the host. In addition, not all resident microorganisms within the biofilm are pathogenic, since beneficial bacteria exist that serve to maintain a symbiotic relationship between the plaque microbiome and the host's immune-inflammatory response, preventing the emergence of pathogenic microorganisms and the development of dysbiosis. This review aims to highlight the development and structure of the dental plaque biofilm and to explore current literature on the transition from a healthy (symbiotic) to a diseased (dysbiotic) biofilm in periodontitis and the associated immune-inflammatory responses that drive periodontal tissue destruction and form mechanistic pathways that impact other systemic non-communicable diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Abdulkareem
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Firas B. Al-Taweel
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali J.B. Al-Sharqi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sarhang S. Gul
- College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Aram Sha
- College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Iain L.C. Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dental Plaque Removal by Ultrasonic Toothbrushes. Dent J (Basel) 2020; 8:dj8010028. [PMID: 32210213 PMCID: PMC7175112 DOI: 10.3390/dj8010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the variety of toothbrushes on the market, the question arises, which toothbrush is best suited to maintain oral health? This thematic review focuses first on plaque formation mechanisms and then on the plaque removal effectiveness of ultrasonic toothbrushes and their potential in preventing oral diseases like periodontitis, gingivitis, and caries. We overviewed the physical effects that occurred during brushing and tried to address the question of whether ultrasonic toothbrushes effectively reduced the microbial burden by increasing the hydrodynamic forces. The results of published studies show that electric toothbrushes, which combine ultrasonic and sonic (or acoustic and mechanic) actions, may have the most promising effect on good oral health. Existing ultrasonic/sonic toothbrush models do not significantly differ regarding the removal of dental biofilm and the reduction of gingival inflammation compared with other electrically powered toothbrushes, whereas the manual toothbrushes show a lower effectiveness.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kommerein N, Stumpp SN, Müsken M, Ehlert N, Winkel A, Häussler S, Behrens P, Buettner FFR, Stiesch M. An oral multispecies biofilm model for high content screening applications. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173973. [PMID: 28296966 PMCID: PMC5352027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peri-implantitis caused by multispecies biofilms is a major complication in dental implant treatment. The bacterial infection surrounding dental implants can lead to bone loss and, in turn, to implant failure. A promising strategy to prevent these common complications is the development of implant surfaces that inhibit biofilm development. A reproducible and easy-to-use biofilm model as a test system for large scale screening of new implant surfaces with putative antibacterial potency is therefore of major importance. In the present study, we developed a highly reproducible in vitro four-species biofilm model consisting of the highly relevant oral bacterial species Streptococcus oralis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella dispar and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The application of live/dead staining, quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and urea-NaCl fluorescence in situ hybridization (urea-NaCl-FISH) revealed that the four-species biofilm community is robust in terms of biovolume, live/dead distribution and individual species distribution over time. The biofilm community is dominated by S. oralis, followed by V. dispar, A. naeslundii and P. gingivalis. The percentage distribution in this model closely reflects the situation in early native plaques and is therefore well suited as an in vitro model test system. Furthermore, despite its nearly native composition, the multispecies model does not depend on nutrient additives, such as native human saliva or serum, and is an inexpensive, easy to handle and highly reproducible alternative to the available model systems. The 96-well plate format enables high content screening for optimized implant surfaces impeding biofilm formation or the testing of multiple antimicrobial treatment strategies to fight multispecies biofilm infections, both exemplary proven in the manuscript.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Kommerein
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sascha N. Stumpp
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Müsken
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nina Ehlert
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Häussler
- Institute of Molecular Bacteriology, TWINCORE, Centre of Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Behrens
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Falk F. R. Buettner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Souza JCM, Henriques M, Teughels W, Ponthiaux P, Celis JP, Rocha LA. Wear and Corrosion Interactions on Titanium in Oral Environment: Literature Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40735-015-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
5
|
Krasowska A, Sigler K. How microorganisms use hydrophobicity and what does this mean for human needs? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:112. [PMID: 25191645 PMCID: PMC4137226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) plays a crucial role in the attachment to, or detachment from the surfaces. The influence of CSH on adhesion of microorganisms to biotic and abiotic surfaces in medicine as well as in bioremediation and fermentation industry has both negative and positive aspects. Hydrophobic microorganisms cause the damage of surfaces by biofilm formation; on the other hand, they can readily accumulate on organic pollutants and decompose them. Hydrophilic microorganisms also play a considerable role in removing organic wastes from the environment because of their high resistance to hydrophobic chemicals. Despite the many studies on the environmental and metabolic factors affecting CSH, the knowledge of this subject is still scanty and is in most cases limited to observing the impact of hydrophobicity on adhesion, aggregation or flocculation. The future of research seems to lie in finding a way to managing the microbial adhesion process, perhaps by steering cell hydrophobicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krasowska
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karel Sigler
