1
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. Vaillancourt
- Department of Plant Pathology, S-305 Agricultural Science Building-North, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0091
| | - Robert M. Hanau
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Building, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1155
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2
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Wang CL, Shim WB, Shaw BD. The Colletotrichum graminicola striatin orthologue Str1 is necessary for anastomosis and is a virulence factor. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:931-42. [PMID: 26576029 PMCID: PMC6638439 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Striatin family proteins are key regulators in signalling pathways in fungi and animals. These scaffold proteins contain four conserved domains: a caveolin-binding domain, a coiled-coil motif and a calmodulin-binding domain at the N-terminus, and a WD-repeat domain at the C-terminus. Fungal striatin orthologues are associated with sexual development, hyphal growth and plant pathogenesis. In Fusarium verticillioides, the striatin orthologue Fsr1 promotes virulence in the maize stalk. The relationship between fungal striatins and pathogenicity remains largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrate that the Colletotrichum graminicola striatin orthologue Str1 is required for full stalk rot and leaf blight virulence in maize. Pathogenicity assays show that the striatin mutant strain (Δstr1) produces functional appressoria, but infection and colonization are attenuated. Additional phenotypes of the Δstr1 mutant include reduced radial growth and compromised hyphal fusion. In comparison with the wild-type, Δstr1 also shows a defect in sexual development and produces fewer and shorter conidia. Together with the fact that F. verticillioides fsr1 can complement Δstr1, our results indicate that C. graminicola Str1 shares five phenotypes with striatin orthologues in other fungal species: hyphal growth, hyphal fusion, conidiation, sexual development and virulence. We propose that fungal striatins, like mammalian striatins, act as scaffolding molecules that cross-link multiple signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Li Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2132, TX, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Won-Bo Shim
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2132, TX, USA
| | - Brian D Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2132, TX, USA
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3
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Qi Z, Liu M, Dong Y, Yang J, Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhang Z. Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase MoPyr5 is involved in uridine 5'-phosphate synthesis and pathogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:3655-66. [PMID: 26810198 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase (OPRTase) plays an important role in de novo and salvage pathways of nucleotide synthesis and is widely used as a screening marker in genetic transformation. However, the function of OPRTase in plant pathogens remains unclear. In this study, we characterized an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ura5, the OPRTase MoPyr5, from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Targeted gene disruption revealed that MoPyr5 is required for mycelial growth, appressorial turgor pressure and penetration into plant tissues, invasive hyphal growth, and pathogenicity. Interestingly, the ∆Mopyr5 mutant is also involved in mycelial surface hydrophobicity. Exogenous uridine 5'-phosphate (UMP) restored vegetative growth and rescued the defect in pathogenicity on detached barley and rice leaf sheath. Collectively, our results show that MoPyr5 is an OPRTase for UMP biosynthesis in M. oryzae and indicate that UTP biosynthesis is closely linked with vegetative growth, cell wall integrity, and pathogenicity of fungus. Our results also suggest that UMP biosynthesis would be a good target for the development of novel fungicides against M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Qi
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanhan Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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4
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Wang CL, Shaw BD. F-actin localization dynamics during appressorium formation in Colletotrichum graminicola. Mycologia 2015; 108:506-14. [PMID: 26297784 DOI: 10.3852/15-068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Appressoria are essential penetration structures for many phytopathogenic fungi. Here F-actin localization dynamics were documented during appressorium formation in vitro and in planta in Colletotrichum graminicola Four discernible stages of dynamic F-actin distribution occurring in a programmed order were documented from differentiation of appressoria to formation of penetration pores: (stage A) from germ tube enlargement to complete expansion of the appressorium; (stage S) septation occurs; (stage L) a long period of low F-actin activity; (stage P) the penetration pore forms. The F-actin subcellular localization corresponded to each stage. A distinct redistribution of actin cables occurred at the transition from stage A to stage S. The in planta assays revealed that F-actin also assembled in invasive hyphae and that actin cables might play an essential role for penetration-peg development. The F-actin localization distribution may be used as a subcellular marker to define the developmental stages during appressorium formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Li Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, and Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Brian D Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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5
