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Tritean N, Trică B, Dima ŞO, Capră L, Gabor RA, Cimpean A, Oancea F, Constantinescu-Aruxandei D. Mechanistic insights into the plant biostimulant activity of a novel formulation based on rice husk nanobiosilica embedded in a seed coating alginate film. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1349573. [PMID: 38835865 PMCID: PMC11148368 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1349573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Seed coating ensures the targeted delivery of various compounds from the early stages of development to increase crop quality and yield. Silicon and alginate are known to have plant biostimulant effects. Rice husk (RH) is a significant source of biosilica. In this study, we coated mung bean seeds with an alginate-glycerol-sorbitol (AGS) film with embedded biogenic nanosilica (SiNPs) from RH, with significant plant biostimulant activity. After dilute acid hydrolysis of ground RH in a temperature-controlled hermetic reactor, the resulting RH substrate was neutralized and calcined at 650°C. The structural and compositional characteristics of the native RH, the intermediate substrate, and SiNPs, as well as the release of soluble Si from SiNPs, were investigated. The film for seed coating was optimized using a mixture design with three factors. The physiological properties were assessed in the absence and the presence of 50 mM salt added from the beginning. The main parameters investigated were the growth, development, metabolic activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and the Si content of seedlings. The results evidenced a homogeneous AGS film formation embedding 50-nm amorphous SiNPs having Si-O-Si and Si-OH bonds, 0.347 cm3/g CPV (cumulative pore volume), and 240 m2/g SSA (specific surface area). The coating film has remarkable properties of enhancing the metabolic, proton pump activities and ROS scavenging of mung seedlings under salt stress. The study shows that the RH biogenic SiNPs can be efficiently applied, together with the optimized, beneficial alginate-based film, as plant biostimulants that alleviate saline stress from the first stages of plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tritean
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Trică
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ştefan-Ovidiu Dima
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luiza Capră
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca-Augusta Gabor
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Florin Oancea
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biotechnologies, University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Shi Q, Xia Y, Xue N, Wang Q, Tao Q, Li M, Xu D, Wang X, Kong F, Zhang H, Li G. Modulation of starch synthesis in Arabidopsis via phytochrome B-mediated light signal transduction. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:973-985. [PMID: 38391049 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Starch is a major storage carbohydrate in plants and is critical in crop yield and quality. Starch synthesis is intricately regulated by internal metabolic processes and external environmental cues; however, the precise molecular mechanisms governing this process remain largely unknown. In this study, we revealed that high red to far-red (high R:FR) light significantly induces the synthesis of leaf starch and the expression of synthesis-related genes, whereas low R:FR light suppress these processes. Arabidopsis phytochrome B (phyB), the primary R and FR photoreceptor, was identified as a critical positive regulator in this process. Downstream of phyB, basic leucine zipper transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) was found to enhance starch synthesis, whereas the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5) inhibit starch synthesis in Arabidopsis leaves. Notably, HY5 and PIFs directly compete for binding to a shared G-box cis-element in the promoter region of genes encoding starch synthases GBSS, SS3, and SS4, which leads to antagonistic regulation of their expression and, consequently, starch synthesis. Our findings highlight the vital role of phyB in enhancing starch synthesis by stabilizing HY5 and facilitating PIFs degradation under high R:FR light conditions. Conversely, under low R:FR light, PIFs predominantly inhibit starch synthesis. This study provides insight into the physiological and molecular functions of phyB and its downstream transcription factors HY5 and PIFs in starch synthesis regulation, shedding light on the regulatory mechanism by which plants synchronize dynamic light signals with metabolic cues to module starch synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbiao Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ying Xia
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Na Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qibin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Qing Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Mingjing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Di Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Fanying Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Haisen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Gang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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Sharma M, Abt MR, Eicke S, Ilse TE, Liu C, Lucas MS, Pfister B, Zeeman SC. MFP1 defines the subchloroplast location of starch granule initiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2309666121. [PMID: 38190535 PMCID: PMC10801857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309666121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Starch is one of the major carbohydrate storage compounds in plants. The biogenesis of starch granules starts with the formation of initials, which subsequently expand into granules. Several coiled-coil domain-containing proteins have been previously implicated with the initiation process, but the mechanisms by which they act remain largely elusive. Here, we demonstrate that one of these proteins, the thylakoid-associated MAR-BINDING FILAMENT-LIKE PROTEIN 1 (MFP1), specifically determines the subchloroplast location of initial formation. The expression of MFP1 variants "mis"-targeted to specific locations within chloroplasts in Arabidopsis results in distinctive shifts in not only how many but also where starch granules are formed. Importantly, "re" localizing MFP1 to the stromal face of the chloroplast's inner envelope is sufficient to generate starch granules in this aberrant position. These findings provide compelling evidence that a single protein MFP1 possesses the capacity to direct the initiation and biosynthesis machinery of starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Sharma
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie R Abt
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresa E Ilse
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chun Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam S Lucas
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Pfister
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Keil L, Mehlmer N, Cavelius P, Garbe D, Haack M, Ritz M, Awad D, Brück T. The Time-Resolved Salt Stress Response of Dunaliella tertiolecta-A Comprehensive System Biology Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15374. [PMID: 37895054 PMCID: PMC10607294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Algae-driven processes, such as direct CO2 fixation into glycerol, provide new routes for sustainable chemical production in synergy with greenhouse gas mitigation. The marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta is reported to accumulate high amounts of intracellular glycerol upon exposure to high salt concentrations. We have conducted a comprehensive, time-resolved systems biology study to decipher the metabolic response of D. tertiolecta up to 24 h under continuous light conditions. Initially, due to a lack of reference sequences required for MS/MS-based protein identification, a high-quality draft genome of D. tertiolecta was generated. Subsequently, a database was designed by combining the genome with transcriptome data obtained before and after salt stress. This database allowed for detection of differentially expressed proteins and identification of phosphorylated proteins, which are involved in the short- and long-term adaptation to salt stress, respectively. Specifically, in the rapid salt adaptation response, proteins linked to the Ca2+ signaling pathway and ion channel proteins were significantly increased. While phosphorylation is key in maintaining ion homeostasis during the rapid adaptation to salt stress, phosphofructokinase is required for long-term adaption. Lacking β-carotene, synthesis under salt stress conditions might be substituted by the redox-sensitive protein CP12. Furthermore, salt stress induces upregulation of Calvin-Benson cycle-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Brück
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.K.); (N.M.); (P.C.); (D.G.); (M.H.); (M.R.); (D.A.)
