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Rincón A, Hoyos FE, Candelo-Becerra JE. Comparison, validation and improvement of empirical soil moisture models for conditions in Colombia. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:17747-17782. [PMID: 38052535 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Modeling soil moisture as a function of meteorological data is necessary for agricultural applications, including irrigation scheduling. In this study, empirical water balance models and empirical compartment models are assessed for estimating soil moisture, for three locations in Colombia. The daily precipitation and average, maximum and minimum air temperatures are the input variables. In the water balance type models, the evapotranspiration term is based on the Hargreaves model, whereas the runoff and percolation terms are functions of precipitation and soil moisture. The models are calibrated using field data from each location. The main contributions compared to closely related studies are: i) the proposal of three models, formulated by combining an empirical water balance model with modifications in the precipitation, runoff, percolation and evapotranspiration terms, using functions recently proposed in the current literature and incorporating new modifications to these terms; ii) the assessment of the effect of model parameters on the fitting quality and determination of the parameters with higher effects; iii) the comparison of the proposed empirical models with recent empirical models from the literature in terms of the combination of fitting accuracy and number of parameters through the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and also the Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) coefficient and the root mean square error. The best models described soil moisture with an NS efficiency higher than 0.8. No single model achieved the highest performance for the three locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rincón
- Grupo de Investigación en Desarrollos Tecnológicos y Ambientales (GIDTA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Carrera 23 N. 60-63, Manizales 170002, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Biotecnología Agroindustrial (GIMIBAG), Instituto de Investigación en Microbiología y Biotecnología Agroindustrial, Universidad Católica de Manizales, Carrera 23 N. 60-63, Manizales 170002, Colombia
| | - Fredy E Hoyos
- Departamento de Energía Eléctrica y Automática, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Carrera 80 No. 65-223, Campus Robledo, Medellín 050041, Colombia
| | - John E Candelo-Becerra
- Departamento de Energía Eléctrica y Automática, Facultad de Minas, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellín, Carrera 80 No. 65-223, Campus Robledo, Medellín 050041, Colombia
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Skhosana FV, Thenga HF, Mateyisi MJ, von Maltitz G, Midgley GF, Stevens N. Steal the rain: Interception loses and rainfall partitioning by a broad-leaf and a fine-leaf woody encroaching species in a southern African semi-arid savanna. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9868. [PMID: 36937063 PMCID: PMC10017313 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Woody plant encroachment (WPE) has been found to alter ecosystem functioning and services in savannas. In rain-limited savannas, increasing woody cover can reduce streamflow and groundwater by altering evapotranspiration rates and rainfall partitioning, but the ecological relevance of this impact is not well known. This study quantified the altered partitioning of rainfall by two woody plant structural types (fine- and broad-leaved trees) across a gradient of encroachment in a semi-arid savanna in South Africa. Averaged across both plant functional types, loss of rainfall through canopy interception and subsequent evaporation roughly doubled (from 20.5% to 43.6% of total rainfall) with a roughly 13-fold increase in woody cover (from 2.4 to 31.4 m2/ha tree basal cover). Spatial partitioning changes comprised fourfold increases in stemflow (from 0.8% to 3.9% of total rainfall) and a decline in throughfall proportion of about two-fifths (from 80.2% to 47.3% of total rainfall). Changes in partitioning were dependent on plant functional type; rainfall interception by the fine-leaved multi-stemmed shrub Dichrostachys cinerea was almost double that of the broad-leaved tree Terminalia sericea at the highest levels of woody encroachment (i.e., 49.7% vs. 29.1% of total rainfall intercepted at tree basal area of 31.4 m2/ha). Partitioning was also dependent on rainfall characteristics, with the proportion of rainfall intercepted inversely related to rainfall event size and intensity. Therefore, increasing tree cover in African grassy ecosystems reduces the amount of canopy throughfall, especially beneath canopies of fine-leaved species in smaller rainfall events. Rainfall interception traits may thus confer a selective advantage, especially for fine-leaved woody plant species in semi-arid savannas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix V. Skhosana
- School of Climate Studies and Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)PretoriaSouth Africa
| | | | - Mohau J. Mateyisi
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Graham von Maltitz
- School of Climate Studies and Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
| | - Guy F. Midgley
- School of Climate Studies and Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
| | - Nicola Stevens
