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Pchelnikov AV, Yatsenyuk SP, Krasnikova MS. [Circulation of bovine herpesvirus (Herpesviridae: Varicellovirus) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (Flaviviridae: Pestivirus) among wild artiodactyls of the Moscow region]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:142-151. [PMID: 37264849 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pestiviruses and viruses of the Herpesviridae family are widely distributed among different species of ungulates, but the main information about these pathogens is related to their effect on farm animals. Data on detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpes virus (BoHV) in wild ungulates reported from different countries in recent years raises the question of the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of cattle diseases. AIM OF WORK To study the prevalence of herpesviruses and pestiviruses in the population of wild artiodactyls of the Moscow region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of parenchymal organs and mucosal swabs from 124 wild deer (moose and roe deer) shot during hunting seasons 20192022 in Moscow Region were examined by PCR, virological and serological methods for the presence of genetic material and antibodies to bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and viral diarrhea. RESULTS BVDV RNA was found in a sample from one moose, BoHV DNA was detected in samples from three roe deer and two moose shot in the Moscow region. Seropositive animals were of different sex and age, the total BoHVs and BVDV seroprevalence rates in wild artiodactyls were 46 and 29%, respectively. CONCLUSION Wild ruminant artiodactyls of the Moscow Region can be a natural reservoir of BoHV-1, and this must be taken into account when planning and organizing measures to control the infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Cases of BVDV infection in wild artiodactyls are less common, so more research is needed to definitively establish their role in the epidemiology of this disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Pchelnikov
- All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Medicines for Animals and Feed
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MBA named after K.I. Skryabin
| | - S P Yatsenyuk
- All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Medicines for Animals and Feed
- Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology - MBA named after K.I. Skryabin
| | - M S Krasnikova
- All-Russian State Center for Quality and Standardization of Medicines for Animals and Feed
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Petrini S, König P, Righi C, Iscaro C, Pierini I, Casciari C, Pellegrini C, Gobbi P, Giammarioli M, De Mia GM. Serological Cross-Reactivity Between Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 and Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 in a gB-ELISA: A Case Report in Italy. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:587885. [PMID: 33195619 PMCID: PMC7656011 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.587885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated for the first time in Italy, the serological cross-reactivity between Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 (BoHV-2) and Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Five months after arriving at a performance test station in Central Italy, a 6-month-old calf, which was part of a group of 57 animals, tested positive for BoHV-1 in a commercial gB-ELISA test. It was immediately transferred to the quarantine unit and subjected to clinical observation and serological and virological investigations. During this period, the calf showed no clinical signs. The results from laboratory investigations demonstrated the presence of antibodies via competitive glycoprotein B (gB) ELISAs, indirect BoHV-1 ELISAs, and indirect BoHV-2 ELISAs. Furthermore, the plaque reduction assay provided evidence for the presence of antibodies only for BoHV-2, whereas the virus neutralization test showed negative results for both BoHV-1 and BoHV-5. These findings strongly suggest the occurrence of a serological cross-reactivity between BoHV-2 and BoHV-1. Interference of BoHV-2 antibodies in serological BoHV-1 diagnostics should be considered during routine IBR tests, especially when animals are kept in a performance test station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Patricia König
- OIE and National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 Infection, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmen Iscaro
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pierini
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Casciari
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Pellegrini
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Paola Gobbi
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Monica Giammarioli
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
| | - Gian Mario De Mia
- National Reference Laboratory for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", Perugia, Italy
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Huaman JL, Pacioni C, Forsyth DM, Pople A, Hampton JO, Carvalho TG, Helbig KJ. Serosurveillance and Molecular Investigation of Wild Deer in Australia Reveals Seroprevalence of Pestivirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070752. [PMID: 32668730 PMCID: PMC7412320 DOI: 10.3390/v12070752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since deer were introduced into Australia in the mid-1800s, their wild populations have increased in size and distribution, posing a potential risk to the livestock industry, through their role in pathogen transmission cycles. In comparison to livestock, there are limited data on viral infections in all wildlife, including deer. The aim of this study was to assess blood samples from wild Australian deer for serological evidence of exposure to relevant viral livestock diseases. Blood samples collected across eastern Australia were tested by ELISA to detect antigens and antibodies against Pestivirus and antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1. A subset of samples was also assessed by RT-PCR for Pestivirus, Simbu serogroup, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus and bovine ephemeral fever virus. Our findings demonstrated a very low seroprevalence (3%) for ruminant Pestivirus, and none of the other viruses tested were detected. These results suggest that wild deer may currently be an incidental spill-over host (rather than a reservoir host) for Pestivirus. However, deer could be a future source of viral infections for domestic animals in Australia. Further investigations are needed to monitor pathogen activity and quantify possible future infectious disease impacts of wild deer on the Australian livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Huaman