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5
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Liu C, Pfister B, Osman R, Ritter M, Heutinck A, Sharma M, Eicke S, Fischer-Stettler M, Seung D, Bompard C, Abt MR, Zeeman SC. LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 and EARLY STARVATION 1 promote and stabilize amylopectin phase transition in starch biosynthesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7448. [PMID: 37235646 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Starch, the most abundant carbohydrate reserve in plants, primarily consists of the branched glucan amylopectin, which forms semi-crystalline granules. Phase transition from a soluble to an insoluble form depends on amylopectin architecture, requiring a compatible distribution of glucan chain lengths and a branch-point distribution. Here, we show that two starch-bound proteins, LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 (LESV) and EARLY STARVATION 1 (ESV1), which have unusual carbohydrate-binding surfaces, promote the phase transition of amylopectin-like glucans, both in a heterologous yeast system expressing the starch biosynthetic machinery and in Arabidopsis plants. We propose a model wherein LESV serves as a nucleating role, with its carbohydrate-binding surfaces helping align glucan double helices to promote their phase transition into semi-crystalline lamellae, which are then stabilized by ESV1. Because both proteins are widely conserved, we suggest that protein-facilitated glucan crystallization may be a general and previously unrecognized feature of starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Pfister
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rayan Osman
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Maximilian Ritter
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arvid Heutinck
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mayank Sharma
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - David Seung
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Bompard
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Melanie R Abt
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Islam MM, Jahan K, Sen A, Urmi TA, Haque MM, Ali HM, Siddiqui MH, Murata Y. Exogenous Application of Calcium Ameliorates Salinity Stress Tolerance of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Enhances Fruit Quality. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030558. [PMID: 36978806 PMCID: PMC10044850 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses, especially salinity, which drastically hinders the growth and yield of tomato. Calcium (Ca) is a vital macronutrient which plays physiological and biochemical roles in plants. Hence, we studied the protective roles of Ca against salinity stress in tomato. There were eight treatments comprising control (nutrient solution), 5 mM Ca, 10 mM Ca, 15 mM Ca, 12 dS m−1 NaCl, 12 dS m−1 NaCl + 5 mM Ca, 12 dS m−1 NaCl + 10 mM Ca and 12 dS m−1 NaCl + 15 mM Ca, and two tomato varieties: BARI tomato-2 and Binatomato-5. Salinity significantly decreased the plant-growth and yield attributes, relative water content (RWC), photosynthetic pigments (SPAD value) and the uptake of K, Ca and Mg in leaves and roots. Salinity-induced oxidative stress was present in the form of increased Na+ ion concentration, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and lipid peroxidation (MDA). Ca application reduced oxidative stress through the boosting of antioxidant enzymatic activity. Exogenous Ca application enhanced proline and glycine betaine content and reduced Na+ uptake, which resulted in the inhibition of ionic toxicity and osmotic stress, respectively. Hence, Ca application significantly increased the growth and yield attributes, RWC, SPAD value, and uptake of K, Ca and Mg. Calcium application also had a significant effect on the fruit quality of tomato and the highest total soluble solid, total sugar, reducing sugar, β-carotene, vitamin C and juice pH were found for the combined application of NaCl and Ca. Therefore, application of Ca reversed the salt-induced changes through increasing osmoprotectants, activation of antioxidants enzymes, and by optimizing mineral nutrient status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Moshiul Islam
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +880-171-213-2019
| | - Khurshida Jahan
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Arpita Sen
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
- Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Akter Urmi
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - M. Moynul Haque
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzer H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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7
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Pfister B, Shields JM, Kockmann T, Grossmann J, Abt MR, Stadler M, Zeeman SC. Tuning heterologous glucan biosynthesis in yeast to understand and exploit plant starch diversity. BMC Biol 2022; 20:207. [PMID: 36153520 PMCID: PMC9509603 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01408-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Starch, a vital plant-derived polysaccharide comprised of branched glucans, is essential in nutrition and many industrial applications. Starch is often modified post-extraction to alter its structure and enhance its functionality. Targeted metabolic engineering of crops to produce valuable and versatile starches requires knowledge of the relationships between starch biosynthesis, structure, and properties, but systematic studies to obtain this knowledge are difficult to conduct in plants. Here we used Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a testbed to dissect the functions of plant starch biosynthetic enzymes and create diverse starch-like polymers. Results We explored yeast promoters and terminators to tune the expression levels of the starch-biosynthesis machinery from Arabidopsis thaliana. We systematically modulated the expression of each starch synthase (SS) together with a branching enzyme (BE) in yeast. Protein quantification by parallel reaction monitoring (targeted proteomics) revealed unexpected effects of glucan biosynthesis on protein abundances but showed that the anticipated broad range of SS/BE enzyme ratios was maintained during the biosynthetic process. The different SS/BE ratios clearly influenced glucan structure and solubility: The higher the SS/BE ratio, the longer the glucan chains and the more glucans were partitioned into the insoluble fraction. This effect was irrespective of the SS isoform, demonstrating that the elongation/branching ratio controls glucan properties separate from enzyme specificity. Conclusions Our results provide a quantitative framework for the in silico design of improved starch biosynthetic processes in plants. Our study also exemplifies a workflow for the rational tuning of a complex pathway in yeast, starting from the selection and evaluation of expression modules to multi-gene assembly and targeted protein monitoring during the biosynthetic process. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01408-x.
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Chiewchankaset P, Thaiprasit J, Kalapanulak S, Wojciechowski T, Boonjing P, Saithong T. Effective Metabolic Carbon Utilization and Shoot-to-Root Partitioning Modulate Distinctive Yield in High Yielding Cassava Variety. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832304. [PMID: 35251103 PMCID: PMC8888839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing cassava production could mitigate one of the global food insecurity challenges by providing a sustainable food source. To improve the yield potential, physiological strategies (i.e., the photosynthetic efficiency, source-to-sink carbon partitioning, and intracellular carbon metabolism) can be applied in breeding to screen for superior genotypes. However, the influences of source-to-sink carbon partitioning and carbon metabolism on the storage root development of cassava are relatively little understood. We hypothesized that carbon partitioning and utilization vary modulating the distinctive storage root yields of high and low-yielding cassava varieties, represented in this study by varieties Kasetsart 50 (KU50) and Hanatee (HN), respectively. Plant growth, photosynthesis measurements, soluble sugars, and starch contents of individual tissues were analyzed at different developmental stages. Also, the diurnal patterns of starch accumulation and degradation in leaves were investigated through iodine staining. Despite a comparable photosynthetic rate, KU50 grew better and yielded greater storage roots than HN. Interestingly, both varieties differed in their carbon partitioning strategies. KU50 had a high photosynthetic capacity and was better efficient in converting photoassimilates to carbon substrates and allocating them to sink organs for their growth. In contrast, HN utilized the photoassimilates at a high metabolic cost, in terms of respiration, and inefficiently allocated carbon to stems rather than storage roots. These results highlighted that carbon assimilation and allocation are genetic potential characteristics of individual varieties, which in effect determine plant growth and storage root yield of cassava. The knowledge gained from this study sheds light on potential strategies for developing new high-yielding genotypes in cassava breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porntip Chiewchankaset
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology (CASB), Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jittrawan Thaiprasit
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology (CASB), Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowalak Kalapanulak
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology (CASB), Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tobias Wojciechowski
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
- Institute of Biosciences and Geosciences (IBG-2): Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, Jülich, Germany
| | - Patwira Boonjing
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology (CASB), Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Treenut Saithong
- Center for Agricultural Systems Biology (CASB), Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi (Bang Khun Thian), Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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David LC, Lee SK, Bruderer E, Abt MR, Fischer-Stettler M, Tschopp MA, Solhaug EM, Sanchez K, Zeeman SC. BETA-AMYLASE9 is a plastidial nonenzymatic regulator of leaf starch degradation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:191-207. [PMID: 34662400 PMCID: PMC8774843 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
β-Amylases (BAMs) are key enzymes of transitory starch degradation in chloroplasts, a process that buffers the availability of photosynthetically fixed carbon over the diel cycle to maintain energy levels and plant growth at night. However, during vascular plant evolution, the BAM gene family diversified, giving rise to isoforms with different compartmentation and biological activities. Here, we characterized BETA-AMYLASE 9 (BAM9) of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Among the BAMs, BAM9 is most closely related to BAM4 but is more widely conserved in plants. BAM9 and BAM4 share features including their plastidial localization and lack of measurable α-1,4-glucan hydrolyzing capacity. BAM4 is a regulator of starch degradation, and bam4 mutants display a starch-excess phenotype. Although bam9 single mutants resemble the wild-type (WT), genetic experiments reveal that the loss of BAM9 markedly enhances the starch-excess phenotypes of mutants already impaired in starch degradation. Thus, BAM9 also regulates starch breakdown, but in a different way. Interestingly, BAM9 gene expression is responsive to several environmental changes, while that of BAM4 is not. Furthermore, overexpression of BAM9 in the WT reduced leaf starch content, but overexpression in bam4 failed to complement fully that mutant's starch-excess phenotype, suggesting that BAM9 and BAM4 are not redundant. We propose that BAM9 activates starch degradation, helping to manage carbohydrate availability in response to fluctuations in environmental conditions. As such, BAM9 represents an interesting gene target to explore in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure C David
