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Feng Y, Wei R, Liu A, Fan S, Che J, Zhang Z, Tian B, Yuan Y, Shi G, Shang H. Genome-wide identification, evolution, expression, and alternative splicing profiles of peroxiredoxin genes in cotton. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10685. [PMID: 33552724 PMCID: PMC7819121 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin (PRX) is a ubiquitous thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase that can eliminate excessive free radicals produced by stress and protect cells from oxidative damage. PRXs are also involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and redox-dependent signaling by performing redox interactions with other proteins and modify their redox status. At present, PRX family identification, evolution and regulation research has been conducted in some plants; however, systematic research about this family is lacking in cotton. In this study, a total of 44 PRXs were identified in the cotton genome. Phylogenetic and conserved active site analyses showed that the PRXs were divided into six subfamilies according to the conserved site (PxxxTxxC…S…W/F) and conserved cysteinyl residues positions. Segmental duplication and polyploid events were the main methods for PRX family expansion, and the PRXs of diploid G. arboreum were the donors of PRXs in the D subgenomes of allotetraploid G. hirsutum and G. barbadense during the evolution of the PRX family. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that cis-acting elements play important roles in regulating the expression of PRXs. Alternative splicing events occurred in GhPRX14-D that can increased the complexity of transcripts in G. hirsutum. Subcellular localization showed that most PRX members were located in chloroplasts, the cytoplasmic membrane and the nucleus. Our results provide systematic support for a better understanding of PRXs in cotton and a starting point for further studies of the specific functions of PRXs in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Feng
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Renhui Wei
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Anyang, China
| | - Aiying Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Anyang, China
| | - Senmiao Fan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Anyang, China
| | - JinCan Che
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Anyang, China
| | - Baoming Tian
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youlu Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Anyang, China
| | - Gongyao Shi
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haihong Shang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Biological and Genetic Breeding of Cotton, The Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Cotton Research, Anyang, China
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2
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Xu D, Li J, Li RY, Lan T, Xiao C, Gong P. PD-L1 Expression Is Regulated By NF-κB During EMT Signaling In Gastric Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10099-10105. [PMID: 31819504 PMCID: PMC6883928 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s224053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurring in gastric carcinoma cells and the involvement of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor cells that undergo EMT. The mechanisms underlying PD-L1 expression during EMT in gastric carcinoma cells were also explored. Methods The capacities of migration and invasion were tested by cell scratch-wound assay and transwell chamber assay. PD-L1 expression by SGC7901 cell line and related mechanism were measured by Western blot and QRT-PCR. Results Treating with TGF-β1 promotes the motility of SGC7901 and PD-L1 expression in vitro, while activating the NF-κB signal pathway. Conclusion EMT increases the capacities of migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells, which resulted in up-regulation of PD-L1 expression via a mechanism that is dependent on NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Yang Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Xiao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Gong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
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3
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Feng X, Wang Z, Wang F, Lu T, Xu J, Ma X, Li J, He L, Zhang W, Li S, Yang W, Zhang S, Ge G, Zhao Y, Hu P, Zhang L. Dual function of VGLL4 in muscle regeneration. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101051. [PMID: 31328806 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
VGLL4 has previously been identified as a negative regulator of YAP. Here we show that VGLL4 regulates muscle regeneration in both YAP-dependent and YAP-independent manners at different stages. Knockout of VGLL4 in mice leads to smaller myofiber size and defective muscle contraction force. Furthermore, our studies reveal that knockout of VGLL4 results in increased muscle satellite cells proliferation and impaired myoblast differentiation, which ultimately leads to delayed muscle regeneration. Mechanistically, the results show that VGLL4 works as a conventional repressor of YAP at the proliferation stage of muscle regeneration. At the differentiation stage, VGLL4 acts as a co-activator of TEAD4 to promote MyoG transactivation and facilitate the initiation of differentiation in a YAP-independent manner. Moreover, VGLL4 stabilizes the protein-protein interactions between MyoD and TEAD4 to achieve efficient MyoG transactivation. Our findings define the dual roles of VGLL4 in regulating muscle regeneration at different stages and may open novel therapeutic perspectives for muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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Lawrence SD, Novak NG. The remarkable plethora of infestation-responsive Q-type C2H2 transcription factors in potato. