1
|
Ritmejeryt E, Boughton BA, Bayly MJ, Miller RE. Divergent responses of above- and below-ground chemical defence to nitrogen and phosphorus supply in waratahs (Telopea speciosissima). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:1134-1145. [PMID: 31615620 DOI: 10.1071/fp19122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant nutrition can affect the allocation of resources to plant chemical defences, yet little is known about how phosphorus (P) supply, and relative nitrogen (N) and P supply, affect chemical defences, especially in species with intrinsically conservative nutrient use adapted to P-impoverished soils. Waratah (Telopea speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br.), like other Proteaceae, is adapted nutrient-poor soils. It was identified as having cyanogenic glycosides (CNglycs) throughout the plant. T. speciosissima seedlings were grown for 15 weeks under two N and P concentrations. CNglycs (N-based defence) and nutrients were quantified in above- and below-ground organs; foliar carbon (C)-based phenolics and tannins were also quantified. CNglyc concentrations in roots were on average 51-fold higher than in above-ground tissues and were affected by both N and P supply, whereas foliar CNglyc concentrations only responded to N supply. Leaves had high concentrations of C-based defences, which increased under low N, and were not correlated with N-based defences. Greater root chemical defence against herbivores and pathogens may be important in a non-mycorrhizal species that relies on basal resprouting following disturbance. The differing responses of secondary chemistry in above- and below-ground organs to P and N demonstrate the importance of broadening the predominantly foliar focus of plant defence studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edita Ritmejeryt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Vic. 3121, Australia; and School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia; and Corresponding author.
| | - Berin A Boughton
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia; and Metabolomics Australia, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Bayly
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Miller
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, Vic. 3121, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Narango DL, Tallamy DW, Snyder KJ, Rice RA. Canopy tree preference by insectivorous birds in shade‐coffee farms: Implications for migratory bird conservation. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Desirée L. Narango
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware
- Migratory Bird CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Washington District of Columbia
| | - Douglas W. Tallamy
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware
| | - Kerry J. Snyder
- Department of Entomology and Wildlife EcologyUniversity of Delaware Newark Delaware
| | - Robert A. Rice
- Migratory Bird CenterSmithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Washington District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Godschalx AL, Tran V, Ballhorn DJ. Host plant cyanotype determines degree of rhizobial symbiosis. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vy Tran
- Department of Biology Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
| | - Daniel J. Ballhorn
- Department of Biology Portland State University Portland Oregon 97201 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nielsen LJ, Stuart P, Pičmanová M, Rasmussen S, Olsen CE, Harholt J, Møller BL, Bjarnholt N. Dhurrin metabolism in the developing grain of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench investigated by metabolite profiling and novel clustering analyses of time-resolved transcriptomic data. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1021. [PMID: 27964718 PMCID: PMC5154151 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The important cereal crop Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench biosynthesize and accumulate the defensive compound dhurrin during development. Previous work has suggested multiple roles for the compound including a function as nitrogen storage/buffer. Crucial for this function is the endogenous turnover of dhurrin for which putative pathways have been suggested but not confirmed. RESULTS In this study, the biosynthesis and endogenous turnover of dhurrin in the developing sorghum grain was studied by metabolite profiling and time-resolved transcriptome analyses. Dhurrin was found to accumulate in the early phase of grain development reaching maximum amounts 25 days after pollination. During the subsequent maturation period, the dhurrin content was turned over, resulting in only negligible residual dhurrin amounts in the mature grain. Dhurrin accumulation correlated with the transcript abundance of the three genes involved in biosynthesis. Despite the accumulation of dhurrin, the grains were acyanogenic as demonstrated by the lack of hydrogen cyanide release from macerated grain tissue and by the absence of transcripts encoding dhurrinases. With the missing activity of dhurrinases, the decrease in dhurrin content in the course of grain maturation represents the operation of hitherto uncharacterized endogenous dhurrin turnover pathways. Evidence for the operation of two such pathways was obtained by metabolite profiling and time-resolved transcriptome analysis. By combining cluster- and phylogenetic analyses with the metabolite profiling, potential gene candidates of glutathione S-transferases, nitrilases and glycosyl transferases involved in these pathways were