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Sang-Kyu Lee
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Eduard Bruderer
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Melanie R Abt
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Fischer-Stettler
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Aude Tschopp
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Erik M Solhaug
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Sanchez
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
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Kechasov D, Verheul MJ, Paponov M, Panosyan A, Paponov IA. Organic Waste-Based Fertilizer in Hydroponics Increases Tomato Fruit Size but Reduces Fruit Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:680030. [PMID: 34249051 PMCID: PMC8261069 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.680030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In regions with intensive agricultural production, large amounts of organic waste are produced by livestock animals. Liquid digestate from manure-based biogas production could potentially serve as fertilizer if integrated with closed horticultural irrigation systems. The aim of this experiment was to investigate how fertilizer based on liquid biogas by-products of pig manure digestion can affect the growth and production of tomato plants. Integration of a nitrification bioreactor presumes a significantly lower concentration of nutrient solutions and a higher level of oxygenation than classical mineral cultivation. Therefore, additional controls were included. We compared plant growth and fruit quality traits of tomato plants grown in a hydroponic solution with organic fertilizer with two levels of mineral fertilizer. The tomatoes grown with organic waste-based liquid fertilizer showed reduced growth rates but increased mean fruit size, resulting in no significant change in total yield compared with high-mineral cultivation. The growth rate was similarly reduced in plants cultivated with low-mineral fertilizer. Plants cultivated with organic waste-based fertilizer had high Cl- concentration in xylem sap, leaves, and, ultimately, fruits. The leaves of plants cultivated with organic waste-based fertilizer contained higher concentrations of starch and soluble carbohydrate and low concentrations of phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S). The plants grown with organic waste-based or low-mineral medium showed significantly poorer fruit quality than the plants cultivated with the high-mineral solution. The low-mineral treatment increased xylem sap contribution to fruit weight because of higher root power. The organic waste-based fertilization did not change the root power but increased fruit size. In conclusion, organic waste-based cultivation is a possible solution for sustainable plant production in greenhouses. However, additional adjustment of nutrient supply is required to improve fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kechasov
- Division of Food Production and Society, Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås Municipality, Norway
| | - Michel J. Verheul
- Division of Food Production and Society, Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås Municipality, Norway
| | - Martina Paponov
- Division of Food Production and Society, Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås Municipality, Norway
| | - Anush Panosyan
- Division of Food Production and Society, Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås Municipality, Norway
| | - Ivan A. Paponov
- Division of Food Production and Society, Department of Horticulture, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås Municipality, Norway
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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11
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Wang G, Wu Y, Ma L, Lin Y, Hu Y, Li M, Li W, Ding Y, Chen L. Phloem loading in rice leaves depends strongly on the apoplastic pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:3723-3738. [PMID: 33624763 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phloem loading is the first step in sucrose transport from source leaves to sink organs. The phloem loading strategy in rice remains unclear. To determine the potential phloem loading mechanism in rice, yeast invertase (INV) was overexpressed by a 35S promoter specifically in the cell wall to block sugar transmembrane loading in rice. The transgenic lines exhibited obvious phloem loading suppression characteristics accompanied by the accumulation of sucrose and starch, restricted vegetative growth and decreased grain yields. The decreased sucrose exudation rate with p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS) treatment also indicated that rice actively transported sucrose into the phloem. OsSUT1 (SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 1) showed the highest mRNA levels of the plasma membrane-localized OsSUTs in source leaves. Cross sections of the OsSUT::GUS transgenic plants showed that the expression of OsSUT1 and OsSUT5 occurred in the phloem companion cells. Rice ossut1 mutants showed reduced growth and grain yield, supporting the hypothesis of OsSUT1 acting in phloem loading. Based on these results, we conclude that apoplastic phloem loading plays a major role in the export of sugar from rice leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengzhu Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
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12
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Slaveykova VI, Majumdar S, Regier N, Li W, Keller AA. Metabolomic Responses of Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Exposed to Sublethal Concentrations of Inorganic and Methylmercury. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3876-3887. [PMID: 33631933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics characterizes low-molecular-weight molecules involved in different biochemical reactions and provides an integrated assessment of the physiological state of an organism. By using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry targeted metabolomics, we examined the response of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to sublethal concentrations of inorganic mercury (IHg) and monomethylmercury (MeHg). We quantified the changes in the levels of 93 metabolites preselected based on the disturbed metabolic pathways obtained in a previous transcriptomics study. Metabolites are downstream products of the gene transcription; hence, metabolite quantification provided information about the biochemical status of the algal cells exposed to Hg compounds. The results showed that the alga adjusts its metabolism during 2 h exposure to 5 × 10-9 and 5 × 10-8 mol L-1 IHg and MeHg by increasing the level of various metabolites involved in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, photorespiration, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, as well as the metabolism of fatty acids, carbohydrates, and antioxidants. Most of the metabolic perturbations in the alga were common for IHg and MeHg treatments. However, the exposure to IHg resulted in more pronounced perturbations in the fatty acid and TCA metabolism as compared with the exposure to MeHg. The observed metabolic perturbations were generally consistent with our previously published transcriptomics results for C. reinhardtii exposed to the comparable level of IHg and MeHg. The results highlight the potential of metabolomics for toxicity evaluation, especially to detect effects at an early stage of exposure prior to their physiological appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera I Slaveykova
- Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Blvd Carl-Vogt, Geneva CH 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sanghamitra Majumdar
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
| | - Nicole Regier
- Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environment Sciences, Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Environmental Biogeochemistry and Ecotoxicology, University of Geneva, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Blvd Carl-Vogt, Geneva CH 1211, Switzerland
| | - Weiwei Li
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5131, United States
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Frey LA, Baumann P, Aasen H, Studer B, Kölliker R. A Non-destructive Method to Quantify Leaf Starch Content in Red Clover. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:569948. [PMID: 33178239 PMCID: PMC7593268 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.569948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Grassland-based ruminant livestock production provides a sustainable alternative to intensive production systems relying on concentrated feeds. However, grassland-based roughage often lacks the energy content required to meet the productivity potential of modern livestock breeds. Forage legumes, such as red clover, with increased starch content could partly replace maize and cereal supplements. However, breeding for increased starch content requires efficient phenotyping methods. This study is unique in evaluating a non-destructive hyperspectral imaging approach to estimate leaf starch content in red clover for enabling efficient development of high starch red clover genotypes. We assessed prediction performance of partial least square regression models (PLSR) using cross-validation, and validated model performance with an independent test set under controlled conditions. Starch content of the training set ranged from 0.1 to 120.3 mg g-1 DW. The best cross-validated PLSR model explained 56% of the measured variation and yielded a root mean square error (RMSE) of 17 mg g-1 DW. Model performance decreased when applying the trained model on the independent test set (RMSE = 29 mg g-1 DW, R 2 = 0.36). Different variable selection methods did not increase model performance. Once validated in the field, the non-destructive spectral method presented here has the potential to detect large differences in leaf starch content of red clover genotypes. Breeding material could be sampled and selected according to their starch content without destroying the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Antonia Frey
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Baumann
- Sustainable Agroecosystems, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge Aasen
- Crop Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Studer
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Kölliker
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Starch and Glycogen Analyses: Methods and Techniques. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071020. [PMID: 32660096 PMCID: PMC7407607 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
For complex carbohydrates, such as glycogen and starch, various analytical methods and techniques exist allowing the detailed characterization of these storage carbohydrates. In this article, we give a brief overview of the most frequently used methods, techniques, and results. Furthermore, we give insights in the isolation, purification, and fragmentation of both starch and glycogen. An overview of the different structural levels of the glucans is given and the corresponding analytical techniques are discussed. Moreover, future perspectives of the analytical needs and the challenges of the currently developing scientific questions are included.