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Torres MF, Cuadros DF, Vaillancourt LJ. Evidence for a diffusible factor that induces susceptibility in the Colletotrichum-maize disease interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:80-93. [PMID: 24003973 PMCID: PMC6638722 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola, the causal agent of maize anthracnose, is a hemibiotrophic fungus that initially infects living host cells via primary hyphae surrounded by a membrane. A nonpathogenic mutant disrupted in a gene encoding a component of the signal peptidase complex, and believed to be deficient in protein processing and secretion, regained pathogenicity when it was inoculated onto maize leaf sheaths close to the wild-type fungus. Evidence is presented suggesting that the wild-type produces a diffusible factor(s) that induces the localized susceptibility of host cells at the borders of expanding colonies, causing them to become receptive to biotrophic invasion. The induced susceptibility effect is limited to a distance of approximately eight cells from the edge of the wild-type colony, is dosage dependent and is specific to C. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Torres
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
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6
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Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes lacking a conserved lysine. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:9030-6. [PMID: 17921291 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01161-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrE gene, encoding orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRTase), was cloned by nested PCR and colony blotting from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6872, which is widely used in nucleotide production. Sequence analysis shows that there is a lack of an important conserved lysine (Lys 73 in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium OPRTase) in the C. ammoniagenes OPRTase. This lysine has been considered to contribute to the initiation of catalysis. The enzyme was overexpressed and purified from a recombinant Escherichia coli strain. The molecular mass of the purified OPRTase was determined to be 45.4 +/- 1.5 kDa by gel filtration. Since the molecular mass for the subunit of the enzyme was 21.3 +/- 0.6 kDa, the native enzyme exists as a dimer. Divalent magnesium was necessary for the activity of the enzyme and can be substituted for by Mn2+ and Co2+. The optimal pH for the forward (phosphoribosyl transfer) reaction is 10.5 to 11.5, which is higher than that of other reported OPRTases, and the optimal pH for the reverse (pyrophosphorolysis) reaction is 5.5 to 6.5. The Km values for the four substrates were determined to be 33 microM for orotate, 64 microM for 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), 45 microM for orotidine-5-phosphate (OMP), and 36 microM for pyrophosphate. The Km value for OMP is much larger than those of other organisms. These differences may be due to the absence of Lys 73, which is present in the active sites of other OPRTases and is known to interact with OMP and PRPP.
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7
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Fang GC, Hanau RM, Vaillancourt LJ. The SOD2 gene, encoding a manganese-type superoxide dismutase, is up-regulated during conidiogenesis in the plant-pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. Fungal Genet Biol 2002; 36:155-65. [PMID: 12081469 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(02)00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The SOD2 gene, encoding a manganese-type superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), was identified from Colletotrichum graminicola among a collection of cDNAs representing genes that are up-regulated during conidiogenesis. The SOD2 gene consists of a 797-bp open reading frame that is interrupted by three introns and is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 208 amino acids. All conserved residues of the MnSOD protein family, including four consensus metal binding domains, are present in the predicted SOD2 protein. However, the predicted protein does not appear to contain a signal peptide that would target it to the mitochondria. Northern hybridizations revealed that expression of the approximately 900-bp SOD2 transcript is closely associated with differentiation of both oval and falcate conidia. Southern analysis indicated that there is only a single copy of the gene. SOD2 disruption strains were morphologically and pathogenically indistinguishable from wild-type strains. The dispensability of the MnSOD enzyme may be due to the activities of two other SOD enzymes, a highly expressed iron-type superoxide dismutase and a much less abundant copper/zinc type, that were also detected in C. graminicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-C Fang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Panaccione DG, Johnson RD, Wang J, Young CA, Damrongkool P, Scott B, Schardl CL. Elimination of ergovaline from a grass-Neotyphodium endophyte symbiosis by genetic modification of the endophyte. