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Alsisi A, Eftimie R, Trucu D. Nonlocal multiscale modelling of tumour-oncolytic viruses interactions within a heterogeneous fibrous/non-fibrous extracellular matrix. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:6157-6185. [PMID: 35603396 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigate computationally tumour-oncolytic virus (OV) interactions that take place within a heterogeneous extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is viewed as a mixture of two constitutive phases, namely a fibre phase and a non-fibre phase. The multiscale mathematical model presented here focuses on the nonlocal cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions, and how these interactions might be impacted by the infection of cancer cells with the OV. At macroscale we track the kinetics of cancer cells, virus particles and the ECM. At microscale we track (i) the degradation of ECM by matrix degrading enzymes (MDEs) produced by cancer cells, which further influences the movement of tumour boundary; (ii) the re-arrangement of the microfibres that influences the re-arrangement of macrofibres (i.e., fibres at macroscale). With the help of this new multiscale model, we investigate two questions: (i) whether the infected cancer cell fluxes are the result of local or non-local advection in response to ECM density; and (ii) what is the effect of ECM fibres on the the spatial spread of oncolytic viruses and the outcome of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhamed Alsisi
- Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Raluca Eftimie
- Laboratoire Mathematiques de Besançon, UMR-CNRS 6623, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16 Route de Gray, Besançon, France
| | - Dumitru Trucu
- Division of Mathematics, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
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Mahasa KJ, Ouifki R, Eladdadi A, Pillis LD. A combination therapy of oncolytic viruses and chimeric antigen receptor T cells: a mathematical model proof-of-concept. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:4429-4457. [PMID: 35430822 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Combining chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has recently emerged as a promising treatment approach in preclinical studies that aim to alleviate some of the barriers faced by CAR-T cell therapy. In this study, we address by means of mathematical modeling the main question of whether a single dose or multiple sequential doses of CAR-T cells during the OVs therapy can have a synergetic effect on tumor reduction. To that end, we propose an ordinary differential equations-based model with virus-induced synergism to investigate potential effects of different regimes that could result in efficacious combination therapy against tumor cell populations. Model simulations show that, while the treatment with a single dose of CAR-T cells is inadequate to eliminate all tumor cells, combining the same dose with a single dose of OVs can successfully eliminate the tumor in the absence of virus-induced synergism. However, in the presence of virus-induced synergism, the same combination therapy fails to eliminate the tumor. Furthermore, it is shown that if the intensity of virus-induced synergy and/or virus oncolytic potency is high, then the induced CAR-T cell response can inhibit virus oncolysis. Additionally, the simulations show a more robust synergistic effect on tumor cell reduction when OVs and CAR-T cells are administered simultaneously compared to the combination treatment where CAR-T cells are administered first or after OV injection. Our findings suggest that the combination therapy of CAR-T cells and OVs seems unlikely to be effective if the virus-induced synergistic effects are included when genetically engineering oncolytic viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaphetsi Joseph Mahasa
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, National University of Lesotho, Roma 180, Maseru, Lesotho
| | - Rachid Ouifki
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, North-West University, Mafikeng campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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Heidbuechel JPW, Engeland CE. Oncolytic viruses encoding bispecific T cell engagers: a blueprint for emerging immunovirotherapies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:63. [PMID: 33863363 PMCID: PMC8052795 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) are an innovative class of immunotherapeutics that redirect T cells to tumor surface antigens. While efficacious against certain hematological malignancies, limited bioavailability and severe toxicities have so far hampered broader clinical application, especially against solid tumors. Another emerging cancer immunotherapy are oncolytic viruses (OVs) which selectively infect and replicate in malignant cells, thereby mediating tumor vaccination effects. These oncotropic viruses can serve as vectors for tumor-targeted immunomodulation and synergize with other immunotherapies. In this article, we discuss the use of OVs to overcome challenges in BiTE therapy. We review the current state of the field, covering published preclinical studies as well as ongoing clinical investigations. We systematically introduce OV-BiTE vector design and characteristics as well as evidence for immune-stimulating and anti-tumor effects. Moreover, we address additional combination regimens, including CAR T cells and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and further strategies to modulate the tumor microenvironment using OV-BiTEs. The inherent complexity of these novel therapeutics highlights the importance of translational research including correlative studies in early-phase clinical trials. More broadly, OV-BiTEs can serve as a blueprint for diverse OV-based cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes P W Heidbuechel
- Research Group Mechanisms of Oncolytic Immunotherapy, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine E Engeland
- Research Group Mechanisms of Oncolytic Immunotherapy, Clinical Cooperation Unit Virotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Center for Biomedical Research and Education (ZBAF), School of Medicine, Institute of Virology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany.
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Walker SA, Pham A, Nizzero S, Kim M, Riter B, Bletz J, Judge S, Phillips B, Noble D, Murray D, Wetzel E, Samson S, McMahon M, Flink C, Couch J, Tomlin C, Swanson K, Anderson ARA, Odde D, Shen H, Hughes S, Zahir N, Enderling H, Wolfram J. Education and Outreach in Physical Sciences in Oncology. Trends Cancer 2021; 7:3-9. [PMID: 33168416 PMCID: PMC7895467 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Physical sciences are often overlooked in the field of cancer research. The Physical Sciences in Oncology Initiative was launched to integrate physics, mathematics, chemistry, and engineering with cancer research and clinical oncology through education, outreach, and collaboration. Here, we provide a framework for education and outreach in emerging transdisciplinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra A Walker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Anthony Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sara Nizzero
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mingee Kim
- Mathematics in Medicine Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bob Riter
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Sheila Judge
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Benette Phillips
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dorottya Noble
- Cancer Systems Biology Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Program in Physics, Engineering and Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diana Murray
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erin Wetzel
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Susan Samson
- Breast Oncology Program, Breast Science Advocacy Core University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA; Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Mariah McMahon
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Carl Flink
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer Couch
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Claire Tomlin
- M2CH Center for Cancer Systems Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kristin Swanson
- Mathematical Neuro Oncology Lab, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander R A Anderson
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - David Odde
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Center for Immunotherapeutic Transport Oncophysics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Hughes
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Nastaran Zahir
- Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Heiko Enderling
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Joy Wolfram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Center for Immunotherapeutic Transport Oncophysics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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