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
| | - Carlo Pacioni
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg 3084, Australia;
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - David M. Forsyth
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Orange 2800, Australia;
| | - Anthony Pople
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Invasive Plants & Animals Research, Biosecurity Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, Brisbane 4102, Australia;
| | - Jordan O. Hampton
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia;
- Ecotone Wildlife, P.O. Box 76, Inverloch, VIC 3996, Australia
| | - Teresa G. Carvalho
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
| | - Karla J. Helbig
- Department of Physiology, Molecular Virology Laboratory, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9479-6650
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Martins B, Ebling RC, Martins M, Diel DG, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Antigenic relationships between Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) and Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and experimental CpHV-1 infection of kids and calves. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103663. [PMID: 31404631 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) is a worldwide pathogen of goats and is closely related to Bovine alphaherpevirus 1 (BoHV-1). We herein studied the antigenic relationships of CpHV-1 with BoHV-1 and investigated the pathogenesis of CpHV-1 in kids and calves. Monoclonal antibody reactivity revealed that CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 share immunogenic epitopes in the major envelope glycoproteins gB, gC and gD. The antigenic relationship was further demonstrated by virus-neutralizing assays, in which CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 antisera presented varied degrees of cross-neutralization against the respective heterologous viruses. Although cross-neutralization was observed between both viruses and the heterologous antisera, BoHV-1 antisera neutralized CpHV-1 with higher efficiency than CpHV-1 antisera neutralized BoHV-1. Hence, the antigenic cross-reactivity between CpHV-1 and BoHV-1 should be considered upon serologic testing of goats and cattle in regions where the two viruses co-circulate. Intranasal (IN) inoculation of CpHV-1 (WI13-46 isolate) in seven seronegative kids resulted in efficient viral replication in the respiratory tract. Additionally, mild to moderate systemic and respiratory signs were observed, including apathy, hyperthermia, nasal discharge and respiratory distress. Dexamethasone administration to the inoculated kids between days 36 and 40 pi did not result in virus shedding in nasal secretions. However, latent infection had been established, as evidenced by the detection of CpHV-1 DNA in trigeminal ganglia and olfactory bulbs of kids euthanized at day 67 pi. Contrasting with the outcome of infection in kids, IN inoculation of CpHV-1 in calves did not result in productive infection as no virus replication or shedding were detected, and the animals did not develop clinical signs nor seroconverted. The animal experiments demonstrated that CpHV-1 was able to produce respiratory disease in kids, but did not replicate to detectable levels in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Martins
- Setor de Virologia (SV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Ebling
- Setor de Virologia (SV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mathias Martins
- Laboratório de Virologia, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Xanxere, SC, 89820-000, Brazil
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization (SD-CBRC), South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia (SV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia (SV), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Bovine herpesvirus type 1 marker vaccine induces cross-protection against bubaline herpesvirus type 1 in water buffalo. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116:56-62. [PMID: 24985155 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) are susceptible to bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and a species-specific herpesvirus, bubaline herpesvirus type 1 (BuHV-1). In this study, an attenuated marker BoHV-1 based vaccine against BuHV-1 challenge was evaluated to determine whether it induces protection from viral replication. One group of water buffalo calves was immunized with an attenuated BoHV-1 marker vaccine. A second group was not vaccinated and used as the control. During the post-vaccination period, we monitored the humoral immune response. The efficacy of the vaccine was tested after intranasal challenge of the calves with a BuHV-1 strain. The experiment showed that after vaccination, BuHV-1 replication was significantly reduced by approximately three titer points compared to the controls. The control animals showed high levels of viral shedding and mild signs associated with BuHV-1 infection. Therefore, our study provides evidence for the existence of cross-protection between BoHV-1 and BuHV-1 in buffalo calves.