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:12820-5. [PMID: 11592979 PMCID: PMC60137 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.221198698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal endophytes Neotyphodium lolii and Neotyphodium sp. Lp1 from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and related endophytes in other grasses, produce the ergopeptine toxin ergovaline, among other alkaloids, while also increasing plant fitness and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. In the related fungus, Claviceps purpurea, the biosynthesis of ergopeptines requires the activities of two peptide synthetases, LPS1 and LPS2. A peptide synthetase gene hypothesized to be important for ergopeptine biosynthesis was identified in C. purpurea by its clustering with another ergot alkaloid biosynthetic gene, dmaW. Sequence analysis conducted independently of the research presented here indicates that this gene encodes LPS1 [Tudzynski, P., Holter, K., Correia, T., Arntz, C., Grammel, N. & Keller, U. (1999) Mol. Gen. Genet. 261, 133-141]. We have cloned a similar peptide synthetase gene from Neotyphodium lolii and inactivated it by gene knockout in Neotyphodium sp. Lp1. The resulting strain retained full compatibility with its perennial ryegrass host plant as assessed by immunoblotting of tillers and quantitative PCR. However, grass-endophyte associations containing the knockout strain did not produce detectable quantities of ergovaline as analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. Disruption of this gene provides a means to manipulate the accumulation of ergovaline in endophyte-infected grasses for the purpose of determining the roles of ergovaline in endophyte-associated traits and, potentially, for ameliorating toxicoses in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Panaccione
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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9
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Yaoi T, Laksanalamai P, Jiemjit A, Kagawa HK, Alton T, Trent JD. Cloning and characterization of ftsZ and pyrF from the archaeon Thermoplasma acidophilum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:936-45. [PMID: 10973825 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To characterize cytoskeletal components of archaea, the ftsZ gene from Thermoplasma acidophilum was cloned and sequenced. In T. acidophilum ftsZ, which is involved in cell division, was found to be in an operon with the pyrF gene, which encodes orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ODC), an essential enzyme in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Both ftsZ and pyrF from T. acidophilum were expressed in Escherichia coli and formed functional proteins. FtsZ expression in wild-type E. coli resulted in the filamentous phenotype characteristic of ftsZ mutants. T. acidophilum pyrF expression in an E. coli mutant lacking pyrF complemented the mutation and rescued the strain. Sequence alignments of ODCs from archaea, bacteria, and eukarya reveal five conserved regions, two of which have homology to 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS), suggesting a common substrate recognition and binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yaoi
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California 94035, USA
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10
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Yu JJ, Zheng L, Thomas PW, Szaniszlo PJ, Cole GT. Isolation and confirmation of function of the Coccidioides immitis URA5 (orotate phosphoribosyl transferase) gene. Gene 1999; 226:233-42. [PMID: 9931494 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The OPRTase (URA5) gene of the human pathogenic fungus, Coccidioides immitis (Ci), was cloned, sequenced, chromosome-mapped and expressed both by transformation of Escherichia coli and by complementation of wdura5Delta, an auxotrophic strain of Wangiella dermatitidis (Wd) with a disrupted URA5 gene. A functional assay of the recombinant URA5 expressed by E. coli was conducted to ensure that the isolated Ci gene encodes the appropriate enzyme. In the absence of a transformation system for Ci, we also used a reported method of introduction of heterologous DNA into cells of the phylogenetically related fungus, Wangiella dermatitidis, to confirm the function of the Ci URA5 gene. Both the genomic and cDNA sequences of the Ci URA5 gene are presented. The transcription start point and two poly(A) addition sites were confirmed. The gene contains a 714-bp ORF that translates a 238-amino-acid (aa) protein of 25.5kDa and pI of 6.5. No introns are present. The translated protein contains a single, putative N-glycosylation site. The deduced Ci protein showed 55-63% aa sequence similarity to reported fungal OPRTases. The URA5 gene was mapped to chromosome IV of Ci, and was shown to be a single copy gene by Southern and Northern hybridizations. Transformation of the wdura5Delta mutant to prototrophy was accomplished by electroporation of Wd yeast cells with the Ci URA5 gene. Cellular uptake of the heterologous DNA was confirmed by Southern hybridization. The stable transformants were unable to grow on a medium containing 5-FOA. Expression of the Ci URA5 gene can be used as a selectable marker for a transformation system, and the latter is essential for molecular studies of this pathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614-5806, USA