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15
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Menna A, Fischer-Stettler M, Pfister B, Andrés GS, Holbrook-Smith D, Sánchez-Rodríguez C. Single-run HPLC Quantification of Plant Cell Wall Monosaccharides. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3546. [PMID: 33659520 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex network of polysaccharides and proteins that provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells, as well as playing a vital role in growth, development, and defense response. Cell wall polysaccharides can be broadly grouped into three categories: cellulose, pectins, and hemicelluloses. Dynamic interactions between polysaccharides and cell wall-associated proteins contribute to regions of flexibility and rigidity within the cell wall, allowing for remodeling when necessary during growth, environmental adaptation, or stress response activation. These polysaccharide interactions are vital to plant growth, however they also contribute to the level of difficulty encountered when attempting to analyze cell wall structure and composition. In the past, lengthy protocols to quantify cell wall monosaccharides contributing to cellulose as well as neutral and acidic cell wall polysaccharides have been used. Recently, a streamlined approach for monosaccharide quantification was described. This protocol combines a simplified hydrolysis method followed by several runs of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Here, we present an updated version of this protocol in which we can analyze all nine cell wall monosaccharides in a single high-performance liquid chromatography HPAEC-PAD gradient profile. The inclusion of an enzymatic starch degradation, as well as alternate internal standards for added quantification accuracy, and a ready-to-use Python script facilitating data analysis adds a broadened scope of utility to this protocol. This protocol was used to analyze Arabidopsis light-grown seedlings and dark-grown hypocotyls, but is suitable for any plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Menna
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Sancho Andrés
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Duncan Holbrook-Smith
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clara Sánchez-Rodríguez
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Koide E, Suetsugu N, Iwano M, Gotoh E, Nomura Y, Stolze SC, Nakagami H, Kohchi T, Nishihama R. Regulation of Photosynthetic Carbohydrate Metabolism by a Raf-Like Kinase in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:631-643. [PMID: 31851335 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To optimize growth and development, plants monitor photosynthetic activities and appropriately regulate various cellular processes. However, signaling mechanisms that coordinate plant growth with photosynthesis remain poorly understood. To identify factors that are involved in signaling related to photosynthetic stimuli, we performed a phosphoproteomic analysis with Marchantia polymorpha, an extant bryophyte species in the basal lineage of land plants. Among proteins whose phosphorylation status changed differentially between dark-treated plants and those after light irradiation but failed to do so in the presence of a photosynthesis inhibitor, we identified a B4-group Raf-like kinase, named PHOTOSYNTHESIS-RELATED RAF (MpPRAF). Biochemical analyses confirmed photosynthesis-activity-dependent changes in the phosphorylation status of MpPRAF. Mutations in the MpPRAF gene resulted in growth retardation. Measurement of carbohydrates demonstrated both hyper-accumulation of starch and reduction of sucrose in Mppraf mutants. Neither inhibition of starch synthesis nor exogenous supply of sucrose alleviated the growth defect, suggesting serious impairment of Mppraf mutants in both the synthesis of sucrose and the repression of its catabolism. As a result of the compromised photosynthate metabolism, photosynthetic electron transport was downregulated in Mppraf mutants. A mutated MpPRAF with a common amino acid substitution for inactivating kinase activity was unable to rescue the Mppraf mutant defects. Our results provide evidence that MpPRAF is a photosynthesis signaling kinase that regulates sucrose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Koide
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suetsugu
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Megumi Iwano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
| | - Yuko Nomura
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Sara Christina Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Plant Proteomics Research Unit, RIKEN CSRS, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- Protein Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
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17
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Monroe JD. Involvement of five catalytically active Arabidopsis β-amylases in leaf starch metabolism and plant growth. PLANT DIRECT 2020; 4:e00199. [PMID: 32072133 PMCID: PMC7011640 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Starch degradation in chloroplasts requires β-amylase (BAM) activity, but in Arabidopsis, there are nine BAM proteins, five of which are thought to be catalytic. Although single-gene knockouts revealed the necessity of BAM3 for starch degradation, contributions of other BAMs are poorly understood. Moreover, it is not possible to detect the contribution of individual BAMs in plants containing multiple active BAMs. Therefore, we constructed a set of five quadruple mutants each expressing only one catalytically active BAM, and a quintuple mutant missing all of these BAMs (B-Null). Using these mutants, we assessed the influence of each individual BAM on plant growth and on leaf starch degradation. Both BAM1 and BAM3 alone support wild-type (WT) levels of growth. BAM3 alone is sufficient to degrade leaf starch completely whereas BAM1 alone can only partially degrade leaf starch. In contrast, BAM2, BAM5, and BAM6 have no detectable effect on starch degradation or plant growth, being comparable with the B-Null plants. B-Null plant extracts contained no measurable amylase activity, whereas BAM3 and BAM1 contributed about 70% and 14% of the WT activity, respectively. BAM2 activity was low but detectable and BAM6 contributed no measurable activity. Interestingly, activity of BAM1 and BAM3 in the mutants varied little developmentally or diurnally, and did not increase appreciably in response to osmotic or cold stress. With these genetic lines, we now have new opportunities to investigate members of this diverse gene family.