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das Neves CG, Roth S, Rimstad E, Thiry E, Tryland M. Cervid herpesvirus 2 infection in reindeer: a review. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:70-80. [PMID: 20207086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses of the genus Varicellovirus are known to infect and cause disease in a variety of ruminant species, but the impact of cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is mostly unknown. Reindeer is a circum-polar species with a total estimated number of more than 5 million animals. Mortality may reach high values, as in northern Norway, especially in calves (37%; 2005-2006), and disease can potentially account for some of this mortality. CvHV2 has been isolated during a natural outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, indicating an etiologal link. Serological screening has shown that CvHV2 infection is prevalent in Northern Norway and experimental infection studies have demonstrated that viremia, latency and vertical transmission occur for CvHV2. The present review aims at summarizing current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular virology of CvHV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G das Neves
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23, NO - 9010 Tromsø, Norway.
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Thiry J, Saegerman C, Chartier C, Mercier P, Keuser V, Thiry E. Serological evidence of caprine herpesvirus 1 infection in Mediterranean France. Vet Microbiol 2008; 128:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Thiry J, Widén F, Grégoire F, Linden A, Belák S, Thiry E. Isolation and characterisation of a ruminant alphaherpesvirus closely related to bovine herpesvirus 1 in a free-ranging red deer. BMC Vet Res 2007; 3:26. [PMID: 17903260 PMCID: PMC2194762 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-3-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Varicellovirus of the Herpesviridae subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae includes a cluster of viruses antigenically and genetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1): namely bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5), bubaline herpesvirus 1 (BuHV-1), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), cervid herpesviruses 1 (CvHV-1) and 2 (CvHV-2) and elk herpesvirus 1 (ElkHV-1). Considering the serological relationship between these ruminant alphaherpesviruses, several surveys have studied the occurrence of BoHV-1 related virus infection in wild and domestic ruminant species. In this way, a recent investigation has indicated, in Belgium, a high increase in the serological prevalence of BoHV-1 related virus infection in free-ranging red deer population. In this context, it has been decided to investigate the presence of an alphaherpesvirus spreading in the Belgian free-ranging red deer population. RESULTS The current study reports the first isolation in a free-ranging red deer of a BoHV-1 closely related virus. The isolate was antigenically, genomically and genetically characterised by comparison with several ruminant alphaherpesvirus. Immunofluorescence assays revealed the isolate was antigenically distinct from bovine and caprine alphaherpesviruses. Similarly, BamHI and BstEII restriction analyses demonstrated the genomic difference between the isolate and the other ruminant alphaherpesviruses. Next, the sequencing of selected parts of UL27 and US8 genes showed a high degree of homologies between each BoHV-1 related ruminant alphaherpesvirus and the isolate. Besides the close relationship between all ruminant alphaherpesviruses, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate clustered with CvHV-1. CONCLUSION The first isolation of a virus closely related to BoHV-1 in a free-ranging red deer is reported. Data demonstrate that a CvHV-1 strain, named Anlier, circulates in wild red deer in continental Europe. Anlier strain show consistent differences with the virus isolated from Scottish farmed red deer. All together, these results improve our understanding of ruminant alphaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Thiry
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Frederik Widén
