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Chu Y, He Y, Zhai W, Huang Y, Tao C, Pang Z, Wang Z, Zhang D, Li H, Jia H. CpG adjuvant enhances humoral and cellular immunity against OVA in different degrees in BALB/c, C57BL/6J, and C57BL/6N mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112593. [PMID: 38972210 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
In lab settings, inbred mouse strains like BALB/c, C57BL/6J, and C57BL/6N are commonly used. Research in immunology and infectious diseases indicates that their Th1 and Th2 immune responses differ. However, the specific differences in the immune response to the vaccination still require investigation. In this study, ovalbumin (OVA) was used as an antigen and CpG-enriched recombinant plasmid (pUC18-CpG) as an adjuvant for immunisation. The level of serum-specific antibody IgG was detected by indirect ELISA. At 35dpi, serum cytokine levels were measured using MILLIPLEX®. T lymphocyte clusters from mouse spleen were examined using flow cytometry to investigate the immunological effects of the CPG-OVA vaccine on three different types of mice. The results showed that pUC18-CpG as an adjuvant could successfully enhance the immune response. BALB/c had the highest level of IgG antibody. In the OVA-only group, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio of the three types of mice was generally increased, and the BALB/c group had the highest ratio. After inoculation with CpG-OVA, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio of the three types of mice was lower than that of the OVA-only group, and C57BL/6J was the lowest. Compared with the CpG-OVA group of the three kinds of mice, the levels of Th2 cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 in BALB/c were increased compared with C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N. After OVA, the six cytokines secreted in C57BL/6J were higher than those in the C57BL/6N OVA group. Therefore, C57 is a better model for examining the function of the vaccine in cellular immunity, whereas BALB/c mice are more prone to humoral immunity. In addition to highlighting the CpG plasmid's ability to successfully activate the immune response of Th1 and Th2, as well as the expression of IgG in vivo and promote T cell immune typing, this study provides valuable insights into immunology and the selection of mouse models for infectious diseases, providing a valuable resource for designing more effective vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuheng He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Wenzhu Zhai
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chunhao Tao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongbao Pang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dekun Zhang
- Taihe Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210031, China
| | - Huanrong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China.
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Ye W, Hou K, Tao N, Li W, Tan Z, Huang Q, Yang D, Lin H, Deng Z, Xia Y, Yu G. Association between CD4 + T cells ATP levels and disease progression in patients with non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:369. [PMID: 38933807 PMCID: PMC11200158 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introducing the exploration of stimulated CD4+ cells adenosine triphosphate (sATPCD4) levels for immune monitoring post non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) chemotherapy, the present study aimed to investigate its efficacy in gauging the potential risk of disease progression (PD) in patients with NSCLC. Therefore, a total of 89 patients with advanced NSCLC, who underwent chemotherapy between August 15 2022 and August 30 2023 at the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou, China), were retrospectively studied. Patients were divided into the PD (n=21) and disease stability (non-PD; n=68) groups and their clinical data were compared. The thresholds for predicting PD were identified using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the association between peripheral blood markers and the incidence of PD. Therefore, post-chemotherapy, significant differences in white blood cell count, non-stimulated CD4+ cells ATP and sATPCD4 levels were obtained between patients in the PD and non-PD groups (P<0.05). In addition, sATPCD4 levels were notably decreased in the PD group compared with the non-PD group. Furthermore, ROC analysis revealed that the predictive threshold for PD was 224.5 ng/ml [area under the curve=0.887; 95% confidence interval, 0.811-0.963]. Additionally, patients with low immunity (ATP <224.5 ng/ml) exhibited a higher risk of PD compared with the high-immunity group (ATP >224.5 ng/ml; P<0.0001). Finally, multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that sATPCD4 could serve as an independent factor for predicting NSCLC progression. Overall, the current study predicted that immune function could be possibly associated with the risk of PD in patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Kailian Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Na Tao
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Weiyi Li
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiong Tan
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Qunfeng Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Dongheng Yang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Haoxin Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Zihao Deng
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xia
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
| | - Guifang Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510700, P.R. China
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Short S, Lewik G, Issa F. An Immune Atlas of T Cells in Transplant Rejection: Pathways and Therapeutic Opportunities. Transplantation 2023; 107:2341-2352. [PMID: 37026708 PMCID: PMC10593150 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Short-term outcomes in allotransplantation are excellent due to technical and pharmacological advances; however, improvement in long-term outcomes has been limited. Recurrent episodes of acute cellular rejection, a primarily T cell-mediated response to transplanted tissue, have been implicated in the development of chronic allograft dysfunction and loss. Although it is well established that acute cellular rejection is primarily a CD4 + and CD8 + T cell mediated response, significant heterogeneity exists within these cell compartments. During immune responses, naïve CD4 + T cells are activated and subsequently differentiate into specific T helper subsets under the influence of the local cytokine milieu. These subsets have distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics, with reported differences in their contribution to rejection responses specifically. Of particular relevance are the regulatory subsets and their potential to promote tolerance of allografts. Unraveling the specific contributions of these cell subsets in the context of transplantation is complex, but may reveal new avenues of therapeutic intervention for the prevention of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Short
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Lewik
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Fadi Issa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Ivanova EN, Shwetar J, Devlin JC, Buus TB, Gray-Gaillard S, Koide A, Cornelius A, Samanovic MI, Herrera A, Mimitou EP, Zhang C, Karmacharya T, Desvignes L, Ødum N, Smibert P, Ulrich RJ, Mulligan MJ, Koide S, Ruggles KV, Herati RS, Koralov SB. mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits potent adaptive immune response without the persistent inflammation seen in SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2021.04.20.21255677. [PMID: 33907755 PMCID: PMC8077568 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.20.21255677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination elicit potent immune responses. Our study presents a comprehensive multimodal single-cell dataset of peripheral blood of patients with acute COVID-19 and of healthy volunteers before and after receiving the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine and booster. We compared host immune responses to the virus and vaccine using transcriptional profiling, coupled with B/T cell receptor repertoire reconstruction. COVID-19 patients displayed an enhanced interferon signature and cytotoxic gene upregulation, absent in vaccine recipients. These findings were validated in an independent dataset. Analysis of B and T cell repertoires revealed that, while the majority of clonal lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients were effector cells, clonal expansion was more evident among circulating memory cells in vaccine recipients. Furthermore, while clonal αβ T cell responses were observed in both COVID-19 patients and vaccine recipients, dramatic expansion of clonal γδT cells was found only in infected individuals. Our dataset enables comparative analyses of immune responses to infection versus vaccination, including clonal B and T cell responses. Integrating our data with publicly available datasets allowed us to validate our findings in larger cohorts. To our knowledge, this is the first dataset to include comprehensive profiling of longitudinal samples from healthy volunteers pre/post SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and booster.