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Okuda T, Kokubu E, Kawana T, Saito A, Okuda K, Ishihara K. Synergy in biofilm formation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella species. Anaerobe 2011; 18:110-6. [PMID: 21945879 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of biofilm by anaerobic, Gram-negative bacteria in the subgingival crevice plays an important role in the development of chronic periodontitis. The aim of this study was to characterize the role of coaggregation between Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella species in biofilm formation. Coaggregation between F. nucleatum and Prevotella species was determined by visual assay. Effect of co-culture of the species on biofilm formation was assessed by crystal violet staining. Effect of soluble factor on biofilm formation was also examined using culture supernatant and two-compartment co-culture separated by a porous membrane. Production of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) by the organisms was evaluated using Vibrio harveyi BB170. Cells of all F. nucleatum strains coaggregated with Prevotella intermedia or Prevotella nigrescens with a score of 1-4. Addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid or l-lysine inhibited coaggregation. Coaggregation disappeared after heating of P. intermedia or P. nigrescens cells, or Proteinase K treatment of P. nigrescens cells. Co-culture of F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 with P. intermedia or P. nigrescens strains increased biofilm formation compared with single culture (p < 0.01); co-culture with culture supernatant of these strains, however, did not enhance biofilm formation by F. nucleatum. Production of AI-2 in Prevotella species was not related to enhancement of biofilm formation by F. nucleatum. These findings indicate that physical contact by coaggregation of F. nucleatum strains with P. intermedia or P. nigrescens plays a key role in the formation of biofilm by these strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Okuda
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2 Masago, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Biofilms are masses of microorganisms that bind to and multiply on a solid surface, typically with a fluid bathing the microbes. The microorganisms that are not attached but are free floating in an aqueous environment are termed planktonic cells. Traditionally, microbiology research has addressed results from planktonic bacterial cells. However, many recent studies have indicated that biofilms are the preferred form of growth of most microbes and particularly those of a pathogenic nature. Biofilms on animal hosts have significantly increased resistance to various antimicrobials compared to planktonic cells. These microbial communities form microcolonies that interact with each other using very sophisticated communication methods (i.e., quorum-sensing). The development of unique microbiological tools to detect and assess the various biofilms around us is a tremendously important focus of research in many laboratories. In the present review, we discuss the major biofilm mechanisms and the interactions among oral bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Huang
- Department of Oral Biology and Tobacco Cessation and Biobehavioral Center, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leonhardt Å, Olsson J, Dahlén G. In vitroAdhesion and Ribotypes Among Oral Bacteria Isolated From Plaque on Titanium, Hydroxyapatite and Amalgam Surfaces. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509140108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Å. Leonhardt
- Departments of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
| | - J. Olsson
- Departments of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G. Dahlén
- Departments of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wyss C. Sticky, a Novel Phenotype ofCampylobacter rectus. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509140096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Wyss
- Institute for Oral Microbiology and General Immunology, University of Zürich, Plattenstr. 11, CH-8028, Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Delisle AL, Donkersloot JA. Relationships amongActinomyces naeslundii (A. viscosus)Bacteriophages Isolated from Sewage and the Oral Cavity. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509140089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan L. Delisle
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland at Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jacob A. Donkersloot
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
|
12
|
Kolenbrander PE, Palmer RJ, Rickard AH, Jakubovics NS, Chalmers NI, Diaz PI. Bacterial interactions and successions during plaque development. Periodontol 2000 2006; 42:47-79. [PMID: 16930306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kolenbrander
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institutes of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Davey
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mishustina IE, Bardan SI, Shirokolobova TI. Bacterioplankton of the Kola Bay, Barents Sea, (micro-and nanoforms) based on 2002–2003 monitoring data. BIOL BULL+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359006020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Kolenbrander PE, Egland PG, Diaz PI, Palmer RJ. Genome–genome interactions: bacterial communities in initial dental plaque. Trends Microbiol 2005; 13:11-5. [PMID: 15639626 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The usual context for genome-genome interactions is DNA-DNA interactions, but the manifestation of the genome is the cell. Here we focus on cell-cell interactions and relate them to the process of building multi-species biofilm communities. We propose that dental plaque communities originate as a result of intimate interactions between cells (genomes) of different species and not through clonal growth of genetically identical cells. Although DNA exchange might occur between cells within these communities, we limit our opinions to discussions of the spatiotemporal and metabolic relationships that exist here. We believe the multi-species interactions occurring during the early stages of biofilm formation determine the species composition and nature of the mature biofilm. The human oral cavity provides easy access to natural biofilms on a retrievable enamel chip, which is an excellent model for the study of genome-genome interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Kolenbrander
- Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Takeuchi H, Yamanaka Y, Yamamoto K. Morphological analysis of subgingival biofilm formation on synthetic carbonate apatite inserted into human periodontal pockets. Aust Dent J 2004; 49:72-7. [PMID: 15293817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2004.tb00053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Details of the development of human subgingival biofilm are unknown due to the difficulties in conducting experiments and especially in obtaining undisturbed materials. METHODS This study was performed using deposits on carbonate apatite that had been inserted into human periodontal pockets for up to three weeks. Scanning electron microscopy using the vertically sectioned method and transmission electron microscopy using the freeze-substitution method were adopted. RESULTS The development of subgingival biofilm occurred in five sequential phases: pellicle formation, microbial adherence, initial colonization, microbial organization, and establishment. Certain species in each of the initial, secondary and tertiary colonizers were considered to have a predilection for biofilm formation. Gram-positive, bacillary initial colonizers and gram-negative, filamentous secondary colonizers organized one stable structure that served as the framework for biofilm formation, and gram-negative, rod-shaped tertiary colonizers with cell-surface vesicles showed multigeneric coaggregation. The microbiota in the tertiary colonizers underwent repeated microflora