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Scaria SM, Frumm SM, Vikram EP, Easow SA, Sheth AH, Shamir ER, Yu SK, Tward AD. Epimorphic regeneration in the mammalian tympanic membrane. NPJ Regen Med 2023; 8:58. [PMID: 37852984 PMCID: PMC10584978 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult mammals are generally believed to have limited ability to regenerate complex tissues and instead, repair wounds by forming scars. In humans and across mammalian species, the tympanic membrane (TM) rapidly repairs perforations without intervention. Using mouse models, we demonstrate that the TM repairs itself through a process that bears many hallmarks of epimorphic regeneration rather than typical wound healing. Following injury, the TM forms a wound epidermis characterized by EGFR ligand expression and signaling. After the expansion of the wound epidermis that emerges from known stem cell regions of the TM, a multi-lineage blastema-like cellular mass is recruited. After two weeks, the tissue architecture of the TM is largely restored, but with disorganized collagen. In the months that follow, the organized and patterned collagen framework of the TM is restored resulting in scar-free repair. Finally, we demonstrate that deletion of Egfr in the epidermis results in failure to expand the wound epidermis, recruit the blastema-like cells, and regenerate normal TM structure. This work establishes the TM as a model of mammalian complex tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia M Scaria
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Stacey M Frumm
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ellee P Vikram
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sarah A Easow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Amar H Sheth
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Eliah R Shamir
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Shengyang Kevin Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Aaron D Tward
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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2
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Li C. Deer antler renewal gives insights into mammalian epimorphic regeneration. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 37490254 PMCID: PMC10368610 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Deer antlers are the only known mammalian organ that, once lost, can fully grow back naturally. Hence, the antler offers a unique opportunity to learn how nature has solved the problem of mammalian epimorphic regeneration (EpR). Comprehensive comparisons amongst different types of EpR reveal that antler renewal is fundamentally different from that in lower vertebrates such as regeneration of the newt limb. Surprisingly, antler renewal is comparable to wound healing over a stump of regeneration-incompetent digit/limb, bone fracture repair, and to a lesser extent to digit tip regeneration in mammals. Common to all these mammalian cases of reaction to the amputation/mechanical trauma is the response of the periosteal cells at the distal end/injury site with formation of a circumferential cartilaginous callus (CCC). Interestingly, whether the CCC can proceed to the next stage to transform to a blastema fully depends on the presence of an interactive partner. The actual form of the partner can vary in different cases with the nail organ in digit tip EpR, the opposing callus in bone fracture repair, and the closely associated enveloping skin in antler regeneration. Due to absence of such an interactive partner, the CCC of a mouse/rat digit/limb stump becomes involuted gradually. Based on these discoveries, we created an interactive partner for the rat digit/limb stump through surgically removal of the interposing layers of loose connective tissue and muscle between the resultant CCC and the enveloping skin after amputation and by forcefully bonding two tissue types tightly together. In so doing partial regeneration of the limb stump occurred. In summary, if EpR in humans is to be realized, then I envisage that it would be more likely in a manner akin to antler regeneration rather to that of lower vertebrates such as newt limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Li
- Institute of Antler Science and Product Technology, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, 130600, China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Deer Antler Biology, Changchun, 130600, China.
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130000, China.
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3
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Castilla-Ibeas A, Zdral S, Galán L, Haro E, Allou L, Campa VM, Icardo JM, Mundlos S, Oberg KC, Ros MA. Failure of digit tip regeneration in the absence of Lmx1b suggests Lmx1b functions disparate from dorsoventral polarity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111975. [PMID: 36641754 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian digit tip regeneration is linked to the presence of nail tissue, but a nail-explicit model is missing. Here, we report that nail-less double-ventral digits of ΔLARM1/2 mutants that lack limb-specific Lmx1b enhancers fail to regenerate. To separate the nail's effect from the lack of dorsoventral (DV) polarity, we also interrogate double-dorsal double-nail digits and show that they regenerate. Thus, DV polarity is not a prerequisite for regeneration, and the nail requirement is supported. Transcriptomic comparison between wild-type and non-regenerative ΔLARM1/2 mutant blastemas reveals differential upregulation of vascularization and connective tissue functional signatures in wild type versus upregulation of inflammation in the mutant. These results, together with the finding of Lmx1b expression in the postnatal dorsal dermis underneath the nail and uniformly in the regenerative blastema, open the possibility of additional Lmx1b roles in digit tip regeneration, in addition to the indirect effect of mediating the formation of the nail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Castilla-Ibeas
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC; CSIC-SODERCAN-UC), Santander, Spain
| | - Sofía Zdral
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC; CSIC-SODERCAN-UC), Santander, Spain
| | - Laura Galán
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC; CSIC-SODERCAN-UC), Santander, Spain
| | - Endika Haro
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC; CSIC-SODERCAN-UC), Santander, Spain
| | - Lila Allou
- RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Víctor M Campa
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC; CSIC-SODERCAN-UC), Santander, Spain
| | - Jose M Icardo
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerby C Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Marian A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC; CSIC-SODERCAN-UC), Santander, Spain.