- Joint R&D Division, Departments of Virology, National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fabien Grégoire
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Annick Linden
- Bacteriology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sándor Belák
- Joint R&D Division, Departments of Virology, National Veterinary Institute and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Diel DG, Almeida SR, Brum MCS, Dezengrini R, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Acute and latent infection by bovine herpesvirus type 5 in experimentally infected goats. Vet Microbiol 2007; 121:257-67. [PMID: 17267142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability of alphaherpesviruses to infect different ruminant species may have important implications for control/eradication efforts. Serological data indicate that goats may be naturally infected with bovine herpesviruses. To investigate the susceptibility of goats to bovine herpesvirus-5 (BoHV-5), 3-4-month-old kids were inoculated intranasally with each of three Brazilian BoHV-5 isolates (G1, n=8; G2, n=5; G3, n=5). The acute infection was characterized by virus shedding in nasal secretions for up to 14 days (titers up to 10(5.97)TCID(50)/mL), mild respiratory signs and conjunctivitis. All animals seroconverted to BoHV-5, developing virus neutralizing (VN) titers from 4 to 32 to the homologous viruses. At day 60 post inoculation (pi), two animals from each group were euthanized for tissue collection and the remaining goats were submitted to dexamethasone administration (0.4 mg kg(-1) for 5 days). Dexamethasone treatment resulted in virus reactivation in 9 out of 12 animals, as ascertained by virus shedding and/or by increase in VN titers. Virus shedding was detected in 8/12 animals and lasted from 1 to 9 days. Latent viral DNA was detected by PCR in the olfactory bulb and/or trigeminal ganglia of 6/6 goats euthanized at day 60 pi and in 12/12 animals euthanized 40 days post-dexamethasone. These results show that young goats are susceptible to BoHV-5 and may shed virus upon reactivation of latent infection. Thus, it is reasonable to expect that goats raised in close contact with cattle in areas where BoHV-5 is endemic may be infected and therefore should be considered potential reservoirs of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Diel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brasil
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Mollema L, Rijsewijk FAM, Nodelijk G, de Jong MCM. Quantification of the transmission of bovine herpesvirus 1 among red deer (Cervus elaphus) under experimental conditions. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:25-34. [PMID: 16226408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 08/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) is endemically present in a cattle population that lives in a nature reserve in the Netherlands. Red deer (Cervus elaphus), living in the same nature reserve, can come into contact with the BHV1-infected cattle and could then become infected with BHV1. For the eradication of BHV1 in cattle, it is, therefore, important to know whether red deer alone can play a role in the transmission of BHV1. For that reason, we quantified the transmission of BHV1 among farmed red deer under experimental conditions. Two groups of ten animals were formed. In each group, five of these animals were inoculated with BHV1 and the other five served as contact animals. Three inoculated animals in each transmission experiment became infected and none of the contact animals became infected. The one-sided 95% confidence interval for R [0.0-0.94] showed that limited transmission might occur among red deer. Based on these results, we would expect only minor outbreaks of BHV1 to occur in red deer populations. We concluded that BHV1 will probably not survive longer than a few decades (several times the mean deer lifetime) in red deer populations. Consequently, it is not necessary for the eradication of BHV1 in cattle to eradicate BHV1 in red deer populations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mollema
- Animal Sciences Group, Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, Flevoland, the Netherlands.