identified. The absence of dhurrin in the mature grain was replaced by a high content of proanthocyanidins. Cluster- and phylogenetic analyses coupled with metabolite profiling, identified gene candidates involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in sorghum. CONCLUSIONS The results presented in this article reveal the existence of two endogenous dhurrin turnover pathways in sorghum, identify genes putatively involved in these transformations and show that dhurrin in addition to its insect deterrent properties may serve as a storage form of reduced nitrogen. In the course of sorghum grain maturation, proanthocyanidins replace dhurrin as a defense compound. The lack of cyanogenesis in the developing sorghum grain renders this a unique experimental system to study CNglc synthesis as well as endogenous turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Stuart
- Seedtek, 12 Kestrel Court, Toowoomba, 4350 Australia
| | - Martina Pičmanová
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871 Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871 Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon Rasmussen
- Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carl Erik Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871 Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871 Denmark
- VILLUM Research Center for Plant Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871 Denmark
- Center for Synthetic Biology ‘bioSYNergy’, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 4, 1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Nanna Bjarnholt
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alford ÉR, Lindblom SD, Pittarello M, Freeman JL, Fakra SC, Marcus MA, Broeckling C, Pilon-Smits EAH, Paschke MW. Roles of rhizobial symbionts in selenium hyperaccumulation in Astragalus (Fabaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2014; 101:1895-905. [PMID: 25366855 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1400223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Are there dimensions of symbiotic root interactions that are overlooked because plant mineral nutrition is the foundation and, perhaps too often, the sole explanation through which we view these relationships? In this paper we investigate how the root nodule symbiosis in selenium (Se) hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator Astragalus species influences plant selenium (Se) accumulation. METHODS In greenhouse studies, Se was added to nodulated and nonnodulated hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator Astragalus plants, followed by investigation of nitrogen (N)-Se relationships. Selenium speciation was also investigated, using x-ray microprobe analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). KEY RESULTS Nodulation enhanced biomass production and Se to S ratio in both hyperaccumulator and nonaccumulator plants. The hyperaccumulator contained more Se when nodulated, while the nonaccumulator contained less S when nodulated. Shoot [Se] was positively correlated with shoot N in Se-hyperaccumulator species, but not in nonhyperaccumulator species. The x-ray microprobe analysis showed that hyperaccumulators contain significantly higher amounts of organic Se than nonhyperaccumulators. LC-MS of A. bisulcatus leaves revealed that nodulated plants contained more γ-glutamyl-methylselenocysteine (γ-Glu-MeSeCys) than nonnodulated plants, while MeSeCys levels were similar. CONCLUSIONS Root nodule mutualism positively affects Se hyperaccumulation in Astragalus. The microbial N supply particularly appears to contribute glutamate for the formation of γ-Glu-MeSeCys. Our results provide insight into the significance of symbiotic interactions in plant adaptation to edaphic conditions. Specifically, our findings illustrate that the importance of these relationships are not limited to alleviating macronutrient deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Élan R Alford
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Stormy D Lindblom
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Marco Pittarello
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
| | - John L Freeman
- Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Sirine C Fakra
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 USA
| | - Corey Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Elizabeth A H Pilon-Smits
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA Biology Department, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Mark W Paschke
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gleadow RM, Møller BL. Cyanogenic glycosides: synthesis, physiology, and phenotypic plasticity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:155-85. [PMID: 24579992 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides (CNglcs) are bioactive plant products derived from amino acids. Structurally, these specialized plant compounds are characterized as α-hydroxynitriles (cyanohydrins) that are stabilized by glucosylation. In recent years, improved tools within analytical chemistry have greatly increased the number of known CNglcs by enabling the discovery of less abundant CNglcs formed by additional hydroxylation, glycosylation, and acylation reactions. Cyanogenesis--the release of toxic hydrogen cyanide from endogenous CNglcs--is an effective defense against generalist herbivores but less effective against fungal pathogens. In the course of evolution, CNglcs have acquired additional roles to improve plant plasticity, i.e., establishment, robustness, and viability in response to environmental challenges. CNglc concentration is