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Marchenko S, Piwonski I, Hoffmann I, Sinn BV, Kunze CA, Monjé N, Pohl J, Kulbe H, Schmitt WD, Darb-Esfahani S, Braicu EI, von Brünneck AC, Sehouli J, Denkert C, Horst D, Jöhrens K, Taube ET. Prognostic value of regulatory T cells and T helper 17 cells in high grade serous ovarian carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:2523-2536. [PMID: 35763108 PMCID: PMC10129928 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years the tumor microenvironment and its interaction with the tumor has emerged into research focus with increased attention to the composition of Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We wanted to quantify the composition of Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells) and their prognostic impact in high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma. METHODS Tregs and Th17 cells were determined by immunohistochemical analysis of CD25 FoxP3 and RORγt, respectively on tissue microarrays of a cohort of 222 patients with reviewed histology and available clinical data. Expression was analyzed with Qupath for quantification and integration with clinical data enabled calculation of prognostic impact. For validation FOXP3 and RORC mRNA expression levels from 502 patients with HGSC in publicly available datasets were evaluated. RESULTS An average percentage of 0.93 Tregs and of 0.06 Th17 cells was detected per cells in overall tissue. Optimal cut-offs were determined and higher Tregs were associated with a better overall survival in stroma (p = 0.006), tumor area (p = 0.0012) and overall tissue (p = 0.02). After accounting for well-known prognostic factors age at diagnosis, residual tumor and FIGO stage, this association remained significant for stromal Tregs with overall survival (p = 0.02). Survival analysis for Th17 cells revealed no significant association with survival rates. Moreover, lower Th17/Treg ratios had a positive impact on patient overall survival (p = 0.025 tumor, p = 0.049 stroma and p = 0.016 overall tissue). CONCLUSION Our results outline a positive prognostic effect for higher Tregs but not for Th17 in high grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofya Marchenko
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Piwonski
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Hoffmann
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Valentin Sinn
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Catarina Alisa Kunze
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nanna Monjé
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Pohl
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hagen Kulbe
- Tumorbank Ovarian Cancer Network, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Daniel Schmitt
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Elena Ioana Braicu
- Tumorbank Ovarian Cancer Network, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin von Brünneck
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jalid Sehouli
- Tumorbank Ovarian Cancer Network, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - David Horst
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Korinna Jöhrens
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eliane Tabea Taube
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Kuri P, Goswami P. Current Update on Rotavirus in-Silico Multiepitope Vaccine Design. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:190-207. [PMID: 36643547 PMCID: PMC9835168 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus gastroenteritis is one of the leading causes of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide in infants and under-five populations. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended global incorporation of the rotavirus vaccine in national immunization programs to alleviate the burden of the disease. Implementation of the rotavirus vaccination in certain regions of the world brought about a significant and consistent reduction of rotavirus-associated hospitalizations. However, the efficacy of licensed vaccines remains suboptimal in low-income countries where the incidences of rotavirus gastroenteritis continue to happen unabated. The problem of low efficacy of currently licensed oral rotavirus vaccines in low-income countries necessitates continuous exploration, design, and development of new rotavirus vaccines. Traditional vaccine development is a complex, expensive, labor-intensive, and time-consuming process. Reverse vaccinology essentially utilizes the genome and proteome information on pathogens and has opened new avenues for in-silico multiepitope vaccine design for a plethora of pathogens, promising time reduction in the complete vaccine development pipeline by complementing the traditional vaccinology approach. A substantial number of reviews on licensed rotavirus vaccines and those under evaluation are already available in the literature. However, a collective account of rotavirus in-silico vaccines is lacking in the literature, and such an account may further fuel the interest of researchers to use reverse vaccinology to expedite the vaccine development process. Therefore, the main focus of this review is to summarize the research endeavors undertaken for the design and development of rotavirus vaccines by the reverse vaccinology approach utilizing the tools of immunoinformatics.
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Tsai CJY, Loh JMS, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H. Mucosal vaccination: onward and upward. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:885-899. [PMID: 37817433 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2268724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The unique mucosal immune system allows the generation of robust protective immune responses at the front line of pathogen encounters. The needle-free delivery route and cold chain-free logistic requirements also provide additional advantages in ease and economy. However, the development of mucosal vaccines faces several challenges, and only a handful of mucosal vaccines are currently licensed. These vaccines are all in the form of live attenuated or inactivated whole organisms, whereas no subunit-based mucosal vaccine is available. AREAS COVERED The selection of antigen, delivery vehicle, route and adjuvants for mucosal vaccination are highly important. This is particularly crucial for subunit vaccines, as they often fail to elicit strong immune responses. Emerging research is providing new insights into the biological and immunological uniqueness of mucosal tissues. However, many aspects of the mucosal immunology still await to be investigated. EXPERT OPINION This article provides an overview of the current understanding of mucosal vaccination and discusses the remaining knowledge gaps. We emphasize that because of the potential benefits mucosal vaccines can bring from the biomedical, social and economic standpoints, the unmet goal to achieve mucosal vaccine success is worth the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jacelyn M S Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, New Zealand, Auckland
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Vaccine Design Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- Chiba University Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development (cSIMVa), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Infectious Disease Vaccine R&D, Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- CU-UCSD Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccines (cMAV), Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Fiyouzi T, Reche PA. Vaccine Design: An Introduction. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2673:1-14. [PMID: 37258903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3239-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are the most successful and cost-effective medical interventions available to fight infectious diseases. They consist of biological preparations that are capable of stimulating the immune system to confer protective immunity against a particular harmful pathogen/agent. Vaccine design and development have evolved through the years. Early vaccines were obtained with little implementation of technology and in the absence of fundamental knowledge, representing a pure feat of human ingenuity. In contrast, modern vaccine development takes advantage of advances in technology and in our enhanced understanding of the immune system and host-pathogen interactions. Moreover, vaccine design has found novel applications beyond the prophylactic arena and there is an increasing interest in designing vaccines to treat human ailments like cancer and chronic inflammatory diseases. In this chapter, we focus on prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases, providing an overview on immunology principles underlying immunization and on how vaccines work and are designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Fiyouzi
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Reche
- School of Medicine, Department of Immunology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Garg TK, Garg S, Miousse IR, Wise SY, Carpenter AD, Fatanmi OO, van Rhee F, Singh VK, Hauer-Jensen M. Gamma-Tocotrienol Modulates Total-Body Irradiation-Induced Hematopoietic Injury in a Nonhuman Primate Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416170. [PMID: 36555814 PMCID: PMC9784560 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation exposure causes acute damage to hematopoietic and immune cells. To date, there are no radioprotectors available to mitigate hematopoietic injury after radiation exposure. Gamma-tocotrienol (GT3) has demonstrated promising radioprotective efficacy in the mouse and nonhuman primate (NHP) models. We determined GT3-mediated hematopoietic recovery in total-body irradiated (TBI) NHPs. Sixteen rhesus macaques divided into two groups received either vehicle or GT3, 24 h prior to TBI. Four animals in each treatment group were exposed to either 4 or 5.8 Gy TBI. Flow cytometry was used to immunophenotype the bone marrow (BM) lymphoid cell populations, while clonogenic ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) was assessed by colony forming unit (CFU) assays on day 8 prior to irradiation and days 2, 7, 14, and 30 post-irradiation. Both radiation doses showed significant changes in the frequencies of B and T-cell subsets, including the self-renewable capacity of HSCs. Importantly, GT3 accelerated the recovery in CD34+ cells, increased HSC function as shown by improved recovery of CFU-granulocyte macrophages (CFU-GM) and burst-forming units erythroid (B-FUE), and aided the recovery of circulating neutrophils and platelets. These data elucidate the role of GT3 in hematopoietic recovery, which should be explored as a potential medical countermeasure to mitigate radiation-induced injury to the hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun K. Garg
