1
|
Clinal versus disruptive latitudinal variation in fruit traits of a South American mistletoe. Oecologia 2022; 200:397-411. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
2
|
Bühlmann I, Gossner MM. Invasive Drosophila suzukii outnumbers native controphics and causes substantial damage to fruits of forest plants. NEOBIOTA 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/neobiota.77.87319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Impacts of biological invasions are diverse and can have far-reaching consequences for ecosystems. The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, is a major invasive pest of fruits, which negatively affects fruit and wine production. However, little is known about the ecological impact of this fly species on more natural ecosystems it has invaded, such as forests. In this study, we investigated the use of potential host plants by D. suzukii at 64 sites in different forest communities in Switzerland from mid-June to mid-October 2020. We examined more than 12,000 fruits for egg deposits of D. suzukii to assess its direct impact on the plants. We recorded symptoms of fruit decay after egg deposition to determine if D. suzukii attacks trigger fruit decay. In addition, we monitored the drosophilid fauna with cup traps baited with apple cider vinegar, as we expected that D. suzukii would outnumber and potentially outcompete native controphics, especially other drosophilids. Egg deposits of D. suzukii were found on the fruits of 31 of the 39 potential host plant species studied, with 18 species showing an attack rate > 50%. Overall, fruits of Cotoneaster divaricatus (96%), Atropa bella-donna (91%), Rubus fruticosus corylifolius aggr. (91%), Frangula alnus (85%) and Sambucus nigra (83%) were attacked particularly frequently, resulting also in high predicted attack probabilities that varied among forest communities. Later and longer fruiting, black fruit colour, larger fruit size and higher pulp pH all positively affected attack rates. More than 50% of the plant species showed severe symptoms of decay after egg deposition, with higher pulp sugar content leading to more severe symptoms. The high fruit attack rate observed was reflected in a high abundance and dominance of D. suzukii in trap catches, independent of forest community and elevation. Drosophila suzukii was by far the most abundant species, accounting for 86% (81,395 individuals) of all drosophilids. The abundance of D. suzukii was negatively associated with the abundance of the native drosophilids. Our results indicate that the invasive D. suzukii competes strongly with other frugivorous species and that its presence might have far-reaching ecosystem-level consequences. The rapid decay of fruits attacked by D. suzukii leads to a loss of resources and may disrupt seed-dispersal mutualisms through the reduced consumption of fruits by dispersers such as birds.
Collapse
|
3
|
Preceding Phenological Events Rather than Climate Drive the Variations in Fruiting Phenology in the Desert Shrub Nitraria tangutorum. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121578. [PMID: 35736729 PMCID: PMC9227467 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fruit setting and ripening are crucial in the reproductive cycle of many desert plant species, but their response to precipitation changes is still unclear. To clarify the response patterns, a long-term in situ water addition experiment with five treatments, namely natural precipitation (control) plus an extra 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the local mean annual precipitation (145 mm), was conducted in a temperate desert in northwestern China. A whole series of fruiting events including the onset, peak, and end of fruit setting and the onset, peak, and end of fruit ripening of a locally dominant shrub, Nitraria tangutorum, were observed from 2012 to 2018. The results show that (1) water addition treatments had no significant effects on all six fruiting events in almost all years, and the occurrence time of almost all fruiting events remained relatively stable compared with leaf phenology and flowering phenology after the water addition treatments; (2) the occurrence times of all fruiting events were not correlated to the amounts of water added in the treatments; (3) there are significant inter-annual variations in each fruiting event. However, neither temperature nor precipitation play key roles, but the preceding flowering events drive their inter-annual variation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Takahashi K, Takahashi K. Alpine ericaceous dwarf shrubs as summer food resources for Asiatic black bears in Japan. URSUS 2022. [DOI: 10.2192/ursus-d-20-00013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Takahashi
- Faculty of Tourism and Environmental Studies, Nagano University, Japan
| | - Kaori Takahashi
- Division of Gene Research, Department of Life Science, Research Center for Human and Environmental Sciences, Shinshu University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu S, Li D, Liu C, Katz O. Propagule size and seed development duration: high photosynthate allocation and growth allometry. PLANTA 2022; 255:79. [PMID: 35247084 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The divergences in propagule mass have been more consistently associated with divergences in seed development duration or fruit pedicel cross-sectional area than with divergences in any other biotic factors. Allometry and Corner's rule became an important theme in evolutionary biology of plant trait structure and function. Being one of the most widely noticed plant traits, propagule (seed and fruit) mass variation mechanism across species is still controversial. Here we examined correlations between propagule mass and seed development duration as well as other traits, such as cross-sectional area of fruit pedicel, life form, fruit type and leaf area over four census years, to test an important life history strategy for propagule biomass allocation. We investigated 491 species, belonging to 91 families and 320 genera, representing 95% of native wild species in Beijing Botanical Garden. The scaling correlations between propagule mass and seed development duration and the other traits were determined using phylogenetic generalized linear models. Results show a significant positive relationship among propagule mass and seed development duration, leaf area and pedicel cross-sectional area for all species and for each life form (except vines) regardless of phylogeny. The variation in seed mass has been more consistently