usually higher in young plants, when nitrogen is in ready supply, or when growth is constrained by nonoptimal growth conditions. Efforts are under way to engineer CNglcs into some crops as a pest control measure, whereas in other crops efforts are directed toward their removal to improve food safety. Given that many food crops are cyanogenic, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms regulating cyanogenesis so that the impact of future environmental challenges can be anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roslyn M Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Burns AE, Gleadow RM, Zacarias AM, Cuambe CE, Miller RE, Cavagnaro TR. Variations in the chemical composition of cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaves and roots as affected by genotypic and environmental variation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:4946-4956. [PMID: 22515684 DOI: 10.1021/jf2047288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of cassava cultivars, in terms of cyanogenic potential and composition of macro- and micronutrients, sampled from different locations in rural Mozambique. Total cyanide concentrations in fresh cassava tissues were measured using portable cyanide testing kits, and elemental nutrients were later analyzed from dried plant tissue. Variation in cyanogenic potential and nutrient composition occurred both among cultivars and across locations. The majority of cultivars contained >100 ppm total cyanide, fresh weight, and are therefore considered to be dangerously poisonous unless adequately processed before consumption. Leaf cyanogenic and nutrient content varied with plant water status, estimated using carbon isotope discrimination (δ(13)C). The colonization of roots of all cultivars by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi was also quantified and found to be high, indicating that mycorrhizas could play a key role in plant nutrient acquisition in these low-input farming systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Elizabeth Burns
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, 3800 Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chemical ecology in coupled human and natural systems: people, manioc, multitrophic interactions and global change. CHEMOECOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-010-0047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Goverde M, Bazin A, Shykoff JA, Erhardt A. Influence of leaf chemistry of Lotus corniculatus
(Fabaceae) on larval development of Polyommatus icarus
(Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae): effects of elevated CO2
and plant genotype. Funct Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.1999.00372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Myrmecophytic Cecropia: antiherbivore defenses under different nutrient treatments. Oecologia 1995; 104:189-206. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00328584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/1994] [Accepted: 04/24/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
BEESON M, LEA SEG. Mature leaf chemistry of two Afro-montane forests in relation to feeding by forest guenons (Cercopithecus spp.). Afr J Ecol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1994.tb00582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Species height and root symbiosis, two factors influencing antiherbivore defense of woody plants in East African savanna. Oecologia 1993; 93:322-326. [PMID: 28313430 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/1992] [Accepted: 09/30/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In East African savanna we found that leaves of mature tree species with symbiotic N2 fixation contained lower concentrations of polyphenols than leaves of species without this symbiosis. We suggest that the root symbiosis is costly to the plant in terms of photosynthate that otherwise could be used in chemical defense. Further, a negative relationship between concentration of polyphenols and the height of the species was found, independent of their ability to fix N2. These findings suggest that root symbioses and apparency to herbivory are important factors mediating the production of chemical defenses in plants.
Collapse
|
13
|
Briggs MA. Relation ofSpodoptera eridania choice to tannins and protein oflotus corniculatus. J Chem Ecol 1990; 16:1557-64. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01014089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/1989] [Accepted: 08/30/1989] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Chemical defense production in Lotus corniculatus L. II. Trade-offs among growth, reproduction and defense. Oecologia 1990; 83:32-37. [PMID: 28313239 DOI: 10.1007/bf00324630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/1989] [Accepted: 01/10/1990] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ecological trade-offs between growth, reproduction and both condensed tannins and cyanogenic glycosides were examined in Lotus corniculatus by correlating shoot (leaves and stem) size and reproductive output with chemical concentrations. We found that cyanide concentration was not related to shoot size, but that condensed tannin concentrations were positively correlated with shoot size; larger plants contained higher tannin concentrations. Both tannin and cyanide concentrations were depressed when plants produced fruits. Defense costs change as plants mature and begin to reproduce. These trade-offs indicate that cost of defense chemical production cannot be predicted merely on the basis of molecular size, composition or concentration.
Collapse
|