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Motha J, Jenner J. Serological relatedness of cervine herpesvirus-1 and bovine herpesvirus-1 and the prevalence of cervine herpesvirus-1 infection in farmed deer in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2005; 49:162-3. [PMID: 16032185 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2001.36225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Meurens F, Keil GM, Muylkens B, Gogev S, Schynts F, Negro S, Wiggers L, Thiry E. Interspecific recombination between two ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5. J Virol 2004; 78:9828-36. [PMID: 15331717 PMCID: PMC514992 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.18.9828-9836.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination between different species of alphaherpesviruses has been described between herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 but has not yet been observed between other alphaherpesviruses. In the present study we chose to assess to what extent in vitro recombination can occur between members of a well-defined group of closely related viruses such as ruminant alphaherpesviruses. At 24 h after infection of epithelial bovine kidney cells with a double-deleted mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) (containing green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein genes) and different ruminant alphaherpesviruses, four types of progeny viruses were detected and distinguished according to their phenotype. Frequent recombination events between identical or different strains of BoHV-1 were observed (up to 30%), whereas only two BoHV-1/BoHV-5 recombinants were identified, and no recombinants between BoHV-1 and less closely related caprine and cervine herpesviruses were detected. Restriction analysis of the genomes of the two BoHV-1/BoHV-5 recombinants showed different genetic backgrounds. One possessed a restriction pattern close to BoHV-1, whereas the other one was close to BoHV-5. This exhaustive analysis of each combination of coinfection in a unique situation of five closely related alphaherpesviruses revealed the importance of a high degree of genetic relatedness and similar parental virus growth kinetics for successful interspecific recombination.
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MESH Headings
- Alphaherpesvirinae/genetics
- Alphaherpesvirinae/isolation & purification
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibodies, Viral
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Crossing Over, Genetic
- Deer
- Goats
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/genetics
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/immunology
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/isolation & purification
- In Vitro Techniques
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Mutation
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Species Specificity
- Varicellovirus/genetics
- Varicellovirus/isolation & purification
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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Keuser V, Espejo-Serrano J, Schynts F, Georgin JP, Thiry E. Isolation of caprine herpesvirus type 1 in Spain. Vet Rec 2004; 154:395-9. [PMID: 15083973 DOI: 10.1136/vr.154.13.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of caprine herpesvirus type 1 (CpHV-1) were isolated after the experimental reactivation of two seropositive goats in Spain. Viral DNA from these isolates was compared with DNA from bovine herpesvirus type 1 and CpHV-1 reference strains by restriction endonuclease analysis. The two Spanish isolates were closely related but could easily be distinguished from each other and from the reference strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Keuser
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 4000 Liège, Belgium
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14
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Keuser V, Schynts F, Detry B, Collard A, Robert B, Vanderplasschen A, Pastoret PP, Thiry E. Improved antigenic methods for differential diagnosis of bovine, caprine, and cervine alphaherpesviruses related to bovine herpesvirus 1. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1228-35. [PMID: 15004081 PMCID: PMC356849 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.3.1228-1235.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Revised: 10/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis induced by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) requires sensitive and specific diagnostic assays. As BoHV-1 is antigenically and genetically related to four other alphaherpesviruses of ruminants-namely, BoHV-5, caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CvHV-1) and CvHV-2-diagnostic tests able to discriminate BoHV-1 from these related viruses are needed to avoid misdiagnosis, especially because some of these viruses are able to cross the species barrier. In this study, murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for BoHV-1, BoHV-5, CpHV-1, CvHV-1, and CvHV-2 were produced with the aim of setting up an immunofluorescence assay able to discriminate between these related herpesviruses. Produced MAbs were selected for their viral specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence staining of virus-infected cells. Radioimmunoprecipitation characterization of the selected MAbs revealed that four of them are directed against glycoprotein C (gC) and one of them is directed against gD of these related viruses. The obtained results demonstrate that the antibodies produced allow an unambiguous discrimination of each of the four alphaherpesviruses related to BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Keuser
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 4000 Liège, Belgium
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15