- UAMS Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sarita Garg
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Isabelle R. Miousse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Stephen Y. Wise
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Alana D. Carpenter
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Oluseyi O. Fatanmi
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Frits van Rhee
- UAMS Myeloma Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Vijay K. Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Correspondence: (V.K.S.); (M.H.-J.); Tel.: +1-301-295-2347 (V.K.S.); +1-501-686-7912 (M.H.-J.); Fax: +1-501-421-0022 (M.H.-J.)
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Division of Radiation Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence: (V.K.S.); (M.H.-J.); Tel.: +1-301-295-2347 (V.K.S.); +1-501-686-7912 (M.H.-J.); Fax: +1-501-421-0022 (M.H.-J.)
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Urbiola-Salvador V, Miroszewska D, Jabłońska A, Qureshi T, Chen Z. Proteomics approaches to characterize the immune responses in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119266. [PMID: 35390423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the dynamic development of cancer research, annually millions of people die of cancer. The human immune system is the major 'guard' against tumor development. Unfortunately, cancer cells have the ability to evade the immune system and continue to grow. The proper understanding of the intricate immune response in tumorigenesis remains the holy grail of cancer immunology and designing effective immunotherapy. To decode the immune responses in cancer, in recent years, proteomics studies have received considerable attention. Proteomics studies focus on the detection and quantification of proteins, which are the effectors of biological functions, and as such, are proven to reflect the cell state more accurately, in comparison to genomic or transcriptomic studies. In this review, we discuss the proteomics studies applied to characterize the immune responses in cancer and tumor immune microenvironment heterogeneity. Further, we describe emerging single-cell proteomics approaches that have the potential to be applied in cancer immunity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Urbiola-Salvador
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dominika Miroszewska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Jabłońska
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Talha Qureshi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Zhi Chen
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, University of Gdańsk, Poland; Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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11
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Tang X, Li Q, Huang T, Zhang H, Chen X, Ling J, Yang Y. Regenerative Role of T Cells in Nerve Repair and Functional Recovery. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923152. [PMID: 35865551 PMCID: PMC9294345 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is essential in the process of nerve repair after injury. Successful modulation of the immune response is regarded as an effective approach to improving treatment outcomes. T cells play an important role in the immune response of the nervous system, and their beneficial roles in promoting regeneration have been increasingly recognized. However, the diversity of T-cell subsets also delivers both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative functions. Therefore, this review mainly discusses the beneficial impact of T-cell subsets in the repair of both peripheral nervous system and central nervous system injuries and introduces studies on various therapies based on T-cell regulation. Further discoveries in T-cell mechanisms and multifunctional biomaterials will provide novel strategies for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jue Ling
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Ling, ; Yumin Yang,
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Province, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Ling, ; Yumin Yang,
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12
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Houser CL, Lawrence BP. The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Modulates T Follicular Helper Cell Responses to Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2319-2330. [PMID: 35444027 PMCID: PMC9117429 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support Ab responses and are a critical component of adaptive immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Tfh cells are regulated by a network of signaling pathways that are controlled, in part, by transcription factors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an environment-sensing transcription factor that modulates many aspects of adaptive immunity by binding a range of small molecules. However, the contribution of AHR signaling to Tfh cell differentiation and function is not known. In this article, we report that AHR activation by three different agonists reduced the frequency of Tfh cells during primary infection of C57BL/6 mice with influenza A virus (IAV). Further, using the high-affinity and AHR-specific agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, we show that AHR activation reduced Tfh cell differentiation and T cell-dependent B cell responses. Using conditional AHR knockout mice, we demonstrated that alterations of Tfh cells and T cell-dependent B cell responses after AHR activation required the AHR in T cells. AHR activation reduced the number of T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells; however, the ratio of Tfr to Tfh cells was amplified. These alterations to Tfh and Tfr cells during IAV infection corresponded with differences in expression of BCL6 and FOXP3 in CD4+ T cells and required the AHR to have a functional DNA-binding domain. Overall, these findings support that the AHR modulates Tfh cells during viral infection, which has broad-reaching consequences for understanding how environmental factors contribute to variation in immune defenses against infectious pathogens, such as influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Houser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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13
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Wen Z, Aleem MT, Aimulajiang K, Chen C, Liang M, Song X, Xu L, Li X, Yan R. The GT1-TPS Structural Domain Protein From Haemonchus contortus Could Be Suppressive Antigen of Goat PBMCs. Front Immunol 2022; 12:787091. [PMID: 35058927 PMCID: PMC8764253 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.787091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS), a key enzyme in trehalose synthesis, is not present in mammals but critical to the viability of a wide range of lower organisms. However, almost nothing is known about the function of Hc-TPS (GT1-TPS structural domain protein from Haemonchus contortus). In this study, Hc-TPS gene was cloned and the recombinant protein (rHc-TPS) was expressed and purified. The quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) results showed that Hc-TPS was transcribed at different stages of H. contortus, with higher levels of transcription at the molting and embryo stages. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that Hc-TPS was widely distributed in adults, but the expression was mainly localized on the mucosal surface of the intestine as well as in the embryos of female worms. The impacts of rHc-TPS on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) generation, transcriptional expression of cytokines, and related pathways were examined by co-incubating rHc-TPS with goat PBMCs. The results showed that rHc-TPS significantly inhibited PBMC proliferation and NO secretion in a dose-dependent manner. We also found that rHc-TPS activated the interleukin (IL)-10/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (IL-10/STAT3/SOCS3) axis and significantly promoted SOCS3 expression, while inhibiting interferon-gamma (INF-γ), IL-4, IL-9, and IL-2 pathways. Our findings may contribute to understanding the immune evasion mechanism for the parasite during host-parasite interactions and also help to provide ideas for discovering new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Wen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kalibixiati Aimulajiang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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14
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The Immune Regulatory Role of Protein Kinase CK2 and Its Implications for Treatment of Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121932. [PMID: 34944749 PMCID: PMC8698504 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase CK2, a constitutively active serine/threonine kinase, fulfills its functions via phosphorylating hundreds of proteins in nearly all cells. It regulates a variety of cellular signaling pathways and contributes to cell survival, proliferation and inflammation. CK2 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hematologic and solid cancers. Recent data have documented that CK2 has unique functions in both innate and adaptive immune cells. In this article, we review aspects of CK2 biology, functions of the major innate and adaptive immune cells, and how CK2 regulates the function of immune cells. Finally, we provide perspectives on how CK2 effects in immune cells, particularly T-cells, may impact the treatment of cancers via targeting CK2.