alteration. CONCLUSIONS Subgingival biofilm is constituted by initial, secondary and tertiary colonizers. Microflora alteration which is suggested to be related to periodontal disease, frequently occurred in the tertiary colonizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Takeuchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Gifu Pref, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Concannon SP, Crowe TD, Abercrombie JJ, Molina CM, Hou P, Sukumaran DK, Raj PA, Leung KP. Susceptibility of oral bacteria to an antimicrobial decapeptide. J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:1083-1093. [PMID: 14614067 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides have emerged as alternative classes of antimicrobials. In general, these antimicrobial peptides exhibit selectivity for prokaryotes and minimize the problems of engendering microbial resistance. As an alternative method to search for more effective broad-spectrum peptide antimicrobials, investigators have developed peptide libraries by using synthetic combinatorial technology. A novel decapeptide, KKVVFKVKFK (KSL), has been identified that shows a broad range of antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of this antimicrobial peptide in killing selected strains of oral pathogens and resident saliva bacteria collected from human subjects. Cytotoxic activity of KSL against mammalian cells and the structural features of this decapeptide were also investigated, the latter by using two-dimensional NMR in aqueous and DMSO solutions. MICs of KSL for the majority of oral bacteria tested in vitro ranged from 3 to 100 microg ml(-1). Minimal bactericidal concentrations of KSL were, in general, within one to two dilutions of the MICs. KSL exhibited an ED(99) (the dose at which 99 % killing was observed after 15 min at 37 degrees C) of 6.25 microg ml(-1) against selected strains of Lactobacillus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus gordonii and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. In addition, KSL damaged bacterial cell membranes and caused 1.05 log units reduction of viability counts of saliva bacteria. In vitro toxicity studies showed that KSL, at concentrations up to 1 mg ml(-1), did not induce cell death or compromise the membrane integrity of human gingival fibroblasts. NMR studies suggest that KSL adopts an alpha-helical structure in DMSO solution, which mimics the polar aprotic membrane environment, whereas it remains unstructured in aqueous medium. This study shows that KSL may be a useful antimicrobial agent for inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria that are associated with caries development and early plaque formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Concannon
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - T D Crowe
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - J J Abercrombie
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - C M Molina
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - P Hou
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - D K Sukumaran
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - P A Raj
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - K-P Leung
- Microbiology Branch, US Army Dental Research Detachment, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Great Lakes, IL 60088, USA 2Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA 3School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gilmore KS, Srinivas P, Akins DR, Hatter KL, Gilmore MS. Growth, development, and gene expression in a persistent Streptococcus gordonii biofilm. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4759-66. [PMID: 12874358 PMCID: PMC166047 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.8.4759-4766.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A model for the protracted (30-day) colonization of smooth surfaces by Streptococcus gordonii that incorporates the nutrient flux that occurs in the oral cavity was developed. This model was used to characterize the biphasic expansion of the adherent bacterial population, which corresponded with the emergence of higher-order architectures characteristic of biofilms. Biofilm formation by S. gordonii was observed to be influenced by the presence of simple sugars including sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Real-time PCR was used to quantify changes in expression of S. gordonii genes known or thought to be involved in biofilm formation. Morphological changes were accompanied by a significant shift in gene expression patterns. The majority of S. gordonii genes examined were observed to be downregulated in the biofilm phase. Genes found to be upregulated in the biofilm state were observed to encode products related to environmental sensing and signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keeta S Gilmore
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Takeuchi H, Yamamoto K. Ultrastructural analysis of structural framework in dental plaque developing on synthetic carbonate apatite applied to human tooth surfaces. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109:249-59. [PMID: 11531071 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2001.00029.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on determining the structural framework by oral microbiota in supragingival plaque on a carbonate apatite film applied to human tooth surfaces. The sequential phases of plaque formation over a 3-wk period were found to be equivalent to those previously reported for natural tooth surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy of specimens prepared by vertical sectioning demonstrated the organization of two types of framework between certain genera of initial and secondary colonizers in the pre- and post-organization phases, respectively. The initial colonizers in the pre-organization phase were of a coccoid type, while colonizers in the post-organization phase were of a bacillary type. Secondary colonizers, filamentous cells, were common to both frameworks. Transmission electron microscopy using freeze-substitution and immunohistochemistry demonstrated two types of coaggregation, fibril- and saliva-mediated modes, among the plaque microbiota. Coaggregation between microbiota, which organized the framework, showed a tendency to occur in the fibril-mediated mode, and the filamentous secondary colonizers were characterized by inducing multigeneric coaggregation. The present findings indicate that a structural framework and specific cells to form this framework are essential for plaque formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Takeuchi