associated with variation in seed development duration than with divergences in any other variable, such as growth form, fruit type, pedicel cross-sectional area and leaf area, whereas variation in fruit weight was found to be more associated with variation in pedicel cross-sectional area than the other. Biotic factors, such as seed development duration, pedicel cross-sectional area, growth form and leaf area, mediate propagule size variation, of which seed development duration or pedicel cross-sectional area is the most important. The results further supported a hypothesis that large-seeded species evolved owing to high photosynthate availability and growth allometry in plant body. A mechanistic mathematical model involving seed development duration was provided to expound propagule mass variations across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Changes, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Danfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Changes, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Canran Liu
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Ofir Katz
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Tamar Regional Council, 86910, Neve Zohar, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sandor ME, Aslan CE, Pejchar L, Bronstein JL. A Mechanistic Framework for Understanding the Effects of Climate Change on the Link Between Flowering and Fruiting Phenology. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.752110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenological shifts are a widely studied consequence of climate change. Little is known, however, about certain critical phenological events, nor about mechanistic links between shifts in different life-history stages of the same organism. Among angiosperms, flowering times have been observed to advance with climate change, but, whether fruiting times shift as a direct consequence of shifting flowering times, or respond differently or not at all to climate change, is poorly understood. Yet, shifts in fruiting could alter species interactions, including by disrupting seed dispersal mutualisms. In the absence of long-term data on fruiting phenology, but given extensive data on flowering, we argue that an understanding of whether flowering and fruiting are tightly linked or respond independently to environmental change can significantly advance our understanding of how fruiting phenologies will respond to warming climates. Through a case study of biotically and abiotically dispersed plants, we present evidence for a potential functional link between the timing of flowering and fruiting. We then propose general mechanisms for how flowering and fruiting life history stages could be functionally linked or independently driven by external factors, and we use our case study species and phenological responses to distinguish among proposed mechanisms in a real-world framework. Finally, we identify research directions that could elucidate which of these mechanisms drive the timing between subsequent life stages. Understanding how fruiting phenology is altered by climate change is essential for all plant species but is particularly critical to sustaining the large numbers of plant species that rely on animal-mediated dispersal, as well as the animals that rely on fruit for sustenance.
Collapse
|
7
|
Palacio FX, Cataudela JF, Montalti D, Ordano M. Do frugivores exert selection on fruiting phenology? Potential scenarios across three plant populations of a Neotropical vine, Passiflora caerulea. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
8
|
Reproductive phenology and its drivers in a tropical rainforest national park in China: Implications for Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
9
|
Kajszczak D, Zakłos-Szyda M, Podsędek A. Viburnum opulus L.-A Review of Phytochemistry and Biological Effects. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3398. [PMID: 33167421 PMCID: PMC7694363 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viburnum opulus (VO) is a valuable decorative, medicinal, and food plant. This deciduous shrub is found in natural habitats in Europe, Russia, and some regions in North Africa and North Asia. The VO is traditionally used to treat aliments such as cough, colds, tuberculosis, rheumatic aches, ulcers, stomach, and kidney problems, among others. Many of the health-promoting properties of VO are associated with antioxidant activity, which has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The results of in vitro studies show the antimicrobial potential of VO, especially against Gram-positive bacteria. In cell-based studies, VO demonstrated anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, osteogenic, cardio-protective, and cytoprotective properties. The applicability of VO in the treatment of urinary tract diseases, endometriosis, and some cancers has been confirmed in in vivo studies. The health benefits of VO result from the presence of bioactive components such as phenolic compounds, vitamin C, carotenoids, iridoids, and essential oils. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the botanical characteristics, chemical compositions, including bioactive compounds, and pro-health properties of VO different morphological parts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kajszczak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Segrestin J, Navas ML, Garnier E. Reproductive phenology as a dimension of the phenotypic space in 139 plant species from the Mediterranean. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:740-753. [PMID: 31486531 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phenology, the study of seasonal timing of events in nature, plays a key role in the matching between organisms and their environment. Yet, it has been poorly integrated in trait-based descriptions of the plant phenotype. Here, we focus on three phases of reproductive phenology - time of flowering, time of seed dispersal and duration of seed maturation - to test how these traits relate to other recognized dimensions of plant functioning. Traits describing reproductive phenology, together with reproductive plant height, seed mass, area of a leaf, and traits involved in leaf economics, were compiled for 139 species growing under Mediterranean climate conditions. Across all species, flowering time was positively related to reproductive height, while the duration of seed maturation was related to leaf economics. Relationships differed among growth forms, however: flowering time and reproductive height were related both in annuals and in herbaceous perennials, whereas the duration of seed maturation was related to seed mass only in annuals; no correlations were found for woody species. Phenology relates to other dimensions of plant functioning in a complex manner, suggesting that it should be considered as an independent dimension in the context of plant strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jules Segrestin