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4
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Jaramillo J, Taylor C, McCarley R, Berger M, Busse E, Sammarco MC. Oxaloacetate enhances and accelerates regeneration in young mice by promoting proliferation and mineralization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1117836. [PMID: 36910154 PMCID: PMC9999028 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1117836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell metabolism coordinates the biochemical reactions that produce carbon and ATP in order for the cell to proliferate, differentiate, and respond to environmental changes. Cell type determines metabolic demand, so proliferating skeletal progenitors and differentiated osteoblasts exhibit different levels of cell metabolism. Limb regeneration is an energetically demanding process that involves multiple types of tissues and cell functions over time. Dysregulation of cell metabolism in aged mice results in impaired regeneration, a defect that can be rescued in part by the administration of oxaloacetate (OAA). A better understanding of how cell metabolism regulates regeneration in general, and how these changes can be modulated to benefit potential regenerative strategies in the future is needed. Here we sought to better understand the effects of OAA on young mice and determine whether the same mechanism could be tapped to improve regeneration without an aged-defect. We also asked which dosing time periods were most impactful for promoting regenerative outcomes, and whether these effects were sustained after dosing was stopped. Consistent with our findings in aged mice we found that OAA enhanced regeneration by accelerating bone growth, even beyond control measures, by increasing trabecular thickness, decreasing trabecular spacing, and improving the patterning by decreasing the taper, making the regenerated bone more like an unamputated digit. Our data suggests that the decrease in spacing, an improvement over aged mice, may be due to a decrease in hypoxia-driven vasculature. Our findings suggest that OAA, and similar metabolites, may be a strong tool to promote regenerative strategies and investigate the mechanisms that link cell metabolism and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue Jaramillo
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Caroline Taylor
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Rachel McCarley
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Melissa Berger
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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5
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Aztekin C, Storer MA. To regenerate or not to regenerate: Vertebrate model organisms of regeneration-competency and -incompetency. Wound Repair Regen 2022; 30:623-635. [PMID: 35192230 PMCID: PMC7613846 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Why only certain species can regenerate their appendages (e.g. tails and limbs) remains one of the biggest mysteries of nature. Unlike anuran tadpoles and salamanders, humans and other mammals cannot regenerate their limbs, but can only regrow lost digit tips under specific circumstances. Numerous hypotheses have been postulated to explain regeneration-incompetency in mammals. By studying model organisms that show varying regenerative abilities, we now have more opportunities to uncover what contributes to regeneration-incompetency and functionally test which perturbations restore appendage regrowth. Particularly, Xenopus laevis tail and limb, and mouse digit tip model systems exhibit naturally occurring variations in regenerative capacities. Here, we discuss major hypotheses that are suggested to contribute to regeneration-incompetency, and how species with varying regenerative abilities reflect on these hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- School of Life SciencesSwiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne
| | - Mekayla A. Storer
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience and Wellcome‐MRC Cambridge Stem Cell InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridge
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6
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Tower RJ, Bancroft AC, Chowdary AR, Barnes S, Edwards NJ, Pagani CA, Dawson LA, Levi B. Single-cell mapping of regenerative and fibrotic healing responses after musculoskeletal injury. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:2334-2348. [PMID: 36150381 PMCID: PMC9561541 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
After injury, a cascade of events repairs the damaged tissue, including expansion and differentiation of the progenitor pool and redeposition of matrix. To guide future wound regeneration strategies, we compared single-cell sequencing of regenerative (third phalangeal element [P3]) and fibrotic (second phalangeal element [P2]) digit tip amputation (DTA) models as well as traumatic heterotopic ossification (HO; aberrant). Analyses point to a common initial response to injury, including expansion of progenitors, redeposition of matrix, and activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and WNT pathways. Surprisingly, fibrotic P2 DTA showed greater transcriptional similarity to HO than to regenerative P3 DTA, suggesting that gene expression more strongly correlates with healing outcome than with injury type or cell origin. Differential analysis and immunostaining revealed altered activation of inflammatory pathways, such as the complement pathway, in the progenitor cells. These data suggests that common pathways are activated in response to damage but are fine tuned within each injury. Modulating these pathways may shift the balance toward regenerative outcomes. Regenerative and fibrotic injuries share common early response mechanisms Transcriptomes correlate with healing outcome more than injury type or cell source Matrix composition after injury-induced tissue repair is highly injury type dependent Inflammatory cascades are activated in immune and mesenchymal cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Tower
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Alec C Bancroft
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ashish R Chowdary
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Spencer Barnes
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Bioinformatics Core, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nicole J Edwards
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chase A Pagani
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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7
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Johnston APW, Miller FD. The Contribution of Innervation to Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a041233. [PMID: 35667791 PMCID: PMC9438784 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animals such as amphibians have an incredible capacity for regeneration with some being able to regrow their tail or appendages. Although some mammalian tissues like the skin and bones can repair following injury, there are only a few examples of true multilineage regeneration, including the distal portion of the digit tip. In both amphibians and mammals, however, to achieve successful repair or regeneration, it is now appreciated that intact nerve innervation is a necessity. Here, we review the current state of literature and discuss recent advances that identify axon-derived signals, Schwann cells, and nerve-derived mesenchymal cells as direct and indirect supporters of adult tissue homeostasis and repair. We posit that understanding how nerves positively influence repair and regeneration could lead to targeted regenerative medicine strategies to enhance tissue repair in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P W Johnston
- Department of Applied Human Sciences; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Michael Smith Laboratories; Department of Medical Genetics; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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8
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Tower RJ, Busse E, Jaramillo J, Lacey M, Hoffseth K, Guntur AR, Simkin J, Sammarco MC. Spatial transcriptomics reveals metabolic changes underly age-dependent declines in digit regeneration. eLife 2022; 11:71542. [PMID: 35616636 PMCID: PMC9135401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.71542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo limb regeneration after amputation is restricted in mammals to the distal digit tip. Central to this regenerative process is the blastema, a heterogeneous population of lineage-restricted, dedifferentiated cells that ultimately orchestrates regeneration of the amputated bone and surrounding soft tissue. To investigate skeletal regeneration, we made use of spatial transcriptomics to characterize the transcriptional profile specifically within the blastema. Using this technique, we generated a gene signature with high specificity for the blastema in both our spatial data, as well as other previously published single-cell RNA-sequencing transcriptomic studies. To elucidate potential mechanisms distinguishing regenerative from non-regenerative healing, we applied spatial transcriptomics to an aging model. Consistent with other forms of repair, our digit amputation mouse model showed a significant impairment in regeneration in aged mice. Contrasting young and aged mice, spatial analysis revealed a metabolic shift in aged blastema associated with an increased bioenergetic requirement. This enhanced metabolic turnover was associated with increased hypoxia and angiogenic signaling, leading to excessive vascularization and altered regenerated bone architecture in aged mice. Administration of the metabolite oxaloacetate decreased the oxygen consumption rate of the aged blastema and increased WNT signaling, leading to enhanced in vivo bone regeneration. Thus, targeting cell metabolism may be a promising strategy to mitigate aging-induced declines in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Tower
- Department of Orthopaedics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, United States
| | - Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Josue Jaramillo
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Kevin Hoffseth
- Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, United States
| | - Anyonya R Guntur
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, United States
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, United States
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9
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Normal embryonic development and neonatal digit regeneration in mice overexpressing a stem cell factor, Sall4. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267273. [PMID: 35482646 PMCID: PMC9049339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sall4 encodes a transcription factor and is known to participate in the pluripotency network of embryonic stem cells. Sall4 expression is known to be high in early stage post-implantation mouse embryos. During early post-gastrulation stages, Sall4 is highly expressed in the tail bud and distal limb buds, where progenitor cells are maintained in an undifferentiated status. The expression of Sall4 is rapidly downregulated during embryonic development. We previously demonstrated that Sall4 is required for limb and posterior axial skeleton development by conditional deletion of Sall4 in the T (Brachyury) lineage. To gain insight into Sall4 functions in embryonic development and postnatal digit regeneration, we genetically overexpressed Sall4 in the mesodermal lineage by the TCre transgene and a novel knockin allele of Rosa26-loxP-stop-loxP-Sall4. In significant contrast to severe defects by Sall4 loss of function reported in previous studies, overexpression of Sall4 resulted in normal morphology and pattern in embryos and neonates. The length of limb long bones showed subtle reduction in Sall4-overexpression mice. It is known that the digit tip of neonatal mice has level-specific regenerative ability after experimental amputation. We observed Sall4 expression in the digit tip by using a sensitive Sall4-LacZ knock-in reporter expression. Sall4 overexpression did not alter the regenerative ability of the terminal phalange that normally regenerates after amputation. Moreover, Sall4 overexpression did not confer regenerative ability to the second phalange that normally does not regenerate after amputation. These genetic experiments show that overexpression of Sall4 does not alter the development of the appendicular and axial skeleton, or neonatal digit regeneration. The results suggest that Sall4 acts as a permissive factor rather than playing an instructive role.
