1
|
Fan Y, Wang Y, Yu S, Chang J, Yan Y, Wang Y, Bian Y. Natural products provide a new perspective for anti-complement treatment of severe COVID-19: a review. Chin Med 2021; 16:67. [PMID: 34321065 PMCID: PMC8318062 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated immune response and cytokine storm are accounted for the severity of COVID-19, including organ dysfunction, especially progressive respiratory failure and generalized coagulopathy. Uncontrolled activation of complement contributes to acute and chronic inflammation, the generation of cytokine storm, intravascular coagulation and cell/tissue damage, which may be a favorable target for the treatment of multiple organ failure and reduction of mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Cytokine storm suppression therapy can alleviate the symptoms of critically ill patients to some extent, but as a remedial etiological measure, its long-term efficacy is still questionable. Anti-complement therapy has undoubtedly become an important hotspot in the upstream regulation of cytokine storm. However, chemosynthetic complement inhibitors are expensive, and their drug resistance and long-term side effects require further investigation. New complement inhibitors with high efficiency and low toxicity can be obtained from natural products at low development cost. This paper puts forward some insights of the development of natural anti-complement products in traditional Chinese medicine, that may provide a bright perspective for suppressing cytokine storm in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Fan
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Yu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiqi Yan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiyang Wang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.10 PoYangHu Road, JingHai, District, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahmudpour M, Roozbeh J, Keshavarz M, Farrokhi S, Nabipour I. COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation. Cytokine 2020; 133:155151. [PMID: 32544563 PMCID: PMC7260598 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm. It is a state of out-of-control release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines. The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet. The attachment of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as its cellular receptor, triggers complex molecular events that leads to hyperinflammation. Four molecular axes that may be involved in SARS-CoV-2 driven inflammatory cytokine overproduction are addressed in this work. The virus-mediated down-regulation of ACE2 causes a burst of inflammatory cytokine release through dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (ACE/angiotensin II/AT1R axis), attenuation of Mas receptor (ACE2/MasR axis), increased activation of [des-Arg9]-bradykinin (ACE2/bradykinin B1R/DABK axis), and activation of the complement system including C5a and C5b-9 components. The molecular clarification of these axes will elucidate an array of therapeutic strategies to confront the cytokine storm in order to prevent and treat COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mahmudpour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Jamshid Roozbeh
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Shokrollah Farrokhi
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Future Studies Group, The Academy of Medical Sciences of the I.R., Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen J, Jin L, Yan M, Yang Z, Wang H, Geng S, Gong Z, Liu G. Serum Exosomes from Newborn Piglets Restrict Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1939-1947. [PMID: 30983354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are vehicles in the body fluid that participate in many biological processes, especially immune responses. In this study, we employed comparative proteome analysis to investigate the roles of serum exosomes during viral infection in neonates using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a devastating enteric virus in newborn piglets, as a model virus. Serum exosomes were first isolated from newborn piglets infected with PEDV or mock-infected newborn piglets, followed by label-free LC-MS/MS-based comparative quantitative proteomic analysis. Among the 441 detected proteins, 10 complement proteins were found in the serum exosomes, and significantly decreased expression levels of the C3, C6, and CFB complements were measured in PEDV-infected serum exosomes compared to those in mock-infected serum exosomes. After confirmation by Western blot, we then investigated the function of these exosomes in PEDV infection and discovered that exosomes from mock-infected newborn piglets restricted PEDV infection. However, this inhibition disappeared after the exosomes were heat-inactivated, suggesting that complements are key antiviral molecules. Our findings improve the understanding of antiviral responses mediated by exosomes in neonatal piglets and facilitate the discovery of novel antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730046 , China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730046 , China
| | - Miaomiao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730046 , China
| | - Ze Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730046 , China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Lanzhou University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730000 , China
| | - Haiwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730046 , China
| | - Shuxian Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730046 , China.,School of Veterinary Medicine , Gansu Agricultural University , Lanzhou , Gansu 730070 , China
| | - Zhenli Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730046 , China
| | - Guangliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou , Gansu 730046 , China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neutralization of Virus Infectivity by Antibodies: Old Problems in New Perspectives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2014. [PMID: 27099867 DOI: 10.1155/2014/157895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can be both sufficient and necessary for protection against viral infections, although they sometimes act in concert with cellular immunity. Successful vaccines against viruses induce NAbs but vaccine candidates against some major viral pathogens, including HIV-1, have failed to induce potent and effective such responses. Theories of how antibodies neutralize virus infectivity have been formulated and experimentally tested since the 1930s; and controversies about the mechanistic and quantitative bases for neutralization have continually arisen. Soluble versions of native oligomeric viral proteins that mimic the functional targets of neutralizing antibodies now allow the measurement of the relevant affinities of NAbs. Thereby the neutralizing occupancies on virions can be estimated and related to the potency of the NAbs. Furthermore, the kinetics and stoichiometry of NAb binding can be compared with neutralizing efficacy. Recently, the fundamental discovery that the intracellular factor TRIM21 determines the degree of neutralization of adenovirus has provided new mechanistic and quantitative insights. Since TRIM21 resides in the cytoplasm, it would not affect the neutralization of enveloped viruses, but its range of activity against naked viruses will be important to uncover. These developments bring together the old problems of virus neutralization-mechanism, stoichiometry, kinetics, and efficacy-from surprising new angles.