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Ros C, Riquelme ME, Forslund KO, Belák S. Improved detection of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by specific amplification of viral genomic sequences. J Virol Methods 1999; 83:55-65. [PMID: 10598083 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection and discrimination of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CerHV-1), and rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (RanHV-1), were achieved by the development of specific PCR systems. The highly variable N-terminal of the glycoprotein C was chosen to select the diagnostic primers, except for the CerHV-1 primers, which targeted the glycoprotein D region. All the assays proved specific since no heterologous virus was amplified. BHV-1 and BHV-5 were detected by using the same PCR assay and the different sizes of the amplification products allowed their identification on agarose gels. The practical diagnostic applicability of the novel PCR assays, with special regard to the BHV-1 system, has been evaluated on clinical samples from experimentally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ros
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Ros C, Belák S. Studies of genetic relationships between bovine, caprine, cervine, and rangiferine alphaherpesviruses and improved molecular methods for virus detection and identification. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1247-53. [PMID: 10203465 PMCID: PMC84742 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.5.1247-1253.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1998] [Accepted: 01/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein B (gB) and D (gD) genes from five ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1, and rangiferine herpesvirus 1, were partially sequenced. The nucleotide sequence alignments revealed a highly conserved gB gene, with homologies ranging between 87.2 and 99.6%, and a more variable gD gene, with homologies ranging between 71.3 and 98.9%. The phylogenetic analysis of the gB and gD nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed that BHV-5 is the most closely related virus to the BHV-1 subtype 1 and BHV-1 subtype 2 cluster and that CapHV-1 is the most distantly related virus. The phylogenetic data showed a close relationship of all the studied viruses with suid herpesvirus 1. On the basis of sequence data for the gB gene, a nested PCR combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the PCR products was developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of the viruses that were studied. Nested primers from highly conserved sequence stretches were selected in order to amplify a region of 294 bp in all five viruses, and a subsequent REA of the PCR products allowed specific identification. A mimic molecule that served as an internal standard of the amplification efficiency was constructed. The practical diagnostic applicability of the assay was evaluated with clinical samples consisting of semen and organ specimens from experimentally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ros
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Lyaku JR, Vilcek S, Nettleton PF, Marsden HS. The distinction of serologically related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction endonuclease analysis. Vet Microbiol 1996; 48:135-42. [PMID: 8701569 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The amplification and analysis of a 468bp fragment from the gB gene of the serologically related ruminant alphaherpesviruses bovine herpesvirus-1.1 and 1.2 (BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2), caprine herpesvirus-1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus-1 (CerHV-1) and rangiferine herpesvirus-1 (RanHV-1) by PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis is described. As primers, 22bp oligomers selected from the BHV-1 gB gene sequences were used for the amplification of the DNA from the five viruses. The amplification product from each virus was analysed by the restriction endonuclease enzymes BglI, HinfI, SmaI and AvaI. The specific amplification obtained demonstrate the existence of the gB gene sequences for each of the five alphaherpesviruses. However, sequences from some of the fragments were found to be different from those predicted from the gB gene following restriction endonuclease analysis. All five amplification products generated the same number of fragments after digestion with HinfI except for two additional bands evident in CapHV-1. The CerHV-1 and RanHV-1 fragments contained slightly different BglI restriction sites from those of the other three. While BHV-1.1, BHV-1.2, CapHV-1 and CerHV-1 contained SmaI and AvaI restriction sites, the RanHV-1 amplification product lacked both SmaI and AvaI restriction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lyaku
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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18
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Abstract
Four foals were raised under specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions. At 3 to 4 months of age, SPF foals and 1 other non-SPF foal were intranasally inoculated with equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1). Clinical signs included depression, fever, inappetence and intermittent coughing. Clinical recovery was complete by seven days but high titres of virus were detected in nasal mucus for at least 10 days after inoculation. Clinical illness was less severe in the non-SPF foal. Interferon was detected in the nasal mucus of all foals from 2 days post infection (dpi), persisting until 8 or 10 dpi. ELISA antibody was detected in serum from 6 dpi. Titres continued to rise throughout the period of observation, and were slightly stimulated by re-inoculation. EHV antibody, identified as belonging to the IgM class by the double sandwich ELISA, was detected from 6 dpi. Peak IgM titres were observed between day 10 and 18, declining to base levels by day 42. Virus neutralizing antibody was detectable in serum from day 14 and rises in titre were parallel to that of total ELISA antibody. Cellular immunity in EHV-1 infected SPF horses was examined by the antibody dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC) test and the specific lymphocyte transformation test. The ability of foal neutrophils to effect ADCC decreased significantly between 3 to 10 days after inoculation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) displayed reactivity towards EHV-1 antigens from about day 14, with maximum stimulation indices being obtained between 28 and 42 dpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y C Chong