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marie-Laure Navas
- CEFE, Montpellier SupAgro, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, 34060, France
| | - Eric Garnier
- CEFE, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang YT, Lee YF, Kuo YM, Chang SY, Wu CL. Fruiting phenology and nutrient content variation among sympatric figs and the ecological correlates. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:27. [PMID: 31728663 PMCID: PMC6856236 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Figs are key resources for tropical frugivores and display unique fruiting patterns. While monoecious figs support both seeds and wasp rearing, dioecious plants perform the tasks separately and produce seeded figs in smaller asynchronous crops. Thus dioecious females, compared to monoecious figs, may afford to invest more efforts to maximize seediness, or increase fruit pulp, water content, and nutrient rewards to attract frugivores for better seed dispersal. Yet size variation among and within fig species in either breeding system may lead to complicated resource allocation. We assessed fruiting phenology, measured fig morphological traits, and analyzed fig nutrient contents of the monoecious Ficus caulocarpa and F. subpisocarpa and the dioecious F. ampelas and F. irisana in a sympatric tropical forest to investigate species differences and size effects on fig functional traits and their ecological correlates. RESULTS All four species fruited nearly year-round. Monoecious figs' inter-tree asynchronous crops had high peak mature crop sizes over much shorter fruiting periods than dioecious figs. Among trees, F. subpisocarpa and F. irisana were greater in fig-size and size variation, F. caulocarpa and F. ampelas comparatively displayed large variation in fig compositions. As fig size increased, water contents gradually increased in large-fig species, but seediness with a decreasing trend in small-fig species. Dioecious figs had lower pulp-seed ratio but tended to have higher water contents than monoecious figs, particularly within a similar size range. Dioecious figs also had higher carbohydrates, whereas monoecious figs contained higher fiber and lipid contents. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed species differences in certain fig functional traits that were correlated with fig size or their breeding systems, with substantial inter-tree variation. This partially supported the predictions regarding their fruiting strategies of aiding seed dispersal by frugivores, yet suggests a fruiting plasticity of individual trees subject to environmental constraints and their biotic interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Min Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sing-Yi Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Salehi B, Selamoglu Z, Sener B, Kilic M, Kumar Jugran A, de Tommasi N, Sinisgalli C, Milella L, Rajkovic J, Flaviana B Morais-Braga M, F Bezerra C, E Rocha J, D M Coutinho H, Oluwaseun Ademiluyi A, Khan Shinwari Z, Ahmad Jan S, Erol E, Ali Z, Adrian Ostrander E, Sharifi-Rad J, de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Taheri Y, Martorell M, Segura-Carretero A, Cho WC. Berberis Plants-Drifting from Farm to Food Applications, Phytotherapy, and Phytopharmacology. Foods 2019; 8:522. [PMID: 31652576 PMCID: PMC6836240 DOI: 10.3390/foods8100522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Berberis includes about 500 different species and commonly grown in Europe, the United States, South Asia, and some northern areas of Iran and Pakistan. Leaves and fruits can be prepared as food flavorings, juices, and teas. Phytochemical analysis of these species has reported alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds and oleanolic acid, among others. Moreover, p-cymene, limonene and ocimene as major compounds in essential oils were found by gas chromatography. Berberis is an important group of the plants having enormous potential in the food and pharmaceutical industry, since they possess several properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer activities. Here we would like to review the biological properties of the phytoconstituents of this genus. We emphasize the cultivation control in order to obtain the main bioactive compounds, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in order to apply them for food preservation and for treating several diseases, such as cancer, diabetes or Alzheimer. However, further study is needed to confirm the biological efficacy as well as, the toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam 44340847, Iran.
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Ömer Halisdemir University, Campus, 51240 Nigde, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Sener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehtap Kilic
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Arun Kumar Jugran
- G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Garhwal Regional Centre, Srinagar 246174, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Nunziatina de Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Sinisgalli
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Jovana Rajkovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | | - Camila F Bezerra
- Laboratory of Applied Micology of Cariri-LMAC, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil.
| | - Janaína E Rocha
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology-LMBM, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil.
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology-LMBM, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, Crato 63105-000, CE, Brazil.
| | - Adedayo Oluwaseun Ademiluyi
- Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals and Phytomedicine Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Akure 340252, Nigeria.
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
- Department of Biotechnology, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 21120, Pakistan.
| | - Sohail Ahmad Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 21120, Pakistan.
| | - Ebru Erol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48121, Turkey.
