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Comerci CJ, McCarthy DG, Nosrati M, Kim KB, Kashani-Sabet M, Moerner WE, Leong SP. Nanometer-scale distribution of PD-1 in the melanoma tumor microenvironment. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY 2023; 7:20-25. [PMID: 37539093 PMCID: PMC10399701 DOI: 10.29328/journal.jro.1001048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The nanometer-scale spatial organization of immune receptors plays a role in cell activation and suppression. While the connection between this spatial organization and cell signaling events is emerging from cell culture experiments, how these results translate to more physiologically relevant settings like the tumor microenvironment remains poorly understood due to the challenges of high-resolution imaging in vivo. Here we perform super-resolution immunofluorescence microscopy of human melanoma tissue sections to examine the spatial organization of the immune checkpoint inhibitor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). We show that PD-1 exhibits a variety of organizations ranging from nanometer-scale clusters to more uniform membrane labeling. Our results demonstrate the capability of super-resolution imaging to examine the spatial organization of immune checkpoint markers in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting a future direction for both clinical and immunology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Comerci
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dannielle G McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Initiative, 801 Jefferson Ave, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA
| | - Mehdi Nosrati
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Kevin B Kim
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - Mohammed Kashani-Sabet
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - WE Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stanley P Leong
- Center for Melanoma Research and Treatment, California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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Almahayni K, Nestola G, Spiekermann M, Möckl L. Simple, Economic, and Robust Rail-Based Setup for Super-Resolution Localization Microscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4553-4560. [PMID: 37163339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Research during the past 2 decades has showcased the power of single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) as a tool for exploring the nanoworld. However, SMLM systems are typically available in specialized laboratories and imaging facilities, owing to their expensiveness as well as complex assembly and alignment procedure. Here, we lay out the blueprint of a sturdy, rail-based, cost-efficient, multicolor SMLM setup that is easy to construct and align in service of simplifying the accessibility of SMLM. We characterize the optical properties of the design and assess its capabilities, robustness, and stability. The performance of the system is assayed using super-resolution imaging of biological samples. We believe that this design will make SMLM more affordable and broaden its availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Almahayni
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gianluca Nestola
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Malte Spiekermann
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonhard Möckl
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstr. 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Shelby SA, Shaw TR, Veatch SL. Measuring the Co-Localization and Dynamics of Mobile Proteins in Live Cells Undergoing Signaling Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2654:1-23. [PMID: 37106172 PMCID: PMC10758997 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3135-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule imaging in live cells enables the study of protein interactions and dynamics as they participate in signaling processes. When combined with fluorophores that stochastically transition between fluorescent and reversible dark states, as in super-resolution localization imaging, labeled molecules can be visualized in single cells over time. This improvement in sampling enables the study of extended cellular responses at the resolution of single molecule localization. This chapter provides optimized experimental and analytical methods used to quantify protein interactions and dynamics within the membranes of adhered live cells. Importantly, the use of pair-correlation functions resolved in both space and time allows researchers to probe interactions between proteins on biologically relevant distance and timescales, even though fluorescence localization methods typically require long times to assemble well-sampled reconstructed images. We describe an application of this approach to measure protein interactions in B cell receptor signaling and include sample analysis code for post-processing of imaging data. These methods are quantitative, sensitive, and broadly applicable to a range of signaling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Shelby
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas R Shaw
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah L Veatch
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Möckl L, Moerner WE. Super-resolution Microscopy with Single Molecules in Biology and Beyond-Essentials, Current Trends, and Future Challenges. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17828-17844. [PMID: 33034452 PMCID: PMC7582613 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Single-molecule super-resolution microscopy has developed from a specialized technique into one of the most versatile and powerful imaging methods of the nanoscale over the past two decades. In this perspective, we provide a brief overview of the historical development of the field, the fundamental concepts, the methodology required to obtain maximum quantitative information, and the current state of the art. Then, we will discuss emerging perspectives and areas where innovation and further improvement are needed. Despite the tremendous progress, the full potential of single-molecule super-resolution microscopy is yet to be realized, which will be enabled by the research ahead of us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Möckl