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10
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Dolan CP, Imholt F, Yan M, Yang TJ, Gregory J, Qureshi O, Zimmel K, Sherman KM, Smith HM, Falck A, Leininger E, Yu L, Brunauer R, Suva LJ, Gaddy D, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Digit specific denervation does not inhibit mouse digit tip regeneration. Dev Biol 2022; 486:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Dolan CP, Imholt F, Yang TJ, Bokhari R, Gregory J, Yan M, Qureshi O, Zimmel K, Sherman KM, Falck A, Yu L, Leininger E, Brunauer R, Suva LJ, Gaddy D, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Mouse Digit Tip Regeneration Is Mechanical Load Dependent. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:312-322. [PMID: 34783092 PMCID: PMC9400037 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amputation of the mouse digit tip results in blastema-mediated regeneration. In this model, new bone regenerates de novo to lengthen the amputated stump bone, resulting in a functional replacement of the terminal phalangeal element along with associated non-skeletal tissues. Physiological examples of bone repair, such as distraction osteogenesis and fracture repair, are well known to require mechanical loading. However, the role of mechanical loading during mammalian digit tip regeneration is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that reducing mechanical loading inhibits blastema formation by attenuating bone resorption and wound closure, resulting in the complete inhibition of digit regeneration. Mechanical unloading effects on wound healing and regeneration are completely reversible when mechanical loading is restored. Mechanical unloading after blastema formation results in a reduced rate of de novo bone formation, demonstrating mechanical load dependence of the bone regenerative response. Moreover, enhancing the wound-healing response of mechanically unloaded digits with the cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive Dermabond improves wound closure and partially rescues digit tip regeneration. Taken together, these results demonstrate that mammalian digit tip regeneration is mechanical load-dependent. Given that human fingertip regeneration shares many characteristics with the mouse digit tip, these results identify mechanical load as a previously unappreciated requirement for de novo bone regeneration in humans. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,DoD-VA Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Felisha Imholt
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Tae-Jung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rihana Bokhari
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Joshua Gregory
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Osama Qureshi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kirby M Sherman
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa Falck
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Eric Leininger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Regina Brunauer
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Dana Gaddy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
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12
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Abrams MJ, Tan FH, Li Y, Basinger T, Heithe ML, Sarma A, Lee IT, Condiotte ZJ, Raffiee M, Dabiri JO, Gold DA, Goentoro L. A conserved strategy for inducing appendage regeneration in moon jellyfish, Drosophila, and mice. eLife 2021; 10:65092. [PMID: 34874003 PMCID: PMC8782573 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Can limb regeneration be induced? Few have pursued this question, and an evolutionarily conserved strategy has yet to emerge. This study reports a strategy for inducing regenerative response in appendages, which works across three species that span the animal phylogeny. In Cnidaria, the frequency of appendage regeneration in the moon jellyfish Aurelia was increased by feeding with the amino acid L-leucine and the growth hormone insulin. In insects, the same strategy induced tibia regeneration in adult Drosophila. Finally, in mammals, L-leucine and sucrose administration induced digit regeneration in adult mice, including dramatically from mid-phalangeal amputation. The conserved effect of L-leucine and insulin/sugar suggests a key role for energetic parameters in regeneration induction. The simplicity by which nutrient supplementation can induce appendage regeneration provides a testable hypothesis across animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Abrams
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Fayth Hui Tan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Yutian Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Ty Basinger
- Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, United States
| | - Martin L Heithe
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Anish Sarma
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Iris T Lee
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Zevin J Condiotte
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Misha Raffiee
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Paolo Alto, United States
| | - John O Dabiri
- Graduate Aerospace Laboratories and Mechanical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - David A Gold
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Lea Goentoro
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
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13
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Hoffseth K, Busse E, Jaramillo J, Simkin J, Lacey M, Sammarco MC. Age-Dependent Changes in Bone Architecture, Patterning, and Biomechanics During Skeletal Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:749055. [PMID: 34722531 PMCID: PMC8548682 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.749055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse digit amputation provides a useful model of bone growth after injury, in that the injury promotes intramembranous bone formation in an adult animal. The digit tip is composed of skin, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and tendons, all of which regenerate after digit tip amputation, making it a powerful model for multi-tissue regeneration. Bone integrity relies upon a balanced remodeling between bone resorption and formation, which, when disrupted, results in changes to bone architecture and biomechanics, particularly during aging. In this study, we used recently developed techniques to evaluate bone patterning differences between young and aged regenerated bone. This analysis suggests that aged mice have altered trabecular spacing and patterning and increased mineral density of the regenerated bone. To further characterize the biomechanics of regenerated bone, we measured elasticity using a micro-computed tomography image-processing method combined with nanoindentation. This analysis suggests that the regenerated bone demonstrates decreased elasticity compared with the uninjured bone, but there is no significant difference in elasticity between aged and young regenerated bone. These data highlight distinct architectural and biomechanical differences in regenerated bone in both young and aged mice and provide a new analysis tool for the digit amputation model to aid in evaluating the outcomes for potential therapeutic treatments to promote regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hoffseth
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Emily Busse
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Josue Jaramillo
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Department of Mathematics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mimi C. Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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14
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Storer MA, Miller FD. A finger on the pulse of regeneration: insights into the cellular mechanisms of adult digit tip regeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 70:1-6. [PMID: 34044269 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, multi-tissue regeneration is largely restricted to the distal portion of the digit tip and involves the formation of a blastema, a transient, proliferating cell mass that reforms the diverse tissues of the digit. Historically little was known about the mammalian blastema but with recent advances in single cell transcriptomic approaches and genetic lineage tracing, a more precise understanding of this critical structure has begun to emerge. In this review we summarise the cellular mechanisms underlying adult mammalian digit tip regeneration. We posit that understanding how some mammals naturally regenerate complex tissues will lead to strategies for enhancing regenerative abilities in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekayla A Storer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Freda D Miller
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 Canada.