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Gifu, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guggenheim M, Shapiro S, Gmür R, Guggenheim B. Spatial arrangements and associative behavior of species in an in vitro oral biofilm model. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1343-50. [PMID: 11229930 PMCID: PMC92733 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.3.1343-1350.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial arrangements and associative behavior of Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella dispar, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Streptococcus oralis strains in an in vitro model of supragingival plaque were determined. Using species-specific fluorescence-labeled antibodies in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy, the volumes and distribution of the five strains were assessed during biofilm formation. The volume-derived cell numbers of each strain correlated well with respective culture data. Between 15 min and 64 h, populations of each strain increased in a manner reminiscent of batch growth. The microcolony morphologies of all members of the consortium and their distributions within the biofilm were characterized, as were interspecies associations. Biofilms formed 15 min after inoculation consisted principally of single nonaggregated cells. All five strains adhered strongly to the saliva-conditioned substratum, and therefore, coadhesion played no role during the initial phase of biofilm formation. This observation does not reflect the results of in vitro coaggregation of the five strains, which depended upon the nature of the suspension medium. While the possibility cannot be excluded that some interspecies associations observed at later stages of biofilm formation were initiated by coadhesion, increase in bacterial numbers appeared to be largely a growth phenomenon regulated by the prevailing cultivation conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Guggenheim
- Institute for Oral Microbiology and General Immunology, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Zürich, CH-8028 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces or associated with interfaces. Despite the focus of modern microbiology research on pure culture, planktonic (free-swimming) bacteria, it is now widely recognized that most bacteria found in natural, clinical, and industrial settings persist in association with surfaces. Furthermore, these microbial communities are often composed of multiple species that interact with each other and their environment. The determination of biofilm architecture, particularly the spatial arrangement of microcolonies (clusters of cells) relative to one another, has profound implications for the function of these complex communities. Numerous new experimental approaches and methodologies have been developed in order to explore metabolic interactions, phylogenetic groupings, and competition among members of the biofilm. To complement this broad view of biofilm ecology, individual organisms have been studied using molecular genetics in order to identify the genes required for biofilm development and to dissect the regulatory pathways that control the plankton-to-biofilm transition. These molecular genetic studies have led to the emergence of the concept of biofilm formation as a novel system for the study of bacterial development. The recent explosion in the field of biofilm research has led to exciting progress in the development of new technologies for studying these communities, advanced our understanding of the ecological significance of surface-attached bacteria, and provided new insights into the molecular genetic basis of biofilm development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Davey
- Department of Microbiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Taweechaisupapong S, Doyle RJ. Sensitivity of bacterial coaggregation to chelating agents. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2000; 28:343-6. [PMID: 10891659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2000.tb01496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coaggregation between pairs of microorganisms was found to be inhibited by chelating agents, such as acetylacetone, citrate, EDTA and carboxymethylcellulose. Assays were conducted on eight pairs of periodontopathogens and one pair consisting of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inhibitory effects of the chelating agents were reversible except for Actinomyces naeslundii 12104, the adhesin of which was irreversibly inactivated. Even though the bacteria possessed different kinds of adhesins, their sensitivity to chelating agents appears to be a common property. Non-toxic chelating agents, such as carboxymethylcellulose and citrate, may prove to be useful anti-adhesins.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The intimate relationship with bacteria is a fundamental factor in the health status of an individual. After birth infants are exposed to continuous person-to-person and environmental contacts with microbes, and the development of the indigenous microflora begins on the surfaces of the human body. In a developing ecosystem microbial colonization may easily occur because of the still inadequate host response. Adhesion is the initial event in the colonization of bacteria. In the mouth, only mucosal surfaces are available during the first months of life. After teeth emerge, the number of attachment sites and potential niches increases significantly. Bacteria adhere not only to oral surfaces but also to each other, forming multigeneric communities where specific partner relationships influence their composition and stability. Viridans streptococci and a strictly anaerobic species, Fusobacterium nucleatum, are of interest in this context. The oral colonization pattern differs between individuals already in infancy; variable bacterial load in saliva of attendants and other close contacts and the frequency of this bacterial exposure may partly account for individual differences. In addition, the exposure of an infant to antibiotics affects the quality of colonizing bacteria. This article presents an overview of the age-related acquisition of oral bacteria and the role of the indigenous oral microflora in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Könönen
- Department of Bacteriology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Millsap KW, van der Mei HC, Bos R, Busscher HJ. Adhesive interactions between medically important yeasts and bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1998; 21:321-36. [PMID: 9532746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1998.tb00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are being increasingly identified as important organisms in human infections. Adhesive interactions between yeasts and bacteria may contribute to yeast retention at body sites. Methods for studying adhesive interactions between bacterial strains are well known, and range from simple macroscopic methods to flow chamber systems with complex image analysis capabilities. The adhesive interactions between bacteria and yeasts have been studied employing several of the methods originally developed for studying adhesive interactions between bacteria. However, in many of the methods employed the larger size of the yeasts as compared with bacteria results in strong sedimentation of the yeasts, often invalidating the method adapted. In addition, most methods are semi-quantitative and do not properly control mass transport. Consequently, adhesive interaction mechanisms between yeasts and bacteria identified hitherto, including lectin binding and protein-protein interactions, must be regarded with caution. Extensive physico-chemical characteristics of yeast cell surfaces are not available and a physico-chemical mechanism has not yet been put forth. A new method for quantifying adhesive interactions between yeasts and bacteria is proposed, based on the use of a parallel plate flow chamber, in which the influence of adhering bacteria upon the kinetics of yeast adhesion and aggregation of the adhering yeasts is quantitatively evaluated, under carefully controlled mass transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K W Millsap