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18
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Kesten C, Gámez‐Arjona FM, Menna A, Scholl S, Dora S, Huerta AI, Huang H, Tintor N, Kinoshita T, Rep M, Krebs M, Schumacher K, Sánchez‐Rodríguez C. Pathogen-induced pH changes regulate the growth-defense balance in plants. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101822. [PMID: 31736111 PMCID: PMC6912046 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental adaptation of organisms relies on fast perception and response to external signals, which lead to developmental changes. Plant cell growth is strongly dependent on cell wall remodeling. However, little is known about cell wall-related sensing of biotic stimuli and the downstream mechanisms that coordinate growth and defense responses. We generated genetically encoded pH sensors to determine absolute pH changes across the plasma membrane in response to biotic stress. A rapid apoplastic acidification by phosphorylation-based proton pump activation in response to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum immediately reduced cellulose synthesis and cell growth and, furthermore, had a direct influence on the pathogenicity of the fungus. In addition, pH seems to influence cellulose structure. All these effects were dependent on the COMPANION OF CELLULOSE SYNTHASE proteins that are thus at the nexus of plant growth and defense. Hence, our discoveries show a remarkable connection between plant biomass production, immunity, and pH control, and advance our ability to investigate the plant growth-defense balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefan Scholl
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell BiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Susanne Dora
- Department of BiologyETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Nico Tintor
- Department of PhytopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio‐Molecules (WPI‐ITbM)Nagoya UniversityChikusa, NagoyaJapan
- Division of Biological ScienceGraduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityChikusa, NagoyaJapan
| | - Martijn Rep
- Department of PhytopathologyUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Melanie Krebs
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell BiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Cell BiologyHeidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
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19
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Rosado‐Souza L, David LC, Drapal M, Fraser PD, Hofmann J, Klemens PAW, Ludewig F, Neuhaus HE, Obata T, Perez‐Fons L, Schlereth A, Sonnewald U, Stitt M, Zeeman SC, Zierer W, Fernie AR. Cassava Metabolomics and Starch Quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 4:e20102. [DOI: 10.1002/cppb.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laure C. David
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology Zurich Switzerland
| | - Margit Drapal
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Fraser
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham United Kingdom
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Frank Ludewig
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam‐Golm Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Plant Science InnovationUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska
| | - Laura Perez‐Fons
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of London Egham United Kingdom
| | - Armin Schlereth
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Potsdam‐Golm Germany
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Erlangen‐Nuremberg Erlangen Germany
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20
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Lehmann MM, Ghiasi S, George GM, Cormier MA, Gessler A, Saurer M, Werner RA. Influence of starch deficiency on photosynthetic and post-photosynthetic carbon isotope fractionations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1829-1841. [PMID: 30785201 PMCID: PMC6436151 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope (13C) fractionations occurring during and after photosynthetic CO2 fixation shape the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of plant material and respired CO2. However, responses of 13C fractionations to diel variation in starch metabolism in the leaf are not fully understood. Here we measured δ13C of organic matter (δ13COM), concentrations and δ13C of potential respiratory substrates, δ13C of dark-respired CO2 (δ13CR), and gas exchange in leaves of starch-deficient plastidial phosphoglucomutase (pgm) mutants and wild-type plants of four species (Arabidopsis thaliana, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Nicotiana sylvestris, and Pisum sativum). The strongest δ13C response to the pgm-induced starch deficiency was observed in N. sylvestris, with more negative δ13COM, δ13CR, and δ13C values for assimilates (i.e. sugars and starch) and organic acids (i.e. malate and citrate) in pgm mutants than in wild-type plants during a diel cycle. The genotype differences in δ13C values could be largely explained by differences in leaf gas exchange. In contrast, the PGM-knockout effect on post-photosynthetic 13C fractionations via the plastidic fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase reaction or during respiration was small. Taken together, our results show that the δ13C variations in starch-deficient mutants are primarily explained by photosynthetic 13C fractionations and that the combination of knockout mutants and isotope analyses allows additional insights into plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco M Lehmann
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Shiva Ghiasi
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gavin M George
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc-André Cormier
- GFZ – German Research Centre for Geosciences, Geomorphology, Organic Surface Geochemistry Lab, Telegrafenberg, Wissenschaftspark Albert Einstein, Potsdam, Germany
- University of Oxford, Department of Earth Sciences, Ocean Biogeochemistry Group, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Werner
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Moles TM, de Brito Francisco R, Mariotti L, Pompeiano A, Lupini A, Incrocci L, Carmassi G, Scartazza A, Pistelli L, Guglielminetti L, Pardossi A, Sunseri F, Hörtensteiner S, Santelia D. Salinity in Autumn-Winter Season and Fruit Quality of Tomato Landraces. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1078. [PMID: 31611885 PMCID: PMC6769068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomato landraces, originated by adaptive responses to local habitats, are considered a valuable resource for many traits of agronomic interest, including fruit nutritional quality. Primary and secondary metabolites are essential determinants of fruit organoleptic quality, and some of them, such as carotenoids and phenolics, have been associated with beneficial proprieties for human health. Landraces' fruit taste and flavour are often preferred by consumers compared to the commercial varieties' ones. In an autumn-winter greenhouse hydroponic experiment, the response of three Southern-Italy tomato landraces (Ciettaicale, Linosa and Corleone) and one commercial cultivar (UC-82B) to different concentrations of sodium chloride (0 mM, 60 mM or 120 mM NaCl) were evaluated. At harvest, no losses in marketable yield were noticed in any of the tested genotypes. However, under salt stress, fresh fruit yield as well as fruit calcium concentration were higher affected in the commercial cultivar than in the landraces. Furthermore, UC-82B showed a trend of decreasing lycopene and total antioxidant capacity with increasing salt concentration, whereas no changes in these parameters were observed in the landraces under 60 mM NaCl. Landraces under 120 mM NaCl accumulated more fructose and glucose in the fruits, while salt did not affect hexoses levels in UC-82B. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed differential accumulation of glycoalkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and their derivatives in the fruits of all genotypes under stress. Overall, the investigated Italian landraces showed a different behaviour compared to the commercial variety UC-82B under moderate salinity stress, showing a tolerable compromise between yield and quality attributes. Our results point to the feasible use of tomato landraces as a target to select interesting genetic traits to improve fruit quality under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Michele Moles
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Rita de Brito Francisco
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antonio Lupini
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Luca Incrocci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Carmassi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pardossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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22
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Changes in resource partitioning between and within organs support growth adjustment to neighbor proximity in Brassicaceae seedlings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9953-E9961. [PMID: 30275313 PMCID: PMC6196536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806084115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In dense communities, plants compete for light and sense potentially threatening neighbors prior to actual shading. In response to neighbor proximity cues, shade-intolerant plants selectively elongate stem-like structures, thereby enhancing access to unfiltered sunlight. Although key steps in plant proximity sensing and signaling have been identified, we know little about the metabolic adaptations underlying enhanced stem growth. Here, we show that, following the detection of neighbor proximity cues, seedlings allocate more carbon fixed in the cotyledons to the faster elongating hypocotyl. Moreover, we show that sucrose transport and a transcription factor responding to light and metabolic cues control hypocotyl elongation. Collectively, our work provides important insights into the metabolic changes underlying organ-specific growth adaptations to an environmental stress signal. In shade-intolerant plants, the perception of proximate neighbors rapidly induces architectural changes resulting in elongated stems and reduced leaf size. Sensing and signaling steps triggering this modified growth program have been identified. However, the underlying changes in resource allocation that fuel stem growth remain poorly understood. Through 14CO2 pulse labeling of Brassica rapa seedlings, we show that perception of the neighbor detection signal, low ratio of red to far-red light (R:FR), leads to increased carbon allocation from the major site of photosynthesis (cotyledons) to the elongating hypocotyl. While carbon fixation and metabolite levels remain similar in low R:FR, partitioning to all downstream carbon pools within the hypocotyl is increased. Genetic analyses using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants indicate that low-R:FR–induced hypocotyl elongation requires sucrose transport from the cotyledons and is regulated by a PIF7-dependent metabolic response. Moreover, our data suggest that starch metabolism in the hypocotyl has a growth-regulatory function. The results reveal a key mechanism by which metabolic adjustments can support rapid growth adaptation to a changing environment.
