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Giulietti S, Bigini V, Savatin DV. ROS and RNS production, subcellular localization, and signaling triggered by immunogenic danger signals. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:4512-4534. [PMID: 37950493 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants continuously monitor the environment to detect changing conditions and to properly respond, avoiding deleterious effects on their fitness and survival. An enormous number of cell surface and intracellular immune receptors are deployed to perceive danger signals associated with microbial infections. Ligand binding by cognate receptors represents the first essential event in triggering plant immunity and determining the outcome of the tissue invasion attempt. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are secondary messengers rapidly produced in different subcellular localizations upon the perception of immunogenic signals. Danger signal transduction inside the plant cells involves cytoskeletal rearrangements as well as several organelles and interactions between them to activate key immune signaling modules. Such immune processes depend on ROS and RNS accumulation, highlighting their role as key regulators in the execution of the immune cellular program. In fact, ROS and RNS are synergic and interdependent intracellular signals required for decoding danger signals and for the modulation of defense-related responses. Here we summarize current knowledge on ROS/RNS production, compartmentalization, and signaling in plant cells that have perceived immunogenic danger signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Giulietti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, P. le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Hancock JT. Considerations of the importance of redox state for reactive nitrogen species action. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4323-4331. [PMID: 30793204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are immensely important signalling molecules in plants, being involved in a range of physiological responses. However, the exact way in which NO fits into signal transduction pathways is not always easy to understand. Here, some of the issues that should be considered are discussed. This includes how NO may interact directly with other reactive signals, such as reactive oxygen and sulfur species, how NO metabolism is almost certainly compartmentalized, that threshold levels of RNS may need to be reached to have effects, and how the intracellular redox environment may impact on NO signalling. Until better tools are available to understand how NO is generated in cells, where it accumulates, and to what levels it reaches, it will be hard to get a full understanding of NO signalling. The interaction of RNS metabolism with the intracellular redox environment needs further investigation. A changing redox poise will impact on whether RNS species can thrive in or around cells. Such mechanisms will determine whether specific RNS can indeed control the responses needed by a cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Hancock
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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D'Errico G, Vitiello G, De Tommaso G, Abdel-Gawad FK, Brundo MV, Ferrante M, De Maio A, Trocchia S, Bianchi AR, Ciarcia G, Guerriero G. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) for the study of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on the isolated frog skin (Pelophylax bergeri): A non-invasive method for environmental monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 165:11-18. [PMID: 29655038 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological tissues of elected biosentinels represent an optimal biomarker for eco-monitoring of polluted areas. Electron spin resonance (ESR) is the most definitive method for detecting, quantifying and possibly identifying radicals in complex systems. OBJECTIVE A non-invasive method for monitoring polluted areas by the quantitative determination of ROS in frog skin biopsy is presented. METHODS We assessed by ESR spectroscopy the ROS level in adult male of Pelophylax bergeri, specie not a risk of extinction, collected from the polluted Sarno River (SA, Italy) basin. The spin-trap ESR method was validated by immunohistochemical analysis of the well-assessed pollution biomarkers cytochrome P450 aromatase 1A (CYP1A) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and by determining the poly(ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) and GST enzymatic activity. RESULTS ROS concentration in skin samples from frogs collected in the polluted area is significantly higher than that determined for the unpolluted reference area. Immunohistochemical analysis of CYP1A and GST supported the reliability of our approach, even in the absence of evident morphological and ultrastructural differences. PARP activity assay, connected to possible oxidative DNA damage, and the detoxification index by GST enzymatic assay give statistically significant evidence that higher levels of ROS are associated to alterations of the different biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS ROS concentration, measured by ESR on isolated frog skin, through the presented non-lethal method, is a reliable biomarker for toxicity screening and represents a useful basic datum for future modelling studies on environmental monitoring and biodiversity loss prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; CSGI, Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Vitiello
- CSGI, Consorzio Interuniversitario per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano De Tommaso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fagr Kh Abdel-Gawad
- Water Pollution Research Department, Centre of Excellence for Advanced Sciences (CEAS), National Research Centre, El Buhout St., Dokki, ET-12622 Giza, Egypt
| | - Maria Violetta Brundo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Corso Italia 57, I-95129 Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, I-95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Anna De Maio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Samantha Trocchia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Bianchi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ciarcia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center for Environment (I.R.C.Env.), University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center for Environment (I.R.C.Env.), University of Naples Federico II, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80134 Naples, Italy
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Guerriero G, D'Errico G, Di Giaimo R, Rabbito D, Olanrewaju OS, Ciarcia G. Reactive oxygen species and glutathione antioxidants in the testis of the soil biosentinel Podarcis sicula (Rafinesque 1810). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:18286-18296. [PMID: 28936697 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Important toxicological achievements have been made during the last decades using reptiles. We focus our investigation on gonadal reproductive health of the soil biosentinel Podarcis sicula which is very sensitive to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. The aim of this study is to quantitatively detect, by sensitive microassays, reactive oxygen species and the glutathione antioxidants in the testis and investigate if they are differentially expressed before and after remediation of a site of the "Land of Fires" (Campania, Italy) subject to illicit dumping of unknown material. The oxidative stress level was evaluated by electron spin resonance spectroscopy applying a spin-trapping procedure able to detect products of lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and repair by relative mobility shift, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymatic activity, respectively, the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 transcript by real-time quantitative PCR analysis, the antioxidant glutathione S-transferase, a well-assessed pollution index, by enzymatic assay and the total soluble antioxidant capacity. Experimental evidences from the different techniques qualitatively agree, thus confirming the robustness of the combined experimental approach. Collected data, compared to those from a reference unpolluted site constitute evidence that the reproductive health of this lizard is impacted by pollution exposure. Remediation caused significant reduction of reactive oxygen species and downregulation of glutathione peroxidase 4 mRNAs in correspondence of reduced levels of glutathione S-transferase, increase of antioxidant capacity, and repair of DNA integrity. Taken together, our results indicate directions to define new screening approaches in remediation assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Guerriero
- Department of Biology, Federico II University,Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Edificio 7 Via Cinthia, 26, Naples, (80126), Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Environment (I.R.C.Env.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cinthia, 26, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Di Giaimo
- Department of Biology, Federico II University,Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Edificio 7 Via Cinthia, 26, Naples, (80126), Italy
| | - Dea Rabbito
- Department of Biology, Federico II University,Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Edificio 7 Via Cinthia, 26, Naples, (80126), Italy
| | - Oladokun Sulaiman Olanrewaju
- Department of Biology, Federico II University,Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Edificio 7 Via Cinthia, 26, Naples, (80126), Italy
- School of Ocean Engineering, University Malaysia , Terengganu Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Gaetano Ciarcia
- Department of Biology, Federico II University,Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo , Edificio 7 Via Cinthia, 26, Naples, (80126), Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Environment (I.R.C.Env.), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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González PM, Puntarulo S. Detection of Nitric Oxide via Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance in Mollusks. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1747:59-69. [PMID: 29600451 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7695-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is an appropriate tool to identify free radicals formed in tissues under normal as well as stressful conditions. Since nitric oxide (NO) as a free radical has paramagnetic properties it can be detected by EPR. The use of spin traps highly improves the sensitivity allowing NO identification, detection and quantification at room temperature in vitro and in vivo conditions. NO production in animals is almost exclusively associated to an enzyme family known as Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOSs). The digestive glands of mollusks are a major target for oxidative disruption related to environmental stress. A simple EPR-methodology to asses both, the presence of NO and its rate of generation in tissues from different mollusk species, is reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mariela González
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Susana Puntarulo
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Fisicoquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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