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:398. [PMID: 29921330 PMCID: PMC6011193 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3503-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Q-type C2H2 transcription factors (TF) play crucial roles in the plant response to stress, often leading to regulation of downstream genes required for tolerance to these challenges. An infestation-responsive Q-type C2H2 TF (StZFP2) is induced by wounding and infestation in potato. While mining the Solanum tuberosum Group Phureja genome for additional members of this family of proteins, five StZFP2-like genes were found on a portion of chromosome 11. The objective of this work was to differentiate these genes in tissue specificity and expression upon infestation. RESULTS Examination of different tissues showed that young roots had the highest amounts of transcripts for five of the genes. Expression of their transcripts upon excision or infestation by Manduca sexta, showed that all six genes were induced. Overall, each gene showed variations in its response to infestation and specificity for tissue expression. The six genes encode very similar proteins but most likely play unique roles in the plant response to infestation. In contrast, only two homologs have been identified in Arabidopsis and tomato. Overexpression of similar genes has led to enhanced tolerance to, for example, salinity, drought and pathogen stress. Discovery of these new StZFP2 homologs could provide additional resources for potato breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Lawrence
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., BARC-West Bldg 007, Rm 301, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Nicole G. Novak
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Ave., BARC-West Bldg 007, Rm 301, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
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Flavanol-Rich Cocoa Powder Interacts with Lactobacillus rhamnossus LGG to Alter the Antibody Response to Infection with the Parasitic Nematode Ascaris suum. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9101113. [PMID: 29023393 PMCID: PMC5691729 DOI: 10.3390/nu9101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of the probiotic bacteria LactobacillusrhamnosusLGG and flavanol-rich cocoa have purported immune modulating effects. This study compared the host response to infection with Ascaris suum in three-month-old pigs fed a standard growth diet supplemented with a vehicle control: LGG, cocoa powder (CP) or LGG + CP. Pigs were inoculated with infective A. suum eggs during Week 5 of dietary treatment and euthanized 17 days later. Lactobacillus abundance was increased in pigs fed LGG or LGG + CP. Specific anti-A. suum IgG2 antibodies were decreased (p < 0.05) in LGG + CP-fed pigs compared to pigs fed CP alone. Pigs fed LGG had significantly reduced expression (p < 0.05) of Eosinophil peroxidase (EPX), Interleukin 13 (IL-13), Eotaxin 3 (CCL26), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, and TLR9 and Interleukin-1Beta (IL1B) in the tracheal-bronchial lymph node (TBLN) independent of CP treatment. These results suggested that feeding LGG significantly reduced the localized prototypical Th2-related markers of infection with A. suum in the TBLN. Although feeding CP does not appear to affect the A. suum-induced Th2-associated cytokine response, feeding LGG + CP reduced anti-A. suum antibodies and delayed intestinal expulsion of parasitic larvae from the intestine.
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Berhane H, Shinde A, Kalash R, Xu K, Epperly MW, Goff J, Franicola D, Zhang X, Dixon T, Shields D, Wang H, Wipf P, Li S, Gao X, Greenberger JS. Amelioration of radiation-induced oral cavity mucositis and distant bone marrow suppression in fanconi anemia Fancd2-/- (FVB/N) mice by intraoral GS-nitroxide JP4-039. Radiat Res 2014; 182:35-49. [PMID: 24932534 PMCID: PMC4101533 DOI: 10.1667/rr13633.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The altered DNA damage response pathway in patients with Fanconi anemia (FA) may increase the toxicity of clinical radiotherapy. We quantitated oral cavity mucositis in irradiated Fanconi anemia Fancd2(-/-) mice, comparing this to Fancd2(+/-) and Fancd2(+/+) mice, and we measured distant bone marrow suppression and quantitated the effect of the intraoral radioprotector GS-nitroxide, JP4-039 in F15 emulsion. We found that FA mice were more susceptible to radiation injury and that protection from radiation injury by JP4-039/F15 was observed at all radiation doses. Adult 10-12-week-old mice, of FVB/N background Fancd2(-/-), Fancd2(+/-) and Fancd2(+/+) were head and neck irradiated with 24, 26, 28 or 30 Gy (large fraction sizes typical of stereotactic radiosurgery treatments) and subgroups received intraoral JP4-039 (0.4 mg/mouse in 100 μL F15 liposome emulsion) preirradiation. On day 2 or 5 postirradiation, mice were sacrificed, tongue tissue and femur marrow were excised for quantitation of radiation-induced stress response, inflammatory and antioxidant gene transcripts, histopathology and assay for femur marrow colony-forming hematopoietic progenitor cells. Fancd2(-/-) mice had a significantly higher percentage of oral mucosal ulceration at day 5 after 26 Gy irradiation (59.4 ± 8.2%) compared to control Fancd2(+/+) mice (21.7 ± 2.9%, P = 0.0063). After 24 Gy irradiation, Fancd2(-/-) mice had a higher oral cavity percentage of tongue ulceration compared to Fancd2(+/+) mice irradiated with higher doses of 26 Gy (P = 0.0123). Baseline and postirradiation oral cavity gene transcripts were altered in Fancd2(-/-) mice compared to Fancd2(+/+) controls. Fancd2(-/-) mice had decreased baseline femur marrow CFU-GM, BFUe and CFU-GEMM, which further decreased after 24 or 26 Gy head and neck irradiation. These changes were not seen in head- and neck-irradiated Fancd2(+/+) mice. In radiosensitive Fancd2(-/-) mice, biomarkers of both local oral cavity and distant marrow radiation toxicity were ameliorated by intraoral JP4-039/F15. We propose that Fancd2(-/-) mice are a valuable radiosensitive animal model system, which can be used to evaluate potential radioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebist Berhane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Ashwin Shinde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Ronny Kalash