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Bull SE, Seung D, Chanez C, Mehta D, Kuon JE, Truernit E, Hochmuth A, Zurkirchen I, Zeeman SC, Gruissem W, Vanderschuren H. Accelerated ex situ breeding of GBSS- and PTST1-edited cassava for modified starch. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat6086. [PMID: 30191180 PMCID: PMC6124905 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Crop diversification required to meet demands for food security and industrial use is often challenged by breeding time and amenability of varieties to genome modification. Cassava is one such crop. Grown for its large starch-rich storage roots, it serves as a staple food and a commodity in the multibillion-dollar starch industry. Starch is composed of the glucose polymers amylopectin and amylose, with the latter strongly influencing the physicochemical properties of starch during cooking and processing. We demonstrate that CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9)-mediated targeted mutagenesis of two genes involved in amylose biosynthesis, PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH (PTST1) or GRANULE BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS), can reduce or eliminate amylose content in root starch. Integration of the Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T gene in the genome-editing cassette allowed us to accelerate flowering-an event seldom seen under glasshouse conditions. Germinated seeds yielded S1, a transgene-free progeny that inherited edited genes. This attractive new plant breeding technique for modified cassava could be extended to other crops to provide a suite of novel varieties with useful traits for food and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E. Bull
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. (S.E.B.); (H.V.)
| | - David Seung
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Chanez
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Devang Mehta
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joel-Elias Kuon
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Truernit
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anton Hochmuth
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Zurkirchen
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Vanderschuren
- Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Plant Genetics, TERRA Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
- Corresponding author. (S.E.B.); (H.V.)
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24
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Xiao Y, Kuang J, Qi X, Ye Y, Wu Z, Chen J, Lu W. A comprehensive investigation of starch degradation process and identification of a transcriptional activator MabHLH6 during banana fruit ripening. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:151-164. [PMID: 28500777 PMCID: PMC5785343 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although starch degradation has been well studied in model systems such as Arabidopsis leaves and cereal seeds, this process in starchy fruits during ripening, especially in bananas, is largely unknown. In this study, 38 genes encoding starch degradation-related proteins were identified and characterized from banana fruit. Expression analysis revealed that 27 candidate genes were significantly induced during banana fruit ripening, with concomitant conversion of starch-to-sugars. Furthermore, iTRAQ-based proteomics experiments identified 18 starch degradation-associated enzymes bound to the surface of starch granules, of which 10 were markedly up-regulated during ripening. More importantly, a novel bHLH transcription factor, MabHLH6, was identified based on a yeast one-hybrid screening using MaGWD1 promoter as a bait. Transcript and protein levels of MabHLH6 were also increased during fruit ripening. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and transient expression experiments confirmed that MabHLH6 activates the promoters of 11 starch degradation-related genes, including MaGWD1, MaLSF2, MaBAM1, MaBAM2, MaBAM8, MaBAM10, MaAMY3, MaAMY3C, MaISA2, MaISA3 and MapGlcT2-2 by recognizing their E-box (CANNTG) motifs present in the promoters. Collectively, these findings suggest that starch degradation during banana fruit ripening may be attributed to the complex actions of numerous enzymes related to starch breakdown at transcriptional and translational levels, and that MabHLH6 may act as a positive regulator of this process via direct activation of a series of starch degradation-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesCollege of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jian‐fei Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesCollege of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xin‐na Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesCollege of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yu‐jie Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesCollege of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhen‐Xian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesCollege of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jian‐ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesCollege of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wang‐jin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro‐bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and VegetablesCollege of HorticultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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25
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Eicke S, Seung D, Egli B, Devers EA, Streb S. Increasing the carbohydrate storage capacity of plants by engineering a glycogen-like polymer pool in the cytosol. Metab Eng 2017; 40:23-32. [PMID: 28216105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for higher crop yields and for more efficient utilization of agricultural products will grow over the next decades. Here, we present a new concept for boosting the carbohydrate content of plants, by channeling photosynthetically fixed carbon into a newly engineered glucose polymer pool. We transiently expressed the starch/glycogen synthases from either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Cyanidioschyzon merolae, together with the starch branching enzyme from C. merolae, in the cytosol of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. This effectively built a UDP-glucose-dependent glycogen biosynthesis pathway. Glycogen synthesis was observed with Transmission Electron Microscopy, and the polymer structure was further analyzed. Within three days of enzyme expression, glycogen content of the leaf was 5-10 times higher than the starch levels of the control. Further, the leaves produced less starch and sucrose, which are normally the carbohydrate end-products of photosynthesis. We conclude that after enzyme expression, the newly fixed carbohydrates were routed into the new glycogen sink and trapped. Our approach allows carbohydrates to be efficiently stored in a new subcellular compartment, thus increasing the value of vegetative crop tissues for biofuel production or animal feed. The method also opens new potential for increasing the sink strength of heterotrophic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Eicke
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Seung
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Egli
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel A Devers
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Streb
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Plant Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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26
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Pfister B, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Diaz A, Lu K, Otto C, Holler M, Shaik FR, Meier F, Mezzenga R, Zeeman SC. Recreating the synthesis of starch granules in yeast. eLife 2016; 5:e15552. [PMID: 27871361 PMCID: PMC5119888 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch, as the major nutritional component of our staple crops and a feedstock for industry, is a vital plant product. It is composed of glucose polymers that form massive semi-crystalline granules. Its precise structure and composition determine its functionality and thus applications; however, there is no versatile model system allowing the relationships between the biosynthetic apparatus, glucan structure and properties to be explored. Here, we expressed the core Arabidopsis starch-biosynthesis pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae purged of its endogenous glycogen-metabolic enzymes. Systematic variation of the set of biosynthetic enzymes illustrated how each affects glucan structure and solubility. Expression of the complete set resulted in dense, insoluble granules with a starch-like semi-crystalline organization, demonstrating that this system indeed simulates starch biosynthesis. Thus, the yeast system has the potential to accelerate starch research and help create a holistic understanding of starch granule biosynthesis, providing a basis for the targeted biotechnological improvement of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Kuanjen Lu
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Otto
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Seung D, Lu KJ, Stettler M, Streb S, Zeeman SC. Degradation of Glucan Primers in the Absence of Starch Synthase 4 Disrupts Starch Granule Initiation in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20718-28. [PMID: 27458017 PMCID: PMC5034061 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis leaf chloroplasts typically contain five to seven semicrystalline starch granules. It is not understood how the synthesis of each granule is initiated or how starch granule number is determined within each chloroplast. An Arabidopsis mutant lacking the glucosyl-transferase, STARCH SYNTHASE 4 (SS4) is impaired in its ability to initiate starch granules; its chloroplasts rarely contain more than one large granule, and the plants have a pale appearance and reduced growth. Here we report that the chloroplastic α-amylase AMY3, a starch-degrading enzyme, interferes with granule initiation in the ss4 mutant background. The amy3 single mutant is similar in phenotype to the wild type under normal growth conditions, with comparable numbers of starch granules per chloroplast. Interestingly, the ss4 mutant displays a pleiotropic reduction in the activity of AMY3. Remarkably, complete abolition of AMY3 (in the amy3 ss4 double mutant) increases the number of starch granules produced in each chloroplast, suppresses the pale phenotype of ss4, and nearly restores normal growth. The amy3 mutation also restores starch synthesis in the ss3 ss4 double mutant, which lacks STARCH SYNTHASE 3 (SS3) in addition to SS4. The ss3 ss4 line is unable to initiate any starch granules and is thus starchless. We suggest that SS4 plays a key role in granule initiation, allowing it to proceed in a way that avoids premature degradation of primers by starch hydrolases, such as AMY3.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seung