Collapse
|
5
|
Complement opsonization enhances friend virus infection of B cells and thereby amplifies the virus-specific CD8+ T cell response. J Virol 2010; 85:1151-5. [PMID: 21047954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01821-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are one of the targets of Friend virus (FV) infection, a well-established mouse model often used to study retroviral infections in vivo. Although B cells may be effective in stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, studies involving their role in FV infection have mainly focused on neutralizing antibody production. Here we show that polyclonal activation of B cells promotes their infection with FV both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate that complement opsonization of Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV) enhances infection of B cells, which correlates with increased potency of B cells to activate FV-specific CD8(+) T cells.
Collapse
|
6
|
Avirutnan P, Mehlhop E, Diamond MS. Complement and its role in protection and pathogenesis of flavivirus infections. Vaccine 2009; 26 Suppl 8:I100-7. [PMID: 19388173 PMCID: PMC2768071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a family of serum and cell surface proteins that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, altered-self ligands, and immune complexes. Activation of the complement cascade triggers several antiviral functions including pathogen opsonization and/or lysis, and priming of adaptive immune responses. In this review, we will examine the role of complement activation in protection and/or pathogenesis against infection by Flaviviruses, with an emphasis on experiments with West Nile and Dengue viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panisadee Avirutnan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Whitton JL, Slifka MK, Liu F, Nussbaum AK, Whitmire JK. The regulation and maturation of antiviral immune responses. Adv Virus Res 2005; 63:181-238. [PMID: 15530562 PMCID: PMC7125551 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(04)63003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-9, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mullick J, Bernet J, Singh AK, Lambris JD, Sahu A. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) open reading frame 4 protein (kaposica) is a functional homolog of complement control proteins. J Virol 2003; 77:3878-81. [PMID: 12610165 PMCID: PMC149522 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.6.3878-3881.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2002] [Accepted: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome analysis of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has revealed the presence of an open reading frame (ORF 4) with sequence homology to complement control proteins. To assign a function to this protein, we have now expressed this ORF using the Pichia expression system and shown that the purified protein inhibited human complement-mediated lysis of erythrocytes, blocked cell surface deposition of C3b (the proteolytically activated form of C3), and served as a cofactor for factor I-mediated inactivation of complement proteins C3b and C4b (the subunits of C3 convertases). Thus, our data indicate that this KSHV inhibitor of complement activation (kaposica) provides a mechanism by which KSHV can subvert complement attack by the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Mullick
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
The complement system is a potent innate immune mechanism consisting of cascades of proteins which are designed to fight against and annul intrusion of all the foreign pathogens. Although viruses are smaller in size and have relatively simple structure, they are not immune to complement attack. Thus, activation of the complement system can lead to neutralization of cell-free viruses, phagocytosis of C3b-coated viral particles, lysis of virus-infected cells, and generation of inflammatory and specific immune responses. However, to combat host responses and succeed as pathogens, viruses not only have developed/adopted mechanisms to control complement, but also have turned these interactions to their own advantage. Important examples include poxviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, paramyxoviruses and picornaviruses. In this review, we provide information on the various complement evasion strategies that viruses have developed to thwart the complement attack of the host. A special emphasis is given on the interactions between the viral proteins that are involved in molecular mimicry and the complement system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Bernet
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Jayati Mullick
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Akhilesh K. Singh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| | - Arvind Sahu
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune University Campus, 411 007 Ganeshkhind, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|