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Elise Adrian Ostrander
- Medical Illustration, Kendall College of Art and Design, Ferris State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49501, USA.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft 7861756447, Iran.
| | - María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 188016 Granada, Spain.
| | - Yasaman Taheri
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1991953381, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 11369, Iran.
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070386, Chile.
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción UDT, Concepcion 4070386, Chile.
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Research and Development Functional Food Centre (CIDAF), Bioregión Building, Health Science Technological Park, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 188016 Granada, Spain.
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 30 Gascoigne Road, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lodberg-Holm H, Gelink H, Hertel A, Swenson J, Domevscik M, Steyaert S. A human-induced landscape of fear influences foraging behavior of brown bears. Basic Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
14
|
Koike S, Masaki T. Characteristics of fruits consumed by mammalian frugivores in Japanese temperate forest. Ecol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Koike
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Tokyo Japan
| | - Takashi Masaki
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Ibaraki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gallinat AS, Primack RB, Willis CG, Nordt B, Stevens AD, Fahey R, Whittemore AT, Du Y, Panchen ZA. Patterns and predictors of fleshy fruit phenology at five international botanical gardens. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2018; 105:1824-1834. [PMID: 30418679 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY To improve our understanding of the patterns and drivers of fleshy fruit phenology, we examined the sequence, patterns across years and locations, and drivers of fruiting times at five botanical gardens on three continents. METHODS We monitored four stages of fruit phenology for 406 temperate, fleshy-fruited, woody plant species in 2014 and 2015. KEY RESULTS Across all gardens, ripe fruits were present from May to March of the following year, with peak fruiting durations ranging from under 1 week to over 150 days. Species-level first fruiting and onset of peak fruiting dates were strongly associated with one another within sites and were more consistent between years and sites than the end of peak fruiting and last fruiting date. The order of fruiting among species between years and gardens was moderately consistent, and both peak fruiting times and fruiting durations were found to be phylogenetically conserved. CONCLUSIONS The consistent order of fruiting among species between years and locations indicates species-specific phenological responses to environmental conditions. Wide variation in fruiting times across species and in the duration of peak fruiting reinforces the importance of understanding how plant phenology impacts dispersers and monitoring the health and consistency of these interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Charles G Willis
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55108, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Harvard University Herbaria, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Birgit Nordt
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Albert-Dieter Stevens
- Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Robert Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, 06269, USA
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, Lisle, Illinois, 60532, USA
| | - Alan T Whittemore
- U. S. National Arboretum, Washington, District of Columbia, 20002, USA
| | - Yanjun Du
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Zoe A Panchen
- Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Thomson FJ, Letten AD, Tamme R, Edwards W, Moles AT. Can dispersal investment explain why tall plant species achieve longer dispersal distances than short plant species? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:407-415. [PMID: 28833231 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tall plant species disperse further distances than do short species, within and across dispersal syndromes, yet the driver underpinning this relationship is unclear. The ability of taller plants to invest more in dispersal structures may explain the positive relationship between plant height and dispersal distance. Here, we quantify the cross-species relationships between presence of dispersal structures, dispersal investment plant height and dispersal distance. Plant height, dispersal syndrome and dispersal investment data were collated for 1613 species from the literature, with dispersal distance data collated for 114 species. We find that species with high dispersal investment disperse further than do species with low dispersal investment. Tall species have a greater probability of having dispersal structures on their seeds compared with short species. For species with dispersal structures on their seeds, plant height is very weakly related to dispersal investment. Our results provide the first global confirmation of the dispersal investment-distance hypothesis, and show dispersal investment can be used for predicting species dispersal distances. However, our results and those of previous studies indicate plant height is still the best proxy for estimating species dispersal distances due to it being such a readily available plant trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Letten
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-5020, USA
| | - Riin Tamme
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Will Edwards
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity and Climate Change, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
DeSoto L, Torices R, Rodríguez-Echeverría S, Nabais C. Variation in seed packaging of a fleshy-fruited conifer provides insights into the ecology and evolution of multi-seeded fruits. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:533-541. [PMID: 28303636 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of intraspecific seed packaging (i.e. seed size/number strategy) variation across different populations may allow better understanding of the ecological forces that drive seed evolution in plants. Juniperus thurifera (Cupressaceae) provides a good model to study this due to the existence of two subspecies differentiated by phenotypic traits, such as seed size and cone seediness (number of seeds inside a cone), across its range. The aim of this study was to analyse seed packaging (seed mass and cone seediness) variation at different scales (subspecies, populations and individuals) and the relationship between cone and seed traits in European and African J. thurifera populations. After opening more than 5300 cones and measuring 3600 seeds, we found that seed packaging traits followed different patterns of variation. Large-scale effects (region and population) significantly contributed to cone seediness variance, while most of the seed mass variance occurred within individuals. Seed packaging differed between the two sides of the Mediterranean Sea, with African cones bearing fewer but larger seeds than the European ones. However, no differences in seed mass were found between populations when taking into account cone seediness. Larger cones contained more pulp and seeds and displayed a larger variation in individual seed mass. We validated previous reports on the intraspecific differences in J. thurifera seed packaging, although both subspecies followed the same seed size/number trade-off. The higher seediness and variation in seed mass found in larger cones reveals that the positive relationship between seed and cone sizes may not be straightforward.We hypothesise that the large variation of seed size found within cones and individuals in J. thurifera, but also in other fleshy-fruited species, could represent a bet-hedging strategy for dispersal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L DeSoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - R Torices