- From the Institute for Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kuan-Jen Lu
- From the Institute for Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Stettler
- From the Institute for Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Streb
- From the Institute for Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- From the Institute for Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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28
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Salem MA, Jüppner J, Bajdzienko K, Giavalisco P. Protocol: a fast, comprehensive and reproducible one-step extraction method for the rapid preparation of polar and semi-polar metabolites, lipids, proteins, starch and cell wall polymers from a single sample. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:45. [PMID: 27833650 PMCID: PMC5103428 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The elucidation of complex biological systems requires integration of multiple molecular parameters. Accordingly, high throughput methods like transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics have emerged to provide the tools for successful system-wide investigations. Unfortunately, optimized analysis of different compounds requires specific extraction procedures in combination with specific analytical instrumentation. However, the most efficient extraction protocols often only cover a restricted number of compounds due to the different physico-chemical properties of these biological compounds. Consequently, comprehensive analysis of several molecular components like polar primary metabolites next to lipids or proteins require multiple aliquots to enable the specific extraction procedures required to cover these diverse compound classes. This multi-parallel sample handling of different sample aliquots is therefore not only more sample intensive, it also requires more time and effort to obtain the required extracts. RESULTS To circumvent large sample amounts, distributed into several aliquots for the comprehensive extraction of most relevant biological compounds, we developed a simple, robust and reproducible two-phase liquid-liquid extraction protocol. This one-step extraction protocol allows for the analysis of polar-, semi-polar and hydrophobic metabolites, next to insoluble or precipitated compounds, including proteins, starch and plant cell wall components, from a single sample. The method is scalable regarding the used sample amounts but also the employed volumes and can be performed in microcentrifuge tubes, enabling high throughput analysis. The obtained fractions are fully compatible with common analytical methods, including spectroscopic, chromatographic and mass spectrometry-based techniques. To document the utility of the described protocol, we used 25 mg of Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaves for the generation of multi-omics data sets, covering lipidomics, metabolomics and proteomics. The obtained data allowed us to measure and annotate more than 200 lipid compounds, 100 primary metabolites, 50 secondary metabolites and 2000 proteins. CONCLUSIONS The described extraction protocol provides a simple and straightforward method for the efficient extraction of lipids, metabolites and proteins from minute amounts of a single sample, enabling the targeted but also untargeted high-throughput analyses of diverse biological tissues and samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Salem
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562 Egypt
| | - Jessica Jüppner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Bajdzienko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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29
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Kölling K, Thalmann M, Müller A, Jenny C, Zeeman SC. Carbon partitioning in Arabidopsis thaliana is a dynamic process controlled by the plants metabolic status and its circadian clock. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1965-79. [PMID: 25651812 PMCID: PMC4671261 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth involves the coordinated distribution of carbon resources both towards structural components and towards storage compounds that assure a steady carbon supply over the complete diurnal cycle. We used (14) CO2 labelling to track assimilated carbon in both source and sink tissues. Source tissues exhibit large variations in carbon allocation throughout the light period. The most prominent change was detected in partitioning towards starch, being low in the morning and more than double later in the day. Export into sink tissues showed reciprocal changes. Fewer and smaller changes in carbon allocation occurred in sink tissues where, in most respects, carbon was partitioned similarly, whether the sink leaf assimilated it through photosynthesis or imported it from source leaves. Mutants deficient in the production or remobilization of leaf starch exhibited major alterations in carbon allocation. Low-starch mutants that suffer from carbon starvation at night allocated much more carbon into neutral sugars and had higher rates of export than the wild type, partly because of the reduced allocation into starch, but also because of reduced allocation into structural components. Moreover, mutants deficient in the plant's circadian system showed considerable changes in their carbon partitioning pattern suggesting control by the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kölling
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Thalmann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Müller
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Camilla Jenny
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH ZurichUniversitätstrasse 2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: S. C. Zeeman. Fax: +41 (0)44 632 8275; e-mail:
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30
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Vanhaeren H, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. A Journey Through a Leaf: Phenomics Analysis of Leaf Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2015; 13:e0181. [PMID: 26217168 PMCID: PMC4513694 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, leaves contribute to the largest part of the aboveground biomass. In these organs, light is captured and converted into chemical energy, which plants use to grow and complete their life cycle. Leaves emerge as a small pool of cells at the vegetative shoot apical meristem and develop into planar, complex organs through different interconnected cellular events. Over the last decade, numerous phenotyping techniques have been developed to visualize and quantify leaf size and growth, leading to the identification of numerous genes that contribute to the final size of leaves. In this review, we will start at the Arabidopsis rosette level and gradually zoom in from a macroscopic view on leaf growth to a microscopic and molecular view. Along this journey, we describe different techniques that have been key to identify important events during leaf development and discuss approaches that will further help unraveling the complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie leaf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Vanhaeren
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
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31
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Suzuki Y, Arae T, Green PJ, Yamaguchi J, Chiba Y. AtCCR4a and AtCCR4b are Involved in Determining the Poly(A) Length of Granule-bound starch synthase 1 Transcript and Modulating Sucrose and Starch Metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:863-74. [PMID: 25630334 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Removing the poly(A) tail is the first and rate-limiting step of mRNA degradation and apparently an effective step not only for modulating mRNA stability but also for translation of many eukaryotic transcripts. Carbon catabolite repressor 4 (CCR4) has been identified as a major cytoplasmic deadenylase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of the yeast CCR4, AtCCR4a and AtCCR4b, were identified by sequence-based analysis; however, their role and physiological significance in plants remain to be elucidated. In this study, we revealed that AtCCR4a and AtCCR4b are localized to cytoplasmic mRNA processing bodies, which are specific granules consisting of many enzymes involved in mRNA turnover. Double mutants of AtCCR4a and AtCCR4b exhibited tolerance to sucrose application but not to glucose. The levels of sucrose in the seedlings of the atccr4a/4b double mutants were reduced, whereas no difference was observed in glucose levels. Further, amylose levels were slightly but significantly increased in the atccr4a/4b double mutants. Consistent with this observation, we found that the transcript encoding granule-bound starch synthase 1 (GBSS1), which is responsible for amylose synthesis, is accumulated to a higher level in the atccr4a/4b double mutant plants than in the control plants. Moreover, we revealed that GBSS1 has a longer poly(A) tail in the double mutant than in the control plant, suggesting that AtCCR4a and AtCCR4b can influence the poly(A) length of transcripts related to starch metabolism. Our results collectively suggested that AtCCR4a and AtCCR4b are involved in sucrose and starch metabolism in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Arae
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Pamela J Green
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Yukako Chiba
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi, 332-0012 Japan