- Laboratory for Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Landa AS, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Detachment of linking film bacteria from enamel surfaces by oral rinses and penetration of sodium lauryl sulphate through an artificial oral biofilm. Adv Dent Res 1997; 11:528-38. [PMID: 9470514 DOI: 10.1177/08959374970110042201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biofilm mode of growth protects plaque micro-organisms against environmental attacks, such as from antimicrobials or detergents. Dental plaque is linked to enamel through the adhesion of initial colonizers. Once this link is disrupted, the entire plaque mass adhering to it detaches. Experiments in a parallel-plate flow chamber demonstrated that bacteria adhering to saliva-coated enamel could not be stimulated to detach by perfusion of the flow chamber with two traditional mouthrinses (Corsodyl and Scope), whereas perfusion with a prebrushing rinse (Plax) or its detergent components stimulated detachment from saliva-coated enamel of a wide variety of bacterial strains. Following perfusion of the flow chamber with the mouthrinses, little additional detachment of adhering bacteria by the passage of a liquid-air interface occurred. After perfusion with the prebrushing rinse, however, significant numbers of still-adhering bacteria could be stimulated to detach by passage of a liquid-air interface, indicating that Plax had weakened their adhesive bond. The ability of Plax or its detergent components to detach plaque bacteria is not always obvious from in vivo experiments, and reports on its clinical efficacy are inconsistent. Likely, antimicrobials or detergents are unable to penetrate the plaque and reach the linking film bacteria, as demonstrated here by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Landa
- Laboratory for Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Busscher HJ, van der Mei HC. Physico-chemical interactions in initial microbial adhesion and relevance for biofilm formation. Adv Dent Res 1997; 11:24-32. [PMID: 9524439 DOI: 10.1177/08959374970110011301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes initial microbial adhesion events in dental plaque formation, including the physico-chemistry of the interaction between micro-organisms and solid substrata, detachment phenomena under the fluctuating shear of the oral cavity, co-adhesion between pairs of microbial strains, and biosurfactant release. A hypothesis is forwarded on how these initial events might influence the final microbial composition and structure of the plaque, although it is simultaneously emphasized that the necessary techniques for verification of the hypothesis have only recently become available, and supporting evidence is still to be collected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Busscher
- Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Klier CM, Kolenbrander PE, Roble AG, Marco ML, Cross S, Handley PS. Identification of a 95 kDa putative adhesin from Actinomyces serovar WVA963 strain PK1259 that is distinct from type 2 fimbrial subunits. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 3):835-846. [PMID: 9084167 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-3-835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The species Actinomyces serovar WVA963 is among the 20 bacteria most frequently isolated from human subgingival plaque. The interactions of this species with streptococci are inhibited by lactose, a function associated with type 2 fimbrial surface structures in Actinomyces naeslundii. Type 1 fimbriae mediate binding of cells to salivary proline-rich proteins. Specific polyclonal antisera against type 1 and type 2 fimbriae of A. naeslundii T14V revealed both types of fimbriae on Actinomyces serovar WVA963 strain PK1259. To investigate the role of type 2 fimbriae of strain PK1259 in Actinomyces-Streptococcus lactose-inhibitable coaggregations, spontaneous coaggregation-defective (Cog-) mutants that failed to coaggregate with streptococci were isolated; three were chosen for study. All three mutant strains synthesized type 1 fimbriae and a 59 kDa protein; mutant strains PK2415 and PK3092 synthesized type 2 fimbriae and a 57 kDa protein. In contrast, the Cog- strain PK2407 did not agglutinate with anti-type 2 antibodies or show the 57 kDa band, suggesting that the 57 kDa protein was the type 2 fimbrial subunit. Polyclonal antiserum raised against the Actinomyces serovar WVA963 strain PK2399, an antibiotic-resistant derivative of wild-type PK1259, blocked coaggregation between this strain and streptococci. Anti-PK2399 serum absorbed with mutant strain PK3092 bearing type 2 fimbriae retained its blocking ability. Surface sonicates of the parent and mutant strains were adsorbed to streptococcal cells and to lactose-agarose beads. Lactose eluates from both the streptococcal cells and the affinity beads were characterized by SDS-PAGE and corresponding immunoblots using anti-PK2399 serum absorbed with Cog- mutant PK3092. These blots revealed a 95 kDa putative adhesin in the parent strain PK2399 that was absent in the Cog- mutant strain PK3092. These results suggest the presence of a putative 95 kDa actinomyces adhesin distinct from the 57 kDa type 2 fimbrial subunit and that this adhesin mediates lactose-inhibitable coaggregation with streptococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane M Klier
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, MD 20892,USA
| | - Paul E Kolenbrander
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, MD 20892,USA
| | - Arlene G Roble
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, MD 20892,USA
| | - Maria L Marco
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, MD 20892,USA
| | - Sharon Cross
- Microbiology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, Manchester University,Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT,UK
| | - Pauline S Handley
- Microbiology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, Stopford Building, Manchester University,Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT,UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Adherence to a surface is a key element for colonization of the human oral cavity by the more than 500 bacterial taxa recorded from oral samples. Three surfaces are available: teeth, epithelial mucosa, and the nascent surface created as each new bacterial cell binds to existing dental plaque. Oral bacteria exhibit specificity for their respective colonization sites. Such specificity is directed by adhesin-receptor cognate pairs on genetically distinct cells. Colonization is successful when adherent cells grow and metabolically participate in the oral bacterial community. The potential roles of adherence-relevant molecules are discussed in the context of the dynamic nature of the oral econiche.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Whittaker