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15
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Olotu FA, Soliman MES. Immunoinformatics prediction of potential B-cell and T-cell epitopes as effective vaccine candidates for eliciting immunogenic responses against Epstein-Barr virus. Biomed J 2021; 44:317-337. [PMID: 34154948 PMCID: PMC8358216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ongoing search for viable treatment options to curtail Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) pathogenicity has necessitated a paradigmatic shift towards the design of peptide-based vaccines. Potential B-cell and T-cell epitopes were predicted for nine antigenic EBV proteins that mediate epithelial cell-attachment and spread, capsid self-assembly, DNA replication and processivity. METHODS Predictive algorithms incorporated in the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) resources were used to determine potential B-cell epitopes based on their physicochemical attributes. These were combined with a string-kernel method and an antigenicity predictive AlgPred tool to enhance accuracy in the end-point selection of highly potential antigenic EBV B-cell epitopes. NetCTL 1.2 algorithms enabled the prediction of probable T-cell epitopes which were structurally modeled and subjected to blind peptide-protein docking with HLA-A*02:01. All-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and Molecular Mechanics Generalized-Born Surface Area methods were used to investigate interaction dynamics and affinities of predicted T-cell peptide-protein complexes. RESULTS Computational predictions and sequence overlapping analysis yielded 18 linear (continuous) and discontinuous (conformational) subunit epitopes from the antigenic proteins with characteristic surface accessibility, flexibility and antigenicity, and predictive scores above the threshold value (1) set. A novel site was identified on HLA-A*02:01 with preferential affinity binding for modeled BMRF2, BXLF1 and BGLF4 T-cell epitopes. Interaction dynamics and energies were also computed in addition to crucial residues that mediated complex formation and stability. CONCLUSION This study implemented an integrative meta-analytical approach to model highly probable B-cell and T-cell epitopes as potential peptide-vaccine candidates for the treatment of EBV-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fisayo A Olotu
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, South Africa.
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16
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Ren Z, Gao P, Okyere SK, Cui Y, Wen J, Jing B, Deng J, Hu Y. Ageratina adenophora Inhibits Spleen Immune Function in Rats via the Loss of the FRC Network and Th1-Th2 Cell Ratio Elevation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050309. [PMID: 33926136 PMCID: PMC8145992 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of Ageratina adenophora (A. adenophora) on splenic immune function in a rat model. Rats were fed with 10 g/100 g normal feed and an experimental feed, which was composed of 3:7 A. adenophora powder and normal feed for 60 days. On days 14, 28, and 60, subsets of rats (n = 8 rats/group/time point) were selected for blood and spleen tissue sample collection. The results showed that the proportion of CD3+ T cells in the spleen was decreased at day 60 (vs. control). Also, mRNA and protein expression of chemokines CCL21 and CCL19 and functional protein gp38 in spleen decreased significantly versus the control at day 60. In addition, ER-TR7 antigen protein expression was also decreased at day 60. Levels of T-helper (Th)1 cells significantly increased, whereas those of Th2 cells decreased significantly versus the control at day 60 in spleen. The finding revealed that A. adenophora could affect splenic immune function in rats by altering the fibroblast reticulocyte (FRC) network, as well as by causing an imbalance in Th1/Th2 cell ratios. This research provides new insights into potential mechanisms of spleen immunotoxicity due to exposures to A. Adenophora.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanchun Hu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-28-8629-1162
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17
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Krueger PD, Goldberg MF, Hong SW, Osum KC, Langlois RA, Kotov DI, Dileepan T, Jenkins MK. Two sequential activation modules control the differentiation of protective T helper-1 (Th1) cells. Immunity 2021; 54:687-701.e4. [PMID: 33773107 PMCID: PMC8495663 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ T helper-1 (Th1) cells are critical for protection from microbes that infect the phagosomes of myeloid cells. Current understanding of Th1 cell differentiation is based largely on reductionist cell culture experiments. We assessed Th1 cell generation in vivo by studying antigen-specific CD4+ T cells during infection with the phagosomal pathogen Salmonella enterica (Se), or influenza A virus (IAV), for which CD4+ T cells are less important. Both microbes induced T follicular helper (Tfh) and interleukin-12 (IL-12)-independent Th1 cells. During Se infection, however, the Th1 cells subsequently outgrew the Tfh cells via an IL-12-dependent process and formed subsets with increased IFN-γ production, ZEB2-transcription factor-dependent cytotoxicity, and capacity to control Se infection. Our results indicate that many infections induce a module that generates Tfh and poorly differentiated Th1 cells, which is followed in phagosomal infections by an IL-12-dependent Th1 cell amplification module that is critical for pathogen control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Krueger
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Michael F Goldberg
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sung-Wook Hong
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kevin C Osum
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Ryan A Langlois
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Dmitri I Kotov
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.