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Seung D, Soyk S, Coiro M, Maier BA, Eicke S, Zeeman SC. PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH is required for localising GRANULE-BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE to starch granules and for normal amylose synthesis in Arabidopsis. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002080. [PMID: 25710501 PMCID: PMC4339375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestication of starch crops underpinned the development of human civilisation, yet we still do not fully understand how plants make starch. Starch is composed of glucose polymers that are branched (amylopectin) or linear (amylose). The amount of amylose strongly influences the physico-chemical behaviour of starchy foods during cooking and of starch mixtures in non-food manufacturing processes. The GRANULE-BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS) is the glucosyltransferase specifically responsible for elongating amylose polymers and was the only protein known to be required for its biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrate that PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH (PTST) is also specifically required for amylose synthesis in Arabidopsis. PTST is a plastidial protein possessing an N-terminal coiled coil domain and a C-terminal carbohydrate binding module (CBM). We discovered that Arabidopsis ptst mutants synthesise amylose-free starch and are phenotypically similar to mutants lacking GBSS. Analysis of granule-bound proteins showed a dramatic reduction of GBSS protein in ptst mutant starch granules. Pull-down assays with recombinant proteins in vitro, as well as immunoprecipitation assays in planta, revealed that GBSS physically interacts with PTST via a coiled coil. Furthermore, we show that the CBM domain of PTST, which mediates its interaction with starch granules, is also required for correct GBSS localisation. Fluorescently tagged Arabidopsis GBSS, expressed either in tobacco or Arabidopsis leaves, required the presence of Arabidopsis PTST to localise to starch granules. Mutation of the CBM of PTST caused GBSS to remain in the plastid stroma. PTST fulfils a previously unknown function in targeting GBSS to starch. This sheds new light on the importance of targeting biosynthetic enzymes to sub-cellular sites where their action is required. Importantly, PTST represents a promising new gene target for the biotechnological modification of starch composition, as it is exclusively involved in amylose synthesis. The biosynthesis of starch in plant chloroplasts depends on a novel protein that targets starch synthase to the growing starch granules; this represents a potential target for the biotechnological modification of starch. Read the Synopsis. Starch plays a vital role in our everyday lives. It is not only a major dietary carbohydrate, but is also used to manufacture household products such as pharmaceuticals, paper, and textiles. Plants produce starch as a means of storing energy; it is composed of two glucose polymers—amylopectin and amylose. While amylose is present in a smaller quantity than amylopectin, it has a major impact on starch processing. Being able to control the amount of amylose is therefore a goal for biotechnology. Amylose is made by the enzyme GRANULE BOUND STARCH SYNTHASE (GBSS), which was for decades believed to be the only protein required for amylose production. We now report here that a second protein, PROTEIN TARGETING TO STARCH (PTST), is involved in the process. Mutants lacking the PTST protein in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana fail to make any amylose in starch. This is because the GBSS protein, which normally binds to starch, cannot bind in the absence of PTST. This discovery sheds new light on a previously unknown protein targeting process by which enzymes are delivered to the starch. Furthermore, our discovery highlights PTST an ideal target gene for biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seung
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Soyk
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Coiro
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Pfister B, Lu KJ, Eicke S, Feil R, Lunn JE, Streb S, Zeeman SC. Genetic Evidence That Chain Length and Branch Point Distributions Are Linked Determinants of Starch Granule Formation in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1457-1474. [PMID: 24965177 PMCID: PMC4119031 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.241455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The major component of starch is the branched glucan amylopectin. Structural features of amylopectin, such as the branching pattern and the chain length distribution, are thought to be key factors that enable it to form semicrystalline starch granules. We varied both structural parameters by creating Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants lacking combinations of starch synthases (SSs) SS1, SS2, and SS3 (to vary chain lengths) and the debranching enzyme ISOAMYLASE1-ISOAMYLASE2 (ISA; to alter branching pattern). The isa mutant accumulates primarily phytoglycogen in leaf mesophyll cells, with only small amounts of starch in other cell types (epidermis and bundle sheath cells). This balance can be significantly shifted by mutating different SSs. Mutation of SS1 promoted starch synthesis, restoring granules in mesophyll cell plastids. Mutation of SS2 decreased starch synthesis, abolishing granules in epidermal and bundle sheath cells. Thus, the types of SSs present affect the crystallinity and thus the solubility of the glucans made, compensating for or compounding the effects of an aberrant branching pattern. Interestingly, ss2 mutant plants contained small amounts of phytoglycogen in addition to aberrant starch. Likewise, ss2ss3 plants contained phytoglycogen, but were almost devoid of glucan despite retaining other SS isoforms. Surprisingly, glucan production was restored in the ss2ss3isa triple mutants, indicating that SS activity in ss2ss3 per se is not limiting but that the isoamylase suppresses glucan accumulation. We conclude that loss of only SSs can cause phytoglycogen production. This is readily degraded by isoamylase and other enzymes so it does not accumulate and was previously unnoticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pfister
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.P., K.-J.L., S.E., S.S., S.C.Z.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (R.F., J.E.L.)
| | - Kuan-Jen Lu
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.P., K.-J.L., S.E., S.S., S.C.Z.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (R.F., J.E.L.)
| | - Simona Eicke
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.P., K.-J.L., S.E., S.S., S.C.Z.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (R.F., J.E.L.)
| | - Regina Feil
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.P., K.-J.L., S.E., S.S., S.C.Z.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (R.F., J.E.L.)
| | - John E Lunn
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.P., K.-J.L., S.E., S.S., S.C.Z.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (R.F., J.E.L.)
| | - Sebastian Streb
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.P., K.-J.L., S.E., S.S., S.C.Z.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (R.F., J.E.L.)
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland (B.P., K.-J.L., S.E., S.S., S.C.Z.); andMax Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany (R.F., J.E.L.)
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Wang W, Liu G, Niu H, Timko MP, Zhang H. The F-box protein COI1 functions upstream of MYB305 to regulate primary carbohydrate metabolism in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. TN90). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2147-60. [PMID: 24604735 PMCID: PMC3991746 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonate (JA) plays an important role in regulating plant male fertility and secondary metabolism, but its role in regulating primary metabolism remains unclear. The F-box protein CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1) is a critical component of the JA receptor, and mediates JA-signalling by targeting JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins for proteasomal degradation in response to JA perception. Here, we found that RNA interference-mediated knockdown of NtCOI1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. TN90) recapitulated many previously observed phenotypes in coi1 mutants, including male sterility, JA insensitivity, and loss of floral anthocyanin production. It also affected starch metabolism in the pollen, anther wall, and floral nectary, leading to pollen abortion and loss of floral nectar. Transcript levels of genes encoding starch metabolism enzymes were significantly altered in the pollen, anther wall, and floral nectary of NtCOI1-silenced tobacco. Changes in leaf primary metabolism were also observed in the NtCOI1-silenced tobacco. The expression of NtMYB305, an orthologue of MYB305 previously identified as a flavonoid metabolic regulator in Antirrhinum majus flowers and as a floral-nectar regulator mediating starch synthesis in ornamental tobacco, was extremely downregulated in NtCOI1-silenced tobacco. These findings suggest that NtCOI1 functions upstream of NtMYB305 and plays a fundamental role in coordinating plant primary carbohydrate metabolism and correlative physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Guanshan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Haixia Niu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Michael P. Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
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Streb S, Zeeman SC. Replacement of the endogenous starch debranching enzymes ISA1 and ISA2 of Arabidopsis with the rice orthologs reveals a degree of functional conservation during starch synthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92174. [PMID: 24642810 PMCID: PMC3958451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the interchangeability of enzymes in starch metabolism between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plant species. Amylopectin - a branched glucose polymer - is the major component of starch and is responsible for its semi-crystalline property. Plants synthesize starch with distinct amylopectin structures, varying between species and tissues. The structure determines starch properties, an important characteristic for cooking and nutrition, and for the industrial uses of starch. Amylopectin synthesis involves at least three enzyme classes: starch synthases, branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. For all three classes, several enzyme isoforms have been identified. However, it is not clear which enzyme(s) are responsible for the large diversity of amylopectin structures. Here, we tested whether the specificities of the debranching enzymes (ISA1 and ISA2) are major determinants of species-dependent differences in amylopectin structure by replacing the dicotyledonous Arabidopsis isoamylases (AtISA1 and AtISA2) with the monocotyledonous rice (Oryza sativa) isoforms. We demonstrate that the ISA1 and ISA2 are sufficiently well conserved between these species to form heteromultimeric chimeric Arabidopsis/rice isoamylase enzymes. Furthermore, we were able to reconstitute the endosperm-specific rice OsISA1 homomultimeric complex in Arabidopsis isa1isa2 mutants. This homomultimer was able to facilitate normal rates of starch synthesis. The resulting amylopectin structure had small but significant differences in comparison to wild-type Arabidopsis amylopectin. This suggests that ISA1 and ISA2 have a conserved function between plant species with a major role in facilitating the crystallization of pre-amylopectin synthesized by starch synthases and branching enzymes, but also influencing the final structure of amylopectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Streb
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute for Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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