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15
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Xu H, Zhang H, Fang Y, Yang H, Chen Y, Zhang C, Lin G. Activation of the Melanocortin-4 receptor signaling by α-MSH stimulates nerve-dependent mouse digit regeneration. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 10:19. [PMID: 33937937 PMCID: PMC8089069 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of Mc4r in peripheral organs indicates it has broader roles in organ homeostasis and regeneration. However, the expression and function of Mc4r in the mouse limb and digit has not been fully investigated. Our previous work showed that Mc4r-/- mice fail to regenerate the digit, but whether activation of MC4R signaling could rescue digit regeneration, or stimulate proximal digit regeneration is not clear. RESULTS We analyzed the expression dynamics of Mc4r in the embryonic and postnatal mouse limb and digit using the Mc4r-gfp mice. We found that Mc4r-GFP is mainly expressed in the limb nerves, and in the limb muscles that are undergoing secondary myogenesis. Expression of Mc4r-GFP in the adult mouse digit is restricted to the nail matrix. We also examined the effect of α-MSH on mouse digit regeneration. We found that administration of α-MSH in the Mc4r+/- mice rescue the delayed regeneration of distal digit tip. α-MSH could rescue distal digit regeneration in denervated hindlimbs. In addition, α-MSH could stimulate regeneration of the proximally amputated digit, which is non-regenerative. CONCLUSIONS Mc4r expression in the mouse limb and digit is closely related to nerve tissues, and α-MSH/MC4R signaling has a neurotrophic role in mouse digit tip regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiran Yang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gufa Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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16
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The Potential of Nail Mini-Organ Stem Cells in Skin, Nail and Digit Tips Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062864. [PMID: 33799809 PMCID: PMC7998429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nails are highly keratinized skin appendages that exhibit continuous growth under physiological conditions and full regeneration upon removal. These mini-organs are maintained by two autonomous populations of skin stem cells. The fast-cycling, highly proliferative stem cells of the nail matrix (nail stem cells (NSCs)) predominantly replenish the nail plate. Furthermore, the slow-cycling population of the nail proximal fold (nail proximal fold stem cells (NPFSCs)) displays bifunctional properties by contributing to the peri-nail epidermis under the normal homeostasis and the nail structure upon injury. Here, we discuss nail mini-organ stem cells’ location and their role in skin and nail homeostasis and regeneration, emphasizing their importance to orchestrate the whole digit tip regeneration. Such endogenous regeneration capabilities are observed in rodents and primates. However, they are limited to the region adjacent to the nail’s proximal area, indicating the crucial role of nail mini-organ stem cells in digit restoration. Further, we explore the molecular characteristics of nail mini-organ stem cells and the critical role of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways in homeostatic nail growth and digit restoration. Finally, we investigate the latest accomplishments in stimulating regenerative responses in regeneration-incompetent injuries. These pioneer results might open up new opportunities to overcome amputated mammalian digits and limbs’ regenerative failures in the future.
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17
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Storer MA, Miller FD. Cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate mammalian digit tip regeneration. Open Biol 2020; 10:200194. [PMID: 32993414 PMCID: PMC7536070 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Digit tip regeneration is one of the few examples of true multi-tissue regeneration in an adult mammal. The key step in this process is the formation of the blastema, a transient proliferating cell mass that generates the different cell types of the digit to replicate the original structure. Failure to form the blastema results in a lack of regeneration and has been postulated to be the reason why mammalian limbs cannot regrow following amputation. Understanding how the blastema forms and functions will help us to determine what is required for mammalian regeneration to occur and will provide insights into potential therapies for mammalian tissue regeneration and repair. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms that influence murine blastema formation and govern digit tip regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekayla A Storer
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada M5G 1L7.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 1A8
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18
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Storer MA, Mahmud N, Karamboulas K, Borrett MJ, Yuzwa SA, Gont A, Androschuk A, Sefton MV, Kaplan DR, Miller FD. Acquisition of a Unique Mesenchymal Precursor-like Blastema State Underlies Successful Adult Mammalian Digit Tip Regeneration. Dev Cell 2020; 52:509-524.e9. [PMID: 31902657 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here, we investigate the origin and nature of blastema cells that regenerate the adult murine digit tip. We show that Pdgfra-expressing mesenchymal cells in uninjured digits establish the regenerative blastema and are essential for regeneration. Single-cell profiling shows that the mesenchymal blastema cells are distinct from both uninjured digit and embryonic limb or digit Pdgfra-positive cells. This unique blastema state is environmentally determined; dermal fibroblasts transplanted into the regenerative, but not non-regenerative, digit express blastema-state genes and contribute to bone regeneration. Moreover, lineage tracing with single-cell profiling indicates that endogenous osteoblasts or osteocytes acquire a blastema mesenchymal transcriptional state and contribute to both dermis and bone regeneration. Thus, mammalian digit tip regeneration occurs via a distinct adult mechanism where the regenerative environment promotes acquisition of a blastema state that enables cells from tissues such as bone to contribute to the regeneration of other mesenchymal tissues such as the dermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mekayla A Storer
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Neemat Mahmud
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Konstantina Karamboulas
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Michael J Borrett
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Scott A Yuzwa
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alexander Gont
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alaura Androschuk
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Michael V Sefton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - David R Kaplan
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada
| | - Freda D Miller
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1A8, Canada.
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19
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Sirtuin 3 deficiency does not impede digit regeneration in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16491. [PMID: 31712596 PMCID: PMC6848098 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is thought to be one of the main contributors to metabolic flexibility-promoting mitochondrial energy production and maintaining homeostasis. In bone, metabolic profiles are tightly regulated and the loss of SIRT3 has deleterious effects on bone volume in vivo and on osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Despite the prominent role of this protein in bone stem cell proliferation, metabolic activity, and differentiation, the importance of SIRT3 for regeneration after bone injury has never been reported. We show here, using the mouse digit amputation model, that SIRT3 deficiency has no impact on the regenerative capacity and architecture of bone and soft tissue. Regeneration occurs in SIRT3 deficient mice in spite of the reduced oxidative metabolic profile of the periosteal cells. These data suggest that bone regeneration, in contrast to homeostatic bone turnover, is not reliant upon active SIRT3, and our results highlight the need to examine known roles of SIRT3 in the context of injury.
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20
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Abstract
Deafness or hearing deficits are debilitating conditions. They are often caused by loss of sensory hair cells or defects in their function. In contrast to mammals, nonmammalian vertebrates robustly regenerate hair cells after injury. Studying the molecular and cellular basis of nonmammalian vertebrate hair cell regeneration provides valuable insights into developing cures for human deafness. In this review, we discuss the current literature on hair cell regeneration in the context of other models for sensory cell regeneration, such as the retina and the olfactory epithelium. This comparison reveals commonalities with, as well as differences between, the different regenerating systems, which begin to define a cellular and molecular blueprint of regeneration. In addition, we propose how new technical advances can address outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Denans
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA;
| | - Sungmin Baek
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA;
| | - Tatjana Piotrowski
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA;
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21
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Bone growth as the main determinant of mouse digit tip regeneration after amputation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9720. [PMID: 31273239 PMCID: PMC6609708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration is classically demonstrated in mammals using mice digit tip. In this study, we compared different amputation plans and show that distally amputated digits regrow with morphology close to normal but fail to regrow the fat pad. Proximally amputated digits do not regrow the phalangeal bone, but the remaining structures (nail, skin and connective tissue), all with intrinsic regenerative capacity, re-establishing integrity indistinguishably in distally and proximally amputated digits. Thus, we suggest that the bone growth promoted by signals and progenitor cells not removed by distal amputations is responsible for the re-establishment of a drastically different final morphology after distal or proximal digit tip amputations. Despite challenging the use of mouse digit tip as a model system for limb regeneration in mammals, these findings evidence a main role of bone growth in digit tip regeneration and suggest that mechanisms that promote joint structures formation should be the main goal of regenerative medicine for limb and digit regrowth.