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (EEZA-CSIC), Almería, Spain
| | | | - C Nabais
- Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sebastián‐González E, Pires MM, Donatti CI, Guimarães PR, Dirzo R. Species traits and interaction rules shape a species-rich seed-dispersal interaction network. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4496-4506. [PMID: 28649359 PMCID: PMC5478084 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Species phenotypic traits affect the interaction patterns and the organization of seed-dispersal interaction networks. Understanding the relationship between species characteristics and network structure help us understand the assembly of natural communities and how communities function. Here, we examine how species traits may affect the rules leading to patterns of interaction among plants and fruit-eating vertebrates. We study a species-rich seed-dispersal system using a model selection approach to examine whether the rules underlying network structure are driven by constraints in fruit resource exploitation, by preferential consumption of fruits by the frugivores, or by a combination of both. We performed analyses for the whole system and for bird and mammal assemblages separately, and identified the animal and plant characteristics shaping interaction rules. The structure of the analyzed interaction network was better explained by constraints in resource exploitation in the case of birds and by preferential consumption of fruits with specific traits for mammals. These contrasting results when looking at bird-plant and mammal-plant interactions suggest that the same type of interaction is organized by different processes depending on the assemblage we focus on. Size-related restrictions of the interacting species (both for mammals and birds) were the most important factors driving the interaction rules. Our results suggest that the structure of seed-dispersal interaction networks can be explained using species traits and interaction rules related to simple ecological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Sebastián‐González
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Departamento de EcologiaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- Present address: Department of Applied BiologyMiguel Hernández UniversityElcheSpain
| | - Mathias M. Pires
- Departamento de EcologiaUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Camila I. Donatti
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for ScienceConservation InternationalArlingtonVAUSA
| | | | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jiang LL, Wang SP, Meng FD, Duan JC, Niu HS, Xu GP, Zhu XX, Zhang ZH, Luo CY, Cui SJ, Li YM, Li XE, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Bao XY, Li YN, Dorji T, Piao SL, Ciais P, Peñuelas J, Du MY, Zhao XQ, Zhao L, Zhang FW, Wang GJ. Relatively stable response of fruiting stage to warming and cooling relative to other phenological events. Ecology 2016; 97:1961-1969. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. L. Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Naqu Integrated Observation and Research Station of Ecology and Environment; Tibet University and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lasa 850012 China
| | - S. P. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Naqu Integrated Observation and Research Station of Ecology and Environment; Tibet University and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lasa 850012 China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - F. D. Meng
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - J. C. Duan
- Binhai Research Institute in Tianjin; Tianjin 300457 China
| | - H. S. Niu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - G. P. Xu
- Guangxi Institute of Botany; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangxi 541006 China
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Naqu Integrated Observation and Research Station of Ecology and Environment; Tibet University and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lasa 850012 China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining 810008 China
| | - Z. H. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining 810008 China
| | - C. Y. Luo
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining 810008 China
| | - S. J. Cui
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Naqu Integrated Observation and Research Station of Ecology and Environment; Tibet University and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lasa 850012 China
| | - Y. M. Li
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - X. E. Li
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Q. Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Y. Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - X. Y. Bao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Y. N. Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining 810008 China
| | - T. Dorji
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- Naqu Integrated Observation and Research Station of Ecology and Environment; Tibet University and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; Lasa 850012 China
| | - S. L. Piao
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity; Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - P. Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement; CEA CNRS UVSQ; 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - J. Peñuelas
- CREAF; Cerdanyola del Valles Barcelona 08193 Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC; Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB; Cerdanyola del Vallès Barcelona 08193 Catalonia Spain
| | - M. Y. Du
- National Institute for Agro-Environment Sciences; Tsukuba 305-8604 Japan
| | - X. Q. Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining 810008 China
| | - L. Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining 810008 China
| | - F. W. Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota; Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xining 810008 China
| | - G. J. Wang
- Oregon State University Agriculture and Natural Resource Program at Eastern Oregon University; La Grande Oregon 97850 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stenset NE, Lutnæs PN, Bjarnadóttir V, Dahle B, Fossum KH, Jigsved P, Johansen T, Neumann W, Opseth O, Rønning O, Steyaert SMJG, Zedrosser A, Brunberg S, Swenson JE. Seasonal and annual variation in the diet of brown bearsUrsus arctosin the boreal forest of southcentral Sweden. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
|
21
|