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bos R, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Influence of temperature on the co-adhesion of oral microbial pairs in saliva. Eur J Oral Sci 1996; 104:372-7. [PMID: 8930585 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Coaggregation (interactions between two planktonic microorganisms) and co-adhesion (interactions between sessile and planktonic microorganisms) are believed to be important factors in the formation of dental plaque by many investigators, although others doubt whether coaggregation and co-adhesion occur in vivo. It is known that coaggregation and co-adhesion generally occur equally well in buffer as in saliva, but the influence of temperature on the co-adhesion of coaggregating oral microbial pairs in saliva is unknown. Therefore, co-adhesion of streptococci suspended in saliva to glass with adhering actinomyces present (1.0 x 10(6) cells cm-2) was studied in a parallel plate flow chamber in the temperature range from 22 degrees C to 40 degrees C. In the range from 22 degrees C up to 35 degrees C both pairs studied, Streptococcus oralis 34 with Actinomyces naeslundii 5951 and Streptococcus oralis J22 with A. naeslundii 5951, displayed similar co-adhesion kinetics and co-adhesion in a stationary end-point, but around and above 37 degrees C co-adhesion almost disappeared. Hence, we conclude that co-adhesion of coaggregating oral microbial pairs in saliva may be critically influenced by temperature, especially around the temperatures prevailing in the oral cavity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Bos
- Laboratory for Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bossier P, Verstraete W. Comamonas testosteroni colony phenotype influences exopolysaccharide production and coaggregation with yeast cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2687-91. [PMID: 8702260 PMCID: PMC168053 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.8.2687-2691.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A Comamonas testosteroni strain was isolated from activated sludge on the basis of its ability to coaggregate with yeast cells. On agar plates the following two types of colonies were formed: colonies with a mucoid appearance and colonies with a nonmucoid appearance. On plates this strain alternated between the two forms, making sectored colonies. In liquid medium with constant agitation no such change was observed. In the absence of agitation and in contact with a glass surface a culture with predominantly nonmucoid-colony-forming cells very rapidly shifted to a culture dominated by mucoid-colony-forming cells. In liquid medium the reverse was observed under stress conditions imposed by hydrogen peroxide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, or starvation. Nonmucoid cells formed very rapidly settling flocs with yeast cells, while coaggregation of mucoid cells with yeast cells did not occur. These findings may be relevant to the behavior of activated sludge microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bossier
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, Faculty of Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, University of Ghent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dahlén GG, Johnson JR, Gmür R. Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens serotypes, ribotypes and binding characteristics. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 138:89-95. [PMID: 8674976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type strains and 62 clinical isolates of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens were typed with the use of genomic DNA fingerprints and rRNA gene probes. The strains were further serotyped with monoclonal antibodies and characterized with SDS-PAGE, enzymatic activities, hemolysis and hemagglutination and coaggregation with Streptococcus and Actinomyces spp. P. intermedia and P. nigrescens were found to have distinct ribotype patterns which correspond to previously defined serotyupes I and II/III, respectively. No clear phenotypic difference related to hemolysis, hemagglutination and coaggregation with streptococcus and actinomyces species, or expression of aminopeptides and lipase was found between P. intermedia and P. migrescens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G G Dahlén
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gibbons RJ. Role of adhesion in microbial colonization of host tissues: a contribution of oral microbiology. J Dent Res 1996; 75:866-70. [PMID: 8675796 DOI: 10.1177/00220345960750030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|
33
|
Leknes KN, Lie T, Wikesjö UM, Böe OE, Selvig KA. Influence of tooth instrumentation roughness on gingival tissue reactions. J Periodontol 1996; 67:197-204. [PMID: 8708949 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1996.67.3.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Histological studies have demonstrated a relationship between the amount of subgingival plaque and the magnitude and extension of gingival tissue reactions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate inflammatory reactions in the gingival tissues facing plaque accumulation at a diamond and curet-instrumented root surfaces. Experimental, deep periodontal defects were established at buccal surfaces of mandibular and maxillary canine teeth in 5 beagle dogs. The root surfaces were instrumented by a flame-shaped, fine-grained. rotating diamond point, or by a sharp curet. Next, the dogs were fed a plaque-inducing diet for 70 days. The animals were then sacrificed, and tissue blocks of the experimental sites including teeth, alveolar bone, and gingival tissues were secured. The gingival soft tissue was processed for histomorphometric analyses at 3 levels. Epithelium and connective tissue area measurements showed no differences between the two instrumentations. Junctional epithelium (JE) cell point counts exhibited a higher proportion of inflammatory cells (IC)in specimens facing diamond compared to curet-instrumented defects. A higher proportion of IC was present within the coronal compared to the apical aspect of the JE for both instrumentations (P < 0.05). A significant difference in IC density between instrumentations was detected for non-infiltrated (P < 0.05), as well as for infiltrated (P < 0.01) connective tissue. The infiltrated connective tissue (ICT) inflammatory cell density was significantly (P < 0.01) and positively correlated to the JE inflammatory cell density (r = 0.75), and to area measurements of ICT (r = 0.55). The overall results demonstrate that the character of subgingival root instrumentations significantly affects gingival inflammatory reactions, most likely by influencing subgingival plaque formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K N Leknes
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bergen, School of Dentistry, Norway
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Clemans DL, Kolenbrander PE. Identification of a 100-kilodalton putative coaggregation-mediating adhesin of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis). Infect Immun 1995; 63:4890-3. [PMID: 7591151 PMCID: PMC173700 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.12.4890-4893.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis) bears coaggregation-relevant surface proteins which mediate lactose-inhibitable coaggregations with other streptococci. Six spontaneously occurring coaggregation-defective (Cog-) mutants of wild-type strain S. gordonii DL1 unable to coaggregate with wild-type streptococcal partners were characterized. Antiserum raised against wild-type cells and absorbed with Cog- cells specifically blocked lactose-inhibitable coaggregations between S. gordonii DL1 and its streptococcal partner strains; it did not block lactose-noninhibitable coaggregations with actinomyces partners. Surface proteins were released from the cells by mild sonication treatment and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A 100-kDa surface protein from S. gordonii DL1 was identified by immunoblot analysis with the mutant-absorbed antiserum. Each of the six Cog- mutants lacked the 100-kDa protein. Several other oral viridans streptococci that exhibit intrageneric lactose-inhibitable coaggregations expressed an immunoreactive protein with about the same size as the 100-kDa putative adhesin. It is proposed that the 100-kDa protein is the adhesin which mediates coaggregation between S. gordonii DL1 and its streptococcal partners. The role of this putative adhesin in accretion of streptococci in early colonization of the tooth surface is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Clemans