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22
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Beyret E, Martinez Redondo P, Platero Luengo A, Izpisua Belmonte JC. Elixir of Life: Thwarting Aging With Regenerative Reprogramming. Circ Res 2019; 122:128-141. [PMID: 29301845 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.311866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
All living beings undergo systemic physiological decline after ontogeny, characterized as aging. Modern medicine has increased the life expectancy, yet this has created an aged society that has more predisposition to degenerative disorders. Therefore, novel interventions that aim to extend the healthspan in parallel to the life span are needed. Regeneration ability of living beings maintains their biological integrity and thus is the major leverage against aging. However, mammalian regeneration capacity is low and further declines during aging. Therefore, modalities that reinforce regeneration can antagonize aging. Recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine have shown that aging is not an irreversible process. Conversion of somatic cells to embryonic-like pluripotent cells demonstrated that the differentiated state and age of a cell is not fixed. Identification of the pluripotency-inducing factors subsequently ignited the idea that cellular features can be reprogrammed by defined factors that specify the desired outcome. The last decade consequently has witnessed a plethora of studies that modify cellular features including the hallmarks of aging in addition to cellular function and identity in a variety of cell types in vitro. Recently, some of these reprogramming strategies have been directly used in animal models in pursuit of rejuvenation and cell replacement. Here, we review these in vivo reprogramming efforts and discuss their potential use to extend the longevity by complementing or augmenting the regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ergin Beyret
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Paloma Martinez Redondo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Aida Platero Luengo
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.)
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- From the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Gene Expression Laboratory, La Jolla, CA (E.B., P.M.R., A.P.L., J.C.I.B.); and Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain (P.M.R.).
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23
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Mesenchymal Precursor Cells in Adult Nerves Contribute to Mammalian Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 24:240-256.e9. [PMID: 30503141 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral innervation plays an important role in regulating tissue repair and regeneration. Here we provide evidence that injured peripheral nerves provide a reservoir of mesenchymal precursor cells that can directly contribute to murine digit tip regeneration and skin repair. In particular, using single-cell RNA sequencing and lineage tracing, we identify transcriptionally distinct mesenchymal cell populations within the control and injured adult nerve, including neural crest-derived cells in the endoneurium with characteristics of mesenchymal precursor cells. Culture and transplantation studies show that these nerve-derived mesenchymal cells have the potential to differentiate into non-nerve lineages. Moreover, following digit tip amputation, neural crest-derived nerve mesenchymal cells contribute to the regenerative blastema and, ultimately, to the regenerated bone. Similarly, neural crest-derived nerve mesenchymal cells contribute to the dermis during skin wound healing. These findings support a model where peripheral nerves directly contribute mesenchymal precursor cells to promote repair and regeneration of injured mammalian tissues.
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24
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Dolan CP, Yan M, Zimmel K, Yang TJ, Leininger E, Dawson LA, Muneoka K. Axonal regrowth is impaired during digit tip regeneration in mice. Dev Biol 2018; 445:237-244. [PMID: 30458171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice are intrinsically capable of regenerating the tips of their digits after amputation. Mouse digit tip regeneration is reported to be a peripheral nerve-dependent event. However, it is presently unknown what types of nerves and Schwann cells innervate the digit tip, and to what extent these cells regenerate in association with the regenerative response. Given the necessity of peripheral nerves for mammalian regeneration, we investigated the neuroanatomy of the unamputated, regenerating, and regenerated mouse digit tip. Using immunohistochemistry for β-III-tubulin (β3T) or neurofilament H (NFH), substance P (SP), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), myelin protein zero (P0), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), we identified peripheral nerve axons (sensory and sympathetic), and myelinating- and non-myelinating-Schwann cells. Our findings show that the digit tip is innervated by two digital nerves that each bifurcate into a bone marrow (BM) and connective tissue (CT) branch. The BM branches are composed of sympathetic axons that are ensheathed by non-myelinating-Schwann cells whereas the CT branches are composed of sensory and sympathetic axons and are ensheathed by myelinating- and non-myelinating-Schwann cells. The regenerated digit neuroanatomy differs from unamputated digit in several key ways. First, there is 7.5 fold decrease in CT branch axons in the regenerated digit compared to the unampuated digit. Second, there is a 5.6 fold decrease in myelinating-Schwann cells in the regenerated digit compared to the unamputated digit that is consistent with the decrease in CT branch axons. Importantly, we also find that the central portion of the regenerating digit blastema is aneural, with axons and Schwann cells restricted to peripheral and distal blastema regions. Finally, we show that even with impaired innervation, digits maintain the ability to regenerate after re-amputation. Taken together, these data indicate that nerve regeneration is impaired in the context of mouse digit tip regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor P Dolan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Katherine Zimmel
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Tae-Jung Yang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Eric Leininger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Science and Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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25
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Zhang M, Chen Y, Xu H, Yang L, Yuan F, Li L, Xu Y, Chen Y, Zhang C, Lin G. Melanocortin Receptor 4 Signaling Regulates Vertebrate Limb Regeneration. Dev Cell 2018; 46:397-409.e5. [PMID: 30130530 PMCID: PMC6107305 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (Mc4r) plays a crucial role in the central control of energy homeostasis, but its role in peripheral organs has not been fully explored. We have investigated the roles of hypothalamus-mediated energy metabolism during Xenopus limb regeneration. We report that hypothalamus injury inhibits Xenopus tadpole limb regeneration. By loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies, we show that Mc4r signaling is required for limb regeneration in regeneration-competent tadpoles and stimulates limb regeneration in later-stage regeneration-defective tadpoles. It regulates limb regeneration through modulating energy homeostasis and ROS production. Even more interestingly, our results demonstrate that Mc4r signaling is regulated by innervation and α-MSH substitutes for the effect of nerves in limb regeneration. Mc4r signaling is also required for mouse digit regeneration. Thus, our findings link vertebrate limb regeneration with Mc4r-mediated energy homeostasis and provide a new avenue for understanding Mc4r signaling in the peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Youwei Chen
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Hanqian Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China; Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Lei Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Gufa Lin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China; Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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26