Hertel AG, Steyaert SMJG, Zedrosser A, Mysterud A, Lodberg-Holm HK, Gelink HW, Kindberg J, Swenson JE. Bears and berries: species-specific selective foraging on a patchily distributed food resource in a human-altered landscape. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016; 70:831-842. [PMID: 27217612 PMCID: PMC4859851 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract When animals are faced with extraordinary energy-consuming events, like hibernation, finding abundant, energy-rich food resources becomes particularly important. The profitability of food resources can vary spatially, depending on occurrence, quality, and local abundance. Here, we used the brown bear (Ursus arctos) as a model species to quantify selective foraging on berries in different habitats during hyperphagia in autumn prior to hibernation. During the peak berry season in August and September, we sampled berry occurrence, abundance, and sugar content, a proxy for quality, at locations selected by bears for foraging and at random locations in the landscape. The factors determining selection of berries were species specific across the different habitats. Compared to random locations, bears selected locations with a higher probability of occurrence and higher abundance of bilberries (Vaccinium myrtillus) and a higher probability of occurrence, but not abundance, of lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Crowberries (Empetrum hermaphroditum) were least available and least used. Sugar content affected the selection of lingonberries, but not of bilberries. Abundance of bilberries at random locations decreased and abundance of lingonberries increased during fall, but bears did not adjust their foraging strategy by increasing selection for lingonberries. Forestry practices had a large effect on berry occurrence and abundance, and brown bears responded by foraging most selectively in mature forests and on clearcuts. This study shows that bears are successful in navigating human-shaped forest landscapes by using areas of higher than average berry abundance in a period when abundant food intake is particularly important to increase body mass prior to hibernation. Significance statement Food resources heterogeneity, caused by spatial and temporal variation of specific foods, poses a challenge to foragers, particularly when faced with extraordinary energy-demanding events, like hibernation. Brown bears in Sweden inhabit a landscape shaped by forestry practices. Bilberries and lingonberries, the bears’ main food resources in autumn prior to hibernation, show different temporal and habitat-specific ripening patterns. We quantified the bears’ selective foraging on these berry species on clearcuts, bogs, young, and mature forests compared to random locations. Despite a temporal decline of ripe bilberries, bears used locations with a greater occurrence and abundance of bilberries, but not lingonberries. We conclude that bears successfully navigated in this heavily human-shaped landscape by selectively foraging in high-return habitats for bilberries, but did not compensate for the decline in bilberries by eating more lingonberries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2106-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne G. Hertel
- />Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Sam M. J. G. Steyaert
- />Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- />Department of Environmental and Health Sciences, Telemark University College, 3901 Porsgrunn, Norway
- />Institute for Wildlife Biology and Game Management, University for Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Atle Mysterud
- />Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanna K. Lodberg-Holm
- />Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Henriette Wathne Gelink
- />Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- />Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon E. Swenson
- />Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
- />Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, 7485 Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Seger GDS, Duarte LDS, Debastiani VJ, Kindel A, Jarenkow JA. Discriminating the effects of phylogenetic hypothesis, tree resolution and clade age estimates on phylogenetic signal measurements. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:858-867. [PMID: 23368095 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how species traits evolved over time is the central question to comprehend assembly rules that govern the phylogenetic structure of communities. The measurement of phylogenetic signal (PS) in ecologically relevant traits is a first step to understand phylogenetically structured community patterns. The different methods available to estimate PS make it difficult to choose which is most appropriate. Furthermore, alternative phylogenetic tree hypotheses, node resolution and clade age estimates might influence PS measurements. In this study, we evaluated to what extent these parameters affect different methods of PS analysis, and discuss advantages and disadvantages when selecting which method to use. We measured fruit/seed traits and flowering/fruiting phenology of endozoochoric species occurring in Southern Brazilian Araucaria forests and evaluated their PS using Mantel regressions, phylogenetic eigenvector regressions (PVR) and K statistic. Mantel regressions always gave less significant results compared to PVR and K statistic in all combinations of phylogenetic trees constructed. Moreover, a better phylogenetic resolution affected PS, independently of the method used to estimate it. Morphological seed traits tended to show higher PS than diaspores traits, while PS in flowering/fruiting phenology depended mostly on the method used to estimate it. This study demonstrates that different PS estimates are obtained depending on the chosen method and the phylogenetic tree resolution. This finding has implications for inferences on phylogenetic niche conservatism or ecological processes determining phylogenetic community structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G D S Seger
- Laboratório de Fitoecologia e Fitogeografia, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Response of cackling geese (Branta hutchinsii taverneri) to spatial and temporal variation in the production of crowberries on the Alaska Peninsula. Polar Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-013-1343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Galetti M, Pizo MA, Morellato LPC. Diversity of functional traits of fleshy fruits in a species-rich Atlantic rain forest. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1676-06032011000100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Production of vertebrate-dispersed fruits is the most common strategy of tropical woody plants to disperse their seeds. Few studies have documented community-wide variation of fruit morphology and chemistry of vertebrate-dispersed fruits in species-rich tropical communities. We examined the functional diversity of fruit morphological and chemical traits of 186 species representing 57 plant families in an undisturbed lowland plant community in the Atlantic rain forest of SE, Brazil. We were particularly interested in associating morphological and chemical fruit traits to their main seed dispersers, either birds, mammals or 'mixed' (i.e. fruits eaten by birds and mammals). The morphological and chemical traits of fruits at the study site generally resemble the patterns observed in fruits worldwide. Bird fruits tend to be smaller than mammal fruits, being colored black or red, whereas mammal fruits are often yellow or green. Mammal fruits are more variable than bird fruits in relation to morphological traits, while the reverse is true for chemical traits. Mixed fruits resemble bird fruits in the patterns of variation of morphological and chemical traits, suggesting that they are primarily bird-dispersed fruits that are also exploited by mammals. Mixed fruits are common in tropical forests, and represent an excellent opportunity to contrast the effectiveness of different functional groups of frugivores dispersing the same plant species.