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Dental plaque is the diverse microbial community found on the tooth surface embedded in a matrix of polymers of bacterial and salivary origin. Once a tooth surface is cleaned, a conditioning film of proteins and glycoproteins is adsorbed rapidly to the tooth surface. Plaque formation involves the interaction between early bacterial colonisers and this film (the acquired enamel pellicle). To facilitate colonisation of the tooth surface, some receptors on salivary molecules are only exposed to bacteria once the molecule is adsorbed to a surface. Subsequently, secondary colonisers adhere to the already attached early colonisers (co-aggregation) through specific molecular interactions. These can involve protein-protein or carbohydrate-protein (lectin) interactions, and this process contributes to determining the pattern of bacterial succession. As the biofilm develops, gradients in biologically significant factors develop, and these permit the co-existence of species that would be incompatible with each other in a homogenous environment. Dental plaque develops naturally, but it is also associated with two of the most prevalent diseases affecting industrialised societies (caries and periodontal diseases). Future strategies to control dental plaque will be targeted to interfering with the formation, structure and pattern of development of this biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Marsh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity, CAMR, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Leonhardt A, Olsson J, Dahlén G. Bacterial colonization on titanium, hydroxyapatite, and amalgam surfaces in vivo. J Dent Res 1995; 74:1607-12. [PMID: 7560424 DOI: 10.1177/00220345950740091701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate qualitative and quantitative differences in bacterial colonization on titanium, hydroxyapatite, and amalgam surfaces in vivo. Six healthy adult individuals participated in the study. Two pieces each of titanium, hydroxyapatite, and amalgam of similar size were placed in cobalt-chromium splints and kept intra-orally in each individual for 10 min, and 1, 3, 6, 24, and 72 hrs. After removal of the splints, the pieces were rinsed in PBS and transferred to transport medium. After being vortexed, the samples were inoculated on selective and non-selective media for analyses of various facultative and anaerobic bacteria. During the experiment, total viable count increased on all surfaces. The investigated bacterial groups constituted, on average, approximately 60 to 99% of the total viable count on all three types of surfaces in each of the experiments, except in the 10-minute samples, when they constituted around 20 to 30%. Various streptococcal species predominated and usually constituted > 50% of total viable count. Similar colonization patterns of Streptococcus spp., Actinomyces naeslundii, Neisseria spp., Hemophilus parainfluenzae, Fusobacterium spp., and black-pigmented Prevotella spp. were seen at all three types of surfaces. No significant differences among the materials regarding colonization of investigated bacteria were found during the study period. This study failed to show any qualitative and quantitative differences in bacterial colonization among these materials. Titanium, hydroxyapatite, and amalgam do not seem to have a marked influence on the early colonization pattern in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Leonhardt
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Odontology, University of Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Clemans DL, Kolenbrander PE. Isolation and characterization of coaggregation-defective (Cog-) mutants of Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis). JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1995; 15:193-7. [PMID: 8519477 DOI: 10.1007/bf01569825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii DL1 (Challis) bears coaggregation-mediating surface adhesins which recognize galactoside-containing surface polysaccharides on Streptococcus oralis 34, Streptococcus oralis C104, and Streptococcus SM PK509. Fifty-nine spontaneously-occurring coaggregation-defective (Cog-) mutants of S. gordonii DL1 unable to coaggregate with partner streptococci were isolated. Six representative Cog- mutants were characterized by their coaggregation properties with four Actinomyces naeslundii strains (T14V, PK947, PK606, PK984), Veillonella atypica PK1910, and Propionibacterium acnes PK93. The six representative Cog- mutants showed altered coaggregation with their streptococcal partners, A. naeslundii PK947, and P. acnes PK93. Based on the coaggregation phenotypes of these mutants, a model for the lactose-inhibitable coaggregation between S. gordonii DL1 and its partner bacteria is proposed. The potential use of these mutants in studies of oral biofilms is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D L Clemans
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
A quantitative method to study co-adhesion of microorganisms in a parallel plate flow chamber. II: Analysis of the kinetics of co-adhesion. J Microbiol Methods 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(95)00013-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
39
|
Busscher HJ, Bos R, van der Mei HC. Initial microbial adhesion is a determinant for the strength of biofilm adhesion. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995; 128:229-34. [PMID: 7781968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a hypothesis on the importance of initial microbial adhesion in the overall process of biofilm formation. The hypothesis is based on the realization that dynamic shear conditions exist in many environments, such as in the oral cavity, or on rocks and ship hulls. Recognizing that an entire biofilm is detached during high shear once the bond between the initially adhering organisms and a surface (often constituted through a so-called 'conditioning film') is broken, it becomes clear that research should focus on detachment rather than adhesion. Experiments were done in a parallel plate flow chamber in which attempts were made to detach adhering oral streptococci from glass by applying a high shear caused by the passage of a bubble, giving an air-liquid interface. Detachment of streptococci from bare glass and from an initially adhering actinomycete strain appeared not to occur. However, substantial detachment of adhering streptococci occurred when adhesion was mediated through a salivary conditioning film, presumably because of cohesive failure in the conditioning film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H J Busscher