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Taghiyar L, Hosseini S, Safari F, Bagheri F, Fani N, Stoddart MJ, Alini M, Eslaminejad MB. New insight into functional limb regeneration: A to Z approaches. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1925-1943. [PMID: 30011424 DOI: 10.1002/term.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Limb/digit amputation is a common event in humans caused by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. Although the loss of a digit is not lethal, it affects quality of life and imposes high costs on amputees. In recent years, the increasing interest in limb regeneration has led to enhanced scientific knowledge. However, the limited ability to develop functional limb regeneration in the clinical setting suggests that a challenging issue remains in limb regeneration. Recently, the emergence of regenerative engineering is a promising field to address this challenge and close the gap between science and clinical applications. Cell signalling and molecular mechanisms involved in the limb regeneration process have been extensively studied; however, there is still insufficient data on cell therapy and tissue engineering for limb regeneration. In this review, we intend to focus on therapeutic approaches for limb regeneration that are closely related to gene, immune, and stem cell therapies, as well as tissue engineering approaches that take into consideration the peculiar developmental properties of the limbs. In addition, we attempt to identify the challenges of these strategies for limb regeneration studies in terms of clinical settings and as a road map to accomplish the goal of functional human limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Taghiyar
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseini
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Fani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Zhang M, Yang L, Yuan F, Chen Y, Lin G. Dicer inactivation stimulates limb regeneration ability in Xenopus laevis. Wound Repair Regen 2018; 26:46-53. [PMID: 29453851 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The ontogenetic decline of regeneration capacity in the anuran amphibian Xenopus makes it an excellent model for regeneration studies. However, the cause of the regeneration ability decline is not fully understood. MicroRNAs regulate animal development and have been indicated in various regeneration situations. However, little is known about the role of microRNAs during limb regeneration in Xenopus. This study investigates the effect of Dicer, an enzyme responsible for microRNA maturation, on limb development and regeneration in Xenopus. Dicer is expressed in the developing Xenopus limbs and is up-regulated after limb amputation during both regeneration-competent and regeneration-deficient stages of tadpole development. Inactivation of Dicer in early (NF stage 53) tadpole limb buds leads to shorter tibulare/fibulare formation but does not affect limb regeneration. However, in late-stage, regeneration-deficient tadpole limbs (NF stage 57), Dicer inactivation restores the regeneration blastema and stimulates limb regeneration. Thus, our results demonstrated that Xenopus limb regeneration can be stimulated by the inactivation of Dicer in nonregenerating tadpoles, indicating that microRNAs present in late-stage tadpole limbs may be involved in the ontogenetic decline of limb regeneration in Xenopus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshi Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Yuan
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Gufa Lin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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28
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Simkin J, Seifert AW. Concise Review: Translating Regenerative Biology into Clinically Relevant Therapies: Are We on the Right Path? Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 7:220-231. [PMID: 29271610 PMCID: PMC5788874 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite approaches in regenerative medicine using stem cells, bio‐engineered scaffolds, and targeted drug delivery to enhance human tissue repair, clinicians remain unable to regenerate large‐scale, multi‐tissue defects in situ. The study of regenerative biology using mammalian models of complex tissue regeneration offers an opportunity to discover key factors that stimulate a regenerative rather than fibrotic response to injury. For example, although primates and rodents can regenerate their distal digit tips, they heal more proximal amputations with scar tissue. Rabbits and African spiny mice re‐grow tissue to fill large musculoskeletal defects through their ear pinna, while other mammals fail to regenerate identical defects and instead heal ear holes through fibrotic repair. This Review explores the utility of these comparative healing models using the spiny mouse ear pinna and the mouse digit tip to consider how mechanistic insight into reparative regeneration might serve to advance regenerative medicine. Specifically, we consider how inflammation and immunity, extracellular matrix composition, and controlled cell proliferation intersect to establish a pro‐regenerative microenvironment in response to injuries. Understanding how some mammals naturally regenerate complex tissue can provide a blueprint for how we might manipulate the injury microenvironment to enhance regenerative abilities in humans. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2018;7:220–231
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ashley W Seifert
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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29
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Chen Y, Xu H, Lin G. Generation of iPSC-derived limb progenitor-like cells for stimulating phalange regeneration in the adult mouse. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17046. [PMID: 29263795 PMCID: PMC5735367 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity of digit tip regeneration observed both in rodents and humans establishes a foundation for promoting robust regeneration in mammals. However, stimulating regeneration at more proximal levels, such as the middle phalanges (P2) of the adult mouse, remains challenging. Having shown the effectiveness of transplantation of limb progenitor cells in stimulating limb regeneration in Xenopus, we are now applying the cell transplantation approach to the adult mouse. Here we report that both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived limb progenitor-like cells can promote adult mouse P2 regeneration. We have established a simple and efficient protocol for deriving limb progenitor-like cells from mouse iPSCs. iPSCs are cultured as three-dimensional fibrin bodies, followed by treatment with combinations of Fgf8, CHIR99021, Purmorphamine and SB43542 during differentiation. These iPSC-derived limb progenitor-like cells resemble embryonic limb mesenchyme cells in their expression of limb-related genes. After transplantation, the limb progenitor-like cells can promote adult mouse P2 regeneration, as embryonic limb bud cells do. Our results provide a basis for further developing progenitor cell-based approaches for improving regeneration in the adult mouse limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hanqian Xu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gufa Lin
- Department of Genetics Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Carr MJ, Johnston APW. Schwann cells as drivers of tissue repair and regeneration. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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31
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Marrero L, Dawson LA, Yan M, Tucker C, Cammack A, Muneoka K. Macrophages are required to coordinate mouse digit tip regeneration. Development 2017; 144:3907-3916. [PMID: 28935712 DOI: 10.1242/dev.150086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, macrophages are known to play a major role in tissue regeneration. They contribute to inflammation, histolysis, re-epithelialization, revascularization and cell proliferation. Macrophages have been shown to be essential for regeneration in salamanders and fish, but their role has not been elucidated in mammalian epimorphic regeneration. Here, using the regenerating mouse digit tip as a mammalian model, we demonstrate that macrophages are essential for the regeneration process. Using cell-depletion strategies, we show that regeneration is completely inhibited; bone histolysis does not occur, wound re-epithelialization is inhibited and the blastema does not form. Although rescue of epidermal wound closure in the absence of macrophages promotes blastema accumulation, it does not rescue cell differentiation, indicating that macrophages play a key role in the redifferentiation of the blastema. We provide additional evidence that although bone degradation is a component, it is not essential to the overall regenerative process. These findings show that macrophages play an essential role in coordinating the epimorphic regenerative response in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Luis Marrero
- Morphology and Imaging Core Laboratory, Louisiana Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Catherine Tucker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Alex Cammack