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Hasui É, Gomes VSDM, Kiefer MC, Tamashiro J, Silva WR. Spatial and seasonal variation in niche partitioning between blue manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata) and greenish schiffornis (Schiffornis virescens) in southeastern Brazil. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01650520903381729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
Abstract
ABSTRACTHong Kong has a native angiosperm flora of approximately 1800 species, of which 27% (482 spp.) bear fleshy, presumably vertebrate-dispersed fruits, including 76% of the 337 tree and shrub species and 70% of the 103 climber species. Morphological characteristics were determined for 255 species and nutritional characteristics of the fruit pulp for 153 species. Most fruit species were black (45.1%) or red (24.3%) and 85.9% had a mean diameter <13 mm. Nutritional characteristics varied widely between species with ranges and median values as follows: pulp percentage (range 10.0–99.2%, median 69.2%), water content of pulp (11.1–94.0%, 78%), lipid (0–84.0%, 2.0%), soluble carbohydrate (4–88%, 53%), nitrogen (0.2–3.4%, 0.86%), neutral detergent fibre (1–44%, 14.3%). Fruit development time (50–360 d, 156 d) showed a negative correlation with lipid content, but no significant correlation with fruit or seed size. Principal components analysis of fruit characteristics was dominated by a trend from single-seeded fruits with a thin, lipid-rich pulp layer to multiple-seeded fruits with much, watery, carbohydrate-rich pulp. Birddispersed species cover the full range of fruit characteristics except those too large to swallow and too hard to peck bits from. Mammals (bats, civets and/or macaques) are known or suspected to consume most of the fruits too large for birds as well as many bird fruits but none with high-lipid content. Summer fruits (May—September) were significantly larger and had significantly higher seed size and carbohydrate content than winter fruits (November-March). Winter fruits took more than twice as long to develop as summer fruits.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bolmgren K, D. Cowan P. Time - size tradeoffs: a phylogenetic comparative study of flowering time, plant height and seed mass in a north-temperate flora. OIKOS 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
29
|
Factors acting on the distribution region of Carlemanniaceae: Rainfall, temperature and the plants’ biological characteristics. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-007-7017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
30
|
Izhaki I, Tsahar E, Paluy I, Friedman J. Within population variation and interrelationships between morphology, nutritional content, and secondary compounds of Rhamnus alaternus fruits. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2002; 156:217-223. [PMID: 33873272 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
• We studied within-species variation in and interrelations among morphological and chemical traits of ripe Mediterranean buckthorn ( Rhamnus alaternus ) fruit, a bird-dispersed species. • Principal component analysis revealed that larger fruits tended to be relatively rich in nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC), water and P but poor in protein and most minerals. Small fruits tended to be relatively rich in protein, structural carbohydrates, K and Zn while intermediate size fruits tended to be rich in lipids, Mg and Ca. Variation in chemical traits (organic compounds and minerals) was typically much higher than in morphological traits (e.g. fruit size) with the exception of NSC and water content, which varied little. This discrepancy might be explained by differences in environmental conditions between plant microsites that imposed greater variability on fruit nutrient composition than on fruit-morphological traits; and by lower selective pressure by birds on fruit chemical traits than on morphological traits. • Secondary metabolite (emodin) concentration was positively correlated with concentrations of NSC, supporting the nutrient/toxin titration model, which predicts that high levels of secondary metabolites in fruits should be off set by high nutritional rewards for dispersers. • Emodin concentration in leaves was much higher than in fruit pulp, which may indicate its differential adaptive roles in seed dispersal and against herbivores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ido Izhaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa at Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Ella Tsahar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Science Education, University of Haifa at Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Irena Paluy
- Plant Extract Chemistry Laboratory, MIGAL - Galilee Technology Center, PO Box 90000, Rosh Pinna 12100, Israel
| | - Jacob Friedman