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18
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Wang L, Das JK, Kumar A, Peng HY, Ren Y, Xiong X, Yang JM, Song J. Autophagy in T-cell differentiation, survival and memory. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:351-360. [PMID: 33141986 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, autophagy has emerged as a critical regulatory mechanism of the immune system through critically controlling various aspects of T cell biology and determining the fate of different T cell subsets. Autophagy maintains T cell development and survival by regulating the degradation of organelles and apoptotic proteins. The autophagic process also impacts the formation of memory T cells. Alteration of autophagy in T cells may lead to a variety of pathological conditions such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer. In this review, we discuss how autophagy impacts T cell differentiation, survival and memory, and its implication in immunotherapy for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jugal Kishore Das
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Hao-Yun Peng
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yijie Ren
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofang Xiong
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Jin-Ming Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jianxun Song
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
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19
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Fahmi M, Kharisma VD, Ansori ANM, Ito M. Retrieval and Investigation of Data on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Using Bioinformatics Approach. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:839-857. [PMID: 33973215 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Sudden emergence and a rapid outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 accompanied by a devastating impact on the economy and public health has driven extensive scientific mobilization to study and elucidate the various associated concerns about SARS-CoV-2. Bioinformatics plays a crucial role in addressing and providing solutions to questions about SARS-CoV-2. It helps shorten the duration for the vaccine development process and the discovery of potential clinical interventions through the simulation and information retrieval, and the development of well-ordered information hubs and resources, which are essential to derive data and meaningful findings from the current massive information about SARS-CoV-2. Advanced algorithms in this field also provide approaches that are essential to elucidate the relationship, origin, and evolutionary process of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report essential bioinformatics entities, such as database and platform development, molecular evolution and phylogenetic analyses, and vaccine designs, that are useful to solve the SARS-CoV-2 conundrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhamad Fahmi
- Advanced Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Viol Dhea Kharisma
- Master Program in Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia.,Computational Virology and Complexity Science Research Unit, Division of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Generasi Biologi Indonesia (GENBINESIA) Foundation, Gresik, Indonesia.,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Malang, Indonesia
| | - Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Advanced Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan. .,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kusatsu, Japan.
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20
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Di Florio DN, Sin J, Coronado MJ, Atwal PS, Fairweather D. Sex differences in inflammation, redox biology, mitochondria and autoimmunity. Redox Biol 2020; 31:101482. [PMID: 32197947 PMCID: PMC7212489 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by circulating antibodies and immune complexes directed against self-tissues that result in both systemic and organ-specific inflammation and pathology. Most autoimmune diseases occur more often in women than men. One exception is myocarditis, which is an inflammation of the myocardium that is typically caused by viral infections. Sex differences in the immune response and the role of the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone are well established based on animal models of autoimmune viral myocarditis as well as in mitochondrial function leading to reactive oxygen species production. RNA viruses like coxsackievirus B3, the primary cause of myocarditis in the US, activate the inflammasome through mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein located on the mitochondrial outer membrane. Toll-like receptor 4 and the inflammasome are the primary signaling pathways that increase inflammation during myocarditis, which is increased by testosterone. This review describes what is known about sex differences in inflammation, redox biology and mitochondrial function in the male-dominant autoimmune disease myocarditis and highlights gaps in the literature and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian N Di Florio
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | - Jon Sin
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - DeLisa Fairweather
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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21
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Gold Nanoparticle-Mediated Photoporation Enables Delivery of Macromolecules over a Wide Range of Molecular Weights in Human CD4+ T Cells. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9080411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The modification of CD4+ T cells with exogenous nucleic acids or proteins is a critical step in several research and therapeutic applications, such as HIV studies and cancer immunotherapies. However, efficient cell transfections are not always easily achieved when working with these primary hard-to-transfect cells. While the modification of T cells is typically performed by viral transduction or electroporation, their use is associated with safety issues or cytotoxicity. Vapor nanobubble (VNB) photoporation with sensitizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has recently emerged as a new technology for safe and flexible cell transfections. In this work, we evaluated the potential of VNB photoporation as a novel technique for the intracellular delivery of macromolecules in primary human CD4+ T cells using fluorescent dextrans as model molecules. Our results show that VNB photoporation enables efficient delivery of fluorescent dextrans of 10 kDa in Jurkat (>60% FD10+ cells) as well as in primary human CD4+ T cells (±40% FD10+ cells), with limited cell toxicity (>70% cell viability). We also demonstrated that the technique allows the delivery of dextrans that are up to 500 kDa in Jurkat cells, suggesting its applicability for the delivery of biological macromolecules with a wide range of molecular weights. Altogether, VNB photoporation represents a promising technique for the universal delivery of macromolecules in view of engineering CD4+ T cells for use in a wide variety of research and therapeutic applications.
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22
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Sailliet N, Brosseau C, Robert JM, Brouard S. Role of JAK inhibitors and immune cells in transplantation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 47:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Wang XB, Wu DJ, Chen WP, Liu J, Ju YJ. Impact of radiotherapy on immunological parameters, levels of inflammatory factors, and clinical prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2019; 60:353-363. [PMID: 31034571 PMCID: PMC6530619 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to observe dynamic changes in immunological parameters and levels of inflammatory factors from pre-radiotherapy to post-radiotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer, and to evaluate the related clinical prognosis. In all, 110 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent radiotherapy were enrolled. Before radiotherapy, post-radiotherapy, and 3 months after radiotherapy, the percentages of T lymphocyte subsets and natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood were detected using flow cytometry. The levels of serum inflammatory factors were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thirty peripheral blood samples from healthy people were similarly analysed as the control. Before radiotherapy, the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and NK cells, and the CD4+/CD8+ rate in esophageal cancer patients were significantly different from those in the healthy control group (P < 0.001); the levels of inflammatory factors were increased significantly (P < 0.001). The percentages of the above cells and the levels of inflammatory factors also differed statistically significantly between pre- and post-radiotherapy (P < 0.001) in the esophageal cancer patients. Three months after radiotherapy, the percentages of CD3+ (P = 0.453), CD4+ (P = 0.108), and CD8+ T cells (P = 0.163) and NK cells (P = 0.103) had recovered to the level before radiotherapy; and the levels of TNF-α (P = 0.101), IL-6 (P = 0.302) and IL-8 (P = 0.250) were also restored. After radiotherapy, alterations in immunological parameters were associated with the irradiation volume and the myelosuppression condition. Patients with recovered immunological parameters showed a longer median survival time than those with poor recovery of immunological parameters. For esophageal cancer patients who were immunosuppressive and had an activated inflammatory response before radiotherapy, radiotherapy aggravated these symptoms, and this aggravation was positively associated with myelosuppression and irradiation volume. In addition, recovery of the immunological parameters indicated better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bo Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, No. 6 Hai’er Xiang North Road, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Di-Jun Wu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, No. 6 Hai’er Xiang North Road, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ping Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, No. 6 Hai’er Xiang North Road, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, No. 6 Hai’er Xiang North Road, Nantong, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Jian Ju
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, No. 6 Hai’er Xiang North Road, Nantong, P.R. China
- Corresponding author: Department of Radiotherapy, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, No. 6 Hai’er Xiang North Road, Nantong 226001, P.R. China. Tel/Fax: +86-0513-85061155.