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA .,Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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32
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Chamberlain CS, Jeffery JJ, Leiferman EM, Yildirim T, Sun X, Baer GS, Murphy WL, Vanderby R. Level-specific amputations and resulting regenerative outcomes in the mouse distal phalanx. Wound Repair Regen 2017; 25:443-453. [PMID: 28493324 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse digit tip regeneration involves an intricate coordinated regrowth of the terminal phalanx, nail, dermis and epidermis. During this time, regenerating digits undergo wound healing, blastema formation, and differentiation. However, the regenerative response of the digit is dependent on the level of the amputation. Amputation of <30% of the distal phalanx (P3), with part of the base nail remaining, results in extensive digit regeneration. In contrast, >60% P3 removal results in no regeneration. This level-dependent regenerative ability of the mouse digit provides a comparative model between regeneration and non-regeneration that may enable identification of specific factors critical to regeneration. Although the ability to create regenerating and non-regenerating conditions has been well established, the regenerative response between these regions ("intermediate" zone) has received less scrutiny, and may add insight to the regenerative processes, including the degree of histolysis, and the level of blastema formation. The objective of this study is then to compare the regeneration capacity between amputation levels within the regenerating (<30%), intermediate (40-59%), and non-regenerating (>60%) regions. Results indicated that regenerative and intermediate amputations led to significant histolysis and blastema formation of the distal phalanx 14 days post-amputation. Unlike the regenerating digits, intermediate amputations led to incomplete regeneration whereby regrowth of the digits were not to the levels of the intact or regenerating digits. Non-regenerating amputations did not exhibit significant histolysis or blastema formation. Remarkably, the histolytic process resulted in day 14 P3 lengths that were similar regardless of the initial amputation over 19%. The differences in histolysis, blastema formation and injury outcomes were also marked by changes in the number of proliferating cells and osteoclasts. Altogether, these results indicate that although intermediate amputations result in histolysis and blastema formation similar to regenerating digits, the resulting cellular composition of the blastema differs, contributing to incomplete regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie S Chamberlain
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Justin J Jeffery
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ellen M Leiferman
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tugrul Yildirim
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Xin Sun
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Geoffrey S Baer
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ray Vanderby
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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33
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Cancedda R, Bollini S, Descalzi F, Mastrogiacomo M, Tasso R. Learning from Mother Nature: Innovative Tools to Boost Endogenous Repair of Critical or Difficult-to-Heal Large Tissue Defects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:28. [PMID: 28503549 PMCID: PMC5408079 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For repair of chronic or difficult-to-heal tissue lesions and defects, major constraints exist to a broad application of cell therapy and tissue engineering approaches, i.e., transplantation of “ex vivo” expanded autologous stem/progenitor cells, alone or associated with carrier biomaterials. To enable a large number of patients to benefit, new strategies should be considered. One of the main goals of contemporary regenerative medicine is to develop new regenerative therapies, inspired from Mother Nature. In all injured tissues, when platelets are activated by tissue contact, their released factors promote innate immune cell migration to the wound site. Platelet-derived factors and factors secreted by migrating immune cells create an inflammatory microenvironment, in turn, causing the activation of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis processes. Eventually, repair or regeneration of the injured tissue occurs via paracrine signals activating, mobilizing or recruiting to the wound site cells with healing potential, such as stem cells, progenitors, or undifferentiated cells derived from the reprogramming of tissue differentiated cells. This review, largely based on our studies, discusses the identification of new tools, inspired by cellular and molecular mechanisms overseeing physiological tissue healing, that could reactivate dormant endogenous regeneration mechanisms lost during evolution and ontogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Cancedda
- Biorigen Srl, Genova, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sveva Bollini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberta Tasso
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST National Institute of Cancer Research, Genova, Italy
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34
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Chung JW. Spot the difference: Solving the puzzle of hidden pictures in the lizard genome for identification of regeneration factors. BMB Rep 2017; 49:249-54. [PMID: 26949021 PMCID: PMC5070703 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2016.49.5.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All living things share some common life processes, such as growth and reproduction, and have the ability to respond to their environment. However, each type of organism has its own specialized way of managing biological events. Genetic sequences determine phenotypic and physiological traits. Based on genetic information, comparative genomics has been used to delineate the differences and similarities between various genomes, and significant progress has been made in understanding regenerative biology by comparing the genomes of a variety of lower animal models of regeneration, such as planaria, zebra fish, and newts. However, the genome of lizards has been relatively ignored until recently, even though lizards have been studied as an excellent amniote model of tissue regeneration. Very recently, whole genome sequences of lizards have been uncovered, and several attempts have been made to find regeneration factors based on genetic information. In this article, recent advances in comparative analysis of the lizard genome are introduced, and their biological implications and putative applications for regenerative medicine and stem cell biology are discussed. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(5): 249-254]
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woong Chung
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
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35
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Strudwick XL, Waters JM, Cowin AJ. Flightless I Expression Enhances Murine Claw Regeneration Following Digit Amputation. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:228-236. [PMID: 27595936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian digit tip is capable of both reparative and regenerative wound healing dependent on the level of amputation injury. Removal of the distal third of the terminal phalange results in successful regeneration, whereas a more severe, proximal, amputation heals by tissue repair. Flightless I (Flii) is involved in both tissue repair and regeneration. It negatively regulates wound repair but elicits a positive effect in hair follicle regeneration, with Flii overexpression resulting in significantly longer hair fibers. Using a model of digit amputation in Flii overexpressing (FIT) mice, we investigated Flii in digit regeneration. Both wild-type and FIT digits regenerated after distal amputation with newly regenerated FIT claws being significantly longer than intact controls. No regeneration was observed in wild-type mice after severe proximal amputation; however, FIT mice showed significant regeneration of the missing digit. Using a three-dimensional model of nail formation, connective tissue fibroblasts isolated from the mesenchymal tissue surrounding the wild-type and FIT digit tips and cocultured with skin keratinocytes demonstrated aggregate structures resembling rudimentary nail buds only when Flii was overexpressed. Moreover, β-catenin and cyclin D1 expression was maintained in the FIT regenerating germinal matrix suggesting a potential interaction of Flii with Wnt signaling during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthe L Strudwick
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia.