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Dr George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Piersma T, Jukema J. Contrast in adaptive mass gains: Eurasian golden plovers store fat before midwinter and protein before prebreeding flight. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:1101-5. [PMID: 12061951 PMCID: PMC1691000 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Before predictable periods of high nutritional demand and little or no intake, vertebrates store fuel mainly composed of energy-dense lipids or energy-poor but protein-rich muscle tissue. Documenting contrasts in fuel composition and storage patterns within species, or even within individuals, would greatly help to elucidate the functional significance of the variety of storage strategies demonstrated in birds. We show here that the 40-50 g mass gain of 200 g in Eurasian golden plovers (Pluvialis apricaria) in autumn in The Netherlands consists of fat only, but that the similar gain in body mass in spring consists of proteinaceous tissue (pectoral and other skeletal muscle and possibly skin tissue). That the same golden plovers store energy in autumn and store protein in spring suggests that they face energy deficits in early winter and risk protein deficits in spring, especially perhaps after arrival on the breeding grounds in late April and early May. In autumn and winter their diet consists largely of protein-rich earthworms, but upon arrival on Low Arctic and montane tundras, golden plovers tend to eat berries which are rich in sugars but notably poor in proteins. We therefore propose that the build-up of proteinaceous tissue in spring reflects a strategic storage of a nutritional resource that is likely to be in short supply somewhat later in the year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theunis Piersma
- Department of Marine Ecology, Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Eriksson O. Ontogenetic niche shifts and their implications for recruitment in three clonal Vaccinium shrubs: Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, and Vaccinium oxycoccos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/b02-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ontogenetic niche shifts, i.e., changes in niche breadth and (or) position during the life of individuals, have received rather limited attention in plant ecology. An experiment was designed to assess ontogenetic niche shifts in three clonal Vaccinium shrubs in order to examine their recruitment behavior. Seeds were sown, and juveniles transplanted, at sites along a gradient of changing occurrence of the three species. Recruitment was seed limited, varied among sites, and was correlated with juvenile survivorship. No niche shift occurred during seed to seedling stages for any of the plants. For Vaccinium myrtillus L., recruitment was not related to adult occurrence, whereas for Vaccinium oxycoccos L., recruitment was highest at the site where adults dominated. However, for both of these species, recruitment also occurred outside the range of adult occurrence. Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. exhibited a negative relationship between adult occurrence and recruitment and between adult occurrence and juvenile survivorship, indicating an ontogenetic niche shift. For V. myrtillus the results suggested an uncoupling of niche requirements of juvenile and adult stages, whereas for V. oxycoccos the results suggested a niche contraction towards the requirements for adults. Thus, the form of ontogenetic niche shifts differs among the species. These differences in niche shifts contribute to understanding dispersal and recruitment behavior of the species.Key words: clonal plants, dispersal, niche shifts, recruitment.
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
|
35
|
Eriksson O. Seed size variation and its effect on germination and seedling performance in the clonal herb Convallaria majalis. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1146-609x(99)80016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
36
|
Eriksson O, Fröborg H. "Windows of opportunity" for recruitment in long-lived clonal plants: experimental studies of seedling establishment in Vaccinium shrubs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1139/b96-166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were performed to analyse seedling recruitment in Vaccinium myrtillus, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Vaccinium oxycoccos. The purpose was to examine the probability of recruitment at "windows of opportunity," i.e., spatially or temporally unpredictable conditions in which seedling recruitment is possible within stands of established conspecific adults. Seedling emergence in all four investigated species depended on a combination of seed and microsite (disturbance) availability. In V. myrtillus, which was studied in more detail than the other species, emergence and survivorship were similar on non wood substrate and on decaying wood, but seedling growth was favored on the latter substrate. An experiment along an environmental gradient with all four species showed that recruitment required approximately similar conditions even though the adults of the species exhibited a clear zonation along the gradient. For all species except V. oxycoccos, recruitment was confined to only a part of the adults' range. Vaccinium species are generally good seed dispersers and have a high fecundity but usually lack developed seed banks. This behavior is interpreted as a response to occurring windows of opportunity for recruitment, i.e., small disturbances with high moisture and organic soil content. Recruitment at windows of opportunity is suggested as one distinct pattern of recruitment among clonal plants, along with previously suggested repeated and initial seedling recruitment patterns, and some implications of this distinction are briefly discussed. Keywords: clonal plants, genets, life histories, population dynamics, seedling establishment, Vaccinium.
Collapse
|
37
|
Seed and microsite limitation of recruitment in plant populations. Oecologia 1992; 91:360-364. [PMID: 28313543 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/1991] [Accepted: 05/03/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|