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De-Pu Z, Li-Sha G, Guang-Yi C, Xiaohong G, Chao X, Cheng Z, Wen-Wu Z, Jia L, Jia-Feng L, Maoping C, Yue-Chun L. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway ameliorates acute viral myocarditis in mice by regulating CD4 + T cell differentiation. Virulence 2019; 9:1364-1376. [PMID: 30176160 PMCID: PMC6141146 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1482179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have found that abnormalities in the proportion and differentiation of CD4+ T cells (Th cells) are closely related to the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis (VMC). Our previous research indicates that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) attenuates the inflammatory response of VMC and downregulates the expression of cytokines in Th1 and Th17 cells. This suggests that the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway likely attenuates the inflammatory response in VMC by altering Th cell differentiation. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of CAP on CD4+ T cell differentiation in VMC mice. CD4+ T cells in the spleen of VMC mice were obtained and cultured in the presence of nicotine or methyllycaconitine (MLA). Cells were harvested and analyzed for the percentage of each Th cell subset by flow cytometry and transcription factor release by Western blot. Then, we detected the effect of CAP on the differentiation of Th cells in vivo. Nicotine or MLA was used to activate and block CAP, respectively, in acute virus-induced myocarditis. Nicotine treatment increased the proportion of Th2 and Treg cells, decreased the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells in the spleen, reduced the level of proinflammatory cytokines, and attenuated the severity of myocardium lesions and cellular infiltration in viral myocarditis. MLA administration had the opposite effect. Our result demonstrated that CAP effectively protects the myocardium from virus infection, which may be attributable to the regulation of Th cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou De-Pu
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Ge Li-Sha
- b Department of Pediatric Emergency , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Chen Guang-Yi
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Gu Xiaohong
- c Children's Heart Center and Department of Pediatrics , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Xing Chao
- d Department of Clinical Laboratory , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Zhang Wen-Wu
- e Department of Intensive Care Unit , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Li Jia
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Lin Jia-Feng
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Chu Maoping
- c Children's Heart Center and Department of Pediatrics , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
| | - Li Yue-Chun
- a Department of Cardiology , The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , China
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Raza S, Siddique K, Rabbani M, Yaqub T, Anjum AA, Ibrahim M, Azhar M, Jamil F, Rasheed MA. In silico analysis of four structural proteins of aphthovirus serotypes revealed significant B and T cell epitopes. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:254-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Milioglou I, Kalaitzidou I, Ladomenou F. Interpretation of lymphocyte subset counts by the general pediatrician. Pediatr Int 2019; 61:16-22. [PMID: 30248214 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The immune system poses one of the greatest challenges for the scientific community. The general pediatrician should be able to screen and identify an immunodeficient patient based on certain clinical indications. Further investigation is crucial for the distinction between primary or secondary immunodeficiency as well as for between cellular and humoral immunity defects. Full blood count is the best initial laboratory test when suspecting a primary immunodeficiency, focusing on the absolute lymphocyte count, while lymphocyte subset count offers the advantage of detecting the cell type that causes the immune defect. The aim of the present review was to guide the general pediatrician in the investigation and diagnosis of an immunodeficient patient. Even though an immunodeficiency may seem a very difficult disease to diagnose, a balanced and rational way of thinking, along with the help of modern technological advances, can easily guide us in the right direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Milioglou
- Department of Pediatrics, Sismanogleio General Hospital of Komotini, Komotini, Greece
| | - Ioanna Kalaitzidou
- Department of Pediatrics, Venizeleion General Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Fani Ladomenou
- Department of Pediatrics, Venizeleion General Hospital, Heraklion, Greece
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27
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Co-signal Molecules in T-Cell Activation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:3-23. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Tian AL, Lu M, Zhang FK, Calderón-Mantilla G, Petsalaki E, Tian X, Wang W, Huang SY, Li X, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. The pervasive effects of recombinant Fasciola gigantica Ras-related protein Rab10 on the functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:579. [PMID: 30400957 PMCID: PMC6219056 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciola gigantica-induced immunomodulation is a major hurdle faced by the host for controlling infection. Here, we elucidated the role of F. gigantica Ras-related protein Rab10 (FgRab10) in the modulation of key functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of goats. METHODS We cloned and expressed recombinant FgRab10 (rFgRab10) protein and examined its effects on several functions of goat PBMCs. Protein interactors of rFgRab10 were predicted in silico by querying the databases Intact, String, BioPlex and BioGrid. In addition, a total energy analysis of each of the identified interactions was also conducted. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was carried out using FuncAssociate 3.0. RESULTS The FgRab10 gene (618 bp), encodes 205-amino-acid residues with a molecular mass of ~23 kDa, had complete nucleotide sequence homology with F. hepatica Ras family protein gene (PIS87503.1). The rFgRab10 protein specifically cross-reacted with anti-Fasciola antibodies as shown by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. This protein exhibited multiple effects on goat PBMCs, including increased production of cytokines [interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ)] and total nitric oxide (NO), enhancing apoptosis and migration of PBMCs, and promoting the phagocytic ability of monocytes. However, it significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Homology modelling revealed 63% identity between rFgRab10 and human Rab10 protein (Uniprot ID: P61026). Protein interaction network analysis revealed more stabilizing interactions between Rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 1 (CHM) and Rab proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A 2 (CHML) and rFgRab10 protein. Gene Ontology analysis identified RabGTPase mediated signaling as the most represented pathway. CONCLUSIONS rFgRab10 protein exerts profound influences on various functions of goat PBMCs. This finding may help explain why F. gigantica is capable of provoking recognition by host immune cells, less capable of destroying this successful parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - MingMin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guillermo Calderón-Mantilla
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD UK
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD UK
| | - XiaoWei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - WenJuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hany M. Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046 People’s Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009 People’s Republic of China
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29
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Yamada Y, Brüstle K, Jungraithmayr W. T Helper Cell Subsets in Experimental Lung Allograft Rejection. J Surg Res 2018; 233:74-81. [PMID: 30502290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human lung transplantation has evolved to an established treatment for pulmonary diseases in their end stages; however, the long-term outcome is worse when compared to all other solid transplantable organs. The major reason for this unfavorable outcome is rejection, either in its acute or chronic form, the latter termed as chronic lung allograft dysfunction. METHODS A systematic review search was performed. RESULTS One of the most important immune cells responsible for rejection are T cells. Beside alloreactive CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells play a key role during the evolvement of allograft rejection. Certain subsets of these allograft CD4+ T cells have been identified which have been shown to exert either transplant-protective or transplant-injuring properties. These effects have been proven in various experimental models, mainly in rats and mice, and allowed for the gain of important insights into these proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory characteristics including their targetability: while the subsets Th1, Th17, Th22, and Tfh cells have been shown to act in a rather proinflammatory way, Tregs, Th2, and Th9 subsets exert anti-inflammatory effects. Chronic airway obstruction is mainly induced by IL17 as shown across models. CONCLUSIONS This review shall summarize and provide an overview of the current evidence about the role and effects of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory CD4-+ T helper cell subsets during lung allograft rejection in experimental rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Yamada
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karina Brüstle
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Jungraithmayr
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Brandenburg Medical School, Neurupppin, Germany.