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - W. E. Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Murin CD. Considerations of Antibody Geometric Constraints on NK Cell Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1635. [PMID: 32849559 PMCID: PMC7406664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that antibody isotype, glycosylation, and epitope all play roles in the process of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). For natural killer (NK) cells, these phenotypes are linked to cellular activation through interaction with the IgG receptor FcγRIIIa, a single pass transmembrane receptor that participates in cytoplasmic signaling complexes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that there may be underlying spatial and geometric principles that guide proper assembly of an activation complex within the NK cell immune synapse. Further, synergy of antibody phenotypic properties as well as allosteric changes upon antigen binding may also play an as-of-yet unknown role in ADCC. Understanding these facets, however, remains hampered by difficulties associated with studying immune synapse dynamics using classical approaches. In this review, I will discuss relevant NK cell biology related to ADCC, including the structural biology of Fc gamma receptors, and how the dynamics of the NK cell immune synapse are being studied using innovative microscopy techniques. I will provide examples from the literature demonstrating the effects of spatial and geometric constraints on the T cell receptor complex and how this relates to intracellular signaling and the molecular nature of lymphocyte activation complexes, including those of NK cells. Finally, I will examine how the integration of high-throughput and "omics" technologies will influence basic NK cell biology research moving forward. Overall, the goal of this review is to lay a basis for understanding the development of drugs and therapeutic antibodies aimed at augmenting appropriate NK cell ADCC activity in patients being treated for a wide range of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Lam MT, Mace EM, Orange JS. A research-driven approach to the identification of novel natural killer cell deficiencies affecting cytotoxic function. Blood 2020; 135:629-637. [PMID: 31945148 PMCID: PMC7046607 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell deficiencies (NKDs) are an emerging phenotypic subtype of primary immune deficiency. NK cells provide a defense against virally infected cells using a variety of cytotoxic mechanisms, and patients who have defective NK cell development or function can present with atypical, recurrent, or severe herpesviral infections. The current pipeline for investigating NKDs involves the acquisition and clinical assessment of patients with a suspected NKD followed by subsequent in silico, in vitro, and in vivo laboratory research. Evaluation involves initially quantifying NK cells and measuring NK cell cytotoxicity and expression of certain NK cell receptors involved in NK cell development and function. Subsequent studies using genomic methods to identify the potential causative variant are conducted along with variant impact testing to make genotype-phenotype connections. Identification of novel genes contributing to the NKD phenotype can also be facilitated by applying the expanding knowledge of NK cell biology. In this review, we discuss how NKDs that affect NK cell cytotoxicity can be approached in the clinic and laboratory for the discovery of novel gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, and
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
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State of the Art of Natural Killer Cell Imaging: A Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070967. [PMID: 31324064 PMCID: PMC6678345 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is a promising alternative to conventional T cell-based treatments, although there is a lack of diagnostic tools to predict and evaluate therapeutic outcomes. Molecular imaging can offer several approaches to non-invasively address this issue. In this study, we systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the state of the art of NK cell imaging and its translational potential. PubMed and Scopus databases were searched for published articles on the imaging of NK cells in humans and preclinical models. Study quality was evaluated following Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) criteria. We pooled studies as follows: Optical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear medicine imaging with a total of 21 studies (n = 5, n = 8 and n = 8, respectively). Considering the limitation of comparing different imaging modalities, it appears that optical imaging (OI) of NK cells is very useful in a preclinical setting, but has the least translational potential. MRI provides high quality images without ionizing radiations with lower sensitivity. Nuclear medicine is the only imaging technique that has been applied in humans (four papers), but results were not outstanding due to a limited number of enrolled patients. At present, no technique emerged as superior over the others and more standardization is required in conducting human and animal studies.
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