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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Rahman MA, Pawijit Y, Xu C, Moser-Reischl A, Pretzsch H, Rötzer T, Pauleit S. A comparative analysis of urban forests for storm-water management. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1451. [PMID: 36702865 PMCID: PMC9879978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale urban growth has modified the hydrological cycle of our cities, causing greater and faster runoff. Urban forests (UF), i.e. the stock of trees and shrubs, can substantially reduce runoff; still, how climate, tree functional types influence rainfall partitioning into uptake and runoff is mostly unknown. We analyzed 92 published studies to investigate: interception (I), transpiration (T), soil infiltration (IR) and the subsequent reduction in runoff. Trees showed the best runoff protection compared to other land uses. Within functional types, conifers provided better protection on an annual scale through higher I and T but broadleaved species provided better IR. Regarding tree traits, leaf area index (LAI) showed a positive influence for both I and T. For every unit of LAI increment, additional 5% rainfall partition through T (3%) and I (2%) can be predicted. Overall, runoff was significantly lower under mixed species stands. Increase of conifer stock to 30% in climate zones with significant winter precipitation and to 20% in areas of no dry season can reduce runoff to an additional 4%. The study presented an overview of UF potential to partition rainfall, which might help to select species and land uses in different climate zones for better storm-water management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Rahman
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Yanin Pawijit
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Chao Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Daxue Road 1, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Astrid Moser-Reischl
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Pretzsch
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Rötzer
- Forest Growth and Yield Science, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan Pauleit
- Strategic Landscape Planning and Management, School of Life Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str. 6, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Ruzol R, Staudhammer CL, Younger S, Aubrey DP, Loescher HW, Jackson CR, Starr G. Water use in a young
Pinus taeda
bioenergy plantation: Effect of intensive management on stand evapotranspiration. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roel Ruzol
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
| | | | - Seth Younger
- Savannah River Ecology Lab University of Georgia Aiken South Carolina USA
| | - Doug P. Aubrey
- Savannah River Ecology Lab University of Georgia Aiken South Carolina USA
| | - Henry W. Loescher
- Battelle Environment and Infrastructure Boulder Colorado USA
- Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research (INSTAAR) University of Colorado Boulder Colorado USA
| | - C. Rhett Jackson
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Gregory Starr
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama USA
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Variability of Leaf Wetting and Water Storage Capacity of Branches of 12 Deciduous Tree Species. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11111158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Leaf surface wettability and factors which determine it are key in determining the water storage capacity of tree crowns and thus the interception of entire stands. Leaf wettability, expressed as the droplet inclination angle, and the surface free energy largely depend not only on the chemical composition of the leaves but also on their texture. The study concerns 12 species of trees common in Central Europe. The content of epicuticular waxes was determined in the leaves, and values ranging from 9.145 [µg/cm2] for horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) to 71.759 [µg/cm2] for birch (Betula pendula Roth.) were obtained. Each additional µg/cm2 increases the canopy water storage capacity by 0.067 g g−1. For all species, the inclination angles of water, diiodomethane and glycerin droplets to the leaf surface were measured and the surface free energy was calculated. It is shown that it is the wax content and the species that constitute independent predictors of water storage capacity. These factors explain the 95.56% effect on the value of canopy water storage capacity. The remaining 4.44% indicate non-species-related individual features or the ability to mitigate pollutants as well as possible environmental factors. Wax analyzed separately from other factors causes a slight increase (by 0.067 g/g) of S. Nevertheless, the influence of the surface condition as a result of species-related variability is decisive for the value of the canopy water storage capacity.
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Rainfall Partitioning in Chinese Pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) Stands at Three Different Ages. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chinese pine (Pinus tabuliformis Carr.) is the main forest species in northern China, with the potential to dramatically affect biotic and abiotic aspects of ecosystems in this region. To discover the rainfall partitioning patterns of different growth periods of Chinese pine forest, we studied the throughfall (Tf), stemflow (Sf) and canopy interception (I) in three stand ages (40-, 50-, 60-year-old) in Liaoheyuan Natural Reserve of Hebei Province during the growing seasons of 2013 and 2014, and analyzed effect of rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, and canopy structure on rainfall partitioning in Chinese pine forest. The results showed that throughfall decreased with the stand age, accounting for 78.8%, 74.1% and 66.7% of gross rainfall in 40-, 50- and 60-year-old Chinese pine forests, respectively. Canopy interception, on the other hand, increased with the stand age (20.4%, 24.8%, and 32.8%, respectively), while the pattern in stemflow was less clear (0.8%, 1.1%, and 0.6%, respectively). As rainfall intensity increased, the Tf and Sf increased and I declined. Additionally, our results showed that leaf area index (LAI) and the diameter at breast height (DBH) increased with age in Chinese pine stands, probably explaining the similar increase in canopy interception (I). On the other hand, the mean leaf angle, openness, gap fraction all decreased with the stand age. Stepwise regression analysis showed that the rainfall amount and LAI were the major determinants influencing the rainfall partition. Our study highlights the importance of stand age in shaping different forest canopy structures, and shows how age-related factors influence canopy rainfall partitioning. This study also significantly adds to our understanding the mechanisms of the hydrological cycle in coniferous forest ecosystems in northern China.
