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Weissig V. From Olive Oil Emulsions to COVID-19 Vaccines: Liposomes Came First. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2622:1-19. [PMID: 36781746 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
It has been a long journey from Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) to the FDA approval of the first injectable nanomedicine in 1997. A journey powered by intellectual curiosity, which began with sprinkling olive oil on seawater and culminated in playing around with smears of egg lecithin on microscopic slides. This brief review highlights how a few pairs of gifted hands attached to highly motivated brains have turned a curious discovery made under a microscopic lens into novel nanotherapeutics including liposome-based anti-cancer drugs and potent liposomal vaccines given to millions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Weissig
- Midwestern University College of Pharmacy Glendale, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Glendale, AZ, USA.
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Abstract
It has been a long journey from Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) to the FDA approval of the first injectable Nanomedicine in 1997. It has been a journey powered by intellectual curiosity, which began with sprinkling olive oil on seawater and culminated in playing around with smears of egg lecithin on microscopic slides. This brief review highlights how a few pairs of gifted hands attached to highly motivated brains have launched Liposome Technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkmar Weissig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Midwestern University College of Pharmacy Glendale, 19555 North 59th Ave., Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
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Sinibaldi F, Milazzo L, Howes BD, Piro MC, Fiorucci L, Polticelli F, Ascenzi P, Coletta M, Smulevich G, Santucci R. The key role played by charge in the interaction of cytochrome c with cardiolipin. J Biol Inorg Chem 2016; 22:19-29. [PMID: 27826772 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-016-1404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c undergoes structural variations upon binding of cardiolipin, one of the phospholipids constituting the mitochondrial membrane. Although several mechanisms governing cytochrome c/cardiolipin (cyt c/CL) recognition have been proposed, the interpretation of the process remains, at least in part, unknown. To better define the steps characterizing the cyt c-CL interaction, the role of Lys72 and Lys73, two residues thought to be important in the protein/lipid binding interaction, were recently investigated by mutagenesis. The substitution of the two (positively charged) Lys residues with Asn revealed that such mutations cancel the CL-dependent peroxidase activity of cyt c; furthermore, CL does not interact with the Lys72Asn mutant. In the present paper, we extend our study to the Lys → Arg mutants to investigate the influence exerted by the charge possessed by the residues located at positions 72 and 73 on the cyt c/CL interaction. On the basis of the present work a number of overall conclusions can be drawn: (i) position 72 must be occupied by a positively charged residue to assure cyt c/CL recognition; (ii) the Arg residues located at positions 72 and 73 permit cyt c to react with CL; (iii) the replacement of Lys72 with Arg weakens the second (low-affinity) binding transition; (iv) the Lys73Arg mutation strongly increases the peroxidase activity of the CL-bound protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Lisa Milazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
| | - Barry D Howes
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Piro
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fiorucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Viale Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, 'Roma Tre' Section, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Via della Vasca Navale 79, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulietta Smulevich
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Fi), Italy.
| | - Roberto Santucci
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Paul SS, Sil P, Haldar S, Mitra S, Chattopadhyay K. Subtle Change in the Charge Distribution of Surface Residues May Affect the Secondary Functions of Cytochrome c. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14476-90. [PMID: 25873393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.607010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the primary function of cytochrome c (cyt c) is electron transfer, the protein caries out an additional secondary function involving its interaction with membrane cardiolipin (CDL), its peroxidase activity, and the initiation of apoptosis. Whereas the primary function of cyt c is essentially conserved, its secondary function varies depending on the source of the protein. We report here a detailed experimental and computational study, which aims to understand, at the molecular level, the difference in the secondary functions of cyt c obtained from horse heart (mammalian) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). The conformational landscape of cyt c has been found to be heterogeneous, consisting of an equilibrium between the compact and extended conformers as well as the oligomeric species. Because the determination of relative populations of these conformers is difficult to obtain by ensemble measurements, we used fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), a method that offers single-molecule resolution. The population of different species is found to depend on multiple factors, including the protein source, the presence of CDL and urea, and their concentrations. The complex interplay between the conformational distribution and oligomerization plays a crucial role in the variation of the pre-apoptotic regulation of cyt c observed from different sources. Finally, computational studies reveal that the variation in the charge distribution at the surface and the charge reversal sites may be the key determinant of the conformational stability of cyt c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simanta Sarani Paul
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Pallabi Sil
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Shubhasis Haldar
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Samaresh Mitra
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Krishnananda Chattopadhyay
- From the Protein Folding and Dynamics Laboratory, Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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Ranieri A, Bortolotti CA, Battistuzzi G, Borsari M, Paltrinieri L, Di Rocco G, Sola M. Effect of motional restriction on the unfolding properties of a cytochrome c featuring a His/Met–His/His ligation switch. Metallomics 2014; 6:874-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00311f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Sinibaldi F, Howes BD, Droghetti E, Polticelli F, Piro MC, Di Pierro D, Fiorucci L, Coletta M, Smulevich G, Santucci R. Role of lysines in cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction. Biochemistry 2013; 52:4578-88. [PMID: 23738909 DOI: 10.1021/bi400324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c undergoes structural variations during the apoptotic process; such changes have been related to modifications occurring in the protein when it forms a complex with cardiolipin, one of the phospholipids constituting the mitochondrial membrane. Although several studies have been performed to identify the site(s) of the protein involved in the cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction, to date the location of this hosting region(s) remains unidentified and is a matter of debate. To gain deeper insight into the reaction mechanism, we investigate the role that the Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 residues play in the cytochrome c-cardiolipin interaction, as these side chains appear to be critical for cytochrome c-cardiolipin recognition. The Lys72Asn, Lys73Asn, Lys79Asn, Lys72/73Asn, and Lys72/73/79Asn mutants of horse heart cytochrome c were produced and characterized by circular dichroism, ultraviolet-visible, and resonance Raman spectroscopies, and the effects of the mutations on the interaction of the variants with cardiolipin have been investigated. The mutants are characterized by a subpopulation with non-native axial coordination and are less stable than the wild-type protein. Furthermore, the mutants lacking Lys72 and/or Lys79 do not bind cardiolipin, and those lacking Lys73, although they form a complex with the phospholipid, do not show any peroxidase activity. These observations indicate that the Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 residues stabilize the native axial Met80-Fe(III) coordination as well as the tertiary structure of cytochrome c. Moreover, while Lys72 and Lys79 are critical for cytochrome c-cardiolipin recognition, the simultaneous presence of Lys72, Lys73, and Lys79 is necessary for the peroxidase activity of cardiolipin-bound cytochrome c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Sinibaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
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