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30
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Boulé LA, Chapman TJ, Hillman SE, Kassotis CD, O’Dell C, Robert J, Georas SN, Nagel SC, Lawrence BP. Developmental Exposure to a Mixture of 23 Chemicals Associated With Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations Alters the Immune System of Mice. Toxicol Sci 2018; 163:639-654. [PMID: 29718478 PMCID: PMC5974794 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemicals used in unconventional oil and gas (UOG) operations have the potential to cause adverse biological effects, but this has not been thoroughly evaluated. A notable knowledge gap is their impact on development and function of the immune system. Herein, we report an investigation of whether developmental exposure to a mixture of chemicals associated with UOG operations affects the development and function of the immune system. We used a previously characterized mixture of 23 chemicals associated with UOG, and which was demonstrated to affect reproductive and developmental endpoints in mice. C57Bl/6 mice were maintained throughout pregnancy and during lactation on water containing two concentrations of this 23-chemical mixture, and the immune system of male and female adult offspring was assessed. We comprehensively examined the cellularity of primary and secondary immune organs, and used three different disease models to probe potential immune effects: house dust mite-induced allergic airway disease, influenza A virus infection, and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In all three disease models, developmental exposure altered frequencies of certain T cell sub-populations in female, but not male, offspring. Additionally, in the EAE model disease onset occurred earlier and was more severe in females. Our findings indicate that developmental exposure to this mixture had persistent immunological effects that differed by sex, and exacerbated responses in an experimental model of autoimmune encephalitis. These observations suggest that developmental exposure to complex mixtures of water contaminants, such as those derived from UOG operations, could contribute to immune dysregulation and disease later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
| | - Sara E Hillman
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
| | - Christopher D Kassotis
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | | | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Steve N Georas
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14842
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Susan C Nagel
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212
| | - B Paige Lawrence
- Department of Environmental Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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31
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Fundamentals and Methods for T- and B-Cell Epitope Prediction. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:2680160. [PMID: 29445754 PMCID: PMC5763123 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2680160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is mediated by T- and B-cells, which are immune cells capable of developing pathogen-specific memory that confers immunological protection. Memory and effector functions of B- and T-cells are predicated on the recognition through specialized receptors of specific targets (antigens) in pathogens. More specifically, B- and T-cells recognize portions within their cognate antigens known as epitopes. There is great interest in identifying epitopes in antigens for a number of practical reasons, including understanding disease etiology, immune monitoring, developing diagnosis assays, and designing epitope-based vaccines. Epitope identification is costly and time-consuming as it requires experimental screening of large arrays of potential epitope candidates. Fortunately, researchers have developed in silico prediction methods that dramatically reduce the burden associated with epitope mapping by decreasing the list of potential epitope candidates for experimental testing. Here, we analyze aspects of antigen recognition by T- and B-cells that are relevant for epitope prediction. Subsequently, we provide a systematic and inclusive review of the most relevant B- and T-cell epitope prediction methods and tools, paying particular attention to their foundations.
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32
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Presti R, Pantaleo G. The Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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La Porta J, Matus-Nicodemos R, Valentín-Acevedo A, Covey LR. The RNA-Binding Protein, Polypyrimidine Tract-Binding Protein 1 (PTBP1) Is a Key Regulator of CD4 T Cell Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158708. [PMID: 27513449 PMCID: PMC4981342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the RNA binding protein, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTBP1) plays a critical role in regulating the expression of CD40L in activated CD4 T cells. This is achieved mechanistically through message stabilization at late times of activation as well as by altered distribution of CD40L mRNA within distinct cellular compartments. PTBP1 has been implicated in many different processes, however whether PTBP1 plays a broader role in CD4 T cell activation is not known. To examine this question, experiments were designed to introduce shRNA into primary human CD4 T cells to achieve decreased, but not complete ablation of PTBP1 expression. Analyses of shPTB-expressing CD4 T cells revealed multiple processes including cell proliferation, activation-induced cell death and expression of activation markers and cytokines that were regulated in part by PTBP1 expression. Although there was an overall decrease in the steady-state level of several activation genes, only IL-2 and CD40L appeared to be regulated by PTBP1 at the level of RNA decay suggesting that PTBP1 is critical at different regulatory steps of expression that is gene-specific. Importantly, even though the IL-2 protein levels were reduced in cells with lowered PTBP1, the steady-state level of IL-2 mRNA was significantly higher in these cells suggesting a block at the translational level. Evaluation of T cell activation in shPTB-expressing T cells revealed that PTBP1 was linked primarily to the activation of the PLCγ1/ERK1/2 and the NF-κB pathways. Overall, our results reveal the importance of this critical RNA binding protein in multiple steps of T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James La Porta
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Matus-Nicodemos
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Aníbal Valentín-Acevedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lori R. Covey
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zang F, Chen Y, Lin Z, Cai Z, Yu L, Xu F, Wang J, Zhu W, Lu H. Autophagy is involved in regulating the immune response of dendritic cells to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection. Immunology 2016; 148:56-69. [PMID: 26800655 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can mediate antiviral immunity. However, it remains unknown whether autophagy regulates the immune response of dendritic cells (DCs) to influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 infection. In this study, we found that infection with the H1N1 virus induced DC autophagy in an endocytosis-dependent manner. Compared with autophagy-deficient Beclin-1(+/-) mice, we found that bone-marrow-derived DCs from wild-type mice (WT BMDCs) presented a more mature phenotype on H1N1 infection. Wild-type BMDCs secreted higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), interferon-β (IFN-β), IL-12p70 and IFN-γ than did Beclin-1(+/-) BMDCs. In contrast to Beclin-1(+/-) BMDCs, H1N1-infected WT BMDCs exhibited increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Jun N-terminal kinase, p38, and nuclear factor-κB as well as IFN regulatory factor 7 nuclear translocation. Blockade of autophagosomal and lysosomal fusion by bafilomycin A1 decreased the co-localization of H1N1 viruses, autophagosomes and lysosomes as well as the secretion of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-β in H1N1-infected BMDCs. In contrast to Beclin-1(+/-) BMDCs, H1N1-infected WT BMDCs were more efficient in inducing allogeneic CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and driving T helper type 1, 2 and 17 cell differentiation while inhibiting CD4(+) Foxp3(+) regulatory T-cell differentiation. Moreover, WT BMDCs were more efficient at cross-presenting the ovalbumin antigen to CD8(+) T cells. We consistently found that Beclin-1(+/-) BMDCs were inferior in their inhibition of H1N1 virus replication and their induction of H1N1-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses, which produced lower levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-β in vivo. Our data indicate that autophagy is important in the regulation of the DC immune response to H1N1 infection, thereby extending our understanding of host immune responses to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farong Zang