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Blanusa T, Hadley J. Impact of plant choice on rainfall runoff delay and reduction by hedge species. LANDSCAPE AND ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11355-019-00390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nytch CJ, Meléndez-Ackerman EJ, Pérez ME, Ortiz-Zayas JR. Rainfall interception by six urban trees in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Urban Ecosyst 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-018-0768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Honda EA, Durigan G. Woody encroachment and its consequences on hydrological processes in the savannah. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0313. [PMID: 27502378 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Woody encroachment due to changes in climate or in the disturbance regimes (fire and herbivory) has been observed throughout the savannah biome over the last century with ecological, hydrological and socioeconomic consequences. We assessed changes in tree density and basal area and estimated changes in rain interception by the canopies across a 5-year period over a biomass gradient in Cerrado vegetation protected from fire. We modelled throughfall, stemflow and net rainfall on the basis of tree basal area (TBA). Tree density increased by an average annual rate of 6.7%, basal area at 5.7% and rain interception by the canopies at 0.6% of the gross rainfall. Independent of the vegetation structure, we found a robust relationship of 0.9% less rainfall reaching the ground as TBA increases by 1 m(2) ha(-1) Increases in tree biomass with woody encroachment may potentially result in less water available for uptake by plants and to recharge rivers and groundwater reserves. Given that water is a seasonally scarce resource in all savannahs, woody encroachment may threaten the ecosystem services related to water resources.This article is part of the themed issue 'Tropical grassy biomes: linking ecology, human use and conservation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane A Honda
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Hidrologia Florestal, Instituto Florestal, Floresta Estadual de Assis, PO Box 104, 19802-970 Assis, São Paulo, Brazil Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Ecologia Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, PO Box 292, 13560-970 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giselda Durigan
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Hidrologia Florestal, Instituto Florestal, Floresta Estadual de Assis, PO Box 104, 19802-970 Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
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Allen ST, Keim RF, Barnard HR, McDonnell JJ, Brooks JR. The role of stable isotopes in understanding rainfall interception processes: A review. WIRES. WATER 2017; 4:1-17. [PMID: 30294444 PMCID: PMC6171115 DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The isotopic composition of water transmitted by the canopy as throughfall or stemflow reflects a suite of processes modifying rainfall. Factors that affect isotopic composition of canopy water include fractionation, exchange between liquid and vapor, and selective transmittance of temporally varying rainfall along varying canopy flowpaths. Despite frequent attribution of canopy effects on isotopic composition of throughfall to evaporative fractionation, data suggest exchange and selection are more likely the dominant factors. Temporal variability in canopy effects is generally consistent with either exchange or selection, but spatial variability is generally more consistent with selection. However, most investigations to date have not collected data sufficient to unambiguously identify controlling processes. Using isotopic data for improved understanding of physical processes and water routing in the canopy requires recognizing how these factors and processes lead to patterns of isotopic variability, and then applying this understanding towards focused data collection and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Allen
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA,
| | - Richard F Keim
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Holly R Barnard
- Department of Geography, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jeffrey J McDonnell
- School of Environment and Sustainability and Global Institute for Water Security University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, CA School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen UK
| | - J Renée Brooks
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Schooling JT, Carlyle-Moses DE. The influence of rainfall depth class and deciduous tree traits on stemflow production in an urban park. Urban Ecosyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-015-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Van Stan JT, Van Stan JH, Levia DF. Meteorological influences on stemflow generation across diameter size classes of two morphologically distinct deciduous species. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:2059-2069. [PMID: 24615637 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Many tree species have been shown to funnel substantial rainfall to their stem base as stemflow flux, given a favorable stand structure and storm conditions. As stemflow is a spatially concentrated flux, prior studies have shown its impact on ecohydrological and biogeochemical processes can be significant. Less work has been performed examining stemflow variability from meteorological conditions compared to canopy structural traits. As such, this study performs multiple regressions: (1) to examine stemflow variability due to event-based rainfall amount, intensity, mean wind speeds, and vapor pressure deficit; (2) across three diameter size classes (10-20, 21-40, and >41 cm DBH); and (3) for two common tree species in the northeastern USA of contrasting canopy morphology--Liriodendron tulipifera L. (yellow poplar) versus Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech). On the whole, multiple regression results yielded significant positive correlations with stemflow for rainfall amount, intensity, and mean wind speed and a significant negative correlation for vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Tree size altered stemflow-meteorological condition relationships, where larger trees strengthened indirect stemflow-VPD and direct stemflow-rainfall and stemflow-intensity associations. Canopies of rougher bark and lower branch angle (represented by L. tulipifera) enhanced correlations for nearly all meteorological conditions via greater stemflow residence time (and longer exposure to meteorological conditions). Multiple regressions performed on leafless canopy stemflow resulted in an inverse relationship with wind speeds, likely decoupling stemflow sheltered solely on bark surfaces from VPD influences. Leaf presence generally increased direct stemflow associations with rainfall intensity, yet diminished stemflow-rainfall relationships. F. grandifolia canopies (exemplifying structures of smoother bark and greater branch angle) strengthened differences in stemflow associations with rainfall/mean wind speed between leaf states. These findings are placed in a conceptual interception loss path analysis, which shows the potential to alter common interception loss estimates in high stemflow stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Van Stan
- Department of Geology and Geography, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30640, USA,
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