| | - James M Waters
- Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Allison J Cowin
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
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36
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Quijano LM, Lynch KM, Allan CH, Badylak SF, Ahsan T. Looking Ahead to Engineering Epimorphic Regeneration of a Human Digit or Limb. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2016; 22:251-62. [PMID: 26603349 PMCID: PMC4892205 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 2 million people have had limb amputations in the United States due to disease or injury, with more than 185,000 new amputations every year. The ability to promote epimorphic regeneration, or the regrowth of a biologically based digit or limb, would radically change the prognosis for amputees. This ambitious goal includes the regrowth of a large number of tissues that need to be properly assembled and patterned to create a fully functional structure. We have yet to even identify, let alone address, all the obstacles along the extended progression that limit epimorphic regeneration in humans. This review aims to present introductory fundamentals in epimorphic regeneration to facilitate design and conduct of research from a tissue engineering and regenerative medicine perspective. We describe the clinical scenario of human digit healing, featuring published reports of regenerative potential. We then broadly delineate the processes of epimorphic regeneration in nonmammalian systems and describe a few mammalian regeneration models. We give particular focus to the murine digit tip, which allows for comparative studies of regeneration-competent and regeneration-incompetent outcomes in the same animal. Finally, we describe a few forward-thinking opportunities for promoting epimorphic regeneration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M. Quijano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kristen M. Lynch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Christopher H. Allan
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephen F. Badylak
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tabassum Ahsan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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37
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Kang J, Hu J, Karra R, Dickson AL, Tornini VA, Nachtrab G, Gemberling M, Goldman JA, Black BL, Poss KD. Modulation of tissue repair by regeneration enhancer elements. Nature 2016; 532:201-6. [PMID: 27049946 DOI: 10.1038/nature17644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
How tissue regeneration programs are triggered by injury has received limited research attention. Here we investigate the existence of enhancer regulatory elements that are activated in regenerating tissue. Transcriptomic analyses reveal that leptin b (lepb) is highly induced in regenerating hearts and fins of zebrafish. Epigenetic profiling identified a short DNA sequence element upstream and distal to lepb that acquires open chromatin marks during regeneration and enables injury-dependent expression from minimal promoters. This element could activate expression in injured neonatal mouse tissues and was divisible into tissue-specific modules sufficient for expression in regenerating zebrafish fins or hearts. Simple enhancer-effector transgenes employing lepb-linked sequences upstream of pro- or anti-regenerative factors controlled the efficacy of regeneration in zebrafish. Our findings provide evidence for 'tissue regeneration enhancer elements' (TREEs) that trigger gene expression in injury sites and can be engineered to modulate the regenerative potential of vertebrate organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Kang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Jianxin Hu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Ravi Karra
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Amy L Dickson
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Valerie A Tornini
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Gregory Nachtrab
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Matthew Gemberling
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Joseph A Goldman
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Brian L Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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38
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Kisch T, Klemens JM, Hofmann K, Liodaki E, Gierloff M, Moellmeier D, Stang F, Mailaender P, Habermann J, Brandenburger M. Collection of Wound Exudate From Human Digit Tip Amputations Does Not Impair Regenerative Healing: A Randomized Trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1764. [PMID: 26469916 PMCID: PMC4616794 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regrowth of amputated digit tips represents a unique regenerative healing in mammals with subcutaneous volume regrowth, restoration of dactylogram, and suppression of scar formation. Although factor analysis in amphibians and even in mice is easy to obtain, safety of harvesting biomaterial from human digit tip amputations for analysis has not yet been described.The aim of this study was to evaluate if recovering wound exudate does hamper clinical outcome or influence microbiologic or inflammation status.A predefined cohort of 18 patients with fresh digit tip amputations was randomly assigned to receive standard therapy (debridement, occlusive dressing) with (n = 9) or without (n = 9) collection of the whole wound exudate in every dressing change. Primary endpoint (lengthening) and secondary endpoints (regeneration of dactylogram, nail bed and bone healing, time to complete wound closure, scar formation, 2-point discrimination, microbiologic analysis, inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-4, and IL-6) were determined by an independent, blinded observer.Patients' characteristics showed no significant differences between the groups. All patients completed the study to the end of 3 months follow-up. Exudate collection did not influence primary and secondary endpoints. Furthermore, positive microbiologic findings as well as pus- and necrosis-like appearance neither impaired tissue restoration nor influenced inflammatory factor release.Here, the authors developed an easy and safe protocol for harvesting wound exudate from human digit tip amputations. For the first time, it was shown that harvesting does not impair regenerative healing. Using this method, further studies can be conducted to analyze regeneration associated factors in the human digit tip.DRKS.de Identifier: DRKS00006882 (UTN: U1111-1166-5723).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kisch
- From the Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck (TK, EL, MG, DM, FS, PM); Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology EMB (JMK, KH, MB); and Department of Surgery, Section for Translational Surgical Oncology and Biobanking, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany (JH)
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39
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Dawson LA, Schanes PP, Yu L, Muneoka K. The mammalian blastema: regeneration at our fingertips. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:93-105. [PMID: 27499871 PMCID: PMC4895320 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the mouse, digit tip regeneration progresses through a series of discrete stages that include inflammation, histolysis, epidermal closure, blastema formation, and redifferentiation. Recent studies reveal how each regenerative stage influences subsequent stages to establish a blastema that directs the successful regeneration of a complex mammalian structure. The focus of this review is on early events of healing and how an amputation wound transitions into a functional blastema. The stepwise formation of a mammalian blastema is proposed to provide a model for how specific targeted treatments can enhance regenerative performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Paula P Schanes
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Ling Yu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
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40
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Simkin J, Sammarco MC, Dawson LA, Tucker C, Taylor LJ, Van Meter K, Muneoka K. Epidermal closure regulates histolysis during mammalian (Mus) digit regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:106-19. [PMID: 27499872 PMCID: PMC4895321 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian digit regeneration progresses through consistent stages: histolysis, inflammation, epidermal closure, blastema formation, and finally redifferentiation. What we do not yet know is how each stage can affect others. Questions of stage timing, tissue interactions, and microenvironmental states are becoming increasingly important as we look toward solutions for whole limb regeneration. This study focuses on the timing of epidermal closure which, in mammals, is delayed compared to more regenerative animals like the axolotl. We use a standard wound closure device, Dermabond (2-octyl cyanoacrylate), to induce earlier epidermal closure, and we evaluate the effect of fast epidermal closure on histolysis, blastema formation, and redifferentiation. We find that fast epidermal closure is reliant upon a hypoxic microenvironment. Additionally, early epidermal closure eliminates the histolysis stage and results in a regenerate that more closely replicates the amputated structure. We show that tools like Dermabond and oxygen are able to independently influence the various stages of regeneration enabling us to uncouple histolysis, wound closure, and other regenerative events. With this study, we start to understand how each stage of mammalian digit regeneration is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Biology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky 40506 USA
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Lindsay A Dawson
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
| | - Catherine Tucker
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Louis J Taylor
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA
| | - Keith Van Meter
- Department of Medicine Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans Louisiana 70112 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana 70118 USA; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University College Station Texas 77843 USA
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41
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Yu L, Yan M, Simkin J, Ketcham PD, Leininger E, Han M, Muneoka K. Angiogenesis is inhibitory for mammalian digit regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:33-46. [PMID: 27499862 PMCID: PMC4895301 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The regenerating mouse digit tip is a unique model for investigating blastema formation and epimorphic regeneration in mammals. The blastema is characteristically avascular and we previously reported that blastema expression of a known anti‐angiogenic factor gene, Pedf, correlated with a successful regenerative response (Yu, L., Han, M., Yan, M., Lee, E. C., Lee, J. & Muneoka, K. (2010). BMP signaling induces digit regeneration in neonatal mice. Development, 137, 551–559). Here we show that during regeneration Vegfa transcripts are not detected in the blastema but are expressed at the onset of differentiation. Treating the amputation wound with vascular endothelial growth factor enhances angiogenesis but inhibits regeneration. We next tested bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), another known mediator of angiogenesis, and found that BMP9 is also a potent inhibitor of digit tip regeneration. BMP9 induces Vegfa expression in the digit stump suggesting that regenerative failure is mediated by enhanced angiogenesis. Finally, we show that BMP9 inhibition of regeneration is completely rescued by treatment with pigment epithelium‐derived factor. These studies show that precocious angiogenesis is inhibitory for regeneration, and provide compelling evidence that the regulation of angiogenesis is a critical factor in designing therapies aimed at stimulating mammalian regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yu
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Mingquan Yan
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Jennifer Simkin
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Paulina D Ketcham
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Eric Leininger
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Manjong Han
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
| | - Ken Muneoka
- Division of Developmental Biology Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans LA 79118 USA
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