- Department of Respiration, The People's Hospital of Changxing County, Huzhou, China
| | - Yinghu Chen
- Division of Infection Disease, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Neonatal Diseases, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhendong Lin
- Departments of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaoli Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital (Hangzhou First People's Hospital), Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Zhu
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huoquan Lu
- Department of Respiration, The People's Hospital of Changxing County, Huzhou, China
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35
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Wing AC, Hygino J, Ferreira TB, Kasahara TM, Barros PO, Sacramento PM, Andrade RM, Camargo S, Rueda F, Alves‐Leon SV, Vasconcelos CC, Alvarenga R, Bento CAM. Interleukin-17- and interleukin-22-secreting myelin-specific CD4(+) T cells resistant to corticoids are related with active brain lesions in multiple sclerosis patients. Immunology 2016; 147:212-20. [PMID: 26781085 PMCID: PMC4717237 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be an autoimmune disorder. It is believed that immunological events in the early stages have great impact on the disease course. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the cytokine profile of myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells from MS patients in the early phase of the disease and correlate it to clinical parameters, as well as to the effect of in vitro corticoid treatment. Peripheral T cells from MS patients were stimulated with MBP with our without hydrocortisone for 5 days. The cytokines level were determined by ELISA. The number of active brain lesions was determined by MRI scans, and the neurological disabilities were assessed by Expanded Disability Status Scale scores. Our results demonstrated that MS-derived T cells responded to MBP by producing high levels of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th17 cytokines. Although the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-17 and IL-22 was less sensitive to hydrocortisone inhibition, only IL-17 and IL-22 levels correlated with active brain lesions. The ability of hydrocortisone to inhibit IL-17 and IL-22 production by MBP-specific CD4(+) T cells was inversely related to the number of active brain lesions. Finally, the production of both cytokines was significantly higher in cell cultures from Afrodescendant patients and it was less sensitive to hydrocortisone inhibition. In summary, our data suggest that IL-17- and IL-22-secreting CD4(+) T cells resistant to corticoids are associated with radiological activity of the MS in early stages of the disease, mainly among Afrodescendant patients who, normally, have worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Wing
- Post‐graduate Programme in NeurologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Joana Hygino
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Thais B. Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Taissa M. Kasahara
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Priscila O. Barros
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Priscila M. Sacramento
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Regis M. Andrade
- Department of General MedicineFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Fernanda Rueda
- Clinical Diagnosis by Image/Barra da Tijuca UnityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Soniza V. Alves‐Leon
- Post‐graduate Programme in NeurologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | | | - Regina Alvarenga
- Post‐graduate Programme in NeurologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Cleonice A. M. Bento
- Post‐graduate Programme in NeurologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyFederal University of the State of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
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36
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Almolda B, González B, Castellano B. Are Microglial Cells the Regulators of Lymphocyte Responses in the CNS? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:440. [PMID: 26635525 PMCID: PMC4644801 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of immune cells in the central nervous system is a common hallmark in different neuroinflammatory conditions. Accumulating evidence indicates that resident glial cells can establish a cross-talk with infiltrated immune cells, including T-cells, regulating their recruitment, activation and function within the CNS. Although the healthy CNS has been thought to be devoid of professional dendritic cells (DCs), numerous studies have reported the presence of a population of DCs in specific locations such as the meninges, choroid plexuses and the perivascular space. Moreover, the infiltration of DC precursors during neuroinflammatory situations has been proposed, suggesting a putative role of these cells in the regulation of lymphocyte activity within the CNS. On the other hand, under specific circumstances, microglial cells are able to acquire a phenotype of DC expressing a wide range of molecules that equip these cells with all the necessary machinery for communication with T-cells. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the expression of molecules involved in the cross-talk with T-cells in both microglial cells and DCs and discuss the potential contribution of each of these cell populations on the control of lymphocyte function within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Almolda
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernardo Castellano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Facultat de Medicina, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
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Abstract
At least 2.8 million people die each year as a result of being overweight or obese, and the biggest burden being obesity-related diseases. Overweight and obesity account for a major proportion of type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases. Obesity is associated with inflammation in adipose tissue, namely an infiltration and expansion of macrophages, which produce inflammatory cytokines that interfere with insulin signaling, and a loss of protective cells that promote adipose homeostasis. Thus, it is now clear that inflammation is an underlying cause or contributor to T2D as well as many other obesity-induced diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. Inflammatory pathways contribute to impaired glucose handling by adipocytes, hepatocytes, and muscle cells and interfere with insulin production and insulin signaling. This review highlights the roles of the different immune populations in lean adipose tissue and their importance in tissue homeostasis to keep inflammation at bay. We also discuss the changes that occur in these immune cells during the development of obesity, which has detrimental effects on the health of adipose tissue, and local and systemic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Kohlgruber
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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