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Rimstad E, Krona R, Hyllseth B. Comparison of herpesviruses isolated from reindeer, goats, and cattle by restriction endonuclease analysis. Arch Virol 1992; 123:389-97. [PMID: 1314052 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A genomic comparison of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), caprine herpesvirus (CHV-2) and reindeer herpesvirus (RHV), was performed using 5 restriction endonucleases. Cross neutralization of these three herpesviruses showed that BHV-1 and CHV-2 had a relatively low degree of cross reaction with heterologous viruses. RHV showed a higher degree of such cross reactivity. The restriction endonuclease analyses showed that the migration patterns of the DNA segments were different for the three groups of herpesviruses. The enteric caprine strain could be differentiated from genital strains using BstE II and Hpa I. The genome size of reindeer herpesvirus was estimated to be approximately 86.8 x 10(6) Da (131.8 kbp), and indications of isomerization of this genome were found. It is concluded that reindeer herpesvirus is a distinct species within the family Herpesviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rimstad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo
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20
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Lyaku JR, Nettleton PF, Marsden H. A comparison of serological relationships among five ruminant alphaherpesviruses by ELISA. Arch Virol 1992; 124:333-41. [PMID: 1605741 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays the cross reactivity of bovine herpesvirus-1.1, bovine herpesvirus-1.2, caprine herpesvirus-2, cervine (red deer) herpesvirus-1 and rangiferine (reindeer) herpesvirus-1 has been examined using rabbit hyperimmune antisera and convalescent cattle and red deer field sera. Significant cross-reactivity among all the five viruses was demonstrated. A detailed analysis showed that: (1) the two bovine herpesviruses are most closely related, (2) the cervine, caprine and rangiferine viruses are more closely related to the bovine viruses than they are to each other, (3) the cervine herpesvirus is more related to the bovine herpesvirus than to the rangiferine or caprine herpesviruses and (4) the rangiferine virus is more related to the cervine virus than to the bovine and caprine viruses. Cattle and red deer sera reacted most strongly with the bovine and cervine viruses respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lyaku
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
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21
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Martin WB, Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Ferrari M. A serological comparison of some animal herpesviruses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1990; 13:75-84. [PMID: 2170074 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(90)90519-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) isolates (Cooper-type strain 4975 and Oxford) were compared in neutralization tests with the bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) isolate (85/16 TV) and the herpesviruses of red deer (D2839/1) and goats (E/CH). Hyperimmune antiserum was prepared in rabbits against the plaque-selected viruses and endpoint and kinetic neutralization test were made. BHV-4 was clearly different from the other four viruses. The closely-related BHV-1 strains were also related in these tests to the red deer herpesvirus. The Oxford strain seemed rather closer antigenically than the Cooper-type strain to the red deer herpesvirus. Antiserum to the caprine herpesvirus failed to neutralize either BHV-1 strain or red deer virus, but antiserum to the Cooper-type and red deer herpesviruses did neutralize caprine virus to a limited extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- W B Martin
- "Vittorio Cilli" University Laboratory of Virology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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22
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Abstract
The production of antibodies in pigs to 11 herpesviruses was investigated in relation to their ability to cross-react with Aujeszky's disease virus (suid herpesvirus 1--SHV1). Of the herpesviruses tested only two, sheep herpesvirus (caprine herpesvirus 1) and dog herpesvirus (canid herpesvirus 1), failed to produce homologous virus antibodies. Only the antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1) produced a cross-reaction by SHV1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No SHV1 neutralizing antibodies were detected in any of the herpesvirus antisera. A cross-reaction with SHV1 by a serum from a pig naturally infected with BHV1 or with any of the other herpesviruses tested was considered unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Banks
- Virology Department, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, Surrey, Gt. Britain
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