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Karen Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Julie Goff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Darcy Franicola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Xichen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Tracy Dixon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Donna Shields
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Song Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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Riemer AB, Keskin DB, Reinherz EL. Identification and validation of reference genes for expression studies in human keratinocyte cell lines treated with and without interferon-γ - a method for qRT-PCR reference gene determination. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:625-9. [PMID: 22775998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the exquisite sensitivity, reproducibility and wide dynamic range of quantitative reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), it is currently the gold standard for gene expression studies. Target gene expression is calculated relative to a stably expressed reference gene. An ideal reference should be uniformly expressed during all experimental conditions within the given experimental system. However, no commonly applicable 'best' reference gene has been identified. Thus, endogenous controls must be determined for every experimental system. As no appropriate reference genes have been reported for immunological studies in keratinocytes, we aimed at identifying and validating a set of endogenous controls for these settings. An extensive validation of sixteen possible endogenous controls in a panel of 8 normal and transformed keratinocyte cell lines in experimental conditions with and without interferon-γ was performed. RNA and cDNA quality was stringently controlled. Candidate reference genes were assessed by TaqMan(®) qRT-PCR. Two different statistical algorithms were used to determine the most stably and reproducibly expressed housekeeping genes. mRNA abundance was compared and reference genes with widely different ranges of expression than possible target genes were excluded. Subsequent geNorm and NormFinder analyses identified GAPDH, PGK1, IPO8 and PPIA as the most stably expressed genes in the keratinocyte panel under the given experimental conditions. We conclude that the geometric means of expression values of these four genes represents a robust normalization factor for qRT-PCR analyses in interferon-γ-dependent gene expression studies in keratinocytes. The methodology and results herein may help other researchers by facilitating their choice of reference genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika B Riemer
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bergen AW, Mallick A, Nishita D, Wei X, Michel M, Wacholder A, David SP, Swan GE, Reid MW, Simons A, Andrews JA. Chronic psychosocial stressors and salivary biomarkers in emerging adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012; 37:1158-70. [PMID: 22172638 PMCID: PMC3774595 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whole saliva as a source of biomarkers to distinguish individuals who have, and who have not, been chronically exposed to severe and threatening life difficulties. We evaluated RNA and DNA metrics, expression of 37 candidate genes, and cortisol release in response to the Trier Social Stress Test, as well as clinical characteristics, from 48 individuals stratified on chronic exposure to psychosocial stressors within the last year as measured by the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. Candidate genes were selected based on their differential gene expression ratio in circulating monocytes from a published genome-wide analysis of adults experiencing different levels of exposure to a chronic stressor. In univariate analyses, we observed significantly decreased RNA integrity (RIN) score (P = 0.04), and reduced expression of glucocorticoid receptor-regulated genes (Ps < 0.05) in whole saliva RNA from individuals exposed to chronic stressors, as compared to those with no exposure. In those exposed, we observed significantly decreased BMI (P < 0.001), increased ever-smoking and increased lifetime alcohol abuse or dependence (P ≤ 0.03), and a reduction of cortisol release. In post hoc multivariate analyses including clinical and biospecimen-derived variables, we consistently observed significantly decreased expression of IL8 (Ps<0.05) in individuals exposed, with no significant association to RIN score. Alcohol use disorders, tobacco use, a reduced acute stress response and decreased salivary IL8 gene expression characterize emerging adults chronically exposed to severe and threatening psychosocial stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Bergen
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States,Corresponding author at: Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States. Tel.: +1 650 859 4618; fax: +1 650 859 5099. (A.W. Bergen)
| | - Aditi Mallick
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States,Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Denise Nishita
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Xin Wei
- Center for Education and Human Services, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Martha Michel
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Aaron Wacholder
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Sean P. David
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States,Family & Community Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Gary E. Swan
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States
| | - Mark W. Reid
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, United States,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
| | - Anne Simons
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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