- Laboratory for Materia Technica, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The oral bacterial community appears to use coaggregation as a major mechanism for interbacterial adhesion and colonization of the host. Methods for measuring and evaluating the specificity of adhesion vary from the visual observation of the phenomenon to quantitative analyses. Not only is aggregation specificity reflected in the choice of partners but also in the fact that many are inhibited by galactosides and sialic acid. Each coaggregation between any two partners within a multigeneric coaggregate is independent of the others and can be shown to be distinct by using the radioactivity-based assay. By using the visual assay, it has been shown that members of the 17 genera of most frequently isolated oral bacteria exhibit coaggregation. With the exception of oral streptococci and a few oral actinomyces, the 17 genera do not exhibit intrageneric coaggregation. As a dynamic population, oral bacteria are in a constant flux of accretion and detachment, which are coupled to growth and death. This ecological community is amenable to intensive study, and the coaggregation assays described here are particularly suited to enhance progress in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Kolenbrander
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
London J. Identifying and isolating fimbrial-associated adhesins of oral gram-negative bacteria. Methods Enzymol 1995; 253:397-403. [PMID: 7476403 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(95)53034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J London
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Ali RW, Skaug N, Nilsen R, Bakken V. Microbial associations of 4 putative periodontal pathogens in Sudanese adult periodontitis patients determined by DNA probe analysis. J Periodontol 1994; 65:1053-7. [PMID: 7853129 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1994.65.11.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The few previous cultivation studies on the in vivo associations between various periodontal microbial species have shown several positive and negative associations. The present investigation utilized DNA probe analysis to examine possible in vivo associations between the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Bacteroides forsythus in subgingival plaque samples obtained from 25 Sudanese untreated adult periodontitis patients. The standard paper point technique was used to sample 99 sites with a mean probing depth of 6.8 mm (range 6.0 to 10.0). Microbial associations were determined by detecting the effect of the presence or absence of one species (effector) on the occurrence of the other 3 species (target). The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to examine variations in occurrence of each target bacteria in the presence or absence of the effector. In addition, the Spearman's rank correlation test was used to assess the relationship between the level of each bacteria to that of the other 3. Results showed bacterial associations with the following effector-on-target effects: F. nucleatum (P < 0.01 Wilcoxon; P < 0.001 Spearman) >> P. gingivalis (P < 0.01 Wilcoxon; P < 0.001 Spearman), and B. forsythus (P < 0.05 Wilcoxon; P < 0.001 Spearman) > P. intermedia (P < 0.01 Spearman). The study demonstrated positive associations between the 4 species investigated, while no neutral or negative associations were revealed. The most striking finding was the effect exerted by F. nucleatum on the colonization of P. intermedia; P. intermedia was never detected in a site unless F. nucleatum was also present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R W Ali
- Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Bos R, van der Mei HC, Meinders JM, Busscher HJ. A quantitative method to study co-adhesion of microorganisms in a parallel plate flow chamber: basic principles of the analysis. J Microbiol Methods 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-7012(94)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
45
|
Abstract
Oral streptococci adhere to human salivary components and coadhere with specific partner oral bacteria. These interactions may favour the ordered development of plaque communities. The primary sequences of several streptococcal polypeptide adhesins are conserved, indicating that similar colonization mechanisms may have evolved. Critical amino acid changes within binding domains of adhesins might account for species- and site-specific adherence and accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H F Jenkinson
- Dept of Oral Biology and Oral Pathology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Korber DR, Lawrence JR, Caldwell DE. Effect of Motility on Surface Colonization and Reproductive Success of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
in Dual-Dilution Continuous Culture and Batch Culture Systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:1421-9. [PMID: 16349247 PMCID: PMC201498 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.5.1421-1429.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization of glass surfaces by motile and nonmotile strains of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
was evaluated by using dual-dilution continuous culture (DDCC), competitive and noncompetitive attachment assays, and continuous-flow slide culture. Both strains possessed identical growth rates whether in the attached or planktonic state. Results of attachment assays using radiolabeled bacteria indicated that both strains obeyed first-order (monolayer) adsorption kinetics in pure culture. However, the motile strain attached about four times more rapidly and achieved higher final cell densities on surfaces than did the nonmotile strain (2.03 × 10
8
versus 5.57 × 10
7
cells vial
-1
) whether evaluated alone or in cocultures containing motile and nonmotile
P. fluorescens.
These kinetics were attributed to the increased transport of motile cells from the bulk aqueous phase to the hydrodynamic boundary layer where bacterial attachment, growth, and recolonization could occur. First-order attachment kinetics were also observed for both strains by using continuous-flow slide culture assays analyzed by image analysis. The DDCC system contained both aqueous and particulate phases which could be diluted independently. DDCC results indicated that when cocultures containing motile and nonmotile
P. fluorescens
colonized solid particles, the motile strain replaced the nonmotile strain in the system over time. Increasing the aqueous-phase rates of dilution decreased the time required for extinction of the nonmotile strain while concurrently decreasing the overall carrying capacity of the DDCC system for both strains. These results confirmed that bacterial motility conveyed a selective advantage during surface colonization even in aqueous-phase systems not dominated by laminar flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Korber
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Food Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 0W0
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Affiliation(s)
- P E Kolenbrander
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Kolenbrander PE. Coaggregation of human oral bacteria: potential role in the accretion of dental plaque. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1993; 74 Suppl:79S-86S. [PMID: 8349536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb04344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P E Kolenbrander
- Laboratory of Microbial Ecology, National Institute of Dental Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| |
Collapse
|