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11
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Randhir RJ, Hanau RM. Size and complexity of the nuclear genome of Colletotrichum graminicola. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997; 63:4001-4. [PMID: 9327564 PMCID: PMC168711 DOI: 10.1128/aem.63.10.4001-4004.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA reassociation was used to estimate GC content, size, and complexity of the nuclear genomes of Colletotrichum from maize and sorghum. Melting-temperature analysis indicated that the GC content of the maize pathotype DNA was 51% and that the GC content of the sorghum pathotype was 52%. DNA reassociation kinetics employing S1 nuclease digestion and an appropriately modified second-order equation indicated that the genome sizes of the maize and sorghum pathotypes were 4.8 x 10(7) bp, and 5.0 x 10(7) bp, respectively. Genomic reconstruction experiments based on Southern blot hybridization between a cloned single-copy gene, PYR1 (orotate phosphoribosyl transferase), and maize-pathotype DNA confirmed the size of the nuclear genome. The single-copy component of the genomes of both pathotypes was estimated at about 90%. For both pathotypes, ca. 7% of the genome represented repetitive DNA, and 2 to 3% was foldback DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Randhir
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1155, USA
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12
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Yamagishi A, Tanimoto T, Suzuki T, Oshima T. Pyrimidine biosynthesis genes (pyrE and pyrF) of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2191-4. [PMID: 8787418 PMCID: PMC167999 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2191-2194.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated uracil auxotrophic mutants of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus. A part of the pyrimidine biosynthetic operon including genes for orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (pyrE) and for orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (pyrF) was cloned and sequenced. The pyrE gene can be a bidirectional marker for the gene manipulation system of the thermophile.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yamagishi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan
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13
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Vaillancourt LJ, Hanau RM. Cotransformation and Targeted Gene Inactivation in the Maize Anthracnose Fungus,
Glomerella graminicola. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:3890-3. [PMID: 16349425 PMCID: PMC201905 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.10.3890-3893.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotransformation of
Glomerella graminicola
was achieved with the
G. graminicola
genes
TUB1
R1 (encoding a β-tubulin which confers resistance to the fungicide benomyl) and
PYR1
(encoding orotate phosphoribosyl transferase, which confers pyrimidine prototrophy). The cotransformation frequency was about 30% when selection was for pyrimidine prototrophy (Pyr
+
) and 87% when selection was for benomyl-resistant (Bml
r
) transformants. Southern blots confirmed that both transforming DNAs had integrated into the genomes of transformants which were expressing both Pyr
+
and Bml
r
phenotypes. A plasmid, p23, which contained a truncated 500-bp segment representing the central region of the
PYR1
gene was constructed. The plasmid was introduced with pCG7, containing
TUB1
R1, into
G. graminicola
M1.001 (Pyr
+
Bml
s
), and Bml
r
transformants were selected. The Bml
r
transformants were screened on medium which did not contain uridine in order to identify Pyr
-
mutants created by integration of p23 at the
PYR1
locus. None of the primary transformants were Pyr
-
, but 0.2% of uninucleate conidia collected from the pooled primary transformants gave rise to Pyr
-
auxotrophs. Southern blots representing two of these Pyr
-
mutants confirmed that they had the expected homologous integration of p23 at the
PYR1
locus. This suggested that integration resulted in production of two nonfunctional copies of the gene, one lacking the 5′ sequences and the other lacking the 3′ sequences. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using cotransformation to perform targeted gene disruptions in
G